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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Changing pedagogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_pedagogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_energy_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_energy_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sustainable energy use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sustainable_energy_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sustainable energy use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_energy_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heating,_ventilation_and_cooling_system_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heating,_ventilation_and_cooling_system_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Heating, ventilation and cooling system efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heating,_ventilation_and_cooling_system_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Renewable energy generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solar_panels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_panels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Solar panels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_panels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind_turbines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_turbines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Wind turbines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_turbines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_water_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_water_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Solar water heating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_water_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_pumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_pumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Heat pumps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_pumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Passive daytime radiative cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_building_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_building_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sustainable building materials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sustainable_building_materials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sustainable building materials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_building_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Natural products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recycled_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recycled_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Recycled materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recycled_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_volatile_organic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_volatile_organic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lower volatile organic compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_volatile_organic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lab-grown_organic_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lab-grown_organic_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Lab-grown organic materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lab-grown_organic_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials_sustainability_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials_sustainability_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Materials sustainability standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials_sustainability_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_design_and_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_design_and_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sustainable design and plan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sustainable_design_and_plan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sustainable design and plan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_design_and_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Building_information_modelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_information_modelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Building information modelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_information_modelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consulting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consulting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Consulting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consulting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_placement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_placement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Building placement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_placement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Water Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Urban design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Waste management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="عمارة مستدامة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة مستدامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_sostenible" title="Arquitectura sostenible – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitectura sostenible" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoarchitektura" title="Ekoarchitektura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekoarchitektura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachhaltiges_Bauen" title="Nachhaltiges Bauen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nachhaltiges Bauen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4tkusuutlik_arhitektuur" title="Jätkusuutlik arhitektuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jätkusuutlik arhitektuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_sustentable" title="Arquitectura sustentable – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura sustentable" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura_iraunkor" title="Arkitektura iraunkor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arkitektura iraunkor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="معماری پایدار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معماری پایدار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_%C3%A9cologique" title="Architecture écologique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture écologique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur_berkelanjutan" title="Arsitektur berkelanjutan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arsitektur berkelanjutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioarchitettura" title="Bioarchitettura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bioarchitettura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ეკოლოგიური არქიტექტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეკოლოგიური არქიტექტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="സുസ്ഥിര വാസ്തുവിദ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുസ്ഥിര വാസ്തുവിദ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="サステナブル建築 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サステナブル建築" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_sustent%C3%A1vel" title="Arquitetura sustentável – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquitetura sustentável" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Устойчивая архитектура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Устойчивая архитектура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologick%C3%A1_architekt%C3%BAra" title="Ekologická architektúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ekologická architektúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajnostna_arhitektura" title="Trajnostna arhitektura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trajnostna arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCrd%C3%BCr%C3%BClebilir_mimari" title="Sürdürülebilir mimari – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sürdürülebilir mimari" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Architecture designed to minimize environmental impact</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freiburg_071ss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Freiburg_071ss.jpg/220px-Freiburg_071ss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Freiburg_071ss.jpg/330px-Freiburg_071ss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Freiburg_071ss.jpg/440px-Freiburg_071ss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2063" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Energy-plus-house" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy-plus-house">Energy-plus-houses</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vauban,_Freiburg" title="Vauban, Freiburg">Freiburg-Vauban</a> in Germany</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sustainable architecture</b> is <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> that seeks to minimize the negative <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of buildings">environmental impact of buildings</a> through improved efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, development space and the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> at large. Sustainable architecture uses a conscious approach to energy and ecological conservation in the design of the built environment.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">ecological design</a>, is to ensure that use of currently available resources does not end up having detrimental effects to a future society's well-being or making it impossible to obtain resources for other applications in the long run.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div 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var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Bicycle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind-powered_vehicle" title="Wind-powered vehicle">Wind-powered vehicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93electric_hybrid_vehicle" title="Human–electric hybrid vehicle">Human-electric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twike" title="Twike">Twike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy" title="Category:Renewable energy">Category</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/16px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/24px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/32px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainable_energy" title="Template:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainable_energy" title="Template talk:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable_energy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shift_from_narrow_to_broader_approach">Shift from narrow to broader approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shift from narrow to broader approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "sustainability" in relation to architecture has so far been mostly considered through the lens of building technology and its transformations. Going beyond the technical sphere of "<a href="/wiki/Green_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Green design">green design</a>", invention and expertise, some scholars are starting to position architecture within a much broader cultural framework of the <a href="/wiki/Nature#Human_interrelationship" title="Nature">human interrelationship with nature</a>. Adopting this framework allows tracing a rich history of cultural debates about humanity's relationship to nature and the environment, from the point of view of different historical and geographical contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operational_carbon_vs_Embodied_carbon">Operational carbon vs Embodied carbon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operational carbon vs Embodied carbon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Global construction accounts for 38% of total global emissions. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While sustainable architecture and construction standards have traditionally focused on reducing operational carbon emissions, there are to date few standards or systems in place to track and reduce embodied carbon. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While steel and other materials are responsible for large-scale emissions, cement alone is responsible for 8% of all emissions. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_pedagogues">Changing pedagogues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Changing pedagogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics of the reductionism of modernism often noted the abandonment of the teaching of architectural history as a causal factor. The fact that a number of the major players in the deviation from modernism were trained at Princeton University's School of Architecture, where recourse to history continued to be a part of design training in the 1940s and 1950s, was significant. The increasing rise of interest in history had a profound impact on architectural education. History courses became more typical and regularized. With the demand for professors knowledgeable in the history of architecture, several PhD programs in schools of architecture arose in order to differentiate themselves from art history PhD programs, where architectural historians had previously trained. In the US, <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell">Cornell</a> were the first, created in the mid-1970s, followed by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a>. Among the founders of new architectural history programs were <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Zevi" title="Bruno Zevi">Bruno Zevi</a> at the Institute for the History of Architecture in Venice, Stanford Anderson and Henry Millon at MIT, Alexander Tzonis at the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural Association">Architectural Association</a>, Anthony Vidler at Princeton, <a href="/wiki/Manfredo_Tafuri" title="Manfredo Tafuri">Manfredo Tafuri</a> at the University of Venice, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Frampton" title="Kenneth Frampton">Kenneth Frampton</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, and Werner Oechslin and Kurt Forster at <a href="/wiki/ETH_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="ETH Zürich">ETH Zürich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainable_energy_use">Sustainable energy use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sustainable energy use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Low-energy_house" title="Low-energy house">Low-energy house</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zero-energy_building" title="Zero-energy building">Zero-energy building</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K2_apartments_windsor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/K2_apartments_windsor.jpg/220px-K2_apartments_windsor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/K2_apartments_windsor.jpg/330px-K2_apartments_windsor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/K2_apartments_windsor.jpg/440px-K2_apartments_windsor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>K2 sustainable apartments in <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Victoria" title="Windsor, Victoria">Windsor, Victoria</a>, Australia by DesignInc (2006) features <a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">passive solar design</a>, recycled and sustainable materials, <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic cells">photovoltaic cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> treatment, <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">rainwater collection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_hot_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar hot water">solar hot water</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passivhaus_section_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Passivhaus_section_en.jpg/220px-Passivhaus_section_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Passivhaus_section_en.jpg/330px-Passivhaus_section_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Passivhaus_section_en.jpg/440px-Passivhaus_section_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Passivhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Passivhaus">passivhaus</a> standard combines a variety of techniques and technologies to achieve ultra-low energy use.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arts_Center_Greensburg,_Kansas,_Photo_by_Eric_Ascalon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Arts_Center_Greensburg%2C_Kansas%2C_Photo_by_Eric_Ascalon.jpg/220px-Arts_Center_Greensburg%2C_Kansas%2C_Photo_by_Eric_Ascalon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Arts_Center_Greensburg%2C_Kansas%2C_Photo_by_Eric_Ascalon.jpg/330px-Arts_Center_Greensburg%2C_Kansas%2C_Photo_by_Eric_Ascalon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Arts_Center_Greensburg%2C_Kansas%2C_Photo_by_Eric_Ascalon.jpg/440px-Arts_Center_Greensburg%2C_Kansas%2C_Photo_by_Eric_Ascalon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3278" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>Following its destruction by a tornado in 2007, the town of <a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Kansas" title="Greensburg, Kansas">Greensburg, Kansas</a> (United States) elected to rebuild to highly stringent LEED Platinum environmental standards. Shown is the town's new art center, which integrates its own solar panels and wind generators for energy self-sufficiency.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Energy efficiency</a> over the entire life cycle of a building is the most important goal of sustainable architecture. <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architects</a> use many different passive and active techniques to reduce the energy needs of buildings and increase their ability to capture or generate their own energy.<sup id="cite_ref-DeKayBrown_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeKayBrown-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To minimize cost and complexity, sustainable architecture prioritizes passive systems to take advantage of building location with incorporated architectural elements, supplementing with renewable energy sources and then fossil fuel resources only as needed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Site_analysis" title="Site analysis">Site analysis</a> can be employed to optimize use of local environmental resources such as daylight and ambient wind for heating and ventilation. </p><p>Energy use very often depends on whether the building gets its energy on-grid, or off-grid.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Off-grid buildings do not use energy provided by utility services and instead have their own independent energy production. They use on-site electricity storage while on-grid sites feed in excessive electricity back to the grid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heating,_ventilation_and_cooling_system_efficiency"><span id="Heating.2C_ventilation_and_cooling_system_efficiency"></span>Heating, ventilation and cooling system efficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Heating, ventilation and cooling system efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous passive architectural strategies have been developed over time. Examples of such strategies include the arrangement of rooms or the sizing and orientation of windows in a building,<sup id="cite_ref-DeKayBrown_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeKayBrown-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the orientation of facades and streets or the ratio between building heights and street widths for urban planning.<sup id="cite_ref-Montavon_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montavon-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important and <a href="/wiki/Cost-effectiveness" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost-effectiveness">cost-effective</a> element of an efficient <a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a> (HVAC) system is a <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">well-insulated building</a>. A more efficient building requires less heat generating or dissipating power, but may require more ventilation capacity to expel <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">polluted indoor air</a>. </p><p>Significant amounts of energy are flushed out of buildings in the water, air and <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a> streams. <a href="/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf" title="Commercial off-the-shelf">Off the shelf</a>, on-site energy recycling technologies can effectively recapture <a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">energy from waste</a> hot water and stale air and transfer that energy into incoming fresh cold water or fresh air. Recapture of energy for uses other than gardening from compost leaving buildings requires centralized <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digesters</a>. </p><p>HVAC systems are powered by motors. <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a>, versus other metal conductors, helps to improve the electrical energy efficiencies of motors, thereby enhancing the sustainability of electrical building components. </p><p>Site and building orientation have some major effects on a building's HVAC efficiency. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar building design</a> allows buildings to harness the energy of the sun efficiently without the use of any <a href="/wiki/Active_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Active solar">active solar</a> mechanisms such as <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic cell">photovoltaic cells</a> or <a href="/wiki/Solar_hot_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar hot water">solar hot water panels</a>. Typically passive solar building designs incorporate materials with high <a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">thermal mass</a> that retain heat effectively and strong <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulation</a> that works to prevent heat escape. Low energy designs also requires the use of solar shading, by means of awnings, blinds or shutters, to relieve the solar heat gain in summer and to reduce the need for artificial cooling. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Low_energy_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Low energy building">low energy buildings</a> typically have a very low surface area to volume ratio to minimize heat loss. This means that sprawling multi-winged building designs (often thought to look more "organic") are often avoided in favor of more centralized structures. Traditional cold climate buildings such as <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/American_colonial_architecture" title="American colonial architecture">colonial</a> <a href="/wiki/Saltbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltbox">saltbox</a> designs provide a good historical model for centralized heat efficiency in a small-scale building. </p><p>Windows are placed to maximize the input of heat-creating light while minimizing the loss of heat through glass, a poor insulator. In the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">northern hemisphere</a> this usually involves installing a large number of south-facing windows to collect direct sun and severely restricting the number of north-facing windows. Certain window types, such as double or triple glazed <a href="/wiki/Insulated_glazing" title="Insulated glazing">insulated windows</a> with gas filled spaces and <a href="/wiki/Low-emissivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-emissivity">low emissivity (low-E)</a> coatings, provide much better insulation than single-pane glass windows. Preventing excess solar gain by means of solar shading devices in the summer months is important to reduce cooling needs. <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous trees">Deciduous trees</a> are often planted in front of windows to block excessive sun in summer with their leaves but allow light through in winter when their leaves fall off. Louvers or light shelves are installed to allow the sunlight in during the winter (when the sun is lower in the sky) and keep it out in the summer (when the sun is high in the sky). They are slatted like shutters and reflect light and radiation to reduce glare on the interior space. Advanced louver systems are automated to maximize daylight and monitor the interior temperature by adjusting their tilt.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferous">Coniferous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen plants</a> are often planted to the north of buildings to shield against cold north winds. </p><p>In colder climates, heating systems are a primary focus for sustainable architecture because they are typically one of the largest single energy drains in buildings. </p><p>In warmer climates where cooling is a primary concern, passive solar designs can also be very effective. Masonry <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building materials</a> with <a href="/wiki/High_thermal_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="High thermal mass">high thermal mass</a> are very valuable for retaining the cool temperatures of night throughout the day. In addition builders often opt for sprawling single story structures in order to maximize surface area and heat loss.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Buildings are often designed to capture and channel existing winds, particularly the especially cool winds coming from nearby <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">bodies of water</a>. Many of these valuable strategies are employed in some way by the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">traditional architecture</a> of warm regions, such as south-western mission buildings. </p><p>In climates with four seasons, an integrated energy system will increase in efficiency: when the building is well insulated, when it is sited to work with the forces of nature, when heat is recaptured (to be used immediately or stored), when the heat plant relying on <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> or electricity is greater than 100% efficient, and when <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_energy_generation">Renewable energy generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Renewable energy generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BedZED_roofs_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BedZED_roofs_2007.jpg/220px-BedZED_roofs_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BedZED_roofs_2007.jpg/330px-BedZED_roofs_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BedZED_roofs_2007.jpg/440px-BedZED_roofs_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BedZED" title="BedZED">BedZED</a> (Beddington Zero Energy Development), the UK's largest and first carbon-neutral eco-community: the distinctive roofscape with solar panels and passive ventilation chimneys</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solar_panels">Solar panels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Solar panels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_PV" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar PV">Solar PV</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Active_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Active solar">Active solar</a> devices such as <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic module">solar panels</a> help to provide sustainable electricity for any use. Electrical output of a solar panel is dependent on orientation, efficiency, latitude, and climate—solar gain varies even at the same latitude. Typical efficiencies for commercially available PV panels range from 4% to 28%. The low efficiency of certain photovoltaic panels can significantly affect the payback period of their installation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This low efficiency does not mean that solar panels are not a viable energy alternative. In Germany for example, Solar Panels are commonly installed in residential home construction. </p><p>Roofs are often angled toward the sun to allow photovoltaic panels to collect at maximum efficiency. In the northern hemisphere, a true-south facing orientation maximizes yield for solar panels. If true-south is not possible, solar panels can produce adequate energy if aligned within 30° of south. However, at higher latitudes, winter energy yield will be significantly reduced for non-south orientation. </p><p>To maximize efficiency in winter, the collector can be angled above horizontal Latitude +15°. To maximize efficiency in summer, the angle should be Latitude -15°. However, for an annual maximum production, the angle of the panel above horizontal should be equal to its latitude.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wind_turbines">Wind turbines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wind turbines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a></div> <p>The use of undersized wind turbines in energy production in sustainable structures requires the consideration of many factors. In considering costs, small wind systems are generally more expensive than larger wind turbines relative to the amount of energy they produce. For <a href="/wiki/Small_wind_turbine" title="Small wind turbine">small wind turbines</a>, maintenance costs can be a deciding factor at sites with marginal wind-harnessing capabilities. At low-wind sites, maintenance can consume much of a small wind turbine's revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wind turbines begin operating when winds reach 8 mph, achieve energy production capacity at speeds of 32-37 mph, and shut off to avoid damage at speeds exceeding 55 mph.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The energy potential of a wind turbine is proportional to the square of the length of its blades and to the cube of the speed at which its blades spin. Though wind turbines are available that can supplement power for a single building, because of these factors, the efficiency of the wind turbine depends much upon the wind conditions at the building site. For these reasons, for wind turbines to be at all efficient, they must be installed at locations that are known to receive a constant amount of wind (with average wind speeds of more than 15 mph), rather than locations that receive wind sporadically.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small wind turbine can be installed on a roof. Installation issues then include the strength of the roof, vibration, and the turbulence caused by the roof ledge. Small-scale rooftop wind turbines have been known to be able to generate power from 10% to up to 25% of the electricity required of a regular domestic household dwelling.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turbines for residential scale use are usually between 7 feet (2 m) to 25 feet (8 m) in diameter and produce electricity at a rate of 900 watts to 10,000 watts at their tested wind speed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reliability of wind turbine systems is important to the success of a wind energy project. Unanticipated breakdowns can have a significant impact on a project's profitability due to the logistical and practical difficulties of replacing critical components in a wind turbine. Uncertainty with the long-term component reliability has a direct impact on the amount of confidence associated with cost of energy (COE) estimates. <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solar_water_heating">Solar water heating</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Solar water heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar thermal power">Solar thermal power</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Solar_water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar water heater">Solar water heaters</a>, also called solar domestic hot water systems, can be a cost-effective way to generate hot water for a home. They can be used in any climate, and the fuel they use—sunshine—is free.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two types of solar water systems: active and passive. An active solar collector system can produce about 80 to 100 gallons of hot water per day. A passive system will have a lower capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Active solar water system's efficiency is 35-80% while a passive system is 30-50%, making active solar systems more powerful.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also two types of circulation, direct circulation systems and indirect circulation systems. Direct circulation systems loop the domestic water through the panels. They should not be used in climates with temperatures below freezing. Indirect circulation loops glycol or some other fluid through the solar panels and uses a heat exchanger to heat up the domestic water. </p><p>The two most common types of collector panels are flat-plate and evacuated-tube. The two work similarly except that evacuated tubes do not convectively lose heat, which greatly improves their efficiency (5%–25% more efficient). With these higher efficiencies, Evacuated-tube solar collectors can also produce higher-temperature space heating, and even higher temperatures for absorption cooling systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_M._Masters_2008_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_M._Masters_2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electric-resistance water heaters that are common in homes today have an electrical demand around 4500 kW·h/year. With the use of solar collectors, the energy use is cut in half. The up-front cost of installing solar collectors is high, but with the annual energy savings, payback periods are relatively short.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_M._Masters_2008_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_M._Masters_2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heat_pumps">Heat pumps</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Heat pumps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pumps</a> (ASHP) can be thought of as reversible air conditioners. Like an air conditioner, an ASHP can take heat from a relatively cool space (e.g. a house at 70 °F) and dump it into a hot place (e.g. outside at 85 °F). However, unlike an air conditioner, the condenser and evaporator of an ASHP can switch roles and absorb heat from the cool outside air and dump it into a warm house. </p><p>Air-source heat pumps are inexpensive relative to other heat pump systems. As the efficiency of air-source heat pumps decline when the outdoor temperature is very cold or very hot; therefore, they are most efficiently used in temperate climates.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_M._Masters_2008_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_M._Masters_2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, contrary to earlier expectations, they have proven to be also well suited for regions with cold outdoor temperatures, such as Scandinavia or Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Norway, Finland and Sweden, the use of heat pumps has grown strongly over the last two decades: in 2019, there were 15–25 heat pumps per 100 inhabitants in these countries, with ASHP the dominant heat pump technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, earlier assumptions that ASHP would only work well in fully insulated buildings have proven wrong—even old, partially insulated buildings can be retrofitted with ASHPs and thereby strongly reduce their energy demand.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Effects of EAHPs (<a href="/wiki/Exhaust_air_heat_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust air heat pump">exhaust air heat pumps</a>) have also been studied within the aforementioned regions displaying promising results. An exhaust air heat pump uses electricity to extract heat from exhaust air leaving a building, redirecting it towards DHW (<a href="/wiki/Domestic_hot_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic hot water">domestic hot water</a>), <a href="/wiki/Space_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Space heating">space heating</a>, and warming supply air. In colder countries, an EAHP may be able to recover around 2 - 3 times more energy than an air-to-air exchange system.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2022 study surrounding projected emission decreases within Sweden’s <a href="/wiki/Kymenlaakso" title="Kymenlaakso">Kymenlaakso</a> region explored the aspect of retrofitting existing apartment buildings (of varying ages) with EAHP systems. Select buildings were chosen in the cities of Kotka and Kouvola, their projected carbon emissions decreasing by about 590 tCO2 and 944 tCO2 respectively with a 7 - 13 year payoff period.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is, however, important to note that EAHP systems may not produce favourable results if installed in a building exhibiting incompatible exhaust output rates or electricity consumption. In this case, EAHP systems may increase energy bills without providing reasonable cuts to carbon emissions (see <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_air_heat_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust air heat pump">EAHP</a>). </p><p>Ground-source (or geothermal) heat pumps provide an efficient alternative. The difference between the two heat pumps is that the ground-source has one of its heat exchangers placed underground—usually in a horizontal or vertical arrangement. Ground-source takes advantage of the relatively constant, mild temperatures underground, which means their efficiencies can be much greater than that of an air-source heat pump. The in-ground heat exchanger generally needs a considerable amount of area. Designers have placed them in an open area next to the building or underneath a parking lot. </p><p>Energy Star ground-source heat pumps can be 40% to 60% more efficient than their air-source counterparts. They are also quieter and can also be applied to other functions like domestic hot water heating.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_M._Masters_2008_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_M._Masters_2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of initial cost, the ground-source heat pump system costs about twice as much as a standard air-source heat pump to be installed. However, the up-front costs can be more than offset by the decrease in energy costs. The reduction in energy costs is especially apparent in areas with typically hot summers and cold winters.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_M._Masters_2008_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_M._Masters_2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other types of heat pumps are water-source and air-earth. If the building is located near a body of water, the pond or lake could be used as a heat source or sink. Air-earth heat pumps circulate the building's air through underground ducts. With higher fan power requirements and inefficient heat transfer, Air-earth heat pumps are generally not practical for major construction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Passive daytime radiative cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a> harvests the extreme coldness of <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a> as a renewable energy source to achieve daytime cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being high in solar reflectance to reduce solar heat gain and strong in <a href="/wiki/Long-wave_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-wave infrared">longwave infrared</a> (LWIR) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal radiation</a> <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</a>, daytime radiative cooling surfaces can achieve sub-ambient cooling for indoor and outdoor spaces when applied to roofs, which can significantly lower energy demand and costs devoted to cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cooling surfaces can be applied as sky-facing panels, similar to other renewable energy sources like <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> panels, making them for simple integration into architectural design.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A passive daytime radiative cooling roof application can double the energy savings of a white roof,<sup id="cite_ref-:352_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:352-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when applied as a multilayer surface to 10% of a building's roof, it can replace 35% of air conditioning used during the hottest hours of daytime.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daytime radiative cooling applications for indoor space cooling is growing with an estimated "market size of ~$27 billion in 2025."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainable_building_materials">Sustainable building materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sustainable building materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">Hempcrete</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></div> <p>Some examples of sustainable building materials include recycled <a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">denim</a> or blown-in fiber glass insulation, sustainably harvested wood, <a href="/wiki/Trass" title="Trass">Trass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linoleum" title="Linoleum">Linoleum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sheep wool, <a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">hempcrete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">roman concrete</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> panels made from paper flakes, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, seagrass, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fiber plates, calcium sandstone, locally obtained stone and rock, and <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, which is one of the strongest and fastest growing <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">woody plants</a>, and non-toxic low-<a href="/wiki/Volatile_Organic_Compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile Organic Compound">VOC</a> glues and paints. Bamboo flooring can be useful in ecological spaces since they help reduce pollution particles in the air.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vegetative cover or shield over building envelopes also helps in the same. Paper which is fabricated or manufactured out of forest wood is supposedly hundred percent recyclable, thus it regenerates and saves almost all the forest wood that it takes during its manufacturing process. There is an underutilized potential for systematically <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">storing carbon</a> in the built environment.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_products">Natural products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Natural products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of natural building materials for their sustainable qualities is a practice seen in <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a>. Regional architectural styles develop over generations, utilizing local materials. This practice reduces transportation and production emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regenerative sources, use of waste material, and the ability to reuse are sustainable qualities of timber, thatching, and stone and clay. Laminated timber products, straw, and stone are low carbon construction materials with major potential for scalability. <a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood"> Timber</a> products can sequester carbon, while <a href="/wiki/Massive_precut_stone" title="Massive precut stone"> stone</a> has a low extraction energy. Straw, including <a href="/wiki/Straw-bale_construction" title="Straw-bale construction">straw-bale construction</a>, sequesters carbon while providing a high level of insulation. High thermal performance of natural materials contribute to regulating interior conditions without the use of modern technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The uses of timber, straw, and stone in sustainable architecture were the subject of a major exhibit at the UK's Design Museum. <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recycled_materials">Recycled materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recycled materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discarded_dreams_2_of_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Discarded_dreams_2_of_3.jpg/220px-Discarded_dreams_2_of_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Discarded_dreams_2_of_3.jpg/330px-Discarded_dreams_2_of_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Discarded_dreams_2_of_3.jpg/440px-Discarded_dreams_2_of_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption> Discarded Dreams Competition entry from 2008 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Spencer_Steenblik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Spencer Steenblik (page does not exist)">Ralph Spencer Steenblik</a> and Aaron Legendre highlighting recycling items for building</figcaption></figure> <p>Sustainable architecture often incorporates the use of recycled or second hand materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">reclaimed lumber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper_in_architecture" title="Copper in architecture">recycled copper</a>. The reduction in use of new materials creates a corresponding reduction in <a href="/wiki/Embodied_energy" title="Embodied energy">embodied energy</a> (energy used in the production of materials). Often sustainable architects attempt to retrofit old structures to serve new needs in order to avoid unnecessary development. Architectural salvage and reclaimed materials are used when appropriate. When older buildings are demolished, frequently any good wood is reclaimed, renewed, and sold as flooring. Any good <a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">dimension stone</a> is similarly reclaimed. Many other parts are reused as well, such as doors, windows, mantels, and hardware, thus reducing the consumption of new goods. When new materials are employed, green designers look for materials that are rapidly replenished, such as <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, which can be harvested for commercial use after only six years of growth, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> or wheat straw, both of which are waste material that can be pressed into panels, or <a href="/wiki/Cork_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Cork oak">cork oak</a>, in which only the outer bark is removed for use, thus preserving the tree. When possible, building materials may be gleaned from the site itself; for example, if a new structure is being constructed in a wooded area, wood from the trees which were cut to make room for the building would be re-used as part of the building itself. For insulation in building envelopes, more experimental materials such as “waste sheep’s wool” alongside other waste fibers originating from textile and agri-industrial operations are being researched for use as well, with recent studies suggesting the recycled insulation effective for architectural purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_volatile_organic_compounds">Lower volatile organic compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lower volatile organic compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Low-impact building materials are used wherever feasible: for example, insulation may be made from low VOC (<a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compound</a>)-emitting materials such as <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_materials#Cotton_batts_(Blue_Jean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Building insulation materials">recycled denim</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_insulation" title="Cellulose insulation">cellulose insulation</a>, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Building insulation materials">building insulation materials</a> that may contain carcinogenic or toxic materials such as formaldehyde. To discourage insect damage, these alternate insulation materials may be treated with <a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">boric acid</a>. Organic or milk-based paints may be used.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a common fallacy is that "green" materials are always better for the health of occupants or the environment. Many harmful substances (including formaldehyde, arsenic, and asbestos) are naturally occurring and are not without their histories of use with the best of intentions. A study of emissions from materials by the State of California has shown that there are some green materials that have substantial emissions whereas some more "traditional" materials actually were lower emitters. Thus, the subject of emissions must be carefully investigated before concluding that natural materials are always the healthiest alternatives for occupants and for the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds">Volatile organic compounds</a> (VOC) can be found in any indoor environment coming from a variety of different sources. VOCs have a high vapor pressure and low water solubility, and are suspected of causing <a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">sick building syndrome</a> type symptoms. This is because many VOCs have been known to cause sensory irritation and central nervous system symptoms characteristic to sick building syndrome, indoor concentrations of VOCs are higher than in the outdoor atmosphere, and when there are many VOCs present, they can cause additive and multiplicative effects. </p><p>Green products are usually considered to contain fewer VOCs and be better for human and environmental health. A case study conducted by the Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering at the University of Miami that compared three green products and their non-green counterparts found that even though both the green products and the non-green counterparts both emitted levels of VOCs, the amount and intensity of the VOCs emitted from the green products were much safer and comfortable for human exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lab-grown_organic_materials">Lab-grown organic materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lab-grown organic materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commonly used building materials such as wood require deforestation that is, without proper care, unsustainable. As of October 2022, researchers at MIT have made developments on lab-grown <i><a href="/wiki/Zinnia_elegans" title="Zinnia elegans">Zinnia elegans</a></i> cells growing into specific characteristics under conditions within their control. These characteristics include the “shape, thickness, [and] stiffness,” as well as mechanical properties that can mimic wood.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David N. Bengston from the USDA suggests that this alternative would be more efficient than traditional wood harvesting, with future developments potentially saving on transportation energy and conserve forests. However, Bengston notes that this breakthrough would change paradigms and raises new economic and environmental questions, such as timber-dependent communities′ jobs or how conservation would impact wildfires.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials_sustainability_standards">Materials sustainability standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Materials sustainability standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the importance of materials to overall building sustainability, quantifying and evaluating the sustainability of building materials has proven difficult. There is little coherence in the measurement and assessment of materials sustainability attributes, resulting in a landscape today that is littered with hundreds of competing, inconsistent and often imprecise eco-labels, <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Certifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Certifications">certifications</a>. This discord has led both to confusion among consumers and commercial purchasers and to the incorporation of inconsistent sustainability criteria in larger building certification programs such as <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a>. Various proposals have been made regarding rationalization of the standardization landscape for sustainable building materials.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainable_design_and_plan">Sustainable design and plan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sustainable design and plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building">Building</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Building_information_modelling">Building information modelling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Building information modelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling_in_green_building" title="Building information modeling in green building">Building information modelling</a> (BIM) is used to help enable sustainable design by allowing architects and engineers to integrate and analyze building performance.[5]. BIM services, including conceptual and topographic modelling, offer a new channel to green building with successive and immediate availability of internally coherent, and trustworthy project information. BIM enables designers to quantify the environmental impacts of systems and materials to support the decisions needed to design sustainable buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consulting">Consulting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Consulting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sustainable building consultant may be engaged early in the design process, to forecast the sustainability implications of <a href="/wiki/Building_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Building materials">building materials</a>, orientation, glazing and other physical factors, so as to identify a sustainable approach that meets the specific requirements of a project. </p><p>Norms and standards have been formalized by performance-based rating systems e.g. <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_Star" title="Energy Star">Energy Star</a> for homes.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They define <a href="/wiki/Benchmarking" title="Benchmarking">benchmarks</a> to be met and provide <a href="/wiki/Performance_metric" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance metric">metrics</a> and testing to meet those benchmarks. It is up to the parties involved in the project to determine the best approach to meet those standards. </p><p>As sustainable building consulting is often associated with cost premium, organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Architects_Assist" title="Architects Assist">Architects Assist</a> aim for equity of access to sustainable and resident design.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Building_placement">Building placement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Building placement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One central and often ignored aspect of sustainable architecture is building placement.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the ideal environmental home or office structure is often envisioned as an isolated place, this kind of placement is usually detrimental to the environment. First, such structures often serve as the unknowing frontlines of <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">suburban sprawl</a>. Second, they usually increase the <a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">energy consumption</a> required for transportation and lead to unnecessary auto emissions. Ideally, most building should avoid suburban sprawl in favor of the kind of light <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban development</a> articulated by the <a href="/wiki/New_Urbanist" class="mw-redirect" title="New Urbanist">New Urbanist</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Careful mixed use zoning can make commercial, residential, and light industrial areas more accessible for those traveling by foot, bicycle, or public transit, as proposed in the <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Principles of Intelligent Urbanism</a>. The study of <a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">permaculture</a>, in its holistic application, can also greatly help in proper building placement that minimizes energy consumption and works with the surroundings rather than against them, especially in rural and forested zones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_Usage">Water Usage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Water Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sustainable buildings look for ways to <a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">conserve water</a>. One strategic water saving design <a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green buildings</a> incorporate are <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roofs</a>. Green roofs have rooftop vegetation which captures storm drainage water. This function not only collects the water for further uses but also serves as a good insulator that can aid in the <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> effect.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another strategic water efficient design is treating wastewater so it can be reused again.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_design">Urban design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Urban design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urbanism" title="Sustainable urbanism">Sustainable urbanism</a> takes actions beyond sustainable architecture, and makes a broader view for sustainability. Typical solutions includes <a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">eco-industrial park</a> (EIP), <a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban agriculture</a>, etc. International program that are being supported includes Sustainable Urban Development Network,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supported by UN-HABITAT, and Eco2 Cities,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supported by the World Bank. </p><p>Concurrently, the recent movements of <a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Complementary_architecture" title="Complementary architecture">complementary architecture</a> promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops <a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">smart growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">architectural tradition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">classical design</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">globally uniform</a> architecture, as well as leaning against solitary <a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">housing estates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">suburban sprawl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both trends started in the 1980s. The <a href="/wiki/Driehaus_Architecture_Prize" title="Driehaus Architecture Prize">Driehaus Architecture Prize</a> is an award that recognizes efforts in New Urbanism and New Classical architecture, and is endowed with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Architecture_Prize" title="Pritzker Architecture Prize">Pritzker Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Driehaus_Prize_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driehaus_Prize-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste_management">Waste management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Waste management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waste takes the form of spent or useless materials generated from households and businesses, construction and demolition processes, and manufacturing and agricultural industries. These materials are loosely categorized as municipal solid waste, construction and demolition (C&D) debris, and industrial or agricultural by-products.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sustainable architecture focuses on the on-site use of <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a>, incorporating things such as <a href="/wiki/Grey_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey water">grey water</a> systems for use on garden beds, and <a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">composting toilets</a> to reduce sewage. These methods, when combined with on-site <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a> composting and off-site recycling, can reduce a house's waste to a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">packaging waste</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_architecture&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130506035740/http://www.cebe.heacademy.ac.uk/learning/habitat/HABITAT4/beattie.html">"Sustainable Architecture and Simulation Modelling"</a>. 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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 220–237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-97405-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-97405-6"><bdi>978-0-470-97405-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Design+Ecologies%3A+AD+Reader&rft.pages=220-237&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-470-97405-6&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiley.com%2FWileyCDA%2FWileyTitle%2FproductCd-0470974052.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/construction-industry-doesn-t-know-where-it-stands-when-it-comes-to-carbon-emissions/">"How can we reduce the construction industry's carbon footprint?"</a>. <i>www.weforum.org</i>. 13 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.weforum.org&rft.atitle=How+can+we+reduce+the+construction+industry%27s+carbon+footprint%3F&rft.date=2021-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2021%2F07%2Fconstruction-industry-doesn-t-know-where-it-stands-when-it-comes-to-carbon-emissions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/operations/our-insights/global-infrastructure-initiative/voices/reducing-embodied-carbon-in-new-construction">"Reducing embodied carbon in new construction | McKinsey"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reducing+embodied+carbon+in+new+construction+%26%23124%3B+McKinsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Fcapabilities%2Foperations%2Four-insights%2Fglobal-infrastructure-initiative%2Fvoices%2Freducing-embodied-carbon-in-new-construction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dezeen.com/2019/09/20/concrete-climate-change-architecture-emergency/">"Concrete must be abandoned by architects in fight against climate change"</a>. 20 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concrete+must+be+abandoned+by+architects+in+fight+against+climate+change&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dezeen.com%2F2019%2F09%2F20%2Fconcrete-climate-change-architecture-emergency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Jarzombek" title="Mark Jarzombek">Mark Jarzombek</a>, “The Disciplinary Dislocations of Architectural History,” <i>Journal of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Architectural_Historians" title="Society of Architectural Historians">Society of Architectural Historians</a></i> 58/3 (September 1999), p. 489. 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Traditional Architecture Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traditionalarchitecture.co.uk/aims.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beauty%2C+Humanism%2C+Continuity+between+Past+and+Future&rft.pub=Traditional+Architecture+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traditionalarchitecture.co.uk%2Faims.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aia.org/SiteObjects/files/smartgrowth05.pdf">Issue Brief: Smart-Growth: Building Livable Communities</a>. American Institute of Architects. Retrieved on 2014-03-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Driehaus_Prize-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Driehaus_Prize_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://architecture.nd.edu/about/driehaus-prize/">"Driehaus Prize"</a>. <i>Together, the $200,000 Driehaus Prize and the $50,000 Reed Award represent the most significant recognition for classicism in the contemporary built environment</i>. Notre Dame School of Architecture<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Together%2C+the+%24200%2C000+Driehaus+Prize+and+the+%2450%2C000+Reed+Award+represent+the+most+significant+recognition+for+classicism+in+the+contemporary+built+environment.&rft.atitle=Driehaus+Prize&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchitecture.nd.edu%2Fabout%2Fdriehaus-prize%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Ringel., University of Michigan, Sustainable Architecture, Waste Prevention <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/compendia/ARCHpdfs/ARCHr&rA.pdf">[2]</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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aria-labelledby="Genres_of_modern_architecture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_architecture" title="Template:Modern architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_architecture" title="Template talk:Modern architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genres_of_modern_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Genres of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alphabetically</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowellism" title="Bowellism">Bowellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism_(architecture)" title="Metabolism (architecture)">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Century_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Century modern">Mid-Century modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">Monumentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Futurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Futurism">Neo-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Khmer_Architecture" title="New Khmer Architecture">New Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Rationalist-Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondocubism" title="Rondocubism">Rondocubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Modernism" title="Tropical Modernism">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By start year /<br />decade</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1888–1911)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1890–1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1890s–1920s)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917–1931)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919–1933)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920–1932)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondocubism" title="Rondocubism">Rondocubism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921–1929)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922–1933)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925–1950)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Rationalist-Fascist</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920s–1930s)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920s–1970s)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910–1939)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930s)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933–1944)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930s–1950s)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930s–1970)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-century_modern" title="Mid-century modern">Mid-century modern</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933–1969)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1940s–late 1970s)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Modernism" title="Tropical Modernism">Tropical</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1958–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Khmer_Architecture" title="New Khmer Architecture">New Khmer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953–1970)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1959–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism_(architecture)" title="Metabolism (architecture)">Metabolism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1959–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodernism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000s–)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/16px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/24px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism" title="Category:Modernism">Related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_smart_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate smart agriculture">Climate smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-innovation" title="Eco-innovation">Eco-innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Design">Environmental Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Environmentally healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Sustainability science</a></li> <li>Sustainable (<a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable food systems">food systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">transport</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/100px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/150px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/200px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="3831" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Air pollution (<a href="/wiki/Emission_standard" title="Emission standard">control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">dispersion modeling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solid_waste_treatment_technologies" title="List of solid waste treatment technologies">Solid waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li>Water (<a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">agricultural wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste-water_treatment_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waste-water treatment technologies">waste-water treatment technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li>Fuel (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_technologies" title="Hydrogen technologies">hydrogen technologies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_storage_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of energy storage projects">List of energy storage projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_lighting" title="Sustainable lighting">Sustainable lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Building (<a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">natural</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Environmental remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_in_green_buildings" title="Glass in green buildings">Glass in green buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Green computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_buildings" title="High-performance buildings">High-performance buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_rehabilitation" title="Land rehabilitation">Land rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sustainability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment"><span class="wrap">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future"><i>Our Common Future</i> (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" title="Category:Sustainability lists">Lists</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_humanities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_humanities" title="Template:Environmental humanities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_humanities" title="Template talk:Environmental humanities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_humanities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental humanities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crop_art" title="Crop art">Crop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Environmental sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">wildlife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Sustainable art</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/100px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/150px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/200px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1646" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolinguistics" title="Ecolinguistics">Ecolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">Ecological anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosemiotics" title="Ecosemiotics">Ecosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">Traditional ecological knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecocomposition" title="Ecocomposition">Ecocomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocriticism" title="Ecocriticism">Ecocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopoetry" title="Ecopoetry">Ecopoetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocriticism" title="Geocriticism">Geocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_literature" title="Outdoor literature">Outdoor literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Aesthetics of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)" title="Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty#Ecophenomenology" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Ecophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Ecotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_theology" title="Environmental theology">Environmental theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion and environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_ecology" title="Spiritual ecology">Spiritual ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Environmental education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_adult_education" title="Environmental adult education">adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts-based_environmental_education" title="Arts-based environmental education">arts-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environmental history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_interpretation" title="Heritage interpretation">Environmental interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environmental journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_education" title="Outdoor education">Outdoor education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_interpretation" title="Thematic interpretation">Thematic interpretation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_studies" title="Animal studies">Animal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a> (<a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">ethic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums" title="List of natural history museums">museums</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_science" title="Popular science">Popular science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">common property</a>)</li> <li><a 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