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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_pi-wetsontwerp" title="Indiana pi-wetsontwerp – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Indiana pi-wetsontwerp" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyeutu_de_llei_d%27Indiana_sobre_pi" title="Proyeutu de llei d'Indiana sobre pi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Proyeutu de llei d'Indiana sobre pi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llei_d%27Indiana_sobre_el_nombre_pi" title="Llei d'Indiana sobre el nombre pi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llei d'Indiana sobre el nombre pi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Pi_Bill" title="Indiana Pi Bill – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indiana Pi Bill" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyecto_de_ley_de_Indiana_sobre_pi" title="Proyecto de ley de Indiana sobre pi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proyecto de ley de Indiana sobre pi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projet_de_loi_pi_de_l%27Indiana" title="Projet de loi pi de l'Indiana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Projet de loi pi de l'Indiana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%AE_%D5%BA%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%BE%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Օրինագիծ պի թվի մասին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օրինագիծ պի թվի մասին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progetto_di_legge_dell%27Indiana_sul_pi_greco" title="Progetto di legge dell'Indiana sul pi greco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Progetto di legge dell'Indiana sul pi greco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%99" title="הצעת חוק פאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הצעת חוק פאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E5%B7%9E%E5%86%86%E5%91%A8%E7%8E%87%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="インディアナ州円周率法案 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インディアナ州円周率法案" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Pi_Bill" title="Indiana Pi Bill – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Indiana Pi Bill" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projeto_de_lei_de_Indiana_sobre_Pi" title="Projeto de lei de Indiana sobre Pi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Projeto de lei de Indiana sobre Pi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Законопроект о числе пи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Законопроект о числе пи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianan_pii-lakiehdotus" title="Indianan pii-lakiehdotus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Indianan 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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proposed law to define squaring the circle</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndianaPiBillCircle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/IndianaPiBillCircle.svg/200px-IndianaPiBillCircle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/IndianaPiBillCircle.svg/300px-IndianaPiBillCircle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/IndianaPiBillCircle.svg/400px-IndianaPiBillCircle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Goodwin's model circle as described in section 2 of the bill. It has a diameter of 10 and a stated circumference of "32" (not 31.4159~); the chord of 90° has length stated as "7" (not 7.0710~).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Indiana pi bill</b> was bill 246 of the 1897 sitting of the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_General_Assembly" title="Indiana General Assembly">Indiana General Assembly</a>, one of the most notorious attempts to establish <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical truth">mathematical truth</a> by <a href="/wiki/Legislative_fiat" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative fiat">legislative fiat</a>. Despite its name, the main result claimed by the bill is a method to <a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">square the circle</a>. The bill implies incorrect values of the <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">mathematical constant <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></a>, the ratio of the <a href="/wiki/Circumference" title="Circumference">circumference</a> of a circle to its <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill, written by a physician and an amateur mathematician, never became law due to the intervention of <a href="/wiki/C._A._Waldo" class="mw-redirect" title="C. A. Waldo">C. A. Waldo</a>, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a>, who happened to be present in the legislature on the day it went up for a vote. </p><p>The mathematical impossibility of squaring the circle using only <a href="/wiki/Straightedge_and_compass_construction" title="Straightedge and compass construction">straightedge and compass constructions</a>, suspected since ancient times, had been proven 15 years previously, in 1882, by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Lindemann" title="Ferdinand von Lindemann">Ferdinand von Lindemann</a>. Better approximations of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span> than those implied by the bill have been known since ancient times. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_history">Legislative history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_pi_bill&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legislative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indianapicartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Indianapicartoon.jpg/220px-Indianapicartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Indianapicartoon.jpg/330px-Indianapicartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Indianapicartoon.jpg/440px-Indianapicartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>An 1897 political cartoon mocking the Indiana pi bill</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1894, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> physician Edward J. Goodwin (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1825</span> – 1902<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also called "Edwin Goodwin" by some sources,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believed that he had discovered a way of squaring the circle.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed a bill to state representative Taylor I. Record, who introduced it in the House under the title "A Bill for an act introducing a new mathematical truth and offered as a contribution to education to be used only by the State of Indiana free of cost by paying any royalties whatever on the same, provided it is accepted and adopted by the official action of the Legislature of 1897". </p><p>The text of the bill consists of a series of mathematical claims, followed by a recitation of Goodwin's previous accomplishments: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... his solutions of the <a href="/wiki/Trisection_of_the_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Trisection of the angle">trisection of the angle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doubling_the_cube" title="Doubling the cube">doubling the cube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">quadrature of the circle</a> having been already accepted as contributions to science by the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="American Mathematical Monthly">American Mathematical Monthly</a></i> ... And be it remembered that these noted problems had been long since given up by scientific bodies as unsolvable mysteries and above man's ability to comprehend.</p></blockquote> <p>(Goodwin's "solutions" were indeed published in the <i>American Mathematical Monthly</i>, with a disclaimer of "published by request of the author".)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon its introduction in the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_House_of_Representatives" title="Indiana House of Representatives">Indiana House of Representatives</a>, the bill's language and topic caused confusion; a member proposed that it be referred to the Finance Committee, but the Speaker accepted another member's recommendation to refer the bill to the Committee on Swamplands, where the bill could "find a deserved grave". It was transferred to the Committee on Education, which reported favorably.<sup id="cite_ref-purdue_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdue-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a motion to <a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_rules" title="Suspension of the rules">suspend the rules</a>, the bill passed on February 6, 1897<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallerburg1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsproceedingsofindv84indipage390_p.&nbsp;390]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallerburg1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsproceedingsofindv84indipage390_p.&nbsp;390]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without a dissenting vote.<sup id="cite_ref-purdue_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdue-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The news of the bill caused an alarmed response from <i>Der Tägliche Telegraph</i>, a <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German-language</a> newspaper in Indianapolis, which viewed the event with less favor than its English-speaking competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallerburg1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsproceedingsofindv84indipage385_p.&nbsp;385]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallerburg1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsproceedingsofindv84indipage385_p.&nbsp;385]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As this debate concluded, <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> professor <a href="/wiki/C._A._Waldo" class="mw-redirect" title="C. A. Waldo">C. A. Waldo</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a> to secure the annual appropriation for the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Academy_of_Science" title="Indiana Academy of Science">Indiana Academy of Science</a>. An assemblyman handed him the bill, offering to introduce him to the genius who wrote it. He declined, saying that he already met as many crazy people as he cared to.<sup id="cite_ref-purdue_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdue-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-waldo-ref_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waldo-ref-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When it reached the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Senate" title="Indiana Senate">Indiana Senate</a>, the bill was not treated as kindly, for Waldo had talked to the senators previously. The Committee on Temperance to which it had been assigned had reported it favorably, but the Senate on February 12, 1897, <a href="/wiki/Postpone_indefinitely" title="Postpone indefinitely">postponed the bill indefinitely</a>. It had been nearly passed, but opinion changed when one senator observed that the General Assembly lacked the power to define mathematical truth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallerburg1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsproceedingsofindv84indipage391_p.&nbsp;391]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallerburg1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsproceedingsofindv84indipage391_p.&nbsp;391]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influencing some of the senators was a report that major newspapers, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>, were ridiculing the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallerburg1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsproceedingsofindv84indipage390_p.&nbsp;390]_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallerburg1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsproceedingsofindv84indipage390_p.&nbsp;390]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Indianapolis News</i> article of February 13, 1897:<sup id="cite_ref-indianapolis-news_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianapolis-news-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>... the bill was brought up and made fun of. The Senators made bad puns about it, ridiculed it and laughed over it. The fun lasted half an hour. Senator Hubbell said that it was not meet for the Senate, which was costing the State $250 a day, to waste its time in such frivolity. He said that in reading the leading newspapers of Chicago and the East, he found that the Indiana State Legislature had laid itself open to ridicule by the action already taken on the bill. He thought consideration of such a proposition was not dignified or worthy of the Senate. He moved the indefinite postponement of the bill, and the motion carried.<sup id="cite_ref-purdue_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdue-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_pi_bill&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Pi" title="Category:Pi">a series of articles</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">mathematical constant <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <b><span style="white-space:nowrap">3.14159<span style="margin-left:0.25em">26535</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">89793</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">23846</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">26433...</span></span></b></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Uses</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_a_circle" title="Area of a circle">Area of a circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumference" title="Circumference">Circumference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formulae_involving_%CF%80" title="List of formulae involving π">Use in other formulae</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Properties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proof_that_%CF%80_is_irrational" title="Proof that π is irrational">Irrationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindemann%E2%80%93Weierstrass_theorem" title="Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem">Transcendence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Value</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proof_that_22/7_exceeds_%CF%80" title="Proof that 22/7 exceeds π">Less than 22/7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approximations_of_%CF%80" title="Approximations of π">Approximations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava%27s_correction_term" title="Madhava's correction term">Madhava's correction term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piphilology" title="Piphilology">Memorization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_exhaustion#Archimedes" title="Method of exhaustion">Archimedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Hui%27s_%CF%80_algorithm" title="Liu Hui's π algorithm">Liu Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zu_Chongzhi" title="Zu Chongzhi">Zu Chongzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama" title="Madhava of Sangamagrama">Madhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamsh%C4%ABd_al-K%C4%81sh%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamshīd al-Kāshī">Jamshīd al-Kāshī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludolph_van_Ceulen" title="Ludolph van Ceulen">Ludolph van Ceulen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Vi%C3%A8te" title="François Viète">François Viète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seki_Takakazu#Calculation_of_Pi" title="Seki Takakazu">Seki Takakazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takebe_Kenko#Legacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Takebe Kenko"> Takebe Kenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(mathematician)" title="William Jones (mathematician)">William Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Machin" title="John Machin">John Machin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shanks" title="William Shanks">William Shanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wrench" title="John Wrench">John Wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudnovsky_brothers" title="Chudnovsky brothers">Chudnovsky brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasumasa_Kanada" title="Yasumasa Kanada">Yasumasa Kanada</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_computation_of_%CF%80" title="Chronology of computation of π">Chronology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Pi" title="A History of Pi">A History of Pi</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> In culture</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indiana pi bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Day" title="Pi Day">Pi Day</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">Squaring the circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_problem" title="Basel problem">Basel problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_nines_in_pi" title="Six nines in pi">Six nines in <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_%CF%80" title="List of topics related to π">Other topics related to <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pi_box" title="Template:Pi box"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pi_box" title="Template talk:Pi box"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pi_box" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pi box"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approximation_of_π"><span id="Approximation_of_.CF.80"></span>Approximation of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_pi_bill&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Approximation of π"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the bill has become known as the "pi bill", its text does not mention the name "pi" at all. Goodwin appears to have thought of the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle as distinctly secondary to his main aim of squaring the circle. Towards the end of Section 2, the following passage appears: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Furthermore, it has revealed the ratio of the chord and arc of ninety degrees, which is as seven to eight, and also the ratio of the diagonal and one side of a square which is as ten to seven, disclosing the fourth important fact, that the ratio of the diameter and circumference is as five-fourths to four[.]<sup id="cite_ref-bill_text_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bill_text-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In other words, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \pi ={\frac {4}{1.25}}=3.2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>π</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>4</mn> <mn>1.25</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3.2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \pi ={\frac {4}{1.25}}=3.2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28caf03a99f4587fde06f34afe4540bc440549e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:14.26ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\textstyle \pi ={\frac {4}{1.25}}=3.2}"></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle {\sqrt {2}}={\frac {10}{7}}\approx 1.429}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>10</mn> <mn>7</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>1.429</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\sqrt {2}}={\frac {10}{7}}\approx 1.429}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/827b6836f038d9bbb584456bb30008e650e11b3d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:17.072ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\textstyle {\sqrt {2}}={\frac {10}{7}}\approx 1.429}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Area_of_the_circle">Area of the circle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_pi_bill&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Area of the circle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goodwin's main goal was not to measure lengths in the circle but to <a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">find a square with the same area as the circle</a>. He knew that <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>' formula for the area of a circle, which calls for multiplying the diameter by one-fourth of the circumference, is not considered a solution to the ancient problem of squaring the circle. </p><p>This is because the problem is to construct the area using a <a href="/wiki/Compass_and_straightedge" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass and straightedge">compass and straightedge</a> only. Archimedes did not give a method for constructing a straight line with the same length as the circumference. Goodwin was unaware of this central requirement; he believed that the problem with the Archimedean formula was that it gave wrong numerical results; a solution to the ancient problem should replace it with a "correct" formula. So, he proposed, without argument, his method: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It has been found that a circular area is to the square on a line equal to the quadrant of the circumference, as the area of an equilateral rectangle is to the square on one side.<sup id="cite_ref-bill_text_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bill_text-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>An "<a href="/wiki/Equilateral_polygon" title="Equilateral polygon">equilateral</a> rectangle" is, by definition, a <a href="/wiki/Square" title="Square">square</a>. This is an assertion that the area of a circle is the same as that of a square with the same perimeter. This claim results in mathematical contradictions to which Goodwin attempts to respond. For example, right after the above quotation: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The diameter employed as the linear unit according to the present rule in computing the circle's area is entirely wrong, as it represents the circle's area one and one-fifth times the area of a square whose perimeter is equal to the circumference of the circle.</p></blockquote> <p>In the model circle above, the Archimedean area (accepting Goodwin's values for the circumference and diameter) would be 80. Goodwin's proposed rule leads to an area of 64. </p><p>The area found by Goodwin's rule is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle {\tfrac {\pi }{4}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\tfrac {\pi }{4}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e4657b46a1807e23db2c89ad71ba8df6416c578" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.778ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\textstyle {\tfrac {\pi }{4}}}"></span> times the true area of the circle, which, in many accounts of the pi bill, is interpreted as a claim that <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \pi =4}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>π</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \pi =4}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d168a90b57faa3c13404f5ccbd588be118ba6aea" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.593ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\textstyle \pi =4}"></span>, but there is no evidence in the bill that Goodwin intended to make such a claim. He repeatedly denied that the area of the circle has anything to do with its diameter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_pi_bill&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilkins2012" class="citation web cs1">Wilkins, Alasdair (31 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-eccentric-crank-who-tried-to-legislate-the-value-of-5880792">"The Eccentric Crank Who Tried To Legislate The Value Of Pi"</a>. <i>io9</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=io9&rft.atitle=The+Eccentric+Crank+Who+Tried+To+Legislate+The+Value+Of+Pi&rft.date=2012-01-31&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Alasdair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fio9.gizmodo.com%2Fthe-eccentric-crank-who-tried-to-legislate-the-value-of-5880792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+pi+bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudley1992">Dudley 1992</a>, p. 195, citing an obituary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purdue.edu/newsroom/purduetoday/didyouknow/2016/Q1/did-you-know-purdue-and-indianas-pi-bill.html">"Did You Know?: Purdue and Indiana's Pi Bill - News - Purdue University"</a>. <i>purdue.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=purdue.edu&rft.atitle=Did+You+Know%3F%3A+Purdue+and+Indiana%27s+Pi+Bill+-+News+-+Purdue+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpurdue.edu%2Fnewsroom%2Fpurduetoday%2Fdidyouknow%2F2016%2FQ1%2Fdid-you-know-purdue-and-indianas-pi-bill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+pi+bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin1894" class="citation journal cs1">Goodwin, Edward J. (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2971093">"Quadrature of the Circle"</a>. Queries and Information. <i>American Mathematical Monthly</i>. <b>1</b> (7): 246–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2971093">10.2307/2971093</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2971093">2971093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Mathematical+Monthly&rft.atitle=Quadrature+of+the+Circle&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=246-247&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2971093&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2971093%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2971093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+pi+bill" class="Z3988"></span> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>Reprinted in: Lennart Berggren, Jonathan Borwein, and Peter Borwein, <i>Pi: A Source Book</i>, 3rd ed. (New York, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QlbzjN_5pDoC&pg=PA230">page 230.</a> </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agecon.purdue.edu/crd/localgov/Topics/Materials/Pi_Goodwin_AmMathMonthly_1894.pdf">Purdue Agricultural Economics</a>.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>Edward J. Goodwin (1895) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2971569?seq=2">"(A) The trisection of an angle; (B) Duplication of the cube,"</a> <i>American Mathematical Monthly</i>, <b>2</b>: 337. </p> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.rutgers.edu/~zeilberg/mamarim/mamarimhtml/ClearAFJ">"Clearing the Misunderstanding Re My April Fool's 'Joke'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>math.rutgers.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=math.rutgers.edu&rft.atitle=Clearing+the+Misunderstanding+Re+My+April+Fool%27s+%27Joke%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.rutgers.edu%2F~zeilberg%2Fmamarim%2Fmamarimhtml%2FClearAFJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+pi+bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-purdue-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-purdue_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purdue_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purdue_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purdue_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221183039/http://www.agecon.purdue.edu/crd/Localgov/Second%20Level%20pages/Indiana_Pi_Story.htm">"Indiana Pi"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indiana+Academy+of+Science&rft.atitle=What+Might+Have+Been&rft.pages=445-446&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Waldo&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F14641808%23page%2F455%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+pi+bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallerburg1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsproceedingsofindv84indipage391_p.&nbsp;391]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallerburg1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsproceedingsofindv84indipage391_p.&nbsp;391]_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallerburg1975">Hallerburg 1975</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofindv84indi/page/391/">p. 391</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indianapolis-news-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indianapolis-news_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="indianapolis-news" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspapers.library.in.gov/cgi-bin/indiana?a=d&d=INN18970213-01.1.11">"THE MATHEMATICAL BILL. Fun-Making In the Senate Yester-day Afternoon--Other Action"</a>. <i>Indianapolis News</i>. 13 February 1897<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indianapolis+News&rft.atitle=THE+MATHEMATICAL+BILL.+Fun-Making+In+the+Senate+Yester-day+Afternoon--Other+Action.&rft.date=1897-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspapers.library.in.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Findiana%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DINN18970213-01.1.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+pi+bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bill_text-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bill_text_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bill_text_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627171859/http://www.agecon.purdue.edu/crd/Localgov/Second%20Level%20pages/indiana_pi_bill.htm">"Text of the bill"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agecon.purdue.edu/crd/Localgov/Second%20Level%20pages/indiana_pi_bill.htm">the original</a> on 2013-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+the+bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agecon.purdue.edu%2Fcrd%2FLocalgov%2FSecond%2520Level%2520pages%2Findiana_pi_bill.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+pi+bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_pi_bill&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallerburg1975" class="citation journal cs1">Hallerburg, Arthur E. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/ias/article/view/8180">"House Bill No. 246 Revisited"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science</i>. <b>84</b>: 374–399.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indiana+Academy+of+Science&rft.atitle=House+Bill+No.+246+Revisited&rft.volume=84&rft.pages=374-399&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Hallerburg&rft.aufirst=Arthur+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.iupui.edu%2Findex.php%2Fias%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+pi+bill" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofindv84indi/page/374/">Scan in context</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallerberg1977" class="citation journal cs1">Hallerberg, Arthur E. (1977). "Indiana's Squared Circle". <i>Mathematics Magazine</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 136–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0025570X.1977.11976632">10.1080/0025570X.1977.11976632</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2689499">2689499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+Magazine&rft.atitle=Indiana%27s+Squared+Circle&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=136-140&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0025570X.1977.11976632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2689499%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hallerberg&rft.aufirst=Arthur+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+pi+bill" class="Z3988"></span> Hallerberg gives a good account of the bill.</li> <li>David Singmaster, in "The legal values of pi" (<i>Mathematical Intelligencer</i>, vol. 7 (1985), pp. 69–72) finds seven different values of pi implied in Goodwin's work.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Beckmann" title="Petr Beckmann">Petr Beckmann</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_%CF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="A History of π">A History of π</a></i>. St. Martin's Press; 1971.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudley1992" class="citation cs2">Dudley, Underwood (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HqeoWPsIH6EC&pg=PA192">"Legislating Pi"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Cranks" title="Mathematical Cranks"><i>Mathematical Cranks</i></a>, MAA spectrum, Cambridge University Press, pp. 192 sq, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88385-507-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88385-507-0"><bdi>0-88385-507-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Legislating+Pi&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Cranks&rft.series=MAA+spectrum&rft.pages=192+sq&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-88385-507-0&rft.aulast=Dudley&rft.aufirst=Underwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHqeoWPsIH6EC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+pi+bill" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_pi_bill&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/House_Bill_No._246,_Indiana_State_Legislature,_1897" class="extiw" title="wikisource:House Bill No. 246, Indiana State Legislature, 1897">Original Text of the <i>House Bill No. 246, Indiana State Legislature, 1897</i></a> on Wikisource</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Dope" title="The Straight Dope">The Straight Dope</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straightdope.com/21341975/did-a-state-legislature-once-pass-a-law-saying-pi-equals-3">Did a state legislature once pass a law saying pi equals 3?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snopes.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Snopes.com">Snopes.com</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/alabamas-slice-of-pi/">Alabama’s Slice of Pi: Did the state legislature of Alabama redefine the value of pi according to Biblical precepts?</a> a related hoax</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Indiana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indiana_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Indiana history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indiana_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Indiana history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indiana_history" 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Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#European_contact" title="History of Indiana">European contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_Expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="La Salle Expeditions">La Salle Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#France" title="History of Indiana">French Rule</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/100px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/150px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/200px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Indiana_Counties.jpg/100px-Indiana_Counties.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Indiana_Counties.jpg/150px-Indiana_Counties.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Indiana_Counties.jpg/200px-Indiana_Counties.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4579" data-file-height="6401" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="725" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Colonial_period" title="History of Indiana">1700–1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana#History" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Miami_(Indiana)" title="Fort Miami (Indiana)">Fort Miamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouiatenon" title="Ouiatenon">Ouiatenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#France" title="History of Indiana">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Great_Britain" title="History of Indiana">British Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indiana_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Category:Indiana in the American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_campaign" title="Illinois campaign">Illinois campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark%27s_Grant" title="Clark's Grant">Clark's Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabash_Confederacy" title="Wabash Confederacy">Wabash Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Fort" title="Petit Fort">Petit Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Indiana_Territory" title="History of Indiana">1800–1816</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Trace_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Trace (road)">Buffalo Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vincennes" title="Treaty of Vincennes">Treaty of Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed" title="Johnny Appleseed">Johnny Appleseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grouseland" title="Treaty of Grouseland">Treaty of Grouseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Rangers" title="Indiana Rangers">Indiana Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Indiana#Indiana_Territory" title="History of slavery in Indiana">Abolitionist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana#History" title="New Harmony, Indiana">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Canal_Company" title="Indiana Canal Company">1st Indiana Canal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiana#Constitutional_Convention" title="Constitution of Indiana">Constitutional Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Statehood" title="History of Indiana">1817–1899</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Statehood" title="History of Indiana">Statehood</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polly_v._Lasselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Polly v. Lasselle">Polly v. Lasselle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bateman_Clark#Court_cases" title="Mary Bateman Clark">Mary Clark v. G.W. Johnston</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Mary%27s_(1818)" title="Treaty of St. Mary's (1818)">Treaty of St. Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Indiana" title="Indian removals in Indiana">Indian Removals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_Creek_massacre" title="Fall Creek massacre">Fall Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Indiana" title="Bank of Indiana">Bank of Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Canal_Company" title="Indiana Canal Company">2nd Indiana Canal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_Canal" title="Whitewater Canal">Whitewater Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabash_and_Erie_Canal" title="Wabash and Erie Canal">Wabash and Erie Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Mammoth_Internal_Improvement_Act" title="Indiana Mammoth Internal Improvement Act">Public Works and Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_in_Indiana" title="Underground Railroad in Indiana">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indiana_in_the_Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Category:Indiana in the Mexican–American War">Mexican-American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiana#Constitution_of_1851" title="Constitution of Indiana">New Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Post-Civil_War_era" title="History of Indiana">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company#History" title="Eli Lilly and Company">Eli Lilly & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno_Gang" title="Reno Gang">Reno Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_gas_boom" title="Indiana gas boom">Gas boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Day_of_the_Indiana_General_Assembly" title="Black Day of the Indiana General Assembly">Black Day of the General Assembly</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indiana pi bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Indiana_Literature" title="Golden Age of Indiana Literature">Golden Age of Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Twentieth_century" title="History of Indiana">1900–1999</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_White_Caps" title="Indiana White Caps">White Caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elwood_Haynes" title="Elwood Haynes">Elwood Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway#History" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Indianapolis Motor Speedway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#World_War_I" title="History of Indiana">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_streetcar_strike_of_1913" title="Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913">Indianapolis strike and riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Woodfill" title="Samuel Woodfill">Samuel Woodfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Klan" title="Indiana Klan">Indiana Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Twenties_and_the_Great_Depression" title="History of Indiana">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dillinger" title="John Dillinger">John Dillinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#World_War_II" title="History of Indiana">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Field_mutiny" title="Freeman Field mutiny">Freeman Field mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Shipp_and_Abram_Smith" title="Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith">Shipp & Smith lynchings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_River_flood_of_1937" title="Ohio River flood of 1937">Flood of 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Indiana_State_Fairgrounds_Coliseum_gas_explosion" title="1963 Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum gas explosion">1963 Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum gas explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiana#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Indiana">Supreme Court Reorganization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Modern_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Since 2000</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2008_Midwest_floods" title="June 2008 Midwest floods">Flood of 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Fair_stage_collapse" title="Indiana State Fair stage collapse">Indiana State Fair stage collapse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Indiana" title="Category:History of Indiana">By topic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway#History" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Auto racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_fought_in_Indiana" title="List of battles fought in Indiana">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Disasters_in_Indiana" title="Category:Disasters in Indiana">Disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indiana#History" title="Economy of Indiana">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indiana" title="Elections in Indiana">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_ghostlore" title="Indiana ghostlore">Ghostlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_General_Assembly#History" title="Indiana General Assembly">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Indiana" title="List of governors of Indiana">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historic_sites_in_Indiana" title="Category:Historic sites in Indiana">Historic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Indiana" title="Category:People from Indiana">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Indiana" title="Political party strength in Indiana">Historical political strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_Americans_in_Indiana" title="Category:Native Americans in Indiana">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Indiana" title="History of slavery in Indiana">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Indiana">By city and locale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana#History" title="Evansville, Indiana">Evansville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana#History" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana#History" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hartford_City,_Indiana" title="History of Hartford City, Indiana">Hartford City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indianapolis" title="History of Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana#History" title="Lafayette, Indiana">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lake_Wawasee" title="History of Lake Wawasee">Lake Wawasee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana#History" title="South Bend, Indiana">South Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana#History" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">Terre Haute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#History" title="Midwestern United States">History of the Midwestern United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Indiana" title="Portal:Indiana">Portal:Indiana</a></i><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indiana/History" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Indiana/History">WikiProject Indiana's History Department</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiana_pi_bill&oldid=1257048567">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiana_pi_bill&oldid=1257048567</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pi" title="Category:Pi">Pi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Squaring_the_circle" title="Category:Squaring the 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