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<span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_different_mollusc_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_different_mollusc_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>In different mollusc groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_different_mollusc_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Commercial sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decorative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Decorative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Musical instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_mother_of_pearl_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_mother_of_pearl_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Indian mother of pearl art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_mother_of_pearl_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biomedical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomedical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Biomedical use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomedical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufactured_nacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufactured_nacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manufactured nacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufactured_nacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nacre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A4%D9%84%D8%A4" title="عرق اللؤلؤ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عرق اللؤلؤ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacra" title="Nacra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nacra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%80%D2%AF%D3%99%D1%82" title="Мәрүәт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәрүәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80" title="Перламутр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Перламутр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пэрлямутар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэрлямутар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Седеф – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Седеф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Эржэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эржэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nacre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perle%C5%A5" title="Perleť – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Perleť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlemor" title="Perlemor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Perlemor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlmutt" title="Perlmutt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Perlmutt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rlmutter" title="Pärlmutter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pärlmutter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1car" title="Nácar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nácar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlamoto" title="Perlamoto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Perlamoto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakar" title="Nakar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nakar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="مادر مروارید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مادر مروارید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nacre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1cara" title="Nácara – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nácara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%83" title="Սադափ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սադափ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedef" title="Sedef – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sedef" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlomatro" title="Perlomatro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Perlomatro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewang" title="Gewang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gewang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A%C3%A6%D1%83" title="Æргъæу – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æргъæу" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlum%C3%B3%C3%B0ir" title="Perlumóðir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Perlumóðir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madreperla" title="Madreperla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Madreperla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8" title="דר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="სადაფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სადაფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlamutrs" title="Perlamutrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Perlamutrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlamutras" title="Perlamutras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Perlamutras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paerelmoor" title="Paerelmoor – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Paerelmoor" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6ngyh%C3%A1z" title="Gyöngyház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyöngyház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Седеф – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Седеф" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewang" title="Gewang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gewang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Тана – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тана" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parelmoer" title="Parelmoer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parelmoer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%8F%A0%E5%B1%A4" title="真珠層 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="真珠層" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlemor" title="Perlemor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Perlemor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlemor" title="Perlemor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Perlemor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacra" title="Nacra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nacra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_per%C5%82owa" title="Masa perłowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Masa perłowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrep%C3%A9rola" title="Madrepérola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Madrepérola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidef" title="Sidef – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sidef" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80" title="Перламутр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перламутр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother-of-pearl" title="Mother-of-pearl – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mother-of-pearl" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perle%C5%A5" title="Perleť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Perleť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Седеф – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Седеф" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organic-inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mother of pearl" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_pearl_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mother of pearl (disambiguation)">Mother of pearl (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the cloud formation, see <a href="/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_cloud" title="Polar stratospheric cloud">polar stratospheric cloud</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NautilusCutawayLogarithmicSpiral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/NautilusCutawayLogarithmicSpiral.jpg/260px-NautilusCutawayLogarithmicSpiral.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/NautilusCutawayLogarithmicSpiral.jpg/390px-NautilusCutawayLogarithmicSpiral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/NautilusCutawayLogarithmicSpiral.jpg/520px-NautilusCutawayLogarithmicSpiral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1693" /></a><figcaption>The iridescent nacre inside a <a href="/wiki/Nautilus" title="Nautilus">nautilus</a> shell</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masa_per%C5%82owa3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Masa_per%C5%82owa3.jpg/260px-Masa_per%C5%82owa3.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Masa_per%C5%82owa3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>Nacreous shell worked into a decorative object</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nacre</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NAY</span>-kər</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NAK</span>-rə</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>mother of pearl</b>, is an organic–inorganic <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite material</a> produced by some <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> as an inner <a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">shell</a> layer. It is also the material of which <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a> are composed. It is strong, resilient, and <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a>. </p><p>Nacre is found in some of the most ancient lineages of <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>. However, the inner layer in the great majority of <a href="/wiki/Mollusc_shell" title="Mollusc shell">mollusc shells</a> is <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcellaneous</a>, not nacreous, and this usually results in a non-iridescent shine, or more rarely in non-nacreous iridescence such as <i>flame structure</i> as is found in <a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conch</a> pearls. </p><p>The outer layer of cultured pearls and the inside layer of <a href="/wiki/Pearl_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl oyster">pearl oyster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_pearl_mussel" title="Freshwater pearl mussel">freshwater pearl mussel</a> shells are made of nacre. Other mollusc families that have a nacreous inner shell layer include marine gastropods such as the <a href="/wiki/Haliotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Haliotidae">Haliotidae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trochidae" title="Trochidae">Trochidae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turbinidae" title="Turbinidae">Turbinidae</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_and_appearance">Structure and appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure and appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nacre_microscopic_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nacre_microscopic_structure.png/260px-Nacre_microscopic_structure.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nacre_microscopic_structure.png/390px-Nacre_microscopic_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nacre_microscopic_structure.png/520px-Nacre_microscopic_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of the microscopic structure of nacre layers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG/260px-Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG/390px-Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG/520px-Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Electron microscopy image of a fractured surface of nacre</figcaption></figure> <style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series related to</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#82C3D8; padding:0.2em; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Biomineralization</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coccolithus_pelagicus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Coccolithus_pelagicus.png/125px-Coccolithus_pelagicus.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Coccolithus_pelagicus.png/188px-Coccolithus_pelagicus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Coccolithus_pelagicus.png/250px-Coccolithus_pelagicus.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineralized_tissues" title="Mineralized tissues">Mineralized tissues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remineralisation" title="Remineralisation">Remineralisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocrystallization" title="Biocrystallization">Biocrystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biointerface" title="Biointerface">Biointerface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">Biofilm</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">Exoskeletons</a> (shells)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Arthropod <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_exoskeleton" title="Arthropod exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_cuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropod cuticle">cuticle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopod#Shells_and_their_mechanisms" title="Brachiopod">Brachiopod shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod#Shell" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopod shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirrate_shell" title="Cirrate shell">cirrate shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttlebone" title="Cuttlebone">cuttlebone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladius_(cephalopod)" title="Gladius (cephalopod)">gladius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorica_(biology)" title="Lorica (biology)">Lorica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate#Silicon_biomineralization" title="Choanoflagellate">Choanoflagellate lorica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist_shell" title="Protist shell">Protist shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccosphere">coccosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccolith" title="Coccolith">coccolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustule" title="Frustule">diatom frustule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foraminifera_test" title="Foraminifera test">foraminifera test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testate_amoebae" title="Testate amoebae">testate amoebae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Seashell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereom" title="Stereom">echinoderm stereom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusc_shell" title="Mollusc shell">mollusc shell</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton#Shell" title="Chiton">chiton shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">gastropod shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_shelly_fauna" title="Small shelly fauna">small shelly fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaly-foot_gastropod#Shell" title="Scaly-foot gastropod">scaly-foot snail shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_growth_in_estuaries" title="Shell growth in estuaries">estuary shells</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_spicule" title="Sponge spicule">Sponge spicule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_(biology)" title="Test (biology)">Test</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Endoskeleton" title="Endoskeleton">Endoskeletons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton#Vertebrates" title="Skeleton">Vertebrate skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_mineral" title="Bone mineral">Bone mineral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossification" title="Ossification">Ossification</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Teeth, scales, tusks etc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limpet#Biomineralization" title="Limpet">Limpet teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">Otolith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otolithic_membrane" title="Otolithic membrane">otolithic membrane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_microfossils" title="Scale microfossils">Scale microfossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusk" title="Tusk">Tusk</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">Calcification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorphous_calcium_carbonate" title="Amorphous calcium carbonate">amorphous calcium carbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biogenic_calcification" title="Marine biogenic calcification">marine biogenic calcification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_nannofossils" title="Calcareous nannofossils">calcareous nannofossils</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">Aragonite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oolitic_aragonite_sand" title="Oolitic aragonite sand">oolitic aragonite sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonite_sea" title="Aragonite sea">aragonite sea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbiologically_induced_calcite_precipitation" title="Microbiologically induced calcite precipitation">microbial calcite precipitation</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcite_sea" title="Calcite sea">calcite sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Calcite_Belt" title="Great Calcite Belt">Great Calcite Belt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Silicification" title="Silicification">Silicification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogenic_silica" title="Biogenic silica">biogenic silica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliceous_ooze" title="Siliceous ooze">siliceous ooze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">diatomaceous earth</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Other forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_bed" title="Bone bed">Bone bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alginite" title="Alginite">alginite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">Phosphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">phosphorite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_evolution" title="Mineral evolution">Mineral evolution</a></li> <li>In soil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineralization_(soil_science)" title="Mineralization (soil science)">mineralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immobilization_(soil_science)" title="Immobilization (soil science)">immobilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballast minerals">Ballast minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetofossil" title="Magnetofossil">Magnetofossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosome" title="Magnetosome">Magnetosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetotactic_bacteria" title="Magnetotactic bacteria">Magnetotactic bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">Magnetoreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfossil" title="Microfossil">Microfossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrailed_(gene)" title="Engrailed (gene)"><i>engrailed</i> gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druse_(botany)" title="Druse (botany)">Druse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupriavidus_metallidurans" title="Cupriavidus metallidurans">Cupriavidus metallidurans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomineralising_polychaete" title="Biomineralising polychaete">Biomineralising polychaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Mineral nutrients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">Microbial mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil#Fossilization_processes" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permineralization" title="Permineralization">permineralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrifaction" title="Petrifaction">petrifaction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale-type_preservation#Preservational_regime" title="Burgess Shale-type preservation">Burgess Shale preservation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: #82C3D8; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Biomineralization" title="Category:Biomineralization">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biomineralization_sidebar" title="Template:Biomineralization sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biomineralization_sidebar" title="Template talk:Biomineralization sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biomineralization_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biomineralization sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nacre is composed of hexagonal platelets of <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a> (a form of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>) 10–20 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a> wide and 0.5 μm thick arranged in a continuous parallel <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lamina" class="extiw" title="wikt:lamina">lamina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1016/j.jsb.2005.09.009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1016/j.jsb.2005.09.009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the species, the shape of the tablets differs; in <i><a href="/wiki/Pinna_(bivalve)" title="Pinna (bivalve)">Pinna</a></i>, the tablets are rectangular, with symmetric sectors more or less soluble. Whatever the shape of the tablets, the smallest units they contain are irregular rounded granules.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These layers are separated by sheets of organic matrix (interfaces) composed of <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Biopolymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopolymers">biopolymers</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lustrin_A" title="Lustrin A">lustrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>). </p><p>Nacre appears <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a> because the thickness of the aragonite platelets is close to the wavelength of visible <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>. These structures <a href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (wave propagation)">interfere</a> constructively and destructively with different wavelengths of light at different viewing angles, creating <a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">structural colours</a>. </p><p>The crystallographic <i>c-</i>axis points approximately perpendicular to the shell wall, but the direction of the other axes varies between groups. Adjacent tablets have been shown to have dramatically different c-axis orientation, generally randomly oriented within ~20° of vertical.<sup id="cite_ref-Metzler2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzler2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olson2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In bivalves and cephalopods, the <i>b-</i>axis points in the direction of shell growth, whereas in the <a href="/wiki/Monoplacophora" title="Monoplacophora">monoplacophora</a> it is the <i>a</i>-axis that is this way inclined.<sup id="cite_ref-Checa2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Checa2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_properties">Mechanical properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mechanical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This mixture of brittle platelets and the thin layers of elastic biopolymers makes the material strong and resilient, with a <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a> of 70 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">GPa</a> and a yield stress of roughly 70 MPa (when dry).<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson1988_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strength and resilience are also likely to be due to adhesion by the "brickwork" arrangement of the platelets, which inhibits transverse crack propagation. This structure, spanning multiple length sizes, greatly increases its <a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">toughness</a>, making it almost as strong as <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gim2019_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gim2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mineral–organic interface results in enhanced resilience and strength of the organic interlayers.<sup id="cite_ref-r2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interlocking of bricks of nacre has large impact on both the deformation mechanism as well as its toughness.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tensile_testing" title="Tensile testing">Tensile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shear</a>, and compression tests, <a href="/wiki/Weibull_distribution" title="Weibull distribution">Weibull</a> analysis, <a href="/wiki/Nanoindentation" title="Nanoindentation">nanoindentation</a>, and other techniques have all been used to probe the mechanical properties of nacre.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theoretical and computational methods have also been developed to explain the experimental observations of nacre's mechanical behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nacre is stronger under <a href="/wiki/Compressive_stress" title="Compressive stress">compressive</a> loads than <a href="/wiki/Tensile" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile">tensile</a> ones when the force is applied parallel or perpendicular to the platelets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an oriented structure, nacre is highly <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a> and as such, its mechanical properties are also dependent on the direction. </p><p>A variety of toughening mechanisms are responsible for nacre's mechanical behavior. The <a href="/wiki/Adhesive_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhesive force">adhesive force</a> needed to separate the proteinaceous and the aragonite phases is high, indicating that there are molecular interactions between the components.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Laminated" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminated">laminated</a> structures with hard and soft layers, a model system that can be applied to understand nacre, the <a href="/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture">fracture</a> energy and fracture strength are both larger than those values characteristic of the hard material only.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, this structure facilitates crack deflection, since it is easier for the crack to continue into the <a href="/wiki/Viscoelasticity" title="Viscoelasticity">viscoelastic</a> and compliant organic matrix than going straight into another aragonite platelet.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in the <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a> protein phase deforming such that the crack changes directions and avoids the <a href="/wiki/Brittleness" title="Brittleness">brittle</a> ceramic phase.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on experiments done on nacre-like <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">synthetic materials</a>, it is hypothesized that the compliant matrix needs to have a larger fracture energy than the <a href="/wiki/Elastic_energy" title="Elastic energy">elastic energy</a> at fracture of the hard phase.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fiber_pull-out" title="Fiber pull-out">Fiber pull-out</a>, which occurs in other ceramic <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite materials</a>, contributes to this phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike in traditional synthetic composites, the aragonite in nacre forms bridges between individual tablets, so the structure is not only held together by the strong <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adhesion</a> of the ceramic phase to the organic one, but also by these connecting <a href="/wiki/Nanoscale" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoscale">nanoscale</a> features.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As plastic deformation starts, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral_bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mineral bridge (page does not exist)">mineral bridges</a> may break, creating small asperities that roughen the aragonite-protein interface.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The additional friction generated by the asperities helps the material withstand shear stresses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In nacre-like composites, the mineral bridges have also been shown to increase the <a href="/wiki/Flexural_strength" title="Flexural strength">flexural strength</a> of the material because they can transfer stress in the material.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developing synthetic composites that exhibit similar mechanical properties as nacre is of interest to scientists working on developing stronger materials. To achieve these effects, researchers take inspiration from nacre and use synthetic ceramics and polymers to mimic the "<a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">brick-and-mortar</a>" structure, mineral bridges, and other hierarchical features. </p><p>When dehydrated, nacre loses much of its strength and acts as a brittle material, like pure aragonite.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hardness of this material is also negatively impacted by dehydration.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water acts as a <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizer</a> for the organic matrix, improving its toughness and reducing its shear modulus.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrating the protein layer also decreases its <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a>, which is expected to improve the fracture energy and strength of a composite with alternating hard and soft layers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The statistical variation of the platelets has a negative effect on the mechanical performance (stiffness, strength, and energy absorption) because statistical variation precipitates localization of deformation.<sup id="cite_ref-Abid2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abid2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the negative effects of statistical variations can be offset by interfaces with large strain at failure accompanied by strain hardening.<sup id="cite_ref-Abid2018_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abid2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Fracture_toughness" title="Fracture toughness">fracture toughness</a> of nacre increases with moderate statistical variations which creates tough regions where the crack gets pinned.<sup id="cite_ref-Abid2019_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abid2019-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, higher statistical variations generates very weak regions which allows the crack to propagate without much resistance causing the fracture toughness to decrease.<sup id="cite_ref-Abid2019_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abid2019-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that this weak structural defects act as dissipative topological defects coupled by an elastic distortion.<sup id="cite_ref-Beliaev2021_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beliaev2021-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of how nacre is formed is not completely clear. It has been observed in <i><a href="/wiki/Pinna_nobilis" title="Pinna nobilis">Pinna nobilis</a></i>, where it starts as tiny particles (~50–80 nm) grouping together inside a natural material. These particles line up in a way that resembles fibers, and they continue to multiply.<sup id="cite_ref-Hovden2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hovden2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When there are enough particles, they come together to form early stages of nacre. The growth of nacre is regulated by organic substances that determine how and when the nacre crystals start and develop.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each crystal, which can be thought of as a "brick", is thought to rapidly grow to match the full height of the layer of nacre. They continue to grow until they meet the surrounding bricks.<sup id="cite_ref-Checa2009_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Checa2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This produces the hexagonal close-packing characteristic of nacre.<sup id="cite_ref-Checa2009_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Checa2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth of these bricks can be initiated in various ways such as from randomly scattered elements within the organic layer,<sup id="cite_ref-r5_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> well-defined arrangements of proteins,<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1016/j.jsb.2005.09.009_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1016/j.jsb.2005.09.009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or they may expand from mineral bridges coming from the layer underneath.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaffer1997_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaffer1997-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Checa2011_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Checa2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What sets nacre apart from fibrous aragonite, a similarly formed but brittle mineral, is the speed at which it grows in a certain direction (roughly perpendicular to the shell). This growth is slow in nacre, but fast in fibrous aragonite.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2021 paper in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Physics" title="Nature Physics">Nature Physics</a></i> examined nacre from <i><a href="/wiki/Unio_pictorum" title="Unio pictorum">Unio pictorum</a></i>, noting that in each case the initial layers of nacre laid down by the organism contained spiral defects. Defects that spiralled in opposite directions created distortions in the material that drew them towards each other as the layers built up until they merged and cancelled each other out. Later layers of nacre were found to be uniform and ordered in structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Beliaev2021_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beliaev2021-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function">Function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossil_nautiloid_shell_with_original_iridescent_nacre_in_fossiliferous_asphaltic_limestone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fossil_nautiloid_shell_with_original_iridescent_nacre_in_fossiliferous_asphaltic_limestone.jpg/260px-Fossil_nautiloid_shell_with_original_iridescent_nacre_in_fossiliferous_asphaltic_limestone.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fossil_nautiloid_shell_with_original_iridescent_nacre_in_fossiliferous_asphaltic_limestone.jpg/390px-Fossil_nautiloid_shell_with_original_iridescent_nacre_in_fossiliferous_asphaltic_limestone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fossil_nautiloid_shell_with_original_iridescent_nacre_in_fossiliferous_asphaltic_limestone.jpg/520px-Fossil_nautiloid_shell_with_original_iridescent_nacre_in_fossiliferous_asphaltic_limestone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption>Fossil <a href="/wiki/Nautiloid" title="Nautiloid">nautiloid</a> shell with original iridescent nacre in fossiliferous asphaltic limestone, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. Dated to the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">late Middle Pennsylvanian</a>, which makes it by far the oldest deposit in the world with aragonitic nacreous shelly fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Nacre is secreted by the <a href="/wiki/Epithelial" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial">epithelial</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">mantle tissue</a> of various molluscs. The nacre is continuously deposited onto the inner surface of the shell, the iridescent <i>nacreous layer</i>, commonly known as <i>mother of pearl</i>. The layers of nacre smooth the shell surface and help defend the soft tissues against <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a> and damaging debris by entombing them in successive layers of nacre, forming either a blister <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearl</a> attached to the interior of the shell, or a free pearl within the mantle tissues. The process is called <i>encystation</i> and it continues as long as the mollusc lives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_different_mollusc_groups">In different mollusc groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In different mollusc groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mollusc_shell#Evolution" title="Mollusc shell">Mollusc shell § Evolution</a></div> <p>The form of nacre varies from group to group. In <a href="/wiki/Bivalves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalves">bivalves</a>, the nacre layer is formed of single crystals in a <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_close_packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal close packed">hexagonal close packing</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gastropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropods">gastropods</a>, crystals are <a href="/wiki/Twinned_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Twinned crystal">twinned</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Cephalopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalopods">cephalopods</a>, they are pseudohexagonal monocrystals, which are often twinned.<sup id="cite_ref-Checa2009_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Checa2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_sources">Commercial sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commercial sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nacre_sticks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nacre_sticks.JPG/260px-Nacre_sticks.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nacre_sticks.JPG/390px-Nacre_sticks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nacre_sticks.JPG/520px-Nacre_sticks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="1913" /></a><figcaption>Nacre bracelet</figcaption></figure> <p>The main commercial sources of mother of pearl have been the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl oyster">pearl oyster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater pearl">freshwater pearl</a> mussels, and to a lesser extent the <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a>, popular for their sturdiness and beauty in the latter half of the 19th century. </p><p>Widely used for pearl buttons especially during the 1900s, were the shells of the great green <a href="/wiki/Turban_snail" class="mw-redirect" title="Turban snail">turban snail</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Turbo_marmoratus" title="Turbo marmoratus">Turbo marmoratus</a></i> and the large top snail, <i><a href="/wiki/Tectus_niloticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectus niloticus">Tectus niloticus</a></i>. The international trade in mother of pearl is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_and_Flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</a>, an agreement signed by more than 170 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top: 0.2em; background-color: #FADA5E; font-size: 150%;"><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Seashells</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shell_Island_1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Shell_Island_1985.jpg/100px-Shell_Island_1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Shell_Island_1985.jpg/150px-Shell_Island_1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Shell_Island_1985.jpg/200px-Shell_Island_1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2113" data-file-height="1796" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #FADA5E;"> <a href="/wiki/Mollusc_shell" title="Mollusc shell">Mollusc shells</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bivalve_shell" title="Bivalve shell">Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton#Shell" title="Chiton">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">Snail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusk_shell" title="Tusk shell">Tusk</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #FADA5E;"> About mollusc shells</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conchology" title="Conchology">Conchology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_(mollusc)" title="Valve (mollusc)">Valve</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #FADA5E;"> Other seashells</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopod#Description" title="Brachiopod">Brachiopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crustacean#Structure" title="Crustacean">Crustacean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_crab" title="Horseshoe crab">Horseshoe crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_(biology)" title="Test (biology)">Test</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sea_shell_topics" title="Template:Sea shell topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sea_shell_topics" title="Template talk:Sea shell topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sea_shell_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sea shell topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decorative">Decorative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Decorative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Architecture">Architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both black and white nacre are used for <a href="/wiki/Architectural" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural">architectural</a> purposes. The natural nacre may be artificially tinted to almost any color. Nacre <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tessera" class="extiw" title="wikt:tessera">tesserae</a> may be cut into shapes and <a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">laminated</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tile</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> base. The tesserae are hand-placed and closely sandwiched together, creating an irregular mosaic or pattern (such as a weave). The laminated material is typically about 2 millimetres (0.079 in) thick. The tesserae are then <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquered</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polishing" title="Polishing">polished</a> creating a durable and glossy surface. Instead of using a marble or tile base, the nacre tesserae can be glued to <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>. The result is a lightweight material that offers a seamless installation and there is no limit to the sheet size. Nacre sheets may be used on interior floors, exterior and interior walls, countertops, doors and ceilings. Insertion into architectural elements, such as columns or furniture is easily accomplished.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Musical_instruments">Musical instruments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Musical instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nacre inlay is often used for music <a href="/wiki/Key_(instrument)" title="Key (instrument)">keys</a> and other decorative motifs on musical instruments. Many <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">concertina</a> bodies are completely covered in nacre, and some <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitars</a> have fingerboard or headstock inlays made of nacre (or imitation <a href="/wiki/Pearloid" title="Pearloid">pearloid</a> plastic inlays). The <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">bouzouki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baglamas" title="Baglamas">baglamas</a> (Greek plucked string instruments of the <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> family) typically feature nacre decorations, as does the related Middle Eastern <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a> (typically around the <a href="/wiki/Sound_hole" title="Sound hole">sound holes</a> and on the back of the instrument). <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">Bows</a> of stringed instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a> often have mother of pearl inlay at the frog. It is traditionally used on <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophone</a> keytouches, as well as the valve buttons of <a href="/wiki/Trumpets" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpets">trumpets</a> and other brass instruments. The Middle Eastern <a href="/wiki/Goblet_drum" title="Goblet drum">goblet drum</a> (darbuka) is commonly decorated by mother of pearl.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_mother_of_pearl_art">Indian mother of pearl art</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indian mother of pearl art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of 19th century, Anukul Munsi was the first accomplished artist who successfully carved the shells of <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a> to give a shape of human being which led to the invention of new horizon in Indian contemporary art. For the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Exhibition" title="British Empire Exhibition">British Empire Exhibition</a> in 1924, he received a gold medal.<sup id="cite_ref-Anukul_Charan_Munshi,_the_Maverick_of_Indian_Mother-of-Pearl_Artistry_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anukul_Charan_Munshi,_the_Maverick_of_Indian_Mother-of-Pearl_Artistry-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anukul_Charan_Munshi_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anukul_Charan_Munshi-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His eldest son <a href="/wiki/Annada_Munsi" title="Annada Munsi">Annada Munshi</a> is credited with drawing <i>Indian Swadesi Movement</i> in the form of Indian advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anukul Charan Munshi's third son <a href="/wiki/Manu_Munsi" title="Manu Munsi"> Manu Munshi</a> was one of the finest mother of pearl artists in the middle of 20th century. As the best example of "Charu and Karu art of Bengal," the former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of West Bengal">Chief Minister of West Bengal</a>, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a>, sent Manu's artwork, "Gandhiji's Noakhali Abhiyan", to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Numerous illustrious figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a>, Barrister Subodh Chandra Roy, <a href="/wiki/Subho_Tagore" title="Subho Tagore">Subho Tagore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humayun_Kabir_(Bengal_politician)" title="Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)">Humayun Kabir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehangir_Kabir" title="Jehangir Kabir">Jehangir Kabir</a>, as well as his elder brother Annada Munshi, were among the patrons of his works of art. "Indira Gandhi" was one of his famous mother of pearl works of art. He is credited with portraying Tagore in various creative stances that were skillfully carved into metallic plates.<sup id="cite_ref-Anandabazar_Patrika:_Munshiana_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anandabazar_Patrika:_Munshiana-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Artist_Manu_Munshi_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Artist_Manu_Munshi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His cousin Pratip Munshi was also a famed mother of pearl artist.<sup id="cite_ref-Santanu_Ghosh:_Binodane_Paikpara_Belgachia_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santanu_Ghosh:_Binodane_Paikpara_Belgachia-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Santanu_Ghosh:_Munshianay_Chollis_Purush_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santanu_Ghosh:_Munshianay_Chollis_Purush-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mother of pearl <a href="/wiki/Button" title="Button">buttons</a> are used in clothing either for functional or decorative purposes. The <a href="/wiki/Pearly_Kings_and_Queens" title="Pearly Kings and Queens">Pearly Kings and Queens</a> are an elaborate example of this. </p><p>It is sometimes used in the decorative grips of firearms, and in other gun furniture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mother of pearl is sometimes used to make <a href="/wiki/Spoon" title="Spoon">spoon</a>-like utensils for <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">caviar</a> (i.e. caviar servers<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) so as to not spoil the taste with metallic spoons. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="float:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fl%C3%BCgelretabel_Perlmutt_Augsburg_um_1520.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altarpiece, c. 1520, with extensive use of carved nacre"><img alt="Altarpiece, c. 1520, with extensive use of carved nacre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Fl%C3%BCgelretabel_Perlmutt_Augsburg_um_1520.jpg/197px-Fl%C3%BCgelretabel_Perlmutt_Augsburg_um_1520.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Fl%C3%BCgelretabel_Perlmutt_Augsburg_um_1520.jpg/295px-Fl%C3%BCgelretabel_Perlmutt_Augsburg_um_1520.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Fl%C3%BCgelretabel_Perlmutt_Augsburg_um_1520.jpg/393px-Fl%C3%BCgelretabel_Perlmutt_Augsburg_um_1520.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="2310" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpiece</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1520</span>, with extensive use of carved nacre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Powder_flask_img_2091.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nacre gunpowder flask, c. 1750, mostly made of Turbo marmoratus shell"><img alt="Nacre gunpowder flask, c. 1750, mostly made of Turbo marmoratus shell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Powder_flask_img_2091.jpg/250px-Powder_flask_img_2091.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Powder_flask_img_2091.jpg/374px-Powder_flask_img_2091.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Powder_flask_img_2091.jpg/499px-Powder_flask_img_2091.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1861" data-file-height="1790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nacre <a href="/wiki/Powder_flask" title="Powder flask">gunpowder flask</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750</span>, mostly made of <i><a href="/wiki/Turbo_marmoratus" title="Turbo marmoratus">Turbo marmoratus</a></i> shell</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul.Topkapi046.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inlay with nacre tesserae, Topkapı Palace, Istanbul"><img alt="Inlay with nacre tesserae, Topkapı Palace, Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Istanbul.Topkapi046.jpg/180px-Istanbul.Topkapi046.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Istanbul.Topkapi046.jpg/270px-Istanbul.Topkapi046.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Istanbul.Topkapi046.jpg/360px-Istanbul.Topkapi046.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Inlay" title="Inlay">Inlay</a> with nacre <a href="/wiki/Tesserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesserae">tesserae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ile_Salomon_Pendentif_MHNT_ETH_AC_SL_23_Roquemaurel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Engraved nacre pendant, Solomon Islands 1838"><img alt="Engraved nacre pendant, Solomon Islands 1838" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ile_Salomon_Pendentif_MHNT_ETH_AC_SL_23_Roquemaurel.jpg/360px-Ile_Salomon_Pendentif_MHNT_ETH_AC_SL_23_Roquemaurel.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ile_Salomon_Pendentif_MHNT_ETH_AC_SL_23_Roquemaurel.jpg/540px-Ile_Salomon_Pendentif_MHNT_ETH_AC_SL_23_Roquemaurel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ile_Salomon_Pendentif_MHNT_ETH_AC_SL_23_Roquemaurel.jpg/720px-Ile_Salomon_Pendentif_MHNT_ETH_AC_SL_23_Roquemaurel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4098" data-file-height="2733" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Engraved nacre pendant, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1838</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomedical_use">Biomedical use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Biomedical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pearling_in_Western_Australia" title="Pearling in Western Australia">Pearling in Western Australia</a></div> <p>The biotech company Marine Biomedical, formed by a collaboration between the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a> Medical School and a <a href="/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia" title="Broome, Western Australia">Broome</a> pearling business, is as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> developing a product nacre to create "PearlBone", which could be used on patients needing <a href="/wiki/Bone_graft" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone graft">bone grafting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstructive_surgery" title="Reconstructive surgery">reconstructive surgery</a>. The company is applying for regulatory approval in Australia and several other countries, and is expecting it to be approved for clinical use around 2024–5. It is intended to build a factory in the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley region">Kimberley region</a>, where pearl shells are plentiful, which would grind the nacre into a product fit for use in biomedical products. Future applications could include <a href="/wiki/Dental_filling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental filling">dental fillings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal surgery">spinal surgery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufactured_nacre">Manufactured nacre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Manufactured nacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, researchers created calcium-based nacre in the laboratory by mimicking its natural growth process.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, researchers used lasers to create an analogue of nacre by engraving networks of wavy 3D "micro-cracks" in glass. When the slides were subjected to an impact, the micro-cracks absorbed and dispersed the energy, keeping the glass from shattering. Altogether, treated glass was reportedly 200 times tougher than untreated glass.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearling_in_Western_Australia" title="Pearling in Western Australia">Pearling in Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_(Japanese_craft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raden (Japanese craft)">Raden</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/nacre">"nacre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span 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"Architecture of columnar nacre, and implications for its formation mechanism". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>98</b> (26): 268102. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhRvL..98z8102M">2007PhRvL..98z8102M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.98.268102">10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.268102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17678131">17678131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Architecture+of+columnar+nacre%2C+and+implications+for+its+formation+mechanism&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=268102&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17678131&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.98.268102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PhRvL..98z8102M&rft.aulast=Metzler&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Abrecht%2C+Mike&rft.au=Olabisi%2C+Ronke&rft.au=Ariosa%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Frazer%2C+Bradley&rft.au=Coppersmith%2C+Susan&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+PUPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olson2012_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonKozdonValleyGilbert2012" class="citation journal cs1">Olson, Ian; Kozdon, Reinhard; Valley, John; Gilbert, PUPA (2012). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Objet+Luxe&rft.atitle=Crab+Caviar+Server&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.objetluxe.com%2Fproduct%2Fcaviar-server%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANacre" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2021" class="citation web cs1">Fowler, Courtney (28 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-28/mother-of-pearl-synthetic-bone-research/100573434">"Kimberley mother-of-pearl could become synthetic bone in world-first medical collaboration"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Kimberley+mother-of-pearl+could+become+synthetic+bone+in+world-first+medical+collaboration&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Courtney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-10-28%2Fmother-of-pearl-synthetic-bone-research%2F100573434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnemoreCunhaSheanVignolini2012" class="citation journal cs1">Finnemore, Alexander; Cunha, Pedro; Shean, Tamaryn; Vignolini, Silvia; Guldin, Stefan; Oyen, Michelle; Steiner, Ullrich (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446952/1/nacrenatureV8.pdf">"Biomimetic layer-by-layer assembly of artificial nacre"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>3</b>: 966. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NatCo...3..966F">2012NatCo...3..966F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms1970">10.1038/ncomms1970</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22828626">22828626</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9004843">9004843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Biomimetic+layer-by-layer+assembly+of+artificial+nacre&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=966&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9004843%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22828626&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012NatCo...3..966F&rft.aulast=Finnemore&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Cunha%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Shean%2C+Tamaryn&rft.au=Vignolini%2C+Silvia&rft.au=Guldin%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Oyen%2C+Michelle&rft.au=Steiner%2C+Ullrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F1446952%2F1%2FnacrenatureV8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizmag.com/mollusk-nacre-tougher-glass/30654">"Super-tough glass based on mollusk shells"</a>. Gizmag.com. 30 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Super-tough+glass+based+on+mollusk+shells&rft.pub=Gizmag.com&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmag.com%2Fmollusk-nacre-tougher-glass%2F30654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbidMirkhalafBarthelat2018" class="citation journal cs1">Abid, N.; Mirkhalaf, M.; Barthelat, F. (2018). "Discrete-element modeling of nacre-like materials: Effects of random microstructures on strain localization and mechanical performance". <i>Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids</i>. <b>112</b>: 385–402. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JMPSo.112..385A">2018JMPSo.112..385A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmps.2017.11.003">10.1016/j.jmps.2017.11.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Mechanics+and+Physics+of+Solids&rft.atitle=Discrete-element+modeling+of+nacre-like+materials%3A+Effects+of+random+microstructures+on+strain+localization+and+mechanical+performance&rft.volume=112&rft.pages=385-402&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmps.2017.11.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JMPSo.112..385A&rft.aulast=Abid&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Mirkhalaf%2C+M.&rft.au=Barthelat%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruetQiBoycePanas2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bruet, B.; Qi, H.J.; Boyce, M.C.; Panas, R.; Tai, K.; Frick, L.; Ortiz, C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/cortiz/www/Ben/BenPaperRevisedFinal.pdf">"Nanoscale morphology and indentation of individual nacre tablets from the gastropod mollusc <i>Trochus niloticus</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>J. Mater. Res</i>. <b>20</b> (9): 2400. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JMatR..20.2400B">2005JMatR..20.2400B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1557%2FJMR.2005.0273">10.1557/JMR.2005.0273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:564507">564507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Mater.+Res.&rft.atitle=Nanoscale+morphology+and+indentation+of+individual+nacre+tablets+from+the+gastropod+mollusc+Trochus+niloticus&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2400&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A564507%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1557%2FJMR.2005.0273&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JMatR..20.2400B&rft.aulast=Bruet&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Qi%2C+H.J.&rft.au=Boyce%2C+M.C.&rft.au=Panas%2C+R.&rft.au=Tai%2C+K.&rft.au=Frick%2C+L.&rft.au=Ortiz%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fcortiz%2Fwww%2FBen%2FBenPaperRevisedFinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Checa, Antonio G.; <a href="/wiki/Julyan_Cartwright" title="Julyan Cartwright">Julyan H. E. Cartwright</a>, Marc-Georg Willinger and Steven M. Stanley (Jan. 6, 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/content/106/1/38">"The Key Role of the Surface Membrane in Why Gastropod Nacre Grows in Towers"</a>; <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>, Vol. 106, No. 1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0808796106">10.1073/pnas.0808796106</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrýdaBandelFrýdová2009" class="citation journal cs1">Frýda, J.; Bandel, K.; Frýdová, B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3140%2Fbull.geosci.1169">"Crystallographic texture of Late Triassic gastropod nacre: evidence of long-term stability of the mechanism controlling its formation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_Geosciences" title="Bulletin of Geosciences">Bulletin of Geosciences</a></i>. <b>84</b> (4): 745–754. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3140%2Fbull.geosci.1169">10.3140/bull.geosci.1169</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Geosciences&rft.atitle=Crystallographic+texture+of+Late+Triassic+gastropod+nacre%3A+evidence+of+long-term+stability+of+the+mechanism+controlling+its+formation&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=745-754&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3140%2Fbull.geosci.1169&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%BDda&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Bandel%2C+K.&rft.au=Fr%C3%BDdov%C3%A1%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3140%252Fbull.geosci.1169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinMeyers,_M.A.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, A.; Meyers, M.A. (2005-01-15). "Growth and structure in abalone shell". <i>Materials Science and Engineering A</i>. <b>390</b> (1–2): 27–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.msea.2004.06.072">10.1016/j.msea.2004.06.072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Science+and+Engineering+A&rft.atitle=Growth+and+structure+in+abalone+shell&rft.volume=390&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=27-41&rft.date=2005-01-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.msea.2004.06.072&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Meyers%2C+M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer, G. (2005). "Rigid biological systems as models for synthetic composites". <i>Science</i>. <b>310</b> (5751): 1144–1147. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...310.1144M">2005Sci...310.1144M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1116994">10.1126/science.1116994</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16293751">16293751</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19079526">19079526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Rigid+biological+systems+as+models+for+synthetic+composites&rft.volume=310&rft.issue=5751&rft.pages=1144-1147&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1116994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19079526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16293751&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...310.1144M&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANacre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacre&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/nacre" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/nacre">nacre</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statenisland.pastperfectonline.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&search_criteria=mother-of-pearl&searchButton=Search">Objects with mother-of-pearl in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bivalve_anatomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bivalve_anatomy" title="Template:Bivalve anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bivalve_anatomy" title="Template talk:Bivalve anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bivalve_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bivalve anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bivalve_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalve</a> anatomy</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bivalve_shell" title="Bivalve shell">Shell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callus_(mollusc)" title="Callus (mollusc)">Callus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinge_line" title="Hinge line">Hinge line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinge_teeth" title="Hinge teeth">Hinge teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligament_(bivalve)" title="Ligament (bivalve)">Ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lira_(mollusc)" title="Lira (mollusc)">Lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunule_(bivalve)" title="Lunule (bivalve)">Lunule</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallial_line" title="Pallial line">Pallial line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallial_sinus" title="Pallial sinus">Pallial sinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periostracum" title="Periostracum">Periostracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodissoconch" title="Prodissoconch">Prodissoconch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilifer" title="Resilifer">Resilifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilium" title="Resilium">Resilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_(mollusc)" title="Sculpture (mollusc)">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbo_(bivalve)" title="Umbo (bivalve)">Umbo </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_(mollusc)" title="Valve (mollusc)">Valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beak_(bivalve)" title="Beak (bivalve)">Beak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulus_(zoology)" title="Annulus (zoology)">Annuli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other hard parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">Byssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soft parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adductor_muscles_(bivalve)" title="Adductor muscles (bivalve)">Adductor muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenidium_(mollusc)" title="Ctenidium (mollusc)">Ctenidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_shield" title="Gastric shield">Gastric shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">Mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephridium" title="Nephridium">Nephridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphon_(mollusc)" title="Siphon (mollusc)">Siphon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductin" title="Abductin">Abductin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glochidium" title="Glochidium">Glochidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudofeces" title="Pseudofeces">Pseudofeces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochophore" title="Trochophore">Trochophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliger" title="Veliger">Veliger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cephalopod_anatomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cephalopod_anatomy" title="Template:Cephalopod anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cephalopod_anatomy" title="Template talk:Cephalopod anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cephalopod_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cephalopod anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cephalopod_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopod</a> anatomy</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollusc_shell#Cephalopods" title="Mollusc shell">Shell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonoidea" title="Ammonoidea">Ammonoid shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonautidae" title="Argonautidae">Argonautid eggcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautiloid" title="Nautiloid">Nautiloid shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthocone" title="Orthocone">Orthocone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belemnoidea#Anatomy" title="Belemnoidea">Belemnoid guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrate_shell" title="Cirrate shell">Cirrate shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttlebone" title="Cuttlebone">Cuttlebone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladius_(cephalopod)" title="Gladius (cephalopod)">Gladius (pen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirula" title="Spirula">Spirula shell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylet_(octopus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stylet (octopus) (page does not exist)">Stylet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aperture_(mollusc)" title="Aperture (mollusc)">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_(mollusc)" title="Apex (mollusc)">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callus_(mollusc)" title="Callus (mollusc)">Callus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lira_(mollusc)" title="Lira (mollusc)">Lirae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periostracum" title="Periostracum">Periostracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_(mollusc)" title="Sculpture (mollusc)">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spire_(mollusc)" title="Spire (mollusc)">Spire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suture_(anatomy)" title="Suture (anatomy)">Sutures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbilicus_(mollusc)" title="Umbilicus (mollusc)">Umbilicus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_whorl#In_cephalopods" title="Body whorl">Body chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_(cephalopod)" title="Camera (cephalopod)">Camerae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmocone" title="Phragmocone">Phragmocone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septum_(cephalopod)" title="Septum (cephalopod)">Septa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphuncle" title="Siphuncle">Siphuncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(mollusc)" title="Whorl (mollusc)">Whorls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illex_illecebrosus_anatomy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illex illecebrosus anatomy"><img alt="Illex illecebrosus anatomy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Illex_illecebrosus_anatomy.jpg/60px-Illex_illecebrosus_anatomy.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Illex_illecebrosus_anatomy.jpg/90px-Illex_illecebrosus_anatomy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Illex_illecebrosus_anatomy.jpg/120px-Illex_illecebrosus_anatomy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelagic_octopus_Tremoctopus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pelagic octopus Tremoctopus"><img alt="Pelagic octopus Tremoctopus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pelagic_octopus_Tremoctopus.jpg/60px-Pelagic_octopus_Tremoctopus.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pelagic_octopus_Tremoctopus.jpg/90px-Pelagic_octopus_Tremoctopus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pelagic_octopus_Tremoctopus.jpg/120px-Pelagic_octopus_Tremoctopus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="818" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sepia_officinalis_dissected.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dissected Sepia officinalis"><img alt="Dissected Sepia officinalis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sepia_officinalis_dissected.jpg/60px-Sepia_officinalis_dissected.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sepia_officinalis_dissected.jpg/90px-Sepia_officinalis_dissected.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sepia_officinalis_dissected.jpg/120px-Sepia_officinalis_dissected.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1428" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">Mantle</a> & <br /><a href="/wiki/Siphon_(mollusc)" title="Siphon (mollusc)">funnel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External anatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_dermal_structures" title="Cephalopod dermal structures">Dermal structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_fin" title="Cephalopod fin">Fins (wings)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_fin#Tail_and_secondary_fins" title="Cephalopod fin">Flotation devices ("secondary fins")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnel%E2%80%93mantle_locking_apparatus" title="Funnel–mantle locking apparatus">Funnel–mantle locking apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_fin#Tail_and_secondary_fins" title="Cephalopod fin">Tail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal anatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branchial_heart" title="Branchial heart">Branchial hearts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenidium_(mollusc)" title="Ctenidium (mollusc)">Ctenidia (gills)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatopancreas" title="Hepatopancreas">Hepatopancreas (digestive gland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_sac" title="Ink sac">Ink sac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_ink" title="Cephalopod ink">ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needham%27s_sac" title="Needham's sac">Needham's sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephridium" title="Nephridium">Nephridia ("kidneys")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidamental_gland" title="Nidamental gland">Nidamental glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osphradium" title="Osphradium">Osphradium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericardial_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericardial gland">Pericardial glands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Head & <br /><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_limb" title="Cephalopod limb">limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brachial crown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_limb" title="Cephalopod limb">Arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hectocotylus" title="Hectocotylus">Hectocotylus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_limb" title="Cephalopod limb">Tentacles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_limb" title="Cephalopod limb">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactylus" title="Dactylus">Dactylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manus_(anatomy)" title="Manus (anatomy)">Manus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_sucker" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalopod sucker">Suckers and hooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buccal region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptychus" title="Aptychus">Aptychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_beak" title="Cephalopod beak">Beak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odontophore" title="Odontophore">Odontophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">Radula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spadix_(zoology)" title="Spadix (zoology)">Spadix and antispadix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occipital region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuchal_crest_(cephalopod)" title="Nuchal crest (cephalopod)">Nuchal crest (occipital crest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuchal_crest_(cephalopod)" title="Nuchal crest (cephalopod)">Nuchal folds (occipital folds)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occipital_membrane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occipital membrane (page does not exist)">Occipital membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olfactory_organ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olfactory organ (page does not exist)">Olfactory organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuchal_organ" title="Nuchal organ">Nuchal organ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_eye" title="Cephalopod eye">Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statocyst" title="Statocyst">Statocysts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophores</a></li> <li>Nervous system <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squid_giant_axon" title="Squid giant axon">Squid giant axon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_giant_synapse" title="Squid giant synapse">Squid giant synapse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><u>Developmental stages:</u> <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)#Molluscs" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Paralarva" title="Paralarva">Paralarva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doratopsis_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Doratopsis stage">Doratopsis stage</a>) → Juvenile → Subadult → Adult • <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_egg_fossil" title="Cephalopod egg fossil">Egg fossils</a> • <a href="/wiki/Protoconch" title="Protoconch">Protoconch (embryonic shell)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gastropod_anatomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gastropod_anatomy" title="Template:Gastropod anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gastropod_anatomy" title="Template talk:Gastropod anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gastropod_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gastropod anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gastropod_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropod</a> anatomy</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">Shell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aperture_(mollusc)" title="Aperture (mollusc)">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_(mollusc)" title="Apex (mollusc)">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_whorl" title="Body whorl">Body whorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callus_(mollusc)" title="Callus (mollusc)">Callus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella_(gastropod)" title="Columella (gastropod)">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_(gastropod)" title="Lip (gastropod)">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lira_(mollusc)" title="Lira (mollusc)">Lira</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periostracum" title="Periostracum">Periostracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peristome" title="Peristome">Peristome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planispiral" title="Planispiral">Planispiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plait_(gastropod)" title="Plait (gastropod)">Plait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoconch" title="Protoconch">Protoconch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_(mollusc)" title="Sculpture (mollusc)">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenizone" title="Selenizone">Selenizone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphonal_canal" title="Siphonal canal">Siphonal canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphonal_notch" title="Siphonal notch">Siphonal notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spire_(mollusc)" title="Spire (mollusc)">Spire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboid_notch" title="Stromboid notch">Stromboid notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suture_(anatomy)" title="Suture (anatomy)">Suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbilicus_(mollusc)" title="Umbilicus (mollusc)">Umbilicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_(mollusc)" title="Valve (mollusc)">Valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varix_(mollusc)" title="Varix (mollusc)">Varix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(mollusc)" title="Whorl (mollusc)">Whorl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other hard parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clausilium" title="Clausilium">Clausilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_dart" title="Love dart">Love dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">Radula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External soft parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllidia" title="Caryophyllidia">Caryophyllidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudal_mucous_pit" title="Caudal mucous pit">Caudal mucous pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerata" title="Cerata">Cerata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidosac" title="Cnidosac">Cnidosac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">Mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentum" title="Mentum">Mentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notum" title="Notum">Notum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapodium" title="Parapodium">Parapodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumostome" title="Pneumostome">Pneumostome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinophore" title="Rhinophore">Rhinophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semper%27s_organ" title="Semper's organ">Semper's organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphon_(mollusc)" title="Siphon (mollusc)">Siphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprapedal_gland" title="Suprapedal gland">Suprapedal gland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal soft parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system_of_gastropods" title="Circulatory system of gastropods">Circulatory system of gastropods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">Crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenidium_(mollusc)" title="Ctenidium (mollusc)">Ctenidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_of_gastropods" title="Digestive system of gastropods">Digestive system of gastropods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverticulum_(mollusc)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diverticulum (mollusc)">Diverticula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excretory_system_of_gastropods" title="Excretory system of gastropods">Excretory system of gastropods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_shield" title="Gastric shield">Gastric shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock%27s_organ" title="Hancock's organ">Hancock's organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatopancreas" title="Hepatopancreas">Hepatopancreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypobranchial_gland" title="Hypobranchial gland">Hypobranchial gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephridium" title="Nephridium">Nephridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system_of_gastropods" title="Nervous system of gastropods">Nervous system of gastropods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidamental_gland" title="Nidamental gland">Nidamental gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odontophore" title="Odontophore">Odontophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oesophageal_pouch" title="Oesophageal pouch">Oesophageal pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osphradium" title="Osphradium">Osphradium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_of_gastropods" title="Reproductive system of gastropods">Reproductive system of gastropods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system_of_gastropods" title="Respiratory system of gastropods">Respiratory system of gastropods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_organs_of_gastropods" title="Sensory organs of gastropods">Sensory organs of gastropods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphragm" title="Epiphragm">Epiphragm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudofeces" title="Pseudofeces">Pseudofeces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_(gastropod)" title="Torsion (gastropod)">Torsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumesophageal_nerve_ring" title="Circumesophageal nerve ring">Circumesophageal nerve ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochophore" title="Trochophore">Trochophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliger" title="Veliger">Veliger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" 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