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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Pa%C3%B1catantra" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Pa%C3%B1catantra" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. 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accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Inleiding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inleiding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Inleiding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inleiding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verspreiding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verspreiding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Verspreiding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verspreiding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Verspreiding-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Verspreiding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verspreiding_in_westelijke_richting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verspreiding_in_westelijke_richting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Verspreiding in westelijke richting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verspreiding_in_westelijke_richting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verspreiding_in_oostelijke_richting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verspreiding_in_oostelijke_richting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Verspreiding in oostelijke richting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verspreiding_in_oostelijke_richting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliëfbeelden_van_de_Pañcatantra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliëfbeelden_van_de_Pañcatantra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reliëfbeelden van de Pañcatantra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliëfbeelden_van_de_Pañcatantra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nederlandse_vertalingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nederlandse_vertalingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nederlandse vertalingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nederlandse_vertalingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referenties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pañcatantra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 55 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="الفصول الخمسة – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفصول الخمسة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="পঞ্চতন্ত্ৰ – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পঞ্চতন্ত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Панчатантра – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Панчатантра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पंचतंत्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पंचतंत्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="পঞ্চতন্ত্র – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পঞ্চতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantxatantra" title="Pantxatantra – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pantxatantra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%8Datantra" title="Pančatantra – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pančatantra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Panchatantra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Panchatantra" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%89atantra" title="Panĉatantra – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Panĉatantra" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Panchatantra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Panchatantra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="پنچاتنترا – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنچاتنترا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancatantra" title="Pancatantra – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pancatantra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%B1chatantra" title="Pañchatantra – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pañchatantra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%B1catantra" title="Pañcatantra – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pañcatantra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="પંચતંત્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પંચતંત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A6%27%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%94" title="פנצ'טנטרה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנצ'טנטרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पंचतंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पंचतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%8Datantra" title="Pančatantra – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pančatantra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancsatantra" title="Pancsatantra – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pancsatantra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Պանչատանտրա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պանչատանտրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%B1catantra" title="Pañcatantra – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pañcatantra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%B1catantra" title="Pañcatantra – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pañcatantra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9" title="パンチャタントラ – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パンチャタントラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Панчатантра – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Панчатантра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="គម្ពីរបញ្ចតន្ត្រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គម្ពីរបញ្ចតន្ត្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಪಂಚತಂತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಂಚತಂತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%90%EC%B0%A8%ED%83%84%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC" title="판차탄트라 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="판차탄트라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Panchatantra" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%8Datantra" title="Pančatantra – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pančatantra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="പഞ്ചതന്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഞ്ചതന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Панчатантра – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Панчатантра" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पंचतंत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पंचतंत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पञ्चतन्त्र – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पञ्चतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Panchatantra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%B1chatantra" title="Pañchatantra – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pañchatantra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0" title="ପଞ୍ଚତନ୍ତ୍ର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପଞ୍ଚତନ୍ତ୍ର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਪੰਚਤੰਤਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੰਚਤੰਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84%C4%87atantra" title="Pańćatantra – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pańćatantra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%86%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="پنچتنتر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنچتنتر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Panchatantra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Панчатантра – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панчатантра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="पञ्चतन्त्रम् – Sanskriet" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पञ्चतन्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskriet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%8Datantra" title="Pančatantra – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pančatantra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Panchatantra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பஞ்சதந்திரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பஞ்சதந்திரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="పంచతంత్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పంచతంత్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="ปัญจตันตระ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปัญจตันตระ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Panchatantra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%99_%D0%B2%D3%99_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%99" title="Кәлилә вә Димнә – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кәлилә вә Димнә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Панчатантра – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Панчатантра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%86_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="پنچ تنتر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پنچ تنتر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Panchatantra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%A6" title="五卷书 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="五卷书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q233780#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1catantra" title="Inhoudspagina bekijken [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Overleg:Pa%C3%B1catantra" rel="discussion" title="Overleg over deze pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Mendhut-Tantri02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mendhut-Tantri02.jpg/260px-Mendhut-Tantri02.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mendhut-Tantri02.jpg/390px-Mendhut-Tantri02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mendhut-Tantri02.jpg/520px-Mendhut-Tantri02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Een <i>Pañcatantra</i> reliëf op de <i><a href="/wiki/Candi_Mendut" title="Candi Mendut">Tjandi Mendoet</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Midden-Java" title="Midden-Java">Midden-Java</a></figcaption></figure> <p>De <i><b>Pañcatantra</b></i> ( <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: पञ्चतन्त्र ) is een werk uit <a href="/wiki/Jammu_en_Kasjmir_(gebied)" title="Jammu en Kasjmir (gebied)">Kasjmir</a> en werd geschreven in de eerste eeuwen van de jaartelling. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inleiding">Inleiding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Inleiding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Inleiding"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <i>Pañcatantra</i> vertelt het verhaal van een <a href="/wiki/Brahmaan" title="Brahmaan">brahmaan</a>, Vishnusarma genaamd, die de drie niet erg snuggere zonen van vorst Amarasakti onderricht in kennis van de wereld en levenskunst; meer specifiek: in de politiek en de staatkunde. De instructie bestaat uit vijf boeken en dat is ook de reden waarom het werk <i>Pañcatantra</i> heet (vijf lessen). Deze vijf delen vormen vijf verschillende aspecten van het onderricht door de Brahmaan. </p><p>In het <a href="/wiki/Sanskriet" title="Sanskriet">Sanskriet</a>-geschrift <i>Tantrakhyāyika</i>, dat wordt beschouwd als de oudst bewaarde versie van de <i>Pañcatantra</i>, zijn de delen: </p> <ol><li><i>Mitrabheda</i> (vervreemding van vrienden)</li> <li><i>Mitraprāpti</i> (het winnen van vrienden)</li> <li><i>Kākolūkīya</i> (oorlog en vrede)</li> <li><i>Labhdanāśa</i> (teloorgang van gewin)</li> <li><i>Aparīkşitakāritwa</i> (onbezonnen daden).</li></ol> <p>Een bijzondere trek van de <i>Pañcatantra</i> is vooral dat het verhaal wordt verteld in de vorm van een <a href="/wiki/Raamvertelling" title="Raamvertelling">raamvertelling</a>, die vele <a href="/wiki/Fabel" title="Fabel">fabels</a> bevat. Zo'n raamvertelling wordt wel aangeduid met de technische term <i>kathāmuka</i>, en de verhalen zijn alle onderling verweven, waardoor een samenhangend geheel ontstaat. Van ieder verhaal, dat meestal in proza is, wordt de moraal samengevat in de vorm van een <i>śloka</i>, een kort gedicht in het Sanskriet dat een algemene waarheid bevat (<a href="/wiki/Aforisme" title="Aforisme">aforisme</a>). </p><p>Veel fabels zijn gebaseerd op de Boeddhistische <i><a href="/wiki/Jataka" title="Jataka">jataka</a></i> verhalen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verspreiding">Verspreiding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verspreiding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Verspreiding"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De oorspronkelijk in het Sanskriet geschreven <i>Pañcatantra</i> is wellicht een van de wijdst verspreide en meest vertaalde en bewerkte literaire uitingen ter wereld. Er bestaan ongeveer tweehonderd versies in vijftig talen. Die versies vindt men van het uiterste oosten tot het uiterste westen van de Oude Wereld, van Indonesië tot IJsland. Een ding is zeker: het werk heeft bij de verspreiding vele veranderingen ondergaan door het proces van vertaling en bewerking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verspreiding_in_westelijke_richting">Verspreiding in westelijke richting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verspreiding in westelijke richting" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Verspreiding in westelijke richting"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Kelileh_va_Demneh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kelileh_va_Demneh.jpg/260px-Kelileh_va_Demneh.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kelileh_va_Demneh.jpg/390px-Kelileh_va_Demneh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kelileh_va_Demneh.jpg/520px-Kelileh_va_Demneh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption><i>Kelileh va Demneh</i><br /><small>15e-eeuws Perzisch handschrift, collectie <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1paleis" title="Topkapıpaleis">Topkapi Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istanboel" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanboel">Istanboel</a>)</small></figcaption></figure> <p>De <i>Pañcatantra</i>-versies vonden dus wijde verspreiding over de Oude Wereld: <a href="/wiki/Azi%C3%AB" title="Azië">Azië</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Midden-Oosten" title="Midden-Oosten">Midden-Oosten</a> inclusief Noord-<a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Europa_(continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (continent)">Europa</a>. Behalve dat het werk werd vertaald in vele <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indiase</a> talen, ontstonden er bij de verspreiding naar het Westen versies in onder andere het <a href="/wiki/Perzisch" title="Perzisch">Perzisch</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Hebreeuws" title="Hebreeuws">Hebreeuws</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Aramees" title="Aramees">Aramees</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrisch" title="Syrisch">Syrisch</a>), het <a href="/wiki/Arabisch" title="Arabisch">Arabisch</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Turks" title="Turks">Turks</a> en in vele West-Europese talen, zoals het Frans en het Nederlands. </p><p>In Perzië is het werk zelfs tweemaal vertaald; eerst rond het jaar 570, toen Burzoë, lijfarts van de Perzische koning Sjah <a href="/wiki/Khusro_I" title="Khusro I">Anusjirwan</a>, het uit het Sanskriet in het Oud-Perzisch (of Pahlevi) vertaalde. Deze Perzische vertaling draagt de titel <i>Karataka wa Damanaka</i> en werd doorvertaald in het Syrisch (Aramees), vervolgens uit het Syrisch in het Arabisch. Deze Arabische versie wordt tegenwoordig <i>Kalilaq wa Damanaq</i> genoemd, of het verhaal van Kalilah en Daminah. Vanuit deze Arabische versie werd weer een vertaling in het Perzisch gemaakt, welke versie op haar beurt in het Turks werd vertaald. De Turkse vertaling is van belang omdat dit de versie is die naar West-Europa werd overgebracht. </p><p>De beroemde 17e-eeuwse Franse <a href="/wiki/Fabel" title="Fabel">fabeldichter</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine_(schrijver)" title="Jean de La Fontaine (schrijver)">Jean de La Fontaine</a>, die in de jaren 1692—1694 zijn twaalfdelige <i>Fables</i> schreef, nam daarin ook verhalen uit de <i>Pañcatantra</i> op. Deze verhalen zouden zijn geschreven door een Brahmaan genaamd Bidpay of Pilpay. Mogelijk is dit een verbastering van het Sanskriet <i>widyapati</i>, dat “vorst der kennis” betekent. </p><p>Van de Arabische versie van de <i>Pañcatantra</i>, de <i>Kalilah en Daminah</i>, is weer een vertaling in het <a href="/wiki/Maleis" title="Maleis">Maleis</a> gemaakt via het Perzisch. Vervolgens is er uit het Maleis weer een vertaling in het <a href="/wiki/Javaans" title="Javaans">Javaans</a>. Maar ook vanuit Europa is het verhaal van <i>Kalilah en Daminah</i> naar Zuidoost-Azië overgebracht en er is door <a href="/wiki/Justus_Rinia_Petrus_Fran%C3%A7ois_Gonggrijp" title="Justus Rinia Petrus François Gonggrijp">J.R.P.F. Gonggrijp</a> in de tweede helft van de 19e eeuw weer een vertaling in het Maleis van gemaakt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verspreiding_in_oostelijke_richting">Verspreiding in oostelijke richting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verspreiding in oostelijke richting" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Verspreiding in oostelijke richting"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daarmee was de cirkel gesloten, want de <i>Pañcatantra</i> was ook rechtstreeks uit India oostwaarts gebracht, allereerst naar Zuidoost-Azië, waar verschillende versies worden aangetroffen. Er zijn versies bekend in het <a href="/wiki/Thai_(taal)" title="Thai (taal)">Thai</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Laotiaans" title="Laotiaans">Laotiaans</a> en in verschillende talen van <a href="/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië">Indonesië</a>. Behalve in het Javaans en Maleis zijn er ook versies in het <a href="/wiki/Balinees_(taal)" title="Balinees (taal)">Balinees</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Madoerees" class="mw-redirect" title="Madoerees">Madoerees</a> en mogelijk het <a href="/wiki/Soendanees" title="Soendanees">Oud-Soendanees</a>. De versies in het Oud-Javaans, het Thai en het Laotiaans vertonen grote overeenkomst in structuur met een Zuid-Indiase Sanskriet-versie van de <i>Pañcatantra</i>, de <i>Tantropāhkyāna</i> genaamd. Zelfs vele <i>śloka'</i>s (Sanskriet-aforismen) in de Oud-Javaanse prozaversie vertonen veel gelijkenis met die uit de <i>Tantropāhkyāna</i>. </p><p>De bewaardgebleven versie van de <i>Tantropāhkyāna</i> is onvolledig. De raamvertelling of <i>kathāmuka</i> is niet meer te onderkennen, en van de vier boeken die er zouden moeten zijn, zijn er slechts drie bewaard gebleven. Hoewel deze versie niet compleet is, kan toch uit een vergelijking met een <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a>-versie en met verwante Zuidoost-Aziatische versies worden opgemaakt dat de structuur van deze <i>Tantropāhkyāna</i> nogal verschilt van die van de <i>Tantrakhyāyika</i> die hierboven werd besproken. Ook de verhalen zijn anders. De <i>Tantropahkyana</i> bestaat niet uit vijf, maar slechts uit vier boeken, die ook andere titels dragen: </p> <ol><li><i>Nandakaprakaraņa</i> (verhaal van een koe)</li> <li><i>Maņd.ūkaprakaraņa</i> (verhaal van de kikker)</li> <li><i>Pakşiprakaraņa</i> (verhaal van de vogels)</li> <li><i>Piśacaprakaraņa</i> (verhaal van de <i>pisaca</i>, een soort reuzen).</li></ol> <p>Voorts is ook de <i>kathāmuka</i> of raamvertelling anders. Terwijl in de <i>Tantrakhyāyika</i> zoals gezegd, sprake is van een Brahmaan die drie domme prinsen wil onderrichten in de politiek, vormt in de andere, met de <i>Tantropahkyāna</i> verwante versies, de raamvertelling het verhaal van een koning die iedere avond wil huwen, overeenkomstig het verhaal van de <i><a href="/wiki/Duizend-en-%C3%A9%C3%A9n_nacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Duizend-en-één nacht">Duizend-en-één nacht</a></i>. Hierbij moet worden aangetekend dat in het enige handschrift van de <i>Tantropāhkyāna</i> dit verhaal niet is bewaard gebleven. In de <i>Tantri Kamāndaka</i>, zoals de tekst in het Oud-Javaans heet, wordt deze <i>kathāmuka</i> de <i>Wiwahasarga</i> genoemd, letterlijk “het huwelijksverhaal”. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reliëfbeelden_van_de_Pañcatantra"><span id="Reli.C3.ABfbeelden_van_de_Pa.C3.B1catantra"></span>Reliëfbeelden van de Pañcatantra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Reliëfbeelden van de Pañcatantra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Reliëfbeelden van de Pañcatantra"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Pañcatantra-verhalen worden ook vaak in de vorm van reliëfbeelden aangetroffen. Onder meer op <a href="/wiki/Java_(eiland)" title="Java (eiland)">Java</a> zijn er veel van. <i>Tjandi's</i> (Hindoe-javaanse heiligdommen) waar zij te vinden zijn, zijn onder meer <i><a href="/wiki/Candi_Mendut" title="Candi Mendut">Tjandi Mendoet</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Candi_Sojiwan" title="Candi Sojiwan">Tjandi Sojiwan</a><i>, </i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candi_Penataran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Candi Penataran (de pagina bestaat niet)">Tjandi Penataran</a><i> en </i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candi_Jago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Candi Jago (de pagina bestaat niet)">Tjandi Djago</a><i>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nederlandse_vertalingen">Nederlandse vertalingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Nederlandse vertalingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Nederlandse vertalingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>H.G. van der Waals, <i>Pañcatantra. Arische levenswijsheid uit het oude Indië. Novellen, vertellingen, fabelen</i>, 3 dln., Leiden, J.M.N. Kapteyn, 1895-1897 (vertaald uit de grondtekst, illustraties <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Hoytema" title="Theo van Hoytema">Theo van Hoytema</a>)</li> <li>Rudi Jansma, <i>Panchatantra. Het klassieke boek met fabels uit India</i>, 1992 (uit de Engelse vertaling van Arthur W. Ryder)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bibliografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>George Artola, 1957, ‘Pañcatantra manuscripts from South India’, The Adyar Library Bulletin 21:185-262</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Deleu" title="Jozef Deleu">Jozef Deleu</a>, "Pañcatantra" in: <i>Moderne encyclopedie van de wereldliteratuur</i>, vol. 6, 1963</li> <li>Franklin Edgerton, 1965, <i>The Panchatantra. Translated from the Sanskrit.</i> George Allen and Unwin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Rinia_Petrus_Fran%C3%A7ois_Gonggrijp" title="Justus Rinia Petrus François Gonggrijp">J.R.P.F. Gonggrijp</a>, 1866, <i>Hikajat Kalilah dan Daminah.</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H.C._Hooykaas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H.C. Hooykaas (de pagina bestaat niet)">H.C. Hooykaas</a>, 1929, <i>Tantri, De Middel-Javaansche Pañcatantra Bewerking</i>. Leiden: A.Vros</li> <li>H.C. Hooykaas, 1931, <i>Tantri Kāmandaka</i>. Bandoeng: Nix. Bibliotheca Javanica 2</li> <li>Marijke J. Klokke, 1993, <i>The Tantri Reliefs on Ancient Javanese Candi</i>. Dordrecht / Cinnaminson: Foris. VKI 153</li> <li>Eddy Moerloose, "Fabels en verhalen uit het oude India" in: <i>India. Een wereld van verhalen</i>, eds. Saartje Verbeke en Eva De Clercq, 2013, p. 19-46</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenties">Referenties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Referenties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Referenties"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/molh003nieu01_01/molh003nieu01_01_1550.php">Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 1</a>. <i>DBNL</i>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-04-26">26 april 2020</span>. </span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitopadesha" title="Hitopadesha">Hitopadesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javaanse_literatuur" title="Javaanse literatuur">Javaanse literatuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskriet" title="Sanskriet">Sanskriet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%B1catantra&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; opacity:0.8;" title="...en andere talen">(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted;">...</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/klskt/pancatt/panca001.htm">TITUS-teksten: oorspronkelijke versie</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panchatantra.org/">Verhalen uit de Pañcatantra: Engelstalige bewerking</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pañcatantra&oldid=67985062">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pañcatantra&oldid=67985062</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Literatuur_in_India" title="Categorie:Literatuur in India">Literatuur in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Boeddhisme" title="Categorie:Boeddhisme">Boeddhisme</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Categorie:Hindoeïsme">Hindoeïsme</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Javaanse_literatuur" title="Categorie:Javaanse literatuur">Javaanse literatuur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Boek_uit_de_oudheid" title="Categorie:Boek uit de oudheid">Boek uit de oudheid</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 18 aug 2024 om 16:59.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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