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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roots_and_stems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roots_and_stems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Roots and stems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roots_and_stems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flowers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flowers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Flowers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flowers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fruits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Fruits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Genomics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Genera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genera_by_life_history_trait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genera_by_life_history_trait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Genera by life history trait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genera_by_life_history_trait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-parasitic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-parasitic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Non-parasitic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-parasitic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hemiparasitic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hemiparasitic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Hemiparasitic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hemiparasitic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holoparasitic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holoparasitic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Holoparasitic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holoparasitic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orobanchaceae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هالوكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هالوكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Orobanchaceae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroban%C5%9Fkimil%C9%99r" title="Orobanşkimilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orobanşkimilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%92%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="اوْروبانش کیمی‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوْروبانش کیمی‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Заразіхавыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заразіхавыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Заразіхавыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Заразіхавыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Orobanchaceae" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobanc%C3%A0cies" title="Orobancàcies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orobancàcies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Orobanchaceae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1razovit%C3%A9" title="Zárazovité – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zárazovité" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyvelkv%C3%A6ler-familien" title="Gyvelkvæler-familien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gyvelkvæler-familien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommerwurzgew%C3%A4chse" title="Sommerwurzgewächse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sommerwurzgewächse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ee%CA%BCdool%CA%BCeez%C3%AD" title="Łeeʼdoolʼeezí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Łeeʼdoolʼeezí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soomukalised" title="Soomukalised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Soomukalised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orobanchaceae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobankacoj" title="Orobankacoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orobankacoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گل جالیزان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گل جالیزان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orobanchaceae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EB%8B%B9%EA%B3%BC" title="열당과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열당과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubinkowe_rostliny" title="Hubinkowe rostliny – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hubinkowe rostliny" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volovotkovke" title="Volovotkovke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Volovotkovke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orobanchaceae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orobanchaceae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עלקתיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עלקתיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%C3%AEleya_gurgeyan" title="Famîleya gurgeyan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Famîleya gurgeyan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEiovekliniai" title="Džiovekliniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džiovekliniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajvir%C3%A1gf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Vajvirágfélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vajvirágfélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80" title="ഒറോബൻകേസീ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒറോബൻകേസീ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87" title="هالوكيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هالوكيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremraapfamilie" title="Bremraapfamilie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bremraapfamilie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A6%E3%83%84%E3%83%9C%E7%A7%91" title="ハマウツボ科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハマウツボ科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerrutplaanten" title="Somerrutplaanten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Somerrutplaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snylterotfamilien" title="Snylterotfamilien – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Snylterotfamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snylterotfamilien" title="Snylterotfamilien – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Snylterotfamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarazowate" title="Zarazowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zarazowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orobanchaceae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayamaych%27a_yura_rikch%27aq_ayllu" title="Ayamaych'a yura rikch'aq ayllu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ayamaych'a yura rikch'aq ayllu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Заразиховые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заразиховые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4ivekasvit" title="Näivekasvit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Näivekasvit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snyltrotsv%C3%A4xter" title="Snyltrotsväxter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Snyltrotsväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifadin" title="Tifadin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tifadin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of flowering plants known as broomrapes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Orobanchaceae" title="Special:EditPage/Orobanchaceae">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Orobanchaceae%22">"Orobanchaceae"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Orobanchaceae%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Orobanchaceae%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Orobanchaceae%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Orobanchaceae%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Orobanchaceae%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Orobanchaceae </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:OrobancheMinorIreland_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/OrobancheMinorIreland_%282%29.jpg/220px-OrobancheMinorIreland_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/OrobancheMinorIreland_%282%29.jpg/330px-OrobancheMinorIreland_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/OrobancheMinorIreland_%282%29.jpg/440px-OrobancheMinorIreland_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="2194" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Lesser broomrape (<i><a href="/wiki/Orobanche_minor" title="Orobanche minor">Orobanche minor</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Orobanchaceae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orobanchaceae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pierre_Ventenat" title="Étienne Pierre Ventenat">Vent.</a><sup id="cite_ref-APGIII2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APGIII2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Tribes<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rehmannieae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehmannieae">Rehmannieae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindenbergieae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindenbergieae">Lindenbergieae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cymbarieae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cymbarieae (page does not exist)">Cymbarieae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobancheae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orobancheae (page does not exist)">Orobancheae</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brandisia" title="Brandisia">Brandisia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedicularidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedicularidae (page does not exist)">Pedicularidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinantheae" title="Rhinantheae">Rhinantheae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchnereae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buchnereae (page does not exist)">Buchnereae</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-powo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Cyclocheilaceae <span style="font-size:85%;">Marais (1981)</span></li> <li>Nesogenaceae <span style="font-size:85%;">Marais (1981)</span></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Orobanchaceae</b>, the <b>broomrapes</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of mostly <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_plant" title="Parasitic plant">parasitic plants</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a>, with about 90 <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> and more than 2000 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McNeal2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeal2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these genera (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Pedicularis" title="Pedicularis">Pedicularis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rhinanthus" title="Rhinanthus">Rhinanthus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Striga" title="Striga">Striga</a></i>) were formerly included in the family <a href="/wiki/Scrophulariaceae" title="Scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceae</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">sensu lato</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-dePamphilis1997_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dePamphilis1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Young1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olmstead2001_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olmstead2001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its new circumscription, Orobanchaceae forms a distinct, monophyletic family.<sup id="cite_ref-Olmstead2001_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olmstead2001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> perspective, it is defined as the largest <a href="/wiki/Crown_clade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown clade">crown clade</a> containing <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanche_major&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orobanche major (page does not exist)">Orobanche major</a></i> and relatives, but neither <i><a href="/wiki/Paulownia_tomentosa" title="Paulownia tomentosa">Paulownia tomentosa</a></i> nor <i><a href="/wiki/Phryma_leptostachya" title="Phryma leptostachya">Phryma leptostachya</a></i> nor <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazus_japonicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazus japonicus (page does not exist)">Mazus japonicus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Xia2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xia2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deQueiroz2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deQueiroz2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Orobanchaceae are <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> herbs or <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, and most (all except <i><a href="/wiki/Lindenbergia" title="Lindenbergia">Lindenbergia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rehmannia" title="Rehmannia">Rehmannia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Triaenophora" title="Triaenophora">Triaenophora</a></i>) are <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_plant" title="Parasitic plant">parasitic</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> of other plants—either <a href="/wiki/Holoparasitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holoparasitic">holoparasitic</a> or hemiparasitic (fully or partly parasitic). The holoparasitic species lack <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> and therefore cannot perform <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Striga_bilabiata_MS4167.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Striga_bilabiata_MS4167.jpg/220px-Striga_bilabiata_MS4167.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Striga_bilabiata_MS4167.jpg/330px-Striga_bilabiata_MS4167.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Striga_bilabiata_MS4167.jpg/440px-Striga_bilabiata_MS4167.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Striga_bilabiata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Striga bilabiata (page does not exist)">Striga bilabiata</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broomrape_(Cistanche_tubulosa)_Negev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Broomrape_%28Cistanche_tubulosa%29_Negev.jpg/220px-Broomrape_%28Cistanche_tubulosa%29_Negev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Broomrape_%28Cistanche_tubulosa%29_Negev.jpg/330px-Broomrape_%28Cistanche_tubulosa%29_Negev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Broomrape_%28Cistanche_tubulosa%29_Negev.jpg/440px-Broomrape_%28Cistanche_tubulosa%29_Negev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cistanche_tubulosa" title="Cistanche tubulosa">Cistanche tubulosa</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castilleja_purpurea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Castilleja_purpurea.jpg/220px-Castilleja_purpurea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Castilleja_purpurea.jpg/330px-Castilleja_purpurea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Castilleja_purpurea.jpg/440px-Castilleja_purpurea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Castilleja_purpurea" title="Castilleja purpurea">Castilleja purpurea</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedicularis_zeylanica-Silent_Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pedicularis_zeylanica-Silent_Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg/220px-Pedicularis_zeylanica-Silent_Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pedicularis_zeylanica-Silent_Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg/330px-Pedicularis_zeylanica-Silent_Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pedicularis_zeylanica-Silent_Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg/440px-Pedicularis_zeylanica-Silent_Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3553" data-file-height="4844" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedicularis_zeylanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedicularis zeylanica (page does not exist)">Pedicularis zeylanica</a></i></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanchaceae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orobanchaceae is the largest of the 20–28 <a href="/wiki/Dicot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicot">dicot</a> families that express parasitism.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from a few non-parasitic taxa, the family displays all types of plant parasitism: <a href="/wiki/Facultative_parasite" title="Facultative parasite">facultative parasite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obligate_parasite" title="Obligate parasite">obligate parasite</a>, hemiparasites, and holoparasites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roots_and_stems">Roots and stems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanchaceae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roots and stems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parasitic plants are attached to their host by means of <a href="/wiki/Haustorium" title="Haustorium">haustoria</a>, which transfer <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> from the host to the parasite. Only the hemiparasitic species possess an additional extensive root system referred to as the lateral or side haustoria. In most holoparasitic species there is a swollen mass of short, bulky roots or one big swollen haustorial organ, which may be simple or composite, commonly called the terminal or primary haustorium.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants are reduced to short vegetative stems, their alternate leaves are reduced to fleshy, tooth-like scales, and have multicellular hairs interspersed with glandular hairs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hemiparasitic species (transferred from Scrophulariaceae) with green leaves are capable of photosynthesis, and may be either facultative or obligate parasites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flowers">Flowers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanchaceae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Flowers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphroditic</a> flowers are bilaterally symmetrical and grow either in <a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">racemes</a> or spikes or singly at the apex of the slender stem. The tubular <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">calyx</a> is formed by 2–5 united sepals. There are five united, bilabiate <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a> forming the <a href="/wiki/Corolla_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (flower)">corolla</a> and they may be yellowish, brownish, purplish, or white. The upper lip is two-lobed, the lower lip is three-lobed. There are two long and two short <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> on slender filaments, inserted below the middle, or at the base of the corolla tube, alternating with the lobes of the tube. A fifth <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamen</a> is either sterile or lacking completely. The <a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">anthers</a> dehisce via longitudinal slits. The <a href="/wiki/Pistil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistil">pistil</a> is one-celled. The ovary is superior. The flowers are <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollinated</a> by insects or birds (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a>, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Castilleja" title="Castilleja">Castilleja</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruits">Fruits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanchaceae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fruits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">dehiscent</a>, non-fleshy, 1-locular <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">capsule</a> with many very minute endospermic <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>. Fruits of Orobanchaceae are small and abundant and can produce between 10,000–1,000,000 seeds per plant.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are dispersed by the wind over long distances, which increases their chances of finding a new host. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanchaceae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanchaceae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Development of the haustoria was a significant evolutionary event that allowed for the advancement of <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_plant" title="Parasitic plant">parasitic plants</a>. The holoparasitic clade, <i><a href="/wiki/Orobanche" title="Orobanche">Orobanche</a></i>, delineates the first transition from hemiparasitism to holoparasitism within Orobanchaceae. </p><p>Despite the similar morphological traits found in both <a href="/wiki/Scrophulariaceae" title="Scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceae</a> and Orobanchaceae, the latter is now morphologically and molecularly considered monophyletic, though many of its genera were once considered a part of the family Scrophulariaceae. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Lindenbergia" title="Lindenbergia">Lindenbergia</a></i>, once treated as a member of the Scrophulariaceae, is one of the only autotrophic genera within Orobanchaceae. It is believed to be the sister group to the hemiparasitic genera within its family.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genomics">Genomics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanchaceae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genomics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parasitism and its different modes have been suggested to have an impact on <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> evolution, with increased <a href="/wiki/Mutation_rate" title="Mutation rate">DNA substitution rates</a> in parasitic organisms compared to non-parasitic taxa.<sup id="cite_ref-Haraguchi1996_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haraguchi1996-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, holoparasite taxa of Orobanchaceae exhibit faster <a href="/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">molecular evolutionary</a> rates than confamilial hemiparasites in three <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastid</a> genes.<sup id="cite_ref-Young2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study comparing the rates of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">molecular evolution</a> of parasitic versus non parasitic taxa for 12 pairs of angiosperm families — including <a href="/wiki/Apodanthaceae" title="Apodanthaceae">Apodanthaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytinaceae" title="Cytinaceae">Cytinaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafflesiaceae" title="Rafflesiaceae">Rafflesiaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynomoriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomoriaceae">Cynomoriaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krameriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Krameriaceae">Krameriaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitrastemonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitrastemonaceae">Mitrastemonaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boraginaceae" title="Boraginaceae">Boraginaceae</a>, Orobanchaceae, <a href="/wiki/Convolvulaceae" title="Convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauraceae" title="Lauraceae">Lauraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydnoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnoraceae">Hydnoraceae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santalaceae" title="Santalaceae">Santalaceae</a>/<a href="/wiki/Olacaceae" title="Olacaceae">Olacaceae</a> —, parasitic taxa evolve on average faster than their close relatives for mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear genome sequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromham2013_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromham2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas Orobanchaceae fit to this trend for plastid DNA, they appear to evolve slower than their non parasitic counterpart in comparisons involving nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromham2013_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromham2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genera">Genera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanchaceae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>99 genera are accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-powo_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeginetia" title="Aeginetia">Aeginetia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agalinis" title="Agalinis">Agalinis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Raf.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alectra_(plant)" title="Alectra (plant)">Alectra</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Thunb.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anisantherina" title="Anisantherina">Anisantherina</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Pennell</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asepalum" title="Asepalum">Asepalum</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Marais</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aureolaria" title="Aureolaria">Aureolaria</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Raf.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bardotia" title="Bardotia">Bardotia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartsia" title="Bartsia">Bartsia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baumia" title="Baumia">Baumia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Engl. & Gilg</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellardia_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellardia (plant)">Bellardia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">All.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boschniakia" title="Boschniakia">Boschniakia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">C.A.Mey. ex Bongard</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachystigma" title="Brachystigma">Brachystigma</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Pennell</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brandisia" title="Brandisia">Brandisia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hook.f. & Thomson</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchnera_(plant)" title="Buchnera (plant)">Buchnera</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bungea" title="Bungea">Bungea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">C.A.Mey.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buttonia" title="Buttonia">Buttonia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">McKen ex Benth.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbellia" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbellia">Campbellia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Wight</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castilleja" title="Castilleja">Castilleja</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Mutis ex L.f.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centranthera" title="Centranthera">Centranthera</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">R.Br.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chloropyron" title="Chloropyron">Chloropyron</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Behr</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christisonia" title="Christisonia">Christisonia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Gardner</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cistanche" title="Cistanche">Cistanche</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hoffmanns. & Link</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conopholis" title="Conopholis">Conopholis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Wallr.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cordylanthus" title="Cordylanthus">Cordylanthus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Nutt. ex Benth.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyclocheilon" title="Cyclocheilon">Cyclocheilon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Oliv.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cycniopsis" title="Cycniopsis">Cycniopsis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Engl.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cycnium" title="Cycnium">Cycnium</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">E.Mey. ex Benth.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cymbaria" title="Cymbaria">Cymbaria</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasistoma" title="Dasistoma">Dasistoma</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Raf.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dicranostegia" title="Dicranostegia">Dicranostegia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(A.Gray) Pennell</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epifagus" title="Epifagus">Epifagus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Nutt.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eremitilla" title="Eremitilla">Eremitilla</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Yatsk. & J.L.Contr.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escobedia" title="Escobedia">Escobedia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Ruiz & Pav.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esterhazya" title="Esterhazya">Esterhazya</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">J.C.Mikan</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euphrasia" title="Euphrasia">Euphrasia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gerardiina" title="Gerardiina">Gerardiina</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Engl.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghikaea" title="Ghikaea">Ghikaea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Volkens & Schweinf.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gleadovia" title="Gleadovia">Gleadovia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Gamble & Prain</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graderia" title="Graderia">Graderia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Benth.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harveya_(plant)" title="Harveya (plant)">Harveya</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hook.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedbergia" title="Hedbergia">Hedbergia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Molau</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hiernia" title="Hiernia">Hiernia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">S.Moore</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyobanche" title="Hyobanche">Hyobanche</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kopsiopsis" title="Kopsiopsis">Kopsiopsis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Beck) Beck</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamourouxia_(plant)" title="Lamourouxia (plant)">Lamourouxia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Kunth</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lathraea" title="Lathraea">Lathraea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptorhabdos" title="Leptorhabdos">Leptorhabdos</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leucosalpa" title="Leucosalpa">Leucosalpa</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Scott Elliot</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lindenbergia" title="Lindenbergia">Lindenbergia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Lehm.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macranthera" title="Macranthera">Macranthera</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Nutt. ex Benth.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magdalenaea" title="Magdalenaea">Magdalenaea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Brade</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mannagettaea" title="Mannagettaea">Mannagettaea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Harry Sm.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melampyrum" title="Melampyrum">Melampyrum</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melasma_(plant)" title="Melasma (plant)">Melasma</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">P.J.Bergius</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Micrargeria" title="Micrargeria">Micrargeria</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Benth.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Micrargeriella" title="Micrargeriella">Micrargeriella</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">R.E.Fr.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monochasma" title="Monochasma">Monochasma</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Maxim. ex Franch. & Sav.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neobartsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neobartsia">Neobartsia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Uribe-Convers & Tank</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nesogenes" title="Nesogenes">Nesogenes</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">A.DC.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothobartsia" title="Nothobartsia">Nothobartsia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Bolliger & Molau</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothochilus" title="Nothochilus">Nothochilus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Radlk.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontitella" title="Odontitella">Odontitella</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rothm.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontites" title="Odontites">Odontites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Ludw.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omphalotrix" title="Omphalotrix">Omphalotrix</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Maxim.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orobanche" title="Orobanche">Orobanche</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orthocarpus" title="Orthocarpus">Orthocarpus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Nutt.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parasopubia" title="Parasopubia">Parasopubia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">H.-P.Hofm. & Eb.Fisch.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parentucellia" title="Parentucellia">Parentucellia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Viv.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedicularis" title="Pedicularis">Pedicularis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phacellanthus" title="Phacellanthus">Phacellanthus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Siebold & Zucc.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phelypaea" title="Phelypaea">Phelypaea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Tourn. ex L.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phtheirospermum" title="Phtheirospermum">Phtheirospermum</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Bunge ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Physocalyx" title="Physocalyx">Physocalyx</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Pohl</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudobartsia" title="Pseudobartsia">Pseudobartsia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">D.Y.Hong</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomelasma" title="Pseudomelasma">Pseudomelasma</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Eb.Fisch.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudosopubia" title="Pseudosopubia">Pseudosopubia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Engl.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudostriga" title="Pseudostriga">Pseudostriga</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Bonati</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pterygiella" title="Pterygiella">Pterygiella</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Oliv.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radamaea" title="Radamaea">Radamaea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Benth.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rehmannia" title="Rehmannia">Rehmannia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Libosch. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhamphicarpa" title="Rhamphicarpa">Rhamphicarpa</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Benth.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhaphispermum" title="Rhaphispermum">Rhaphispermum</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Benth.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhinanthus" title="Rhinanthus">Rhinanthus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocorys" title="Rhynchocorys">Rhynchocorys</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Griseb.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schwalbea" title="Schwalbea">Schwalbea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seymeria" title="Seymeria">Seymeria</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Pursh</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seymeriopsis" title="Seymeriopsis">Seymeriopsis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Tzvelev</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sieversandreas" title="Sieversandreas">Sieversandreas</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Eb.Fisch.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silviella_(plant)" title="Silviella (plant)">Silviella</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Pennell</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siphonostegia" title="Siphonostegia">Siphonostegia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Benth.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sopubia" title="Sopubia">Sopubia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Striga" title="Striga">Striga</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Lour.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraspidium" title="Tetraspidium">Tetraspidium</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Baker</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thunbergianthus" title="Thunbergianthus">Thunbergianthus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Engl.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tozzia" title="Tozzia">Tozzia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triphysaria" title="Triphysaria">Triphysaria</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vellosiella" title="Vellosiella">Vellosiella</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Baill.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xylanche" title="Xylanche">Xylanche</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Beck</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xylocalyx" title="Xylocalyx">Xylocalyx</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Balf.f.</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genera_by_life_history_trait">Genera by life history trait</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanchaceae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Genera by life history trait"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orobanchaceae genera listed according to their life history trait.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartsiella" title="Bartsiella">Bartsiella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bornmuellerantha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bornmuellerantha (page does not exist)">Bornmuellerantha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachystigma" title="Brachystigma">Brachystigma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brandisia" title="Brandisia">Brandisia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyclocheilon" title="Cyclocheilon">Cyclocheilon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kopsiopsis" title="Kopsiopsis">Kopsiopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macrosyringion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macrosyringion (page does not exist)">Macrosyringion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odontiella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odontiella (page does not exist)">Odontiella</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-parasitic">Non-parasitic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanchaceae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Non-parasitic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lindenbergia" title="Lindenbergia">Lindenbergia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rehmannia" title="Rehmannia">Rehmannia</a></i> <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triaenophora" title="Triaenophora">Triaenophora</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hemiparasitic">Hemiparasitic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanchaceae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hemiparasitic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agalinis" title="Agalinis">Agalinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alectra_(plant)" title="Alectra (plant)">Alectra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asepalum" title="Asepalum">Asepalum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aureolaria" title="Aureolaria">Aureolaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartsia" title="Bartsia">Bartsia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellardia_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellardia (plant)">Bellardia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchnera_(plant)" title="Buchnera (plant)">Buchnera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bungea" title="Bungea">Bungea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buttonia" title="Buttonia">Buttonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castilleja" title="Castilleja">Castilleja</a></i> : Indian paintbrush</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centranthera" title="Centranthera">Centranthera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chloropyron" title="Chloropyron">Chloropyron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cordylanthus" title="Cordylanthus">Cordylanthus</a></i> : Bird's-beak</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cycnium" title="Cycnium">Cycnium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cymbaria" title="Cymbaria">Cymbaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasistoma" title="Dasistoma">Dasistoma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dicranostegia" title="Dicranostegia">Dicranostegia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escobedia" title="Escobedia">Escobedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esterhazya" title="Esterhazya">Esterhazya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euphrasia" title="Euphrasia">Euphrasia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gerardiina" title="Gerardiina">Gerardiina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghikaea" title="Ghikaea">Ghikaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graderia" title="Graderia">Graderia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedbergia" title="Hedbergia">Hedbergia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamourouxia_(plant)" title="Lamourouxia (plant)">Lamourouxia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptorhabdos" title="Leptorhabdos">Leptorhabdos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leucosalpa" title="Leucosalpa">Leucosalpa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macranthera" title="Macranthera">Macranthera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magdalenaea" title="Magdalenaea">Magdalenaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melampyrum" title="Melampyrum">Melampyrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melasma_(plant)" title="Melasma (plant)">Melasma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Micrargeria" title="Micrargeria">Micrargeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Micrargeriella" title="Micrargeriella">Micrargeriella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monochasma" title="Monochasma">Monochasma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nesogenes" title="Nesogenes">Nesogenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothobartsia" title="Nothobartsia">Nothobartsia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothochilus" title="Nothochilus">Nothochilus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontites" title="Odontites">Odontites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omphalotrix" title="Omphalotrix">Omphalotrix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orthocarpus" title="Orthocarpus">Orthocarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parastriga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parastriga (page does not exist)">Parastriga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parentucellia" title="Parentucellia">Parentucellia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedicularis" title="Pedicularis">Pedicularis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petitmenginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petitmenginia (page does not exist)">Petitmenginia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phtheirospermum" title="Phtheirospermum">Phtheirospermum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Physocalyx" title="Physocalyx">Physocalyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudobartsia" title="Pseudobartsia">Pseudobartsia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomelasma" title="Pseudomelasma">Pseudomelasma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudosopubia" title="Pseudosopubia">Pseudosopubia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudostriga" title="Pseudostriga">Pseudostriga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pterygiella" title="Pterygiella">Pterygiella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radamaea" title="Radamaea">Radamaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhamphicarpa" title="Rhamphicarpa">Rhamphicarpa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhaphispermum" title="Rhaphispermum">Rhaphispermum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhinanthus" title="Rhinanthus">Rhinanthus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocorys" title="Rhynchocorys">Rhynchocorys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schwalbea" title="Schwalbea">Schwalbea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seymeria" title="Seymeria">Seymeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seymeriopsis" title="Seymeriopsis">Seymeriopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sieversandreas" title="Sieversandreas">Sieversandreas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silviella_(plant)" title="Silviella (plant)">Silviella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siphonostegia" title="Siphonostegia">Siphonostegia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sopubia" title="Sopubia">Sopubia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirostegia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spirostegia (page does not exist)">Spirostegia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Striga" title="Striga">Striga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraspidium" title="Tetraspidium">Tetraspidium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thunbergianthus" title="Thunbergianthus">Thunbergianthus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tozzia" title="Tozzia">Tozzia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triphysaria" title="Triphysaria">Triphysaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vellosiella" title="Vellosiella">Vellosiella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xizangia_(plant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xizangia (plant) (page does not exist)">Xizangia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xylocalyx" title="Xylocalyx">Xylocalyx</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holoparasitic">Holoparasitic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanchaceae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Holoparasitic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeginetia" title="Aeginetia">Aeginetia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boschniakia" title="Boschniakia">Boschniakia</a></i> : Groundcone</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christisonia" title="Christisonia">Christisonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cistanche" title="Cistanche">Cistanche</a></i>: Desert broomrape</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conopholis" title="Conopholis">Conopholis</a></i> : Cancer-root</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epifagus" title="Epifagus">Epifagus</a></i> : Beechdrops</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eremitilla" title="Eremitilla">Eremitilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gleadovia" title="Gleadovia">Gleadovia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harveya_(plant)" title="Harveya (plant)">Harveya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyobanche" title="Hyobanche">Hyobanche</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lathraea" title="Lathraea">Lathraea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mannagettaea" title="Mannagettaea">Mannagettaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orobanche" title="Orobanche">Orobanche</a></i> : Broomrape</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phacellanthus" title="Phacellanthus">Phacellanthus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phelypaea" title="Phelypaea">Phelypaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platypholis" class="mw-redirect" title="Platypholis">Platypholis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tienmuia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tienmuia (page does not exist)">Tienmuia</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanchaceae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The family Orobanchaceae has a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a>, found mainly in <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and tropical <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. The only exception to its distribution is Antarctica, though some genera may be found in <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanchaceae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This family has tremendous economic importance because of the damage to crops caused by some species in the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Orobanche" title="Orobanche">Orobanche</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Striga_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Striga (plant)">Striga</a></i>. They often parasitize cereal crops like <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, and other major agricultural crops like <a href="/wiki/Cowpea" title="Cowpea">cowpea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>. Because of the ubiquitous nature of these particular parasites in developing countries, it is estimated to affect the livelihood of over 100 million people, killing 20 to 100 percent of crops depending on infestation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some genera, especially <i><a href="/wiki/Cistanche" title="Cistanche">Cistanche</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Conopholis" title="Conopholis">Conopholis</a></i>, are threatened by human activity, including <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> and over-harvesting of both the plants and their hosts. </p><p>Research for this plant family can often be difficult due to its permit requirements for collection, travel, and research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanchaceae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes placed outside of Orobanchaceae as a sister-taxon.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orobanchaceae&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-APGIII2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-APGIII2009_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAngiosperm_Phylogeny_Group2009" class="citation journal cs1">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf">"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>161</b> (2): 105–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10654%2F18083">10654/18083</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630172915/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=An+update+of+the+Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group+classification+for+the+orders+and+families+of+flowering+plants%3A+APG+III&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-121&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10654%2F18083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x&rft.au=Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrobanchaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens" class="citation web cs1">Stevens, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APWeb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Orobanchaceae">"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, version 13. <i>Lamiales</i>: <i>Orobanchaceae</i>"</a>. <i>www.mobot.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101207111750/http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Orobanchaceae">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mobot.org&rft.atitle=Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Website%2C+version+13.+Lamiales%3A+Orobanchaceae&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobot.org%2FMOBOT%2FResearch%2FAPWeb%2Forders%2Flamialesweb.htm%23Orobanchaceae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrobanchaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-powo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-powo_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-powo_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30003446-2"><i>Orobanchaceae</i> Vent.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229182537/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30003446-2">Archived</a> 2024-02-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a></i>. Retrieved 11 April 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNeal2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McNeal2013_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNealBennettWolfeMathews2013" class="citation journal cs1">McNeal, J. R.; Bennett, J. R.; Wolfe, A. D.; Mathews, S. (2013-05-01). 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(1997-07-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC23827">"Evolution of plastid gene rps2 in a lineage of hemiparasitic and holoparasitic plants: Many losses of photosynthesis and complex patterns of rate variation"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>94</b> (14): 7367–7372. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94.7367D">1997PNAS...94.7367D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.14.7367">10.1073/pnas.94.14.7367</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC23827">23827</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9207097">9207097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+plastid+gene+rps2+in+a+lineage+of+hemiparasitic+and+holoparasitic+plants%3A+Many+losses+of+photosynthesis+and+complex+patterns+of+rate+variation&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=7367-7372&rft.date=1997-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC23827%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PNAS...94.7367D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9207097&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.94.14.7367&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=dePamphilis&rft.aufirst=Claude+W.&rft.au=Young%2C+Nelson+D.&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+Andrea+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC23827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrobanchaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young1999-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Young1999_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungSteinerdePamphilis1999" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Nelson D.; Steiner, Kim E.; dePamphilis, Claude W. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weed+Science&rft.atitle=The+Parasitic+Plant+Genome+Project%3A+New+Tools+for+Understanding+the+Biology+of+Orobanche+and+Striga&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=295-306&rft.date=2012-04%2F2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26435162%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0043-1745&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1614%2FWS-D-11-00113.1&rft.aulast=Westwood&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft.au=dePamphilis%2C+Claude+W.&rft.au=Das%2C+Malay&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Aparicio%2C+M%C3%B3nica&rft.au=Honaas%2C+Loren+A.&rft.au=Timko%2C+Michael+P.&rft.au=Wafula%2C+Eric+K.&rft.au=Wickett%2C+Norman+J.&rft.au=Yoder%2C+John+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrobanchaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/APG_IV_system" title="APG IV system">APG IV</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>Supergroup <a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bryophyta" title="Template:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marchantiophyta" title="Template:Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fern_classification" title="Template:Fern classification">Polypodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification">Acrogymnospermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>angio<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>sperms</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Amborellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellales">Amborellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amborellaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellaceae">Amborellaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydatellaceae" title="Hydatellaceae">Hydatellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabombaceae" title="Cabombaceae">Cabombaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">Nymphaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrobaileyaceae">Austrobaileyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimeniaceae" title="Trimeniaceae">Trimeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schisandraceae" title="Schisandraceae">Schisandraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="margin:+20px; position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Mesangiospermae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Canellales" title="Canellales">Canellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canellaceae" title="Canellaceae">Canellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winteraceae" title="Winteraceae">Winteraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Piperales" title="Piperales">Piperales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristolochiaceae" title="Aristolochiaceae">Aristolochiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saururaceae" title="Saururaceae">Saururaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliales" title="Magnoliales">Magnoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myristicaceae" title="Myristicaceae">Myristicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliaceae" title="Magnoliaceae">Magnoliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degeneriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneriaceae">Degeneriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himantandraceae" title="Himantandraceae">Himantandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupomatiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupomatiaceae">Eupomatiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annonaceae" title="Annonaceae">Annonaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Laurales" title="Laurales">Laurales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calycanthaceae" title="Calycanthaceae">Calycanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siparunaceae" title="Siparunaceae">Siparunaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomortegaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomortegaceae">Gomortegaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherospermataceae" title="Atherospermataceae">Atherospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandiaceae" title="Hernandiaceae">Hernandiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monimiaceae" title="Monimiaceae">Monimiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauraceae" title="Lauraceae">Lauraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Chloranthidae</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chloranthales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Chloranthales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloranthales">Chloranthales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloranthaceae" title="Chloranthaceae">Chloranthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Lilidae</b> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Acorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Acorales">Acorales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoraceae">Acoraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofieldiaceae" title="Tofieldiaceae">Tofieldiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alismataceae" title="Alismataceae">Alismataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Butomaceae">Butomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocharitaceae" title="Hydrocharitaceae">Hydrocharitaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheuchzeriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheuchzeriaceae">Scheuchzeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aponogetonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aponogetonaceae">Aponogetonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncaginaceae" title="Juncaginaceae">Juncaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maundiaceae">Maundiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosteraceae" title="Zosteraceae">Zosteraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamogetonaceae" title="Potamogetonaceae">Potamogetonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Posidoniaceae">Posidoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruppiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruppiaceae">Ruppiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymodoceaceae" title="Cymodoceaceae">Cymodoceaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviales" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrosaviales">Petrosaviales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviaceae" title="Petrosaviaceae">Petrosaviaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triuridaceae" title="Triuridaceae">Triuridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velloziaceae" title="Velloziaceae">Velloziaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemonaceae" title="Stemonaceae">Stemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclanthaceae" title="Cyclanthaceae">Cyclanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanaceae" title="Pandanaceae">Pandanaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campynemataceae" title="Campynemataceae">Campynemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsiaceae" title="Corsiaceae">Corsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanthiaceae" title="Melanthiaceae">Melanthiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petermanniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petermanniaceae">Petermanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alstroemeriaceae" title="Alstroemeriaceae">Alstroemeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchicaceae" title="Colchicaceae">Colchicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philesiaceae" title="Philesiaceae">Philesiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripogonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripogonaceae">Ripogonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilacaceae" title="Smilacaceae">Smilacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">Orchidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boryaceae" title="Boryaceae">Boryaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blandfordiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Blandfordiaceae">Blandfordiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteliaceae" title="Asteliaceae">Asteliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanariaceae">Lanariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxidaceae" title="Hypoxidaceae">Hypoxidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doryanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Doryanthaceae">Doryanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixioliriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixioliriaceae">Ixioliriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecophilaeaceae" title="Tecophilaeaceae">Tecophilaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">Iridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeronemataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeronemataceae">Xeronemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphodelaceae" title="Asphodelaceae">Asphodelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasypogonaceae" title="Dasypogonaceae">Dasypogonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Commelinales" title="Commelinales">Commelinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanguanaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanguanaceae">Hanguanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commelinaceae" title="Commelinaceae">Commelinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philydraceae" title="Philydraceae">Philydraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederiaceae" title="Pontederiaceae">Pontederiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemodoraceae" title="Haemodoraceae">Haemodoraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strelitziaceae" title="Strelitziaceae">Strelitziaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowiaceae">Lowiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliconiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliconiaceae">Heliconiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannaceae">Cannaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marantaceae" title="Marantaceae">Marantaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costaceae" title="Costaceae">Costaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingiberaceae" title="Zingiberaceae">Zingiberaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typhaceae" title="Typhaceae">Typhaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapateaceae" title="Rapateaceae">Rapateaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyridaceae" title="Xyridaceae">Xyridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriocaulaceae" title="Eriocaulaceae">Eriocaulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayacaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayacaceae">Mayacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurniaceae" title="Thurniaceae">Thurniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">Juncaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restionaceae" title="Restionaceae">Restionaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellariaceae">Flagellariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinvilleaceae" title="Joinvilleaceae">Joinvilleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdeiocoleaceae" title="Ecdeiocoleaceae">Ecdeiocoleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Ceratophyllidae</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ceratophyllales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratophyllales">Ceratophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllaceae" title="Ceratophyllaceae">Ceratophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Buxales" title="Buxales">Buxales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buxaceae" title="Buxaceae">Buxaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Proteales" title="Proteales">Proteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabiaceae" title="Sabiaceae">Sabiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbonaceae" title="Nelumbonaceae">Nelumbonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanaceae" title="Platanaceae">Platanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae">Proteaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eupteleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupteleaceae">Eupteleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circaeasteraceae" title="Circaeasteraceae">Circaeasteraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardizabalaceae" title="Lardizabalaceae">Lardizabalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menispermaceae" title="Menispermaceae">Menispermaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberidaceae" title="Berberidaceae">Berberidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Trochodendrales" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochodendrales">Trochodendrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trochodendraceae" title="Trochodendraceae">Trochodendraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dilleniales" title="Dilleniales">Dilleniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilleniaceae" title="Dilleniaceae">Dilleniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gunnerales" title="Gunnerales">Gunnerales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myrothamnaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrothamnaceae">Myrothamnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunneraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunneraceae">Gunneraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">Superrosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales">Saxifragales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peridiscaceae" title="Peridiscaceae">Peridiscaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeoniaceae">Paeoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altingiaceae" title="Altingiaceae">Altingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamelidaceae" title="Hamamelidaceae">Hamamelidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercidiphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercidiphyllaceae">Cercidiphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphniphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphniphyllaceae">Daphniphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iteaceae" title="Iteaceae">Iteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossulariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanopetalaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanopetalaceae">Aphanopetalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracarpaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracarpaeaceae">Tetracarpaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penthoraceae">Penthoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloragaceae" title="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynomoriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomoriaceae">Cynomoriaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rosids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vitales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Vitales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitales">Vitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Fabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabids">Fabids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitales" title="Cucurbitales">Cucurbitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apodanthaceae" title="Apodanthaceae">Apodanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisophylleaceae" title="Anisophylleaceae">Anisophylleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynocarpaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corynocarpaceae">Corynocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriariaceae">Coriariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramelaceae" title="Tetramelaceae">Tetramelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datiscaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Datiscaceae">Datiscaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begoniaceae" title="Begoniaceae">Begoniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quillajaceae" title="Quillajaceae">Quillajaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surianaceae" title="Surianaceae">Surianaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygalaceae" title="Polygalaceae">Polygalaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nothofagaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothofagaceae">Nothofagaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myricaceae" title="Myricaceae">Myricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglandaceae" title="Juglandaceae">Juglandaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuarinaceae" title="Casuarinaceae">Casuarinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticodendraceae">Ticodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeyaceae">Barbeyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirachmaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirachmaceae">Dirachmaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeagnaceae" title="Elaeagnaceae">Elaeagnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnaceae" title="Rhamnaceae">Rhamnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmaceae" title="Ulmaceae">Ulmaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabaceae" title="Cannabaceae">Cannabaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticaceae" title="Urticaceae">Urticaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllales" title="Zygophyllales">Zygophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krameriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Krameriaceae">Krameriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllaceae" title="Zygophyllaceae">Zygophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Celastrales" title="Celastrales">Celastrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidobotryaceae" title="Lepidobotryaceae">Lepidobotryaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celastraceae" title="Celastraceae">Celastraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandaceae" title="Pandaceae">Pandaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvingiaceae" title="Irvingiaceae">Irvingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenolophonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenolophonaceae">Ctenolophonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizophoraceae" title="Rhizophoraceae">Rhizophoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythroxylaceae" title="Erythroxylaceae">Erythroxylaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochnaceae" title="Ochnaceae">Ochnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnetiaceae" title="Bonnetiaceae">Bonnetiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusiaceae" title="Clusiaceae">Clusiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calophyllaceae" title="Calophyllaceae">Calophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podostemaceae" title="Podostemaceae">Podostemaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericaceae" title="Hypericaceae">Hypericaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryocaraceae" title="Caryocaraceae">Caryocaraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophopyxidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophopyxidaceae">Lophopyxidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putranjivaceae" title="Putranjivaceae">Putranjivaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centroplacaceae" title="Centroplacaceae">Centroplacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elatinaceae" title="Elatinaceae">Elatinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpighiaceae" title="Malpighiaceae">Malpighiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanopaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanopaceae">Balanopaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigoniaceae" title="Trigoniaceae">Trigoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichapetalaceae" title="Dichapetalaceae">Dichapetalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphroniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphroniaceae">Euphroniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysobalanaceae" title="Chrysobalanaceae">Chrysobalanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiriaceae" title="Humiriaceae">Humiriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achariaceae" title="Achariaceae">Achariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violaceae" title="Violaceae">Violaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goupiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Goupiaceae">Goupiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passifloraceae" title="Passifloraceae">Passifloraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacistemataceae" title="Lacistemataceae">Lacistemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicaceae" title="Salicaceae">Salicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peraceae" title="Peraceae">Peraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafflesiaceae" title="Rafflesiaceae">Rafflesiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linaceae" title="Linaceae">Linaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixonanthaceae" title="Ixonanthaceae">Ixonanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrodendraceae" title="Picrodendraceae">Picrodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllanthaceae" title="Phyllanthaceae">Phyllanthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Oxalidales" title="Oxalidales">Oxalidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaceae" title="Huaceae">Huaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connaraceae" title="Connaraceae">Connaraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalidaceae" title="Oxalidaceae">Oxalidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunoniaceae" title="Cunoniaceae">Cunoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpaceae" title="Elaeocarpaceae">Elaeocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalotaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalotaceae">Cephalotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunelliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunelliaceae">Brunelliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Malvids" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvids">Malvids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Brassicales" title="Brassicales">Brassicales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akaniaceae" title="Akaniaceae">Akaniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropaeolaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropaeolaceae">Tropaeolaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moringaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Moringaceae">Moringaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricaceae" title="Caricaceae">Caricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnanthaceae" title="Limnanthaceae">Limnanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setchellanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Setchellanthaceae">Setchellanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Koeberliniaceae">Koeberliniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataceae">Bataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoraceae" title="Salvadoraceae">Salvadoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblingiaceae">Emblingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tovariaceae">Tovariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadiplandraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentadiplandraceae">Pentadiplandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrostemonaceae" title="Gyrostemonaceae">Gyrostemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resedaceae" title="Resedaceae">Resedaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capparaceae" title="Capparaceae">Capparaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomaceae" title="Cleomaceae">Cleomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Crossosomatales" title="Crossosomatales">Crossosomatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphloiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphloiaceae">Aphloiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geissolomataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geissolomataceae">Geissolomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasburgeriaceae" title="Strasburgeriaceae">Strasburgeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staphyleaceae" title="Staphyleaceae">Staphyleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guamatelaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Guamatelaceae">Guamatelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stachyuraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stachyuraceae">Stachyuraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossosomataceae" title="Crossosomataceae">Crossosomataceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Geraniales" title="Geraniales">Geraniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geraniaceae" title="Geraniaceae">Geraniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoaceae" title="Francoaceae">Francoaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Huerteales" title="Huerteales">Huerteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerrardinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrardinaceae">Gerrardinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petenaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petenaeaceae">Petenaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapisciaceae" title="Tapisciaceae">Tapisciaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipentodontaceae" title="Dipentodontaceae">Dipentodontaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malvales" title="Malvales">Malvales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytinaceae" title="Cytinaceae">Cytinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntingiaceae" title="Muntingiaceae">Muntingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuradaceae" title="Neuradaceae">Neuradaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphaerosepalaceae" title="Sphaerosepalaceae">Sphaerosepalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymelaeaceae" title="Thymelaeaceae">Thymelaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bixaceae" title="Bixaceae">Bixaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistaceae" title="Cistaceae">Cistaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcolaenaceae" title="Sarcolaenaceae">Sarcolaenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae" title="Dipterocarpaceae">Dipterocarpaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Myrtales" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combretaceae" title="Combretaceae">Combretaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lythraceae" title="Lythraceae">Lythraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onagraceae" title="Onagraceae">Onagraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vochysiaceae" title="Vochysiaceae">Vochysiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melastomataceae" title="Melastomataceae">Melastomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypteroniaceae" title="Crypteroniaceae">Crypteroniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzateaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzateaceae">Alzateaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penaeaceae" title="Penaeaceae">Penaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picramniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Picramniales">Picramniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picramniaceae" title="Picramniaceae">Picramniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Sapindales" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biebersteiniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Biebersteiniaceae">Biebersteiniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrariaceae" title="Nitrariaceae">Nitrariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkiaceae" title="Kirkiaceae">Kirkiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burseraceae" title="Burseraceae">Burseraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacardiaceae" title="Anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapindaceae" title="Sapindaceae">Sapindaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutaceae" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simaroubaceae" title="Simaroubaceae">Simaroubaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliaceae" title="Meliaceae">Meliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Superasterids" title="Superasterids">Superasterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidales" title="Berberidopsidales">Berberidopsidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aextoxicaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aextoxicaceae">Aextoxicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidaceae" title="Berberidopsidaceae">Berberidopsidaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankeniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankeniaceae">Frankeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaricaceae" title="Tamaricaceae">Tamaricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbaginaceae" title="Plumbaginaceae">Plumbaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droseraceae" title="Droseraceae">Droseraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepenthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepenthaceae">Nepenthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosophyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Drosophyllaceae">Drosophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioncophyllaceae" title="Dioncophyllaceae">Dioncophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancistrocladaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancistrocladaceae">Ancistrocladaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhabdodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhabdodendraceae">Rhabdodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmondsiaceae" title="Simmondsiaceae">Simmondsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physenaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Physenaceae">Physenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteropeiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteropeiaceae">Asteropeiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarthuriaceae" title="Macarthuriaceae">Macarthuriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microteaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Microteaceae">Microteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllaceae" title="Caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achatocarpaceae" title="Achatocarpaceae">Achatocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stegnospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegnospermataceae">Stegnospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limeaceae">Limeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophiocarpaceae" title="Lophiocarpaceae">Lophiocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewaceae">Kewaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeuiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeuiaceae">Barbeuiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisekiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisekiaceae">Gisekiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizoaceae" title="Aizoaceae">Aizoaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytolaccaceae" title="Phytolaccaceae">Phytolaccaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiveriaceae" title="Petiveriaceae">Petiveriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcobataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcobataceae">Sarcobataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctaginaceae" title="Nyctaginaceae">Nyctaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluginaceae" title="Molluginaceae">Molluginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montiaceae" title="Montiaceae">Montiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didiereaceae" title="Didiereaceae">Didiereaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basellaceae" title="Basellaceae">Basellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halophytaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophytaceae">Halophytaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinaceae" title="Talinaceae">Talinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portulacaceae" title="Portulacaceae">Portulacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacampserotaceae" title="Anacampserotaceae">Anacampserotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactaceae">Cactaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Santalales" title="Santalales">Santalales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olacaceae" title="Olacaceae">Olacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiliaceae" title="Opiliaceae">Opiliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanophoraceae" title="Balanophoraceae">Balanophoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santalaceae" title="Santalaceae">Santalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Misodendraceae">Misodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoepfiaceae" title="Schoepfiaceae">Schoepfiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loranthaceae" title="Loranthaceae">Loranthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asterids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cornales" title="Cornales">Cornales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyssaceae" title="Nyssaceae">Nyssaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostachyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostachyaceae">Hydrostachyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrangeaceae" title="Hydrangeaceae">Hydrangeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loasaceae" title="Loasaceae">Loasaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtisiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtisiaceae">Curtisiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grubbiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grubbiaceae">Grubbiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornaceae" title="Cornaceae">Cornaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balsaminaceae" title="Balsaminaceae">Balsaminaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcgraviaceae" title="Marcgraviaceae">Marcgraviaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrameristaceae" title="Tetrameristaceae">Tetrameristaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouquieriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouquieriaceae">Fouquieriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemoniaceae" title="Polemoniaceae">Polemoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecythidaceae" title="Lecythidaceae">Lecythidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sladeniaceae" title="Sladeniaceae">Sladeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphylacaceae" title="Pentaphylacaceae">Pentaphylacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapotaceae" title="Sapotaceae">Sapotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenaceae" title="Ebenaceae">Ebenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primulaceae" title="Primulaceae">Primulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaceae" title="Theaceae">Theaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplocaceae" title="Symplocaceae">Symplocaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diapensiaceae" title="Diapensiaceae">Diapensiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styracaceae" title="Styracaceae">Styracaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarraceniaceae" title="Sarraceniaceae">Sarraceniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roridulaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Roridulaceae">Roridulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinidiaceae" title="Actinidiaceae">Actinidiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clethraceae" title="Clethraceae">Clethraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillaceae" title="Cyrillaceae">Cyrillaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitrastemonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitrastemonaceae">Mitrastemonaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Lamiids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamiids">Lamiids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Icacinales" title="Icacinales">Icacinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oncothecaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncothecaceae">Oncothecaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icacinaceae" title="Icacinaceae">Icacinaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Metteniusales" class="mw-redirect" title="Metteniusales">Metteniusales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metteniusaceae" title="Metteniusaceae">Metteniusaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Garryales" title="Garryales">Garryales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucommiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucommiaceae">Eucommiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryaceae" title="Garryaceae">Garryaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentianaceae" title="Gentianaceae">Gentianaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loganiaceae" title="Loganiaceae">Loganiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsemiaceae" title="Gelsemiaceae">Gelsemiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Boraginales" title="Boraginales">Boraginales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boraginaceae" title="Boraginaceae">Boraginaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Vahliales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliales">Vahliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vahliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliaceae">Vahliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Solanales" title="Solanales">Solanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convolvulaceae" title="Convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montiniaceae" title="Montiniaceae">Montiniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenocleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenocleaceae">Sphenocleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroleaceae">Hydroleaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plocospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plocospermataceae">Plocospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlemanniaceae" title="Carlemanniaceae">Carlemanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleaceae" title="Oleaceae">Oleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachondraceae" title="Tetrachondraceae">Tetrachondraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calceolariaceae" title="Calceolariaceae">Calceolariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesneriaceae" title="Gesneriaceae">Gesneriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantaginaceae" title="Plantaginaceae">Plantaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrophulariaceae" title="Scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbaceae" title="Stilbaceae">Stilbaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linderniaceae" title="Linderniaceae">Linderniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Byblidaceae">Byblidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyniaceae" title="Martyniaceae">Martyniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedaliaceae" title="Pedaliaceae">Pedaliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthaceae" title="Acanthaceae">Acanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentibulariaceae" title="Lentibulariaceae">Lentibulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlegeliaceae" title="Schlegeliaceae">Schlegeliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomandersiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomandersiaceae">Thomandersiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbenaceae" title="Verbenaceae">Verbenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaceae" title="Mazaceae">Mazaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrymaceae" title="Phrymaceae">Phrymaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulowniaceae" title="Paulowniaceae">Paulowniaceae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orobanchaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Campanulids" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanulids">Campanulids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Apiales" title="Apiales">Apiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennantiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennantiaceae">Pennantiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelliaceae" title="Torricelliaceae">Torricelliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griseliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Griseliniaceae">Griseliniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittosporaceae" title="Pittosporaceae">Pittosporaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araliaceae" title="Araliaceae">Araliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myodocarpaceae" title="Myodocarpaceae">Myodocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliales" title="Aquifoliales">Aquifoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stemonuraceae" title="Stemonuraceae">Stemonuraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopteridaceae" title="Cardiopteridaceae">Cardiopteridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllonomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllonomaceae">Phyllonomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helwingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Helwingiaceae">Helwingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifoliaceae">Aquifoliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rousseaceae" title="Rousseaceae">Rousseaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanulaceae" title="Campanulaceae">Campanulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphragmataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaphragmataceae">Pentaphragmataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylidiaceae" title="Stylidiaceae">Stylidiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alseuosmiaceae" title="Alseuosmiaceae">Alseuosmiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phellinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phellinaceae">Phellinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argophyllaceae" title="Argophyllaceae">Argophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyanthaceae" title="Menyanthaceae">Menyanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodeniaceae" title="Goodeniaceae">Goodeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calyceraceae" title="Calyceraceae">Calyceraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Bruniales" title="Bruniales">Bruniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columelliaceae" title="Columelliaceae">Columelliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruniaceae" title="Bruniaceae">Bruniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dipsacales" title="Dipsacales">Dipsacales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoxaceae" title="Adoxaceae">Adoxaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprifoliaceae" title="Caprifoliaceae">Caprifoliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Escalloniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Escalloniales">Escalloniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escalloniaceae" title="Escalloniaceae">Escalloniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracryphiales">Paracryphiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiaceae" title="Paracryphiaceae">Paracryphiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Angiosperm_families" title="Category:Angiosperm families">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Orobanchaceae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156192" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q156192">Q156192</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Orobanchaceae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Orobanchaceae">Orobanchaceae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/155847">155847</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id3343">3343</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/DQG">DQG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4427">4427</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ORAF">1ORAF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22911">22911</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10639">10639</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Orobanchaceae">Orobanchaceae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10639">10639</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/6651">6651</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?id=801">801</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47322">47322</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/30003446-2">30003446-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=119096">119096</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=34267">34267</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000160587">NBNSYS0000160587</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=91896">91896</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/071892f3-2419-4627-a628-0c550f2d22f5">071892f3-2419-4627-a628-0c550f2d22f5</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=23373">23373</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=55766">55766</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D81BEEA-EB43-5265-B21F-FFFAC0464FBA">0D81BEEA-EB43-5265-B21F-FFFAC0464FBA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30003446-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30003446-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/42000301">42000301</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/182">182</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/c013de6a-5f8e-4a2f-9f0a-2edbba874c30">c013de6a-5f8e-4a2f-9f0a-2edbba874c30</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Watson & Dallwitz: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/orobanch.htm">orobanch</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-7000000430">wfo-7000000430</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382476">382476</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156192#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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