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For the layout of Wikipedia talkpages, see <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_layout" title="Wikipedia:Talk page layout">Wikipedia:Talk page layout</a>.</div> <table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/45px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/60px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines#guide" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">guideline</a> is a part of the English Wikipedia's <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a></b>.<br/><div style="font-size: 90%;"> It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_%22Ignore_all_rules%22_means#Use_common_sense" title="Wikipedia:What "Ignore all rules" means">common sense</a>, and <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">occasional exceptions</a> may apply. Any <i>substantive</i> edit to this page should reflect <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>. When in doubt, discuss first on the <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Layout">talk page</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div role="note" class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float: right; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: .4em 1em .4em 1em; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-weight: bold; font-size: smaller; background-color:white;"><span id="MOS:LAYOUT"></span><span id="WP:MOSLAYOUT"></span><div style="display: inline-block; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: .2em;"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LAYOUT&redirect=no">MOS:LAYOUT</a></span></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:MOSLAYOUT&redirect=no">WP:MOSLAYOUT</a></span></span></li></ul></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style (MoS)</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox" action="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-searchbox"><input class="searchboxInput mw-ui-input mw-ui-input-inline" name="search" type="text" value="" placeholder="" size="25" dir="ltr"/><input type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:Manual of Style" name="prefix"/> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" class="mw-ui-button" value="Search the MoS"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/></form></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(content)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)">Content</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Disambiguation pages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)">Formatting</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Capital letters</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">Titles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(images)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)">Images</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Galleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Galleries">Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(layout)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)">Layout</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(lists)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (lists)">Lists</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stand-alone_lists" title="Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;">By topic area</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <hr/></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philosophy" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Category</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China_and_Chinese-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China and Chinese-related articles">China and Chinese-related</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France_and_French-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France and French-related articles">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pakistan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippine-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trinidad_and_Tobago_Wikipedians%27_notice_board/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:Trinidad and Tobago Wikipedians' notice board/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computer_science/Manual_of_style" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer science/Manual of style">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computing">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <hr/></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background-color: #def; padding-left: 2px;">Related guidelines</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">Wikimedia sister projects</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Tips</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Style" title="Template:Style"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Style" title="Template talk:Style"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Style&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_layout_sample_medium.png" class="image"><img alt="An article with a table of contents block and an image near the start, then several sections" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wikipedia_layout_sample_medium.png/180px-Wikipedia_layout_sample_medium.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wikipedia_layout_sample_medium.png/270px-Wikipedia_layout_sample_medium.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wikipedia_layout_sample_medium.png/360px-Wikipedia_layout_sample_medium.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="552"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_layout_sample_medium.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Sample article layout (click on image for larger view)</div></div></div> <p>This guide presents the typical <b>layout</b> of Wikipedia articles, which includes the sections an article usually has, ordering of sections, and formatting styles for various elements of an article. For advice on the use of wiki <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup</a>, see <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Help:Editing</a>; and for guidance on writing style, see <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"/><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Order_of_article_elements"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Order of article elements</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Body_sections"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Body sections</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Headings_and_sections"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Headings and sections</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Names_and_orders_for_section_headings"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Names and orders for section headings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Section_templates_and_summary_style"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Section templates and summary style</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Paragraphs"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Paragraphs</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Standard_appendices_and_footers"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Standard appendices and footers</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Headings"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Headings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Works_or_publications"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Works or publications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#"See_also"_section"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">"See also" section</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Notes_and_references"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes and references</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Links_to_sister_projects"><span class="tocnumber">3.6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Links to sister projects</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Navigation_templates"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Navigation templates</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Specialized_layout"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Specialized layout</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Formatting"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Formatting</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Images"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Images</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Horizontal_rule"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Horizontal rule</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Other_project_pages"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Other project pages</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p><span id="ORDER"></span> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Order_of_article_elements">Order of article elements<span id="Order_of_sections"></span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r911143475">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:0 0 0 1em;padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;margin-bottom:0.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ORDER"></span><span id="MOS:SECTIONORDER"></span><span id="WP:ORDER"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ORDER&redirect=no">MOS:ORDER</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SECTIONORDER&redirect=no">MOS:SECTIONORDER</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ORDER&redirect=no">WP:ORDER</a></span></li></ul></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Section_headings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Section headings</a></div> <p>A <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub#Creating_and_improving_a_stub_article" title="Wikipedia:Stub">simple article</a> should have at least a lead section and references. As editors add complexity where required, the elements (such as sections and templates) that are used typically appear in the following order, although they would not <em>all</em> appear in the same article at the same time: </p> <ol><li>Before the lead section <ol><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Short_description" title="Wikipedia:Short description">Short description</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li>Deletion/Protection tags (<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion">CSD</a>, <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion">PROD</a>, <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Articles for deletion">AFD</a>, <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Protection_templates" title="Category:Protection templates">PP</a> notices)</li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance_tags" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance tags">Maintenance</a> / <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Disputes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes">dispute</a> tags</li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ENGVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ENGVAR">English variety</a> and <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Overview_of_date_formatting_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Overview of date formatting guidelines">date style</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Foreign_character_warning_boxes" title="Category:Foreign character warning boxes">Foreign character warning boxes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SIDEBAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SIDEBAR">Navigational boxes (header navboxes)</a></li></ol></li> <li>Body <ol><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Lead section">Lead section</a> (also called the introduction)</li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Section#Table_of_contents_.28TOC.29" title="Help:Section">Table of contents</a></li> <li><a href="#Body_sections">Content</a></li></ol></li> <li><a href="#Standard_appendices_and_footers">Appendices</a><sup id="cite_ref-sequence_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sequence-1">[1]</a></sup> <ol><li><a href="#Works_or_publications">Works or publications</a> (for biographies only)</li> <li><a href="#"See_also"_section">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#Notes_and_references">Notes and references</a> (this can be two sections in some citation systems)</li> <li><a href="#Further_reading">Further reading</a></li> <li><a href="#External_links">External links</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></li></ol></li> <li><a href="#Standard_appendices_and_footers">End matter</a> <ol><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Succession_boxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Succession boxes">Succession boxes</a> and geography boxes</li> <li>Other <a href="#Navigation_templates">navigation templates</a> (footer navboxes)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> (navbars above {{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Portal_bar" title="Template:Portal bar">Portal bar</a>}})</li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Authority_control" title="Wikipedia:Authority control">Authority control</a> templates (taxonbar above Authority control)</li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Geographical_coordinates" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Geographical coordinates</a> (if not in Infobox) or {{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Coord_missing" title="Template:Coord missing">coord missing</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Featured_list" title="Template:Featured list">Featured list</a>}}, {{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Featured_article" title="Template:Featured article">Featured article</a>}} and {{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Good_article" title="Template:Good article">Good article</a>}} (where appropriate for article status)</li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category#Default_sort_key" title="Help:Category">Defaultsort</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categories</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub_templates" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Stub templates">Stub templates</a></li></ol></li></ol> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Body_sections">Body sections</span></h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r911143475"/><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BODY"></span><span id="MOS:OVERSECTION"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BODY&redirect=no">MOS:BODY</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:OVERSECTION&redirect=no">MOS:OVERSECTION</a></span></li></ul></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Help:Section</a> and <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Article_titles,_headings,_and_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Article titles, headings, and sections</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_layout_sample_bodies.png" class="image"><img alt="The same article, with the central left highlighted: it contains just text in sections." src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wikipedia_layout_sample_bodies.png/180px-Wikipedia_layout_sample_bodies.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wikipedia_layout_sample_bodies.png/270px-Wikipedia_layout_sample_bodies.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wikipedia_layout_sample_bodies.png/360px-Wikipedia_layout_sample_bodies.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="552"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_layout_sample_bodies.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Body sections appear after the lead and table of contents (click on image for larger view).</div></div></div> <p>Articles longer than a stub are generally divided into sections, and sections over a certain length are generally divided into paragraphs; these divisions enhance the readability of the article. The names and orders of section headings are often determined by the relevant WikiProject, although articles should still follow good organizational and writing principles regarding sections and paragraphs. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Headings_and_sections">Headings and sections</span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Section_headings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Section headings</a></div> <p>Headings introduce sections and subsections, clarify articles by breaking up text, organize content, and populate the <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Section#Table_of_contents_(TOC)" title="Help:Section">table of contents</a>. Very short or very long sections and subsections in an article look cluttered and inhibit the flow of the prose. Short paragraphs and single sentences generally do not warrant their own subheading. </p><p>Headings follow a six-level hierarchy, starting at 1 and ending at 6. The level of the heading is defined by the number of equal signs on either side of the title. Heading 1 (<code>=Heading 1=</code>) is automatically generated as the title of the article, and is never appropriate within the body of articles. Sections start at the second level (<code>==Heading 2==</code>), with subsections at the third level (<code>===Heading 3===</code>), and additional levels of subsections at the fourth level (<code>====Heading 4====</code>), fifth level, and sixth level. Sections should be consecutive, such that they do not skip levels from sections to sub-subsections; the exact methodology is part of the <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a> guideline.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Between sections, there should be a <em>single</em> blank line; multiple blank lines in the edit window create too much white space in the article. There is no need to include a blank line between a heading and sub-heading. When changing or removing a heading, consider adding an <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Anchor" title="Template:Anchor">anchor template</a> with the original heading name to provide for <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Incoming_external_links" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Incoming external links">incoming external links</a> and <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikilink" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wikilink">wikilinks</a> (preferably using <code>{{subst:anchor}}</code> rather than using <code>{{anchor}}</code> directly—see <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:RENAMESECTION" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:RENAMESECTION">MOS:RENAMESECTION</a>). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Names_and_orders_for_section_headings">Names and orders for section headings</span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Help:Section</a>, <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Headings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Headings</a>, <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Section_headings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § Section headings</a>, and <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Section_headings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">WP:Manual of Style/Capital letters § Section headings</a></div> <p>Because of the diversity of subjects it covers, Wikipedia has no general standard or guideline regarding the names or order of section headings within the body of an article. The usual practice is to name and order sections based on the precedent of similar articles. Contributors should follow the <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> model to establish an order. </p><p>If a section is named inappropriately you may also use the {{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rename_section" title="Template:Rename section">Rename section</a>}} template. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Section_templates_and_summary_style">Section templates and summary style</span></h3> <p>When a section is a <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summary</a> of another article that provides a full exposition of the section, a link to that article should appear immediately under the section heading. You can use the <code>{{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Main" title="Template:Main">Main</a>}}</code> template to generate a "<i>Main article</i>" link, in Wikipedia's <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">"hatnote"</a> style. </p><p>If one or more articles provide further information or additional details (rather than a full exposition, see above), references to such articles may be placed immediately after the section heading for that section, provided this does not duplicate a wikilink in the text. These additional references should be grouped along with the <code>{{Main}}</code> template (if there is one), or at the foot of the section that introduces the material for which these templates provide additional information. You can use one of the following templates to generate these links: </p> <ul><li><code>{{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Further" title="Template:Further">Further</a>}}</code> –  this generates a "<i>Further information</i>" link</li> <li><code>{{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:See_also" title="Template:See also">See also</a>}}</code> –  this generates a "<i>See also</i>" link</li></ul><p> For example, to generate a "<i>See also</i>" link to the article on <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_edit_a_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:How to edit a page">Wikipedia:How to edit a page</a>, type <code>{{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:See_also" title="Template:See also">See also</a>|Wikipedia:How to edit a page}}</code>, which will generate: </p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_edit_a_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:How to edit a page">Wikipedia:How to edit a page</a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Paragraphs">Paragraphs</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r911143475"/><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PARA"></span><span id="MOS:LINEBREAKS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PARA&redirect=no">MOS:PARA</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LINEBREAKS&redirect=no">MOS:LINEBREAKS</a></span></li></ul></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Paragraphs" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Wikipedia:Writing better articles § Paragraphs</a></div> <p>Sections usually consist of paragraphs of running <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>. Between paragraphs—as between sections—there should be only a <em>single</em> blank line. First lines are <em>not</em> indented. <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_point#Bullet_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullet point">Bullet points</a> should not be used in the lead of an article, and should not be used in the body unless for breaking up a mass of text, particularly if the topic requires significant effort to comprehend. However, bulleted lists are typical in the reference and further-reading sections towards the end of the article. Bullet points are usually not separated by blank lines, as that causes an accessibility issue <span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">(see <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:LISTGAP" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LISTGAP">MOS:LISTGAP</a>)</span>. </p><p>The number of single-sentence paragraphs should be minimized, since they can inhibit the flow of the text; by the same token, paragraphs that exceed a certain length become hard to read. Short paragraphs and single sentences generally do not warrant their own subheading; in such circumstances, it may be preferable to use bullet points instead. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Standard_appendices_and_footers">Standard appendices and footers<span id="Standard_appendices_and_descriptions"></span><span id="standard_appendices"></span></span></h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r911143475"/><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:APPENDIX"></span><span id="MOS:FOOTERS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:APPENDIX&redirect=no">MOS:APPENDIX</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FOOTERS&redirect=no">MOS:FOOTERS</a></span></li></ul></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the list and order of common appendices and footers, see <a href="#Order_of_article_elements"> § Order of article elements</a>.</div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Headings">Headings</span></h3> <p>When appendix sections are used, they should appear at the bottom of an article, with <code>==level 2 headings==</code>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> followed by the various footers. When it is useful to sub-divide these sections (for example, to separate a list of magazine articles from a list of books), this should be done using level 3 headings (<code>===Books===</code>) instead of <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#Description_(definition,_association)_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">definition list headings</a> (<code>;Books</code>), as explained in the <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">accessibility guidelines</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Works_or_publications">Works or publications<span id="works"></span><span id="Works_or_Publications_or_Bibliography"></span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r911143475"/><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BIB"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BIB&redirect=no">MOS:BIB</a></span></li></ul></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works</a></div> <p><b>Contents:</b> A bulleted list, usually ordered chronologically, of the works created by the subject of the article. </p><p><b>Title:</b> Many different titles are used, depending on the subject matter. "Works" is preferred when the list includes items that are not written publications (e.g. music, films, paintings, choreography, or architectural designs), or if multiple types of works are included. "Bibliography", "Discography", or "Filmography" are occasionally used where appropriate; however, "Bibliography" is discouraged because it is not clear whether it is limited to the works of the subject of the article.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> "Works" or "Publications" should be plural, even if it lists only a single item.<sup id="cite_ref-pluralHeading_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pluralHeading-8">[8]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id=".22See_also.22_section"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=""See_also"_section">"See also" section<span id="See_also_section"></span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r911143475"/><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SEEALSO"></span><span id="MOS:ALSO"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SEEALSO&redirect=no">MOS:SEEALSO</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ALSO&redirect=no">MOS:ALSO</a></span></li></ul></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For "other uses" templates such as <span class="nowrap"><code>{{See also}}</code></span>, see <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Wikipedia:Hatnote</a>.</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Embedded_lists#Related_topics_(navigational_lists)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists § Related topics (navigational lists)</a></div> <p><b>Contents:</b> A bulleted list of <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">internal links</a> to related Wikipedia articles. Consider using <code>{{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Columns-list" title="Template:Columns-list">Columns-list</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Div_col" title="Template:Div col">Div col</a>}}</code> if the list is lengthy. The list should be sorted either logically (for example, by subject matter), chronologically, or alphabetically. One purpose of "See also" links is to enable readers to explore tangentially related topics; however, articles linked should be related to the topic of the article. Editors should provide a brief annotation when a link's relevance is not immediately apparent, when the meaning of the term may not be generally known, or when the term is ambiguous. For example: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman" title="Everyman">Everyman</a> – made a similar achievement on April 4, 2005</li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Ischemia</a> – restriction in blood supply</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Whether a link belongs in the "See also" section is ultimately a matter of editorial judgment and <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_%22Ignore_all_rules%22_means#Use_common_sense" title="Wikipedia:What "Ignore all rules" means">common sense</a>. The links in the "See also" section should be <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Build_the_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Build the web">relevant</a>, should reflect the links that would be present in a comprehensive article on the topic, and should be limited to a reasonable number. It is also not mandatory, as many high-quality and comprehensive articles do not have a "See also" section, although some featured articles such as <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a> and <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> include this section. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r911143475"/><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NOTSEEALSO"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOTSEEALSO&redirect=no">MOS:NOTSEEALSO</a></span></li></ul></div> <p><span id="NOTSEEALSO"></span>The "See also" section should <em>not</em> link to <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Red_link" title="Wikipedia:Red link">pages that do not exist (red links)</a>, nor to <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">disambiguation pages</a> (unless used for <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages#Ordering" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">further disambiguation</a> in a disambiguation page). As a general rule, the "See also" section should <em>not</em> repeat links that appear in the article's body.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> </p><p><b>Other internal links:</b> <code>{{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Portal" title="Template:Portal">Portal</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_books" title="Template:Wikipedia books">Wikipedia books</a>}}</code> links are usually placed in this section. </p><p><b>Title:</b> The most common title for this section is "See also". </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references<span id="Notes"></span><span id="References"></span><span id="Notes_or_references"></span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r911143475"/><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:FNNR"></span><span id="MOS:NOTES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FNNR&redirect=no">MOS:FNNR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOTES&redirect=no">MOS:NOTES</a></span></li></ul></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For how to generate and format these sections, see <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Help:Footnotes</a>, <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Help:Shortened footnotes</a> and <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources</a>, particularly <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#How_to_create_the_list_of_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">"How to create the list of citations"</a>.</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:NOTES" redirects here. For hatnotes, see <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Hatnotes">Wikipedia:Hatnotes</a>. For Musical notes, see <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music#Images_and_notation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music § Images and notation</a>.</div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_layout_sample_Notes_References.png" class="image"><img alt="The same article, with a horizontal section near the bottom highlighted, containing a two-column and a one-column section." src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wikipedia_layout_sample_Notes_References.png/180px-Wikipedia_layout_sample_Notes_References.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wikipedia_layout_sample_Notes_References.png/270px-Wikipedia_layout_sample_Notes_References.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wikipedia_layout_sample_Notes_References.png/360px-Wikipedia_layout_sample_Notes_References.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="552"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_layout_sample_Notes_References.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Notes and References appear after See also (click on image for larger view).</div></div></div> <p><b>Contents:</b> This section, or series of sections, may contain any or all of the following: </p> <ol><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_predefined_groups" title="Help:Footnotes">Explanatory footnotes</a> that give information which is too detailed or awkward to be in the body of the article</li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citation footnotes</a> (either short citations or full citations) that connect specific material in the article with specific sources</li> <li>Full citations to sources, if <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Short_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">short citations</a> are used in the footnotes or in parenthetical references in the body</li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">General references</a> (full bibliographic citations to sources that were consulted in writing the article but that are not explicitly connected to any specific material in the article)</li></ol> <p><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Variation_in_citation_methods" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Editors may use any citation method they choose</a>. </p><p>If there are both citation footnotes and explanatory footnotes, then they may be combined in a single section, or separated using the <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes#Grouping_footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">grouped footnotes</a> function. General references and other full citations may similarly be either combined or separated (e.g. "References" and "General references"). There may therefore be one, two, three or four sections in all. </p><p>It is most common for only citation footnotes to be used, and therefore it is most common for only one section to be needed. Usually, if the sections are separated, then explanatory footnotes are listed first, short citations or other footnoted citations are next, and any full citations or general references are listed last. </p><p><b>Title:</b> Editors may use any reasonable section title that they choose.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> The most frequent choice is "References"; other articles use "Notes", "Footnotes", or "Works cited" (in diminishing order of popularity) for this material. </p><p>Several alternate titles ("Sources", "Citations", "Bibliography") may also be used, although each is questionable in some contexts: "Sources" may be confused with <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> in computer-related articles, product purchase locations, river origins, <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism_sourcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalism sourcing">journalism sourcing</a>, etc.; "Citations" may be confused with official awards or a summons to court; "Bibliography" may be confused with the complete list of printed works by the subject of a biography ("Works" or "Publications"). </p><p>If multiple sections are wanted, then some possibilities include: </p> <ul><li>For a list of explanatory footnotes or shortened citation footnotes: "Notes", "Endnotes", or "Footnotes"</li> <li>For a list of full citations or general references: "References" or "Works cited"</li></ul> <p>With the exception of "Bibliography", the heading should be plural even if it lists only a single item.<sup id="cite_ref-pluralHeading_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pluralHeading-8">[8]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r911143475"/><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:FURTHER"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FURTHER&redirect=no">MOS:FURTHER</a></span></li></ul></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">Wikipedia:Further reading</a></div> <p><b>Contents:</b> An optional bulleted list, usually alphabetized, of a reasonable number of publications that would help interested readers learn more about the article subject. Editors may include brief annotations. Publications listed in <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">further reading</a> are cited in the same <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE#HOW" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">citation style</a> used by the rest of the article. The Further reading section should not duplicate the content of the External links section, and should normally not duplicate the content of the References section, unless the References section is too long for a reader to use as part of a general reading list. This section is not intended as a repository for <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_references" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:General references">general references</a> or full citations that were used to create the article content. Any links to external websites included under "Further reading" are subject to the guidelines described at <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">Wikipedia:External links</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r911143475"/><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:LAYOUTEL"></span><span id="MOS:ELLAYOUT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LAYOUTEL&redirect=no">MOS:LAYOUTEL</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ELLAYOUT&redirect=no">MOS:ELLAYOUT</a></span></li></ul></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">Wikipedia:External links</a></div> <p><b>Contents:</b> A bulleted list of recommended <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#What_can_normally_be_linked" title="Wikipedia:External links">relevant websites</a>, each accompanied by a short description. These hyperlinks should not appear in the article's body text, nor should links used as references normally be duplicated in this section. "External links" should be plural, even if it lists only a single item.<sup id="cite_ref-pluralHeading_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pluralHeading-8">[8]</a></sup> Depending on the nature of the link contents, this section may be accompanied or replaced by a <a href="#Further_reading">"Further reading"</a> section. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Links_to_sister_projects">Links to sister projects</span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects</a></div> <p>Links to <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">Wikimedia sister projects</a> and <code>{{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Spoken_Wikipedia" title="Template:Spoken Wikipedia">Spoken Wikipedia</a>}}</code> should generally appear in "External links", not under "See also". If the article has no "External links" section, then place sister links at the top of the last section in the article. Two exceptions: <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> and <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> links may be linked inline (e.g. to an unusual word or the text of a document being discussed). </p> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_logos" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wikipedia logos"><span style="">Wikipedia logos</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>More precisely, box-type templates such as <code>{{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Commons_category" title="Template:Commons category">Commons category</a>}}</code> shown at right have to be put at the beginning of the <em>last section</em> of the article (which is not necessarily the "External links" section) so that boxes will appear next to, rather than below, the list items. Do <em>not</em> make a section whose sole content is box-type templates. </p><p>If box-type templates are not good, either because they result in a long sequence of right-aligned boxes hanging off the bottom of the article, or because there are no external links except sister project ones, then consider using "inline" templates, such as <code>{{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Commons_category-inline" title="Template:Commons category-inline">Commons category-inline</a>}}</code> in the "External links" section, so that links to sister projects appear as list items, like this: </p> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></a> Media related to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikimedia_Foundation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wikimedia Foundation"><span style="">Wikimedia Foundation</span></a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Navigation_templates">Navigation templates</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r911143475"/><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:LAYOUTNAV"></span><span id="MOS:NAVLAYOUT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LAYOUTNAV&redirect=no">MOS:LAYOUTNAV</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NAVLAYOUT&redirect=no">MOS:NAVLAYOUT</a></span></li></ul></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates § Navigation templates</a></div> <p><b>Contents:</b> <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Navigation_templates" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Navigation templates">Navigation templates</a> and footer navboxes, such as <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Succession_Box_Standardization#Overview" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization">succession boxes</a> and geography boxes (for example, <code>{{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Geographic_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Geographic location">Geographic location</a>}}</code>). Most navboxes do not appear in printed versions of Wikipedia articles.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Specialized_layout">Specialized layout</span></h2> <p><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stand-alone_lists" title="Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a> and <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_layout" title="Wikipedia:Talk page layout">talk pages</a> have their own layout designs. </p><p>Certain topics have Manual of Style pages that include layout advice, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry#Article_types" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film#Primary_content" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles#Sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a>, for articles on treatments, procedures, medical products, fields of medicine, and other concepts</li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games#Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li></ul> <p>Some WikiProjects have <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide#Advice_pages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">advice pages</a> that include layout recommendations. You can find those pages at <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:WikiProject_style_advice" title="Category:WikiProject style advice">Category:WikiProject style advice</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Formatting">Formatting</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Images">Images</span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r911143475"/><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:LAYIM"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LAYIM&redirect=no">MOS:LAYIM</a></span></li></ul></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images</a></div> <p>Each image should ideally be located in the section to which it is most relevant, and most should carry an explanatory <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Captions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Captions">caption</a>. An image that would otherwise overwhelm the text space available within a <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">1024×768 window</a> should generally be formatted as described in relevant formatting guidelines (e.g., <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IMAGESIZE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IMAGESIZE">WP:IMAGESIZE</a>, <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:IMGSIZE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:IMGSIZE">MOS:IMGSIZE</a>, <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pictures#Panoramas" title="Help:Pictures">Help:Pictures#Panoramas</a>). Try to harmonize the sizes of images on a given page in order to maintain visual coherence. </p><p>If "stacked" images in one section spill over into the next section at 1024×768 screen resolution, there may be too many images in that section. If an article overall has so many images that they lengthen the page beyond the length of the text itself, you can use a <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Picture_tutorial#Galleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Picture tutorial">gallery</a>; or you can create a page or category combining all of them at <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> and use a relevant template ({{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Commons" title="Template:Commons">Commons</a>}}, {{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Commons_category" title="Template:Commons category">Commons category</a>}}, {{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Commons-inline" title="Template:Commons-inline">Commons-inline</a>}} or {{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Commons_category-inline" title="Template:Commons category-inline">Commons category-inline</a>}}) to link to it instead, so that further images are readily available when the article is expanded. See <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Image_galleries" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Wikipedia:Image use policy § Image galleries</a> for further information on galleries. </p><p>Use <code class="nowrap" style="">|upright=<var style="padding-right: 1px;">scaling factor</var></code> to adjust images sizes; for example, <code class="nowrap" style="">|upright=1.3</code> displays an image 30% larger than the default, and <code class="nowrap" style="">|upright=0.60</code> displays it 40% smaller. Lead images should usually be no larger than <code class="nowrap" style="">|upright=1.35</code>. </p><p>Avoid article text referring to images as being to the left, right, above, or below, because image placement varies with platform (especially mobile platforms) and screen size, and is meaningless to people using screen readers; instead, use captions to identify images. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Horizontal_rule">Horizontal rule<span id="Horizontal_dividing_line"></span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r911143475"/><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:LINE"></span><span id="MOS:----"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LINE&redirect=no">MOS:LINE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:----&redirect=no">MOS:----</a></span></li></ul></div> <p><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext#Horizontal_rule" title="Help:Wikitext">Horizontal rules</a> are sometimes used in some special circumstances, such as inside {{<a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sidebar" title="Template:Sidebar">sidebar</a>}} template derivatives, but not in regular article prose. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_the_interface#Layout" title="Wikipedia:Editing the interface">Editors' Index</a></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_project_pages">Other project pages</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Help:Editing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Preferences" title="Help:Preferences">Help:Preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Help:Section</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Wikipedia:Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines</a> – Shows how to use headings on talk pages</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sequence-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sequence_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This sequence has been in place since at least <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/2166480" title="Special:PermanentLink/2166480">December 2003</a> (when "See also" was called "Related topics"). See, for example, <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Perennial_proposals#Changes_to_standard_appendices" title="Wikipedia:Perennial proposals">Wikipedia:Perennial proposals § Changes to standard appendices</a>. The original rationale for this ordering is that, with the exception of "Works", sections which contain material outside Wikipedia (including "Further reading" and "External links") should come after sections that contain Wikipedia material (including "See also") to help keep the distinction clear. The sections containing notes and references often contain both kinds of material and, consequently, appear after the "See also" section (if any) and before the "Further reading" section (if any). Whatever the validity of the original rationale, there is now the additional factor that readers have come to expect the appendices to appear in this order.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are several reasons why this section should appear as the last appendix section. So many articles have the "External links" section at the end that many people expect that. Some "External links" and "References" (or "Footnotes", etc.) sections are quite long, and when the name of the section is not visible on the screen, it could cause problems if someone meant to delete an external link, and deleted a reference citation instead. Keeping the "External links" last is also helpful to editors who patrol external links.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Layout/Archive_5#What_is_the_rationale_of_putting_navboxes_at_the_very_bottom?" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia talk:Layout/Archive 5">Rationale for placing navboxes at the end of the article.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While categories are entered on the editing page ahead of stub templates, they appear on the visual page in a separate box after the stub templates. One of the reasons this happens is that every stub template generates a stub category, and those stub categories appear after the "main" categories. Another is that certain bots and scripts are set up to expect the categories, stubs and <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage links</a> to appear in that order, and will reposition them if they don't. Therefore, any manual attempt to change the order is futile unless the bots and scripts are also altered.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, skipping heading levels, such as jumping from <code>==Heading 2==</code> to <code>====Heading 4====</code> without <code>===Heading 3===</code> in the middle, violates <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility">Wikipedia:Accessibility</a> as it reduces usability for readers on screen readers who use heading levels to navigate pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syntax: <div style="color: #000000; background: #FFFFFF; padding: 1em; border: 1px solid #8FBC8F; font-size:111%;" class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-moin mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="gh">==</span>See also<span class="gh">==</span> * <span class="k">[[Wikipedia:How to edit a page]]</span> * <span class="k">[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]]</span> </pre></div> <p>Which produces: </p> <blockquote style="background: #FFFFFF; padding: 1em; border: 1px solid #999999; font-size:111%;"> <div style="color: #000000; background: none; overflow: hidden; page-break-after: avoid; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: Georgia,Times,serif; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">See also</div> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_edit_a_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:How to edit a page">Wikipedia:How to edit a page</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style</a></li></ul> </blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Layout/Archive_7#Bibliography" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Layout/Archive 7">Rationale for discouraging the use of "Bibliography."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pluralHeading-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pluralHeading_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pluralHeading_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pluralHeading_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">For further information, see <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#External_links_section" title="Wikipedia:External links">Wikipedia:External links § External links section</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The community has rejected past proposals to do away with this "rule". See, for example, <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Layout/Archive_12#RfC:_remove_the_proscription_against_previously-linked_terms_in_the_"See_also"_section?" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Layout/Archive 12">this RfC</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One reason this guide does not standardize section headings for citations and explanatory notes is that Wikipedia draws editors from many disciplines (history, English, science, etc.), each with its own note and reference section naming convention (or conventions). For more, see <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Perennial_proposals#Changes_to_standard_appendices" title="Wikipedia:Perennial proposals">Wikipedia:Perennial proposals § Changes to standard appendices</a>, <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Perennial_proposals#Establish_a_house_citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Perennial proposals">§ Establish a house citation style</a> and <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cnote2/example" title="Template:Cnote2/example">Template:Cnote2/example</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ruud_Koot/2010#Do_you_recall_the_reason?" title="User talk:Ruud Koot/2010">rationale</a> for not printing navigation boxes is that these templates contain <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikilink" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikilink">wikilinks</a> that are of no use to print readers. There are two problems with this rationale: First, other wikilink content does print; for example <a href="#See_also_section">See also</a> and <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Succession_Box_Standardization#Overview" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization">succession boxes</a>. Second, some navigation boxes contain useful information regarding the relationship of the article to the subjects of related articles.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Writing_guides" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Writing_guides" title="Template:Writing guides"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Writing_guides" title="Template talk:Writing guides"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Writing_guides&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Writing_guides" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Writing guides</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><table style="width:96%"><tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"><b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Your_first_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Your first article">Starting an article</a></b><br/>Getting started</td> <td style="vertical-align:top"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Layout</a></b><br/>Visual structure of articles</td> <td style="vertical-align:top"><b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_perfect_article" title="Wikipedia:The perfect article">The perfect article</a></b><br/>A checklist of components</td> </tr><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"><b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_development" title="Wikipedia:Article development">Article development</a></b><br/>Suggested stages of an article</td> <td style="vertical-align:top"><b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a></b><br/>Comprehensive style guide</td> <td style="vertical-align:top"><b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Writing better articles</a></b><br/>A collection of advice</td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manual_of_Style" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Manual_of_Style" title="Template:Manual of Style"><abbr title="View this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Manual_of_Style" title="Template talk:Manual of Style"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Manual_of_Style&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manual_of_Style" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="*_Overview_*_Directory_*_Tips"> <ul><li><b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Overview</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Tips</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Content</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Disambiguation pages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Formatting</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Proper_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Proper names">Proper names</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">Titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Images</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Galleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Galleries">Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Layout</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Embedded_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists">Embedded lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stand-alone_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime-_and_manga-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime- and manga-related articles">Anime & Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China_and_Chinese-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China and Chinese-related articles">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France_and_French-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France and French-related articles">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Malaysia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippine-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trinidad_and_Tobago_Wikipedians%27_notice_board/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:Trinidad and Tobago Wikipedians' notice board/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Command-line_examples" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Command-line examples">Computer commands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">Wikimedia sister projects</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Search</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="inputbox-hidecheckboxes"> <div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox" action="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-wide-searchbox"><input class="searchboxInput mw-ui-input mw-ui-input-inline" name="search" type="text" value="" placeholder="e.g. image placement" size="25" dir="ltr"/><input type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:Manual of Style" name="prefix"/> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" class="mw-ui-button" value="Search the MoS"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/></form></div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/> <b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style" title="Book:Wikipedia Manual of Style">Book</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="View this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template talk:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wikipedia key <a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policies and guidelines</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia's policies and guidelines are developed by the community to describe best practices, clarify principles, resolve conflicts, and otherwise further our goal">(?)</abbr></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="*_Five_pillars_**_What_Wikipedia_is_not_**_Ignore_all_rules"> <ul><li><b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Five pillars</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Content <abbr title="defines the scope of the encyclopedia and the material that is suitable for it">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><img alt="Policies" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/17px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Policies" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/34px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><img alt="Guidelines" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/17px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Guidelines" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/26px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/34px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Autobiography" title="Wikipedia:Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Reliable sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes" title="Wikipedia:Do not create hoaxes">Don't create hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Patent nonsense</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">External links</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Conduct <abbr title="describes how editors can successfully collaborate and what behavior is acceptable">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><img alt="Policies" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/17px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Policies" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/34px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility" title="Wikipedia:Civility">Civility</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_policy" title="Wikipedia:Editing policy">Editing policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Harassment" title="Wikipedia:Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_personal_attacks" title="Wikipedia:No personal attacks">No personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ownership_of_content" title="Wikipedia:Ownership of content">Ownership of content</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">Edit warring</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sock_puppetry" title="Wikipedia:Sock puppetry">Sock puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_legal_threats" title="Wikipedia:No legal threats">No legal threats</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Child_protection" title="Wikipedia:Child protection">Child protection</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Paid-contribution_disclosure" title="Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure">Paid-contribution disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><img alt="Guidelines" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/17px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Guidelines" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/26px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/34px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">Disruptive editing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point" title="Wikipedia:Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point">Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Gaming_the_system" title="Wikipedia:Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Please do not bite the newcomers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Courtesy_vanishing" title="Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing">Courtesy vanishing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Responding_to_threats_of_harm" title="Wikipedia:Responding to threats of harm">Responding to threats of harm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Deletion <abbr title="explains the processes by which pages, revisions, and logs may be deleted">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=Policies&#124;Policies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><img alt="Policies" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/17px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Policies" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/34px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy" title="Wikipedia:Deletion policy">Deletion policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion">Proposed deletion</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion_of_biographies_of_living_people" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion of biographies of living people">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion_(books)" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion (books)">Books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion">Criteria for speedy deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Attack_page" title="Wikipedia:Attack page">Attack page</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Oversight" title="Wikipedia:Oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Revision_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Revision deletion">Revision deletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Enforcement <abbr title="explains the various means by which standards may be enforced">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=Policies&#124;Policies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><img alt="Policies" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/17px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Policies" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/34px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Banning_policy" title="Wikipedia:Banning policy">Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">Page protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Editing <abbr title="documents the various protocols about style and grouping">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=Guidelines&#124;Guidelines" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><img alt="Guidelines" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/17px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Guidelines" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/26px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/34px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Broad-concept_article" title="Wikipedia:Broad-concept article">Broad-concept article</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Style</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template namespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Project content <abbr title="protocols related to administration">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=Guidelines&#124;Guidelines" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><img alt="Guidelines" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/17px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Guidelines" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/26px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/34px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project namespace</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Userboxes" title="Wikipedia:Userboxes">User boxes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;;background: #dddddd;"><abbr title="Wikimedia Foundation">WMF</abbr> <abbr title="official policies and statements of the Wikimedia Foundation">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=Policies&#124;Policies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal; background: #e6e6e6;"><img alt="Policies" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/17px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Policies" width="17" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/34px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policies" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policies">List of policies</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friendly_space_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Friendly space policy">Friendly space policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Resolution:Licensing policy">Licensing and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/values" class="extiw" title="foundationsite:about/values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408220900/https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/FAQ" class="extiw" title="donate:FAQ">FAQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: normal;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">List of all policies and guidelines</a></b> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/15px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/23px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/30px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/> <b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">List of policies</a></b></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/15px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/23px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/> <b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">List of guidelines</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Principles" title="Wikipedia:Principles">Lists of attempts in creating fundamental principles</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20200408220900im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div 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name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/> <input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a title="Visit the main page" class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"></a> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-navigation" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label"> <h3 id="p-navigation-label"> Navigation </h3> <div class="body"> <ul><li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents"><a href="/web/20200408220900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li 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