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<span><i>Libre</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Free_beer"_and_"freedom_of_speech"_distinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Free_beer"_and_"freedom_of_speech"_distinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>"Free beer" and "freedom of speech" distinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Free_beer"_and_"freedom_of_speech"_distinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_in_open-access_academic_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_in_open-access_academic_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses in open-access academic publishing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses_in_open-access_academic_publishing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses in open-access academic publishing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses_in_open-access_academic_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_use_in_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_use_in_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Comparison with use in software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_use_in_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_baldre_frente_a_llibre" title="De baldre frente a llibre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="De baldre frente a llibre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratis_contra_libre" title="Gratis contra libre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gratis contra libre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratis_frente_a_libre" title="Gratis frente a libre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gratis frente a libre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="رایگان در برابر آزاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رایگان در برابر آزاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87" title="ग्रटिस बनाम लिब्रे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रटिस बनाम लिब्रे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_-_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഗ്രാറ്റിസ് - ലിബ്രേ അന്തരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രാറ്റിസ് - ലിബ്രേ അന്തരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="मुफ्त विरुद्ध मुक्त – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुफ्त विरुद्ध मुक्त" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gratis versus libre" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratis_versus_liber" title="Gratis versus liber – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gratis versus liber" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Gratis versus libre" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gratis versus libre" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2_free_%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ความหมายของคำว่า free ในภาษาอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความหมายของคำว่า free ในภาษาอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13415025#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Free as in freedom" redirects here. For the book, see <a href="/wiki/Free_as_in_Freedom" title="Free as in Freedom">Free as in Freedom</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gratis_versus_libre&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isummit_2008,_Japan,_free_beer_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Isummit_2008%2C_Japan%2C_free_beer_crop.png/220px-Isummit_2008%2C_Japan%2C_free_beer_crop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Isummit_2008%2C_Japan%2C_free_beer_crop.png/330px-Isummit_2008%2C_Japan%2C_free_beer_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Isummit_2008%2C_Japan%2C_free_beer_crop.png/440px-Isummit_2008%2C_Japan%2C_free_beer_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Free_Beer" title="Free Beer">Free Beer</a> being sold for 500 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">yen</a> at Isummit 2008. This contradicts the usual definition and instead illustrates <i>"Free as in freedom":</i> recipe and label shared openly under <a href="/wiki/CC_BY-SA" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY-SA">CC BY-SA</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>The adjective <i><b>free</b></i> in English is commonly used in one of two meanings: "at no monetary cost" (<i><b>gratis</b></i>) or "with little or no restriction" (<i><b>libre</b></i>). This ambiguity can cause issues where the distinction is important, as it often is in dealing with laws concerning the use of <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>. </p><p>The terms <i>gratis</i> and <i>libre</i> may be used to categorise <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> like <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer programs</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">licenses</a> and legal restrictions that cover them, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software community">free software and open source communities</a>, as well as the broader <a href="/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free culture movement">free culture movement</a>. For example, they are used to distinguish "<a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> <i>gratis</i>) from <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> (software <i>libre</i>). </p><p>Free software advocate and <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> advocates usage of the slogan: "Think free as in <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a>, not free beer."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This basically means: "Think free as in <i>libre</i>, not <i>gratis</i>." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gratis"><i>Gratis</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratis_versus_libre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gratis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Gratis</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) in English is adopted from the various <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, ultimately descending from the plural <a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">ablative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a> form of the first-<a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a> <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">grātia</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. It means "free" in the sense that some goods or service is supplied without need for payment, even though it may have value. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Libre"><i>Libre</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratis_versus_libre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Libre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="libre"></span><span class="anchor" id="Libre"></span><span class="anchor" id="liber"></span><span class="anchor" id="Liber"></span> <i>Libre</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) in English is adopted from the various Romance languages, ultimately descending from the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">līber</i></span>; its origin is closely related to <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a></i>. It denotes "the state of being free", as in "liberty" or "having freedom". The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (OED) considers <i>libre</i> to be obsolete,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the word has come back into limited<sup id="cite_ref-numbers_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-numbers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use. Unlike <i><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gratis#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:gratis">gratis</a></i></i>, <i><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/libre#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:libre">libre</a></i></i> appears in few English dictionaries,<sup id="cite_ref-numbers_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-numbers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there is no other English single-word adjective signifying "liberty" exclusively, without also meaning "at no monetary cost". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Free_beer"_and_"freedom_of_speech"_distinction"><span id=".22Free_beer.22_and_.22freedom_of_speech.22_distinction"></span>"Free beer" and "freedom of speech" distinction <span class="anchor" id="beer"></span><span class="anchor" id="Beer"></span><span class="anchor" id="Free_as_in_free_beer"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratis_versus_libre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "Free beer" and "freedom of speech" distinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In software development, where the <a href="/wiki/Marginal_cost" title="Marginal cost">marginal cost</a> of an additional unit is zero, it is common for developers to make software available at no cost. One of the early and basic forms of this model is called <a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a>. With freeware, software is licensed only for personal use and the developer does not gain any monetary payment. </p><p>With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> movement, license schemes were created to give developers more freedom in terms of code sharing, commonly called <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> or <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> (called FLOSS, FOSS, or F/OSS). As the English adjective <i>free</i> does not distinguish between "for free" and "liberty", the phrases "free as in freedom of speech" (<i>libre</i>, free software) and "free as in free beer" (<i>gratis</i>, freeware) were adopted. Many in the free software movement feel strongly about the <i>freedom</i> to use the software, make modifications, etc., whether or not this freely usable software is to be exchanged for money. Therefore, this distinction became important. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Free software" means software that respects users' freedom and community. Roughly, it means that the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. Thus, "free software" is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of "free" as in "free speech," not as in "free beer". We sometimes call it "libre software," borrowing the French or Spanish word for "free" as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software is gratis.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Free Software Foundation">The Free Software Foundation</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>These phrases have become common, along with <i>gratis</i> and <i>libre</i>, in the software development and computer law fields for encapsulating this distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinction is similar to the distinction made in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> between <a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">positive liberty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">negative liberty</a>. Like "free beer", positive liberty promises equal access by all without cost or regard to income, of a given good (assuming the good exists). Like "free speech", negative liberty safeguards the right to use of something (in this case, speech) without regard to whether in a given case there is a cost involved for this use.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_in_open-access_academic_publishing">Uses in open-access academic publishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratis_versus_libre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses in open-access academic publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></div> <p>In order to reflect real-world differences in the degree of open access, the distinction between gratis open access and libre open access was added in 2006 by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stevan_Harnad" title="Stevan Harnad">Stevan Harnad</a>, two of the co-drafters of the original <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a> definition of open access publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-Gratis_and_Libre_Open_Access_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gratis_and_Libre_Open_Access-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gratis open access refers to online access free of charge (which Wikipedia indicates with the icon <span class="nowrap"><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span>)</span>, and libre open access refers to online access free of charge plus some additional re-use rights (Wikipedia icon <span class="nowrap"><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gratis_and_Libre_Open_Access_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gratis_and_Libre_Open_Access-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Libre open access is equivalent to the definition of open access in the Budapest Open Access Initiative, the <a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" title="Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing">Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities">Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities</a>. The re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons licenses</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Suber_2012_68–69_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suber_2012_68–69-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these almost all require <a href="/wiki/Attribution_(copyright)" title="Attribution (copyright)">attribution of authorship</a> to the original authors.<sup id="cite_ref-Gratis_and_Libre_Open_Access_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gratis_and_Libre_Open_Access-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_use_in_software">Comparison with use in software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratis_versus_libre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison with use in software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original gratis/libre distinction concerns software (i.e., code), with which users can potentially do two<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> kinds of things: 1. access and use it; and 2. modify and <a href="/wiki/Code_reuse" title="Code reuse">re-use</a> it. "Gratis" pertains to being <em>able</em> to access and use the code, without a price-barrier, while "libre" pertains to being <em>allowed</em> to modify and re-use the code, without a permission barrier. The target content of the <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> movement, however, is not software but published, <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> research journal article texts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Source code accessibility and use.</b> For published research articles, the case for making their text accessible free for all online (Gratis) is even stronger than it is for software code, because in the case of software, some developers may wish to give their code away for free, while others may wish to sell it, whereas in the case of published research article texts, <i>all</i> their authors, without exception, give them away for free: None seek or get royalties or fees from their sale.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2014)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Gratis_versus_libre#Dubious" title="Talk:Gratis versus libre">discuss</a></i>]</sup> On the contrary, any access-denial to potential users means loss of potential research impact (<a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">downloads, citations</a>) for the author's research—and researcher-authors' employment, salary, promotion and funding depends in part on the <a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">uptake and impact</a> of their research.</li> <li><b>Source code modifiability and re-use.</b> For published research articles, the case for allowing text <a href="/wiki/Code_reuse" title="Code reuse">modification and re-use</a> is much weaker than for software code, because, unlike software, the <i>text</i> of a research article is not intended for modification and re-use. (In contrast, the <i>content</i> of research articles is and always was intended for modification and re-use: that is how research progresses.) There are no copyright barriers to modifying, developing, building upon and re-using an author's ideas and findings, once they have been published, as long as the author and published source are credited—but modifications to the published text are another matter. Apart from verbatim <a href="/wiki/Quotation" title="Quotation">quotation</a>, scholarly/scientific authors are not in general interested in allowing other authors to create "<a href="/wiki/Mashup_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashup (book)">mashups</a>" of their texts. Researcher-authors are all happy to make their texts available for <a href="/wiki/Web_harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Web harvesting">harvesting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Index_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Index (search engine)">indexing</a> for <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Search engine technology">search</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data-mining</a>, but not for <a href="/wiki/Code_reuse" title="Code reuse">re-use</a> in altered form (without the permission of the author).</li></ol> <p>The formal <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogy</a> between open software and open access has been made,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the generalization of the gratis/libre distinction from the one field to the other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratis_versus_libre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of free and open-source software licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Beer" title="Free Beer">Free Beer</a> (free as freedom, not gratis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_isn%27t_free" title="Freedom isn't free">Freedom isn't free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_wants_to_be_free" title="Information wants to be free">Information wants to be free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_such_thing_as_a_free_lunch" title="No such thing as a free lunch">No such thing as a free lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratis_versus_libre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-numbers-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-numbers_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-numbers_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onelook.com/">The Onelook dictionary website</a> finds about 5 monoglot English dictionaries including "libre"; about 30 include "gratis"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">definition</a> clarifies the distinction in this way.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A quote from the GNU free software definition was used in a section on positive and negative liberty by Guinevere Nell in <i>Rediscovering Fire: Basic Economic Lessons From the Soviet Experiment</i>, Algora, 2010.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratis_versus_libre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLessig2006" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lessig, Lawrence</a> (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2006/09/free-as-in-beer/">"Free, as in beer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725183246/https://www.wired.com/2006/09/free-as-in-beer/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Free%2C+as+in+beer&rft.date=2006-09&rft.aulast=Lessig&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2006%2F09%2Ffree-as-in-beer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratis+versus+libre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/107929">OED.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112091240/http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/107929">Archived</a> 12 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, OED definition of <i>libre</i>: "Obs. Of the will: Free". Access to the OED is libre, but not gratis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">"What is free software?"</a>. <i>GNU Operating System</i>. Free Software Foundation, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132149/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU+Operating+System&rft.atitle=What+is+free+software%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Ffree-sw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratis+versus+libre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gratis_and_Libre_Open_Access-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gratis_and_Libre_Open_Access_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gratis_and_Libre_Open_Access_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gratis_and_Libre_Open_Access_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Suber, Peter. 2008.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4322580">"Gratis and Libre Open Access"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170310160505/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4322580">Archived</a> 10 March 2017 at <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a>. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suber_2012_68–69-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suber_2012_68–69_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuber2012">Suber 2012</a>, pp. 68–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuber2012" class="citation book cs1">Suber, Peter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/9780262517638OpenAccess"><i>Open access</i></a>. MIT Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/9780262517638OpenAccess/page/n29">7</a>-8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262517638" title="Special:BookSources/9780262517638"><bdi>9780262517638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+access&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780262517638&rft.aulast=Suber&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F9780262517638OpenAccess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratis+versus+libre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwan2012" class="citation web cs1">Swan, Alma (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000215863">"Policy guidelines for the development and promotion of open access"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414001646/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000215863">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Policy+guidelines+for+the+development+and+promotion+of+open+access&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Alma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000215863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGratis+versus+libre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Harnad" title="Stevan Harnad">Harnad, Stevan</a> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/4406/For_Whom_the_Gate_Tolls.pdf?sequence=1">For Whom the Gate Tolls</a> <i>Journal of Postgraduate Medicine</i> 49: 337-342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Suber, Peter</a> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-02-08.htm#gratis-libre">Gratis and libre open access</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115144052/http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-02-08.htm#gratis-libre">Archived</a> 15 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>SPARC Open Access Newsletter</i>, August 2, 2008</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratis_versus_libre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Free as in Speech and Beer</i>, book by Darren Wershler-Henry</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.c2.com/?FreeAsInBeer">Stallman's discussion of FreeAsInBeer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratis_versus_libre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/libre" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:libre"><i>libre</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gratis" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gratis"><i>gratis</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/free_of_charge" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:free of charge"><i>free of charge</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/free" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:free"><i>free</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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