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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>General strike of slaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_strike_of_slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_and_psychological_wage_for_white_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_and_psychological_wage_for_white_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Public and psychological wage for white workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_and_psychological_wage_for_white_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Critical reception and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_reception_and_legacy-sublist" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1935 book by W. E. B. Du Bois</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackReconstruction.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/BlackReconstruction.JPG/220px-BlackReconstruction.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/27/BlackReconstruction.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>First edition cover</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880</b></i> is a history of the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction era</a> by <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, first published in 1935. The book challenged the standard academic view of Reconstruction at the time, the <a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a>, which contended that the period was a failure and downplayed the contributions of African Americans. Du Bois instead emphasized the agency of Black people and <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freed slaves</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> and Reconstruction and framed the period as one that held promise for a worker-ruled democracy to replace a slavery-based plantation economy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context_and_inception">Context and inception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Reconstruction_in_America&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context and inception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Du Bois' first published writing on Reconstruction was a 1901 <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a></i> essay entitled "The <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a>", which was reprinted as the essay "Of the Dawn of Freedom" in his 1903 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Souls_of_Black_Folk" title="The Souls of Black Folk">The Souls of Black Folk</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote about Reconstruction in his 1924 book <i>The Gift of Black Folk</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote a more extensive essay on the topic entitled "Reconstruction and Its Benefits", which was first delivered to the <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a> in December 1909 in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bushnell_Hart" title="Albert Bushnell Hart">Albert Bushnell Hart</a>, one of his former professors at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, sent him money to attend the conference. <a href="/wiki/William_Archibald_Dunning" title="William Archibald Dunning">William Archibald Dunning</a>, leader of what was called the Dunning School that developed at Columbia University, heard Du Bois' presentation and praised his paper, according to Du Bois.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essay was published in the July 1910 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>, but had little influence at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The academic consensus at this time portrayed black enfranchisement and Reconstruction governments in the south as a failure. A view had collected around <a href="/wiki/James_Shepherd_Pike" title="James Shepherd Pike">James Pike</a>'s work, <i>The Prostrate State</i> (1878), written shortly after Reconstruction ended. He contended there were no benefits from Reconstruction. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s <i>Division and Reunion, 1829–1889</i> (1893), and <a href="/wiki/James_Ford_Rhodes" title="James Ford Rhodes">James Ford Rhodes</a>' <i>History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850</i> (1906) denigrated African-American contributions during that period, reflecting attitudes of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> in a period when most blacks and many poor whites had been <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">disfranchised</a> across the South. <a href="/wiki/James_Wilford_Garner" title="James Wilford Garner">James Wilford Garner</a>'s <i>Reconstruction in Mississippi</i> (1901), <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lynwood_Fleming" title="Walter Lynwood Fleming">Walter Lynwood Fleming</a>'s <i>Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama</i> (1905), Thomas Staples' <i>Reconstruction in Arkansas, 1862–1874</i> (1923), and Charles William Ramsdell's <i>Reconstruction in Texas</i> (1910) were works by Dunning followers, most of whom had positions in history at Southern universities. </p><p>After the publication of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Bowers">Claude Bowers</a>' <i>The Tragic Era: The Revolution after Lincoln</i>, which promoted the Dunning school view, in 1929, <a href="/wiki/Anna_J._Cooper" title="Anna J. Cooper">Anna Julia Cooper</a> wrote to Du Bois and asked him to write a response.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, Du Bois wrote to the Julius Rosenwald Fund to request funding for two books, including one on Reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931, he wrote to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Harcourt" title="Alfred Harcourt">Alfred Harcourt</a>—whose publishing firm <a href="/wiki/Harcourt,_Brace_and_Howe" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt, Brace and Howe">Harcourt, Brace and Howe</a> would later publish the book—outlining the theses of what would become <i>Black Reconstruction</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Reconstruction_in_America&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After three short chapters profiling the black worker, the white worker, and the planter, Du Bois argues in the fourth chapter that the decision gradually taken by slaves on the Southern plantations to stop working during the war was an example of a potential <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> force of four million slaves the Southern elite had not reckoned with. The institution of slavery simply had to soften: "In a certain sense, after the first few months everybody knew that slavery was done with; that no matter who won, the condition of the slave could never be the same after this disaster of war."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Du Bois' research shows that the post-emancipation South did not degenerate into economic or political chaos. State by state in subsequent chapters, he notes the efforts of the elite planter class to retain control and recover property (land, in particular) lost during the war. This, in the ever-present context of violence committed by <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> groups, often from the former poor-white overseer class, all throughout the South. These groups often used terror to repress black organization and suffrage, frightened by the immense power that 4 million voters would have on the shape of the future.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He documents the creation of public health departments to promote public health and sanitation, and to combat the spread of <a href="/wiki/Epidemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemics">epidemics</a> during the Reconstruction period. Against the claim that the Radical Republicans had done a poor job at the constitutional conventions and during the first decade of Reconstruction, Du Bois observes that after the Democrats regained power in 1876, they did not change the Reconstruction constitutions for nearly a quarter century. When the Democrats did pass laws to impose <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a>, they maintained some support of public education, public health and welfare laws, along with the constitutional principles that benefited the citizens as a whole. </p><p>Du Bois noted that the Southern working class, i.e. black <a href="/wiki/Freedman#United_States" title="Freedman">freedmen</a> and poor whites, were divided after the Civil War along the lines of race, and did not unite against the white propertied class, i.e. the former planters. He believed this failure enabled the white Democrats to regain control of state legislatures, pass <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">disfranchise</a> most blacks and many poor whites in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. </p><p>Du Bois' extensive use of data and primary source material on the postwar political economy of the former Confederate States is notable, as is the literary style of this 750-page essay. He notes major achievements, such as establishing public education in the South for the first time, the founding of charitable institutions to care for all citizens, the extension of the vote to the landless whites, and investment in public infrastructure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_concepts_and_arguments">Key concepts and arguments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Reconstruction_in_America&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Key concepts and arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_strike_of_slaves">General strike of slaves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Reconstruction_in_America&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: General strike of slaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the fourth chapter of <i>Black Reconstruction</i>, entitled "The General Strike", Du Bois makes the argument that after the war escalated, slaves in the Confederate states engaged in a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> wherein they stopped work and sought to cross enemy lines.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He identifies this as a crucial turning point in the war, and an important cause in several outcomes: economic crisis in the Confederacy, a supply of laborers and soldiers for the Union Army, and a signal that countered slaveholder propaganda that slaves were satisfied with their conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a key part of Du Bois' argument about the agency of African Americans during the Civil War, and has recently been re-emphasized in recent work by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Spivak" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayatri Spivak">Gayatri Spivak</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">David Roediger</a>, Erik Loomis, Guy Emerson Mount, Alys Eve Weinbaum, and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Clover" title="Joshua Clover">Joshua Clover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_and_psychological_wage_for_white_workers">Public and psychological wage for white workers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Reconstruction_in_America&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Public and psychological wage for white workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In the section on the post-Civil War south, Du Bois argues that white workers gained a "public and psychological wage" from racism, which prevented a coalition between white and black workers. He used this term to distinguish it from a material wage.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defined the concept as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"It must be remembered that the white group of laborers, while they received a low wage, were compensated in part by a sort of public and psychological wage. They were given public deference and titles of courtesy because they were white. They were admitted freely with all classes of white people to public functions, public parks, and the best schools. The police were drawn from their ranks, and the courts, dependent upon their votes, treated them with such leniency as to encourage lawlessness. Their vote selected public officials, and while this had small effect upon the economic situation, it had great effect upon their personal treatment and the deference shown them. White schoolhouses were the best in the community, and conspicuously placed, and they cost anywhere from twice to ten times as much per capita as the colored schools. The newspapers specialized on news that flattered the poor whites and almost utterly ignored the Negro except in crime and ridicule."</p></blockquote><p>Du Bois' analysis of white identity as constructed and the concept of the psychological wage were major influences in the field of <a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">whiteness studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key text in that literature, <i>The Wages of Whiteness</i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">David Roediger</a>, takes its title directly from Du Bois' concept.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception_and_legacy">Critical reception and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Reconstruction_in_America&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Critical reception and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Black Reconstruction</i> received positive reviews in <i><a href="/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews" title="Kirkus Reviews">Kirkus Reviews</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> soon after its publication.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the work was largely ignored by historians upon publication, when the views of the <a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> prevailed in published histories of Reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some critics rejected Du Bois' critique of other historians writing about the <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedmen</a>'s role during Reconstruction. Du Bois lists a number of books and writers that he believed misrepresented the Reconstruction period. He identified those he believed were particularly racist or ill-informed works. Du Bois thought that certain historians were maintaining the "southern white fairytale"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead of accurately chronicling the events and key figures of Reconstruction. </p><p>In the 1960s and through the next decades, a new generation of historians began to re-evaluate Du Bois' work, as well as works of other African-American historians.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner1982_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner1982-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They developed new research and came to conclusions that revised the historiography of Reconstruction. This work emphasized black people's agency in their search for freedom and the era's radical policy changes that began to provide for general welfare, rather than the interests of the wealthy planter class.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner1982_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner1982-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholarship in the 1970s and 1980s tempered some of these claims by highlighting continuities in the political goals of white politicians before and during Reconstruction. Du Bois' emphasis on the revolutionary character of Reconstruction was affirmed by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a>'s landmark book, <i>Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early twenty-first century, Du Bois' <i>Black Reconstruction</i> was widely perceived as "the foundational text of revisionist African American historiography."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Reconstruction_in_America&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLemert2000" class="citation journal cs1">Lemert, Charles (1 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/3313">"The Race of Time: Du Bois and Reconstruction"</a>. <i>Boundary 2</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 215–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F01903659-27-3-215">10.1215/01903659-27-3-215</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-2141">1527-2141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161787912">161787912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boundary+2&rft.atitle=The+Race+of+Time%3A+Du+Bois+and+Reconstruction&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215-248&rft.date=2000-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161787912%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1527-2141&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F01903659-27-3-215&rft.aulast=Lemert&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F3313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Reconstruction+in+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParfait2009" class="citation journal cs1">Parfait, Claire (2009). "Rewriting History: The Publication of W. E. B. Du Bois's Black Reconstruction in America (1935)". <i>Book History</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 266–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbh.0.0022">10.1353/bh.0.0022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-1499">1529-1499</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162457311">162457311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Book+History&rft.atitle=Rewriting+History%3A+The+Publication+of+W.+E.+B.+Du+Bois%27s+Black+Reconstruction+in+America+%281935%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=266-294&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162457311%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1529-1499&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbh.0.0022&rft.aulast=Parfait&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Reconstruction+in+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley1965" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Wesley" title="Charles H. Wesley">Wesley, Charles H.</a> (July 1965). "W. E. B. DuBois—The Historian". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Negro_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Negro History">The Journal of Negro History</a></i>. <b>50</b> (3): 147–162 (156). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2716009">10.2307/2716009</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716009">2716009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149936763">149936763</a>. <q>Du Bois said that U. B. Phillips, defender of the South, was "greatly exercised," that William Dunning of Columbia University and Albert Bushnell Hart of Harvard had praised it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=W.+E.+B.+DuBois%E2%80%94The+Historian&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=147-162+%28156%29&rft.date=1965-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149936763%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2716009%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2716009&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Reconstruction+in+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Bois1910" class="citation journal cs1">Du Bois, W. E. B. (1910). "Reconstruction and its Benefits". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 781–799. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1836959">10.2307/1836959</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1836959">1836959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Reconstruction+and+its+Benefits&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=781-799&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1836959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1836959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Du+Bois&rft.aufirst=W.+E.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Reconstruction+in+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Bois1935" class="citation book cs1">Du Bois, W. E. B. (1935). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackreconstruct00duborich"><i>Black Reconstruction</i></a></span>. Harcourt Brace. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackreconstruct00duborich/page/59">59</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Reconstruction&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Du+Bois&rft.aufirst=W.+E.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackreconstruct00duborich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Reconstruction+in+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Bois1935" class="citation book cs1">Du Bois, W. E. B. (1935). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackreconstruct00duborich"><i>Black Reconstruction</i></a></span>. 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"The rise and fall of whiteness studies". <i>Race & Class</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 22–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306396804047723">10.1177/0306396804047723</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-3968">0306-3968</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145215277">145215277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+%26+Class&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+fall+of+whiteness+studies&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=22-38&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145215277%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0306-3968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0306396804047723&rft.aulast=Hartman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Reconstruction+in+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webdubois.org/wdb-BlackReconst.html#reviews">"Black Reconstruction: Primary Sources—Reviews"</a>. <i>www.webdubois.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.webdubois.org&rft.atitle=Black+Reconstruction%3A+Primary+Sources%E2%80%94Reviews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webdubois.org%2Fwdb-BlackReconst.html%23reviews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Reconstruction+in+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saq.dukejournals.org/content/112/3/409.abstract">"Black Reconstruction: An Introduction"</a>. <i>South Atlantic Quarterly</i>. <b>112</b> (3): 409–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00382876-2146368">10.1215/00382876-2146368</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Atlantic+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Black+Reconstruction%3A+An+Introduction&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=409-418&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00382876-2146368&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaq.dukejournals.org%2Fcontent%2F112%2F3%2F409.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Reconstruction+in+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Black Reconstruction</i>, p. 715</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foner1982-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foner1982_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner1982_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner1982" class="citation journal cs1">Foner, Eric (1 December 1982). "Reconstruction Revisited". <i>Reviews in American History</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 82–100 [83]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2701820">10.2307/2701820</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-7511">0048-7511</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2701820">2701820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=Reconstruction+Revisited&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=82-100+83&rft.date=1982-12-01&rft.issn=0048-7511&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2701820%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2701820&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Reconstruction+in+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"During the civil rights era, however, it became apparent that Du Bois' scholarship, despite some limitations, had been ahead of its time." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellRebecca_J._FraserPeter_C._Mancall2008" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, James M.; Rebecca J. Fraser; Peter C. Mancall (11 October 2008). <i>Reconstruction: People and Perspectives</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. xx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-021-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-021-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-021-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction%3A+People+and+Perspectives&rft.pages=xx&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008-10-11&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-021-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Rebecca+J.+Fraser&rft.au=Peter+C.+Mancall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Reconstruction+in+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellRebecca_J._FraserPeter_C._Mancall2008" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, James M.; Rebecca J. Fraser; Peter C. Mancall (11 October 2008). <i>Reconstruction: People and Perspectives</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. xix–xxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-021-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-021-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-021-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction%3A+People+and+Perspectives&rft.pages=xix-xxi&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008-10-11&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-021-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Rebecca+J.+Fraser&rft.au=Peter+C.+Mancall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Reconstruction+in+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"W. E. B. Du Bois' (1935/1998) Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 is commonly regarded as the foundational text of revisionist African American historiography." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilbija2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bilbija, Marina (1 September 2011). "Democracy's New Song". <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>637</b> (1): 64–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716211407153">10.1177/0002716211407153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162">0002-7162</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143636000">143636000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Democracy%27s+New+Song&rft.volume=637&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-77&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143636000%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-7162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716211407153&rft.aulast=Bilbija&rft.aufirst=Marina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Reconstruction+in+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Reconstruction_in_America&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webdubois.org">WEBDuBois.org</a> - significant background material available here.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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E. B. Du Bois"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="Template talk:W. E. B. Du Bois"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="Special:EditPage/Template:W. E. B. Du Bois"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="W._E._B._Du_Bois" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois_Boyhood_Homesite" title="W.E.B. Du Bois Boyhood Homesite">W.E.B. Du Bois Boyhood Homesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Conference_of_Negro_Problems" title="Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems">Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory" title="Atlanta Sociological Laboratory">Atlanta Sociological Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exhibit_of_American_Negroes" title="The Exhibit of American Negroes">The Exhibit of American Negroes</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pan-African_Conference" title="First Pan-African Conference">First Pan-African Conference</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Movement" title="Niagara Movement">Niagara Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> (co-founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis"><i>The Crisis</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brownies%27_Book" title="The Brownies' Book"><i>The Brownies' Book</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_(American_newspaper)" title="Freedom (American newspaper)"><i>Freedom</i> newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Congress" title="Pan-African Congress">Pan-African Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisk_University_protest" title="Fisk University protest">Fisk University protest</a> (1924–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois_Memorial_Centre_for_Pan_African_Culture" title="W. E. B. Du Bois Memorial Centre for Pan African Culture">W. E. B. Du Bois Memorial Centre for Pan African Culture</a> (home, burial site, and memorial)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talented_tenth" title="Talented tenth">Talented Tenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_line_(racism)" title="Color line (racism)">Color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_consciousness" title="Double consciousness">Double consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Suppression_of_the_African_Slave-trade_to_the_United_States_of_America" title="The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America">The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Study_of_the_Negro_Problems" title="The Study of the Negro Problems">The Study of the Negro Problems</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Negro" title="The Philadelphia Negro">The Philadelphia Negro</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Souls_of_Black_Folk" title="The Souls of Black Folk">The Souls of Black Folk</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_in_the_South" title="The Negro in the South">The Negro in the South</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(biography)" title="John Brown (biography)">John Brown</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro" title="The Negro">The Negro</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darkwater:_Voices_from_Within_the_Veil" title="Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil">Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Reconstruction in America</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dusk_of_Dawn" title="Dusk of Dawn">Dusk of Dawn</a></i> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Comet_(short_story)" title="The Comet (short story)">The Comet</a>" (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Princess" title="Dark Princess">Dark Princess</a></i> (1928)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois_Library" title="W. E. B. Du Bois Library">W. E. B. Du Bois Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois_Career_of_Distinguished_Scholarship_Award" title="W.E.B. Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award">W.E.B. Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois_Research_Institute" title="W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute">W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Graham_Du_Bois" title="Shirley Graham Du Bois">Shirley Graham Du Bois</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolande_Du_Bois" title="Yolande Du Bois">Yolande Du Bois</a> (daughter)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Africana" title="Encyclopedia Africana">Encyclopedia Africana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Problem_(book)" title="The Negro Problem (book)">The Negro Problem</a></i> (1903 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois_Clubs_of_America" title="W.E.B. Du Bois Clubs of America">W.E.B. Du Bois Clubs of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reconstruction_era" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reconstruction_Era" title="Template:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reconstruction_Era" title="Template talk:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reconstruction_Era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reconstruction_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Federal government</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Congress <ul><li><a href="/wiki/38th_United_States_Congress" title="38th United States Congress">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_United_States_Congress" title="39th United States Congress">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_United_States_Congress" title="40th United States Congress">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41st_United_States_Congress" title="41st United States Congress">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_United_States_Congress" title="42nd United States Congress">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_United_States_Congress" title="43rd United States Congress">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_United_States_Congress" title="44th United States Congress">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_United_States_Congress" title="45th United States Congress">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Conservative Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Conservative Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">African-American senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives#Reconstruction_and_early_post-Reconstruction_era,_1870–1887" title="List of African-American United States representatives">African-American representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Joint_Committee_on_Reconstruction" title="United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction">United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Reconstruction" title="United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction">United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Federal judiciary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">Taney Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">Chase Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">Waite Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Federal bureaucracy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;">State governments</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_politicians_during_the_Reconstruction_Era" title="Category:African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalwarts_(politics)" title="Stalwarts (politics)">Stalwarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham" title="John Bingham">John Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mitchell_Ashley" title="James Mitchell Ashley">James Mitchell Ashley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_during_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Women during the Reconstruction era">Women during the Reconstruction era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Presidential</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">National Union Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-Out_Democratic_Party" title="Straight-Out Democratic Party">Straight-Out Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1876 Greenback National Convention">Greenback Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Prohibition_National_Convention" title="1876 Prohibition National Convention">Prohibition Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1864–65 United States Senate elections">1864–65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1866–67 United States Senate elections">1866–67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1868–69 United States Senate elections">1868–69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1870–71 United States Senate elections">1870–71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1872–73 United States Senate elections">1872–73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1874–75 United States Senate elections">1874–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1876–77 United States Senate elections">1876–77</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections">1864–65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1866–67 United States House of Representatives elections">1866–67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1868–69 United States House of Representatives elections">1868–69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1870–71 United States House of Representatives elections">1870–71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1872–73 United States House of Representatives elections">1872–73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1874–75 United States House of Representatives elections">1874–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections">1876–77</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1863 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1863_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Kentucky gubernatorial election">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Virginia_gubernatorial_elections" title="1863 Virginia gubernatorial elections">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1864 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1865 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1865_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1866_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Delaware gubernatorial election">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Oregon gubernatorial election">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Texas gubernatorial election">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1867 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1867_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1868 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1869 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1869_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Mississippi gubernatorial election">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Virginia gubernatorial election">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1870 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1870_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Delaware gubernatorial election">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Oregon gubernatorial election">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1871 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1871_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Kentucky gubernatorial election">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1872 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1873 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1873_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Mississippi gubernatorial election">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Texas gubernatorial election">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Virginia gubernatorial election">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1874 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1874_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Delaware gubernatorial election">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Kansas gubernatorial election">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Nevada_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Nevada gubernatorial election">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Oregon gubernatorial election">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1875 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1875_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Kentucky gubernatorial election">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1876 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Colorado_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Colorado gubernatorial election">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1876_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="April 1876 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT <i>Apr.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1876_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="November 1876 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT <i>Nov.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Kansas gubernatorial election">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_elections" title="1864 United States elections">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_United_States_elections" title="1866 United States elections">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_elections" title="1868 United States elections">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_elections" title="1870 United States elections">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_elections" title="1872 United States elections">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_States_elections" title="1874 United States elections">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_elections" title="1876 United States elections">1876</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1792)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Equality_of_the_Sexes_and_the_Condition_of_Women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (page does not exist)">The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_in_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="Woman in the Nineteenth Century">Woman in the Nineteenth Century</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Compensated_Emancipation_Act" title="District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act">District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1862" title="Militia Act of 1862">Militia Act of 1862</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._143" title="General Order No. 143">General Order No. 143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Lincoln's_presidential_Reconstruction" title="Reconstruction era">Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">Ten percent plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Act" title="National Bank Act">National Bank Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League" title="Women's Loyal National League">Women's Loyal National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1863 State of the Union Address">1863 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1864</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Davis_Bill" title="Wade–Davis Bill">Wade–Davis Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_elections" title="1864 United States elections">1864 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1864 State of the Union Address">1864 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1865</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">Address</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Field_Orders_No._15" title="Special Field Orders No. 15">Special Field Orders No. 15 </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau_bills" title="Freedmen's Bureau bills">Freedmen's Bureau bills</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Confederates surrender at Appomattox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_University" title="Shaw University">Shaw University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(United_States)" title="New Departure (United States)">New Departure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1865 State of the Union Address">1865 State of the Union Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Founding of the Ku Klux Klan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1866</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_massacre_of_1866" title="Memphis massacre of 1866">Memphis massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Massacre_of_1866" title="New Orleans Massacre of 1866">New Orleans Massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Conference_and_Cherokee_Reconstruction_Treaty_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866">Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Organic_Act#Treaty_of_Washington_(1866)" title="Oklahoma Organic Act">Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866</a></li> <li>Tennessee readmitted to Union</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petition_for_Universal_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petition for Universal Freedom (page does not exist)">Petition for Universal Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Union" title="National Labor Union">National Labor Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Garland" title="Ex parte Garland">Ex parte Garland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Milligan" title="Ex parte Milligan">Ex parte Milligan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Kidnapping_Act_of_1866" title="Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866">Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1866_United_States_elections" title="1866 United States elections">1866 elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1867</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_Army_Act" title="Command of Army Act">Command of Army Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty#Indian_Peace_Commission" title="Medicine Lodge Treaty">Indian Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_conventions_of_1867&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional conventions of 1867 (page does not exist)">Constitutional conventions of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peonage_Act_of_1867" title="Peonage Act of 1867">Peonage Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1867 State of the Union Address">1867 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1868</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">Impeachment managers investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment_adopted_against_Andrew_Johnson" title="Articles of impeachment adopted against Andrew Johnson">Articles of impeachment</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arkansas readmitted to Union</li> <li>Florida readmitted to Union</li> <li>North Carolina readmitted to Union</li> <li>South Carolina readmitted to Union</li> <li>Louisiana readmitted to Union</li> <li>Alabama readmitted to Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelousas_massacre" title="Opelousas massacre">Opelousas massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Fourth Reconstruction Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Stanton" title="Georgia v. Stanton">Georgia v. Stanton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_elections" title="1868 United States elections">1868 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1868 State of the Union Address">1868 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1869</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="American Woman Suffrage Association">American Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims"><i>Alabama</i> Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Indian_Commissioners" title="Board of Indian Commissioners">Board of Indian Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Credit_Act_of_1869" title="Public Credit Act of 1869">Public Credit Act of 1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday (1869)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_McCardle" title="Ex parte McCardle">Ex parte McCardle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1869 State of the Union Address">1869 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1870</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoffner_Act" title="Shoffner Act">Shoffner Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_elections" title="1870 United States elections">1870 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1870 State of the Union Address">1870 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1871</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ku_Klux_Klan_hearings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ku Klux Klan hearings (page does not exist)">Ku Klux Klan hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Second Enforcement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act" title="Ku Klux Klan Act">Ku Klux Klan Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcorn_State_University" title="Alcorn State University">Alcorn State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian race riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)" title="Treaty of Washington (1871)">Treaty of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#New_York_custom_house_ring" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">New York custom house ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_commission" title="Civil service commission">Civil service commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">United States expedition to Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1871 State of the Union Address">1871 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1872</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Mining_Act_of_1872" title="General Mining Act of 1872">General Mining Act of 1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier_scandal" title="Crédit Mobilier scandal">Crédit Mobilier scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Route_scandal" title="Star Route scandal">Star Route scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salary_Grab_Act" title="Salary Grab Act">Salary Grab Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_Act" title="Amnesty Act">Amnesty Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_elections" title="1872 United States elections">1872 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1872 State of the Union Address">1872 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1873</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases" title="Slaughter-House Cases">Slaughter-House Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginius_Affair" title="Virginius Affair"><i>Virginius</i> Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1873" title="Coinage Act of 1873">Coinage Act of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comstock_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock laws">Comstock laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1873 State of the Union Address">1873 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1874</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coushatta_massacre" title="Coushatta massacre">Coushatta massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_War" title="Red River War">Red River War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Massacre_of_1874" title="Election Massacre of 1874">Election Massacre of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_massacre" title="Vicksburg massacre">Vicksburg massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanborn_incident" title="Sanborn incident">Sanborn incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Moiety_Acts" title="Anti-Moiety Acts">Anti-Moiety Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_States_elections" title="1874 United States elections">1874 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1874 State of the Union Address">1874 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1875</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Plan" title="Mississippi Plan">Mississippi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifton_Riot_of_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifton Riot of 1875 (page does not exist)">Clifton Riot of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazoo_City_Riot_of_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yazoo City Riot of 1875 (page does not exist)">Yazoo City Riot of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act" title="Specie Payment Resumption Act">Specie Payment Resumption Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Ring" title="Whiskey Ring">Whiskey Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Compromise" title="Wheeler Compromise">Wheeler Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#Department_of_Interior" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Delano affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Boyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt & Boyd">Pratt & Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1875 State of the Union Address">1875 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1876</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellenton_massacre" title="Ellenton massacre">Ellenton massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Reese" title="United States v. Reese">United States v. Reese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trader_post_scandal" title="Trader post scandal">Trader post scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial Exposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#Cattellism" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Cattellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_burglary_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe burglary conspiracy">Safe burglary conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_elections" title="1876 United States elections">1876 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1876 State of the Union Address">1876 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1877</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Land_Act" title="Desert Land Act">Desert Land Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Act" title="Posse Comitatus Act">Posse Comitatus Act</a> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases" title="Civil Rights Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Harris" title="United States v. Harris">United States v. Harris</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Mississippi" title="Williams v. Mississippi">Williams v. Mississippi</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giles_v._Harris" title="Giles v. Harris">Giles v. Harris</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Bibliography of the Reconstruction era">Bibliography of the Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shepherd_Pike" title="James Shepherd Pike">James Shepherd Pike</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Prostrate_State:_South_Carolina_under_Negro_Government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government (page does not exist)">The Prostrate State</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Commonwealth">The American Commonwealth</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_G._Bowers" title="Claude G. Bowers">Claude G. Bowers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Tragic_Era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Tragic Era (page does not exist)">The Tragic Era</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">John Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lynwood_Fleming" title="Walter Lynwood Fleming">Walter Lynwood Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Archibald_Dunning" title="William Archibald Dunning">William Archibald Dunning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_K._Beale" title="Howard K. Beale">Howard K. Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Reconstruction in America</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joel Williamson (page does not exist)">Joel Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_R._Brock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William R. Brock (page does not exist)">William R. Brock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Crisis" title="The American Crisis">The American Crisis</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=From_Slavery_to_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="From Slavery to Freedom (page does not exist)">From Slavery to Freedom</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=After_Slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="After Slavery (page does not exist)">After Slavery</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Litwack" title="Leon Litwack">Leon Litwack</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Been_in_the_Storm_So_Long" title="Been in the Storm So Long">Been in the Storm So Long</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:_America%27s_Unfinished_Revolution,_1863%E2%80%931877" title="Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877">Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Stampp" title="Kenneth M. Stampp">Kenneth M. Stampp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Hahn" title="Steven Hahn">Steven Hahn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_Under_Our_Feet" title="A Nation Under Our Feet">A Nation Under Our Feet</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Founding" title="The Second Founding">The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winslow_Homer" title="Winslow Homer">Winslow Homer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_the_Old_Mistress" title="A Visit from the Old Mistress">A Visit from the Old Mistress</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dixon_Jr." title="Thomas Dixon Jr.">Thomas Dixon Jr.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Leopard%27s_Spots" title="The Leopard's Spots">The Leopard's Spots</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clansman:_A_Historical_Romance_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan" title="The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan">The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Blight" title="David W. Blight">David W. Blight</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Race_and_Reunion" title="Race and Reunion">Race and Reunion</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">Forty acres and a mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">Habeas corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">History of the United States (1865–1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">Paramilitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race (human categorization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitecapping" title="Whitecapping">Whitecapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reconstruction_Era" title="Category:Reconstruction Era">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Reconstruction_in_America&oldid=1246510622">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Reconstruction_in_America&oldid=1246510622</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1935_non-fiction_books" title="Category:1935 non-fiction books">1935 non-fiction books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="Category:Works by W. 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