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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Gale</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gale_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gale_logo.svg/220px-Gale_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gale_logo.svg/330px-Gale_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gale_logo.svg/440px-Gale_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="86" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent company</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cengage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage">Cengage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1954<span class="noprint">; 71 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1954</span>)</span> (as Gale Group)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gale_Ruffner_Jr." title="Frederick Gale Ruffner Jr.">Frederick Gale Ruffner Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan" title="Farmington Hills, Michigan">Farmington Hills, Michigan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication types</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sources">Primary sources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-books</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="E-learning">e-learning</a>, Thorndike Large Print</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gale.com">www<wbr />.gale<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gale</b> is a global provider of research and digital learning resources. The company is based in <a href="/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan" title="Farmington Hills, Michigan">Farmington Hills, Michigan</a>, United States,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> west of <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>. It has been a division of <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Group" title="Cengage Group">Cengage</a> since 2007. </p><p>The company, formerly known as <b>Gale Research</b> and the <b>Gale Group</b>, is active in research and educational publishing for <a href="/wiki/Public_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Public libraries">public</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic libraries">academic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/School_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="School libraries">school libraries</a>, and for businesses. The company is known for its full-text magazine and newspaper databases, Gale OneFile (formerly known as Infotrac), and other online databases subscribed by libraries, as well as multi-volume reference works, especially in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a>. </p><p>Founded in Detroit, Michigan, in 1954 by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gale_Ruffner_Jr." title="Frederick Gale Ruffner Jr.">Frederick Gale Ruffner Jr.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the company was acquired by the <a href="/wiki/International_Thomson_Organization" title="International Thomson Organization">International Thomson Organization</a> (later the <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Corporation" title="Thomson Corporation">Thomson Corporation</a>) in 1985 before its 2007 sale to Cengage. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gale_(publisher)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomson_Gale_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Thomson_Gale_logo.svg/220px-Thomson_Gale_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Thomson_Gale_logo.svg/330px-Thomson_Gale_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Thomson_Gale_logo.svg/440px-Thomson_Gale_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="44" /></a><figcaption>Logo during Thomson Corporation ownership</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gale-ALA-booth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gale booth at ALA tradeshow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gale-ALA-booth.jpg/220px-Gale-ALA-booth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gale-ALA-booth.jpg/330px-Gale-ALA-booth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gale-ALA-booth.jpg/440px-Gale-ALA-booth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Gale booth at ALA tradeshow</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1998, Gale Research merged with Information Access Company and Primary Source Media, two companies also owned by Thomson, to form the Gale Group. Thomson has acquired Information Access Company (publisher of <a href="/wiki/InfoTrac" title="InfoTrac">InfoTrac</a>) in 1995 and Primary Source Media (formerly named Research Publications) in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, Thomson Gale acquired Macmillan Library Reference (including <a href="/wiki/Scribner%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribner's">Scribner's</a> Reference, Thorndike Press, Schirmer, Twayne Publishers, and <a href="/wiki/G._K._Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="G. K. Hall">G. K. Hall</a>) from Pearson (which had acquired it from <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a> in 1998; <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan USA">Macmillan USA</a> was purchased by Simon & Schuster in 1994).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000 it acquired the <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>-based <a href="/wiki/K._G._Saur_Verlag" title="K. G. Saur Verlag">K. G. Saur Verlag</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but then sold it to <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 25, 2006, Thomson Corporation announced that it intended to wholly <a href="/wiki/Divestment" title="Divestment">divest</a> the Thomson Learning division, because, in the words of Thomson CEO Richard Harrington, "it does not fit with our long-term strategic vision." Thomson has said that it expected this sale to generate approximately $5 billion. Thomson Learning was bought by a private equity consortium consisting of <a href="/wiki/Apax_Partners" title="Apax Partners">Apax Partners</a> and <a href="/wiki/OMERS_Capital_Partners" class="mw-redirect" title="OMERS Capital Partners">OMERS Capital Partners</a> for $7.75 billion and the name was changed from Thomson Learning to <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a> on July 24, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patrick C. Sommers was president of Gale from October 22, 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until he retired in 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gale_(publisher)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gale produces hundreds of products, such as Gale Academic OneFile,<sup id="cite_ref-texas_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biography_and_Genealogy_Master_Index" title="Biography and Genealogy Master Index">Biography and Genealogy Master Index</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General OneFile, General Reference Center, Sabin Americana (based on Sabin's <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sabin#Bibliotheca_Americana" title="Joseph Sabin">Bibliotheca Americana</a></i>), and World History Collection.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gale print imprints include the reference brands Primary Source Media, Scholarly Resources Inc., Schirmer Reference, St. James Press, The TAFT Group and Twayne Publishers, among others. Five Star Publishing is Gale's fiction imprint, with hundreds of books in print in the Western, Romance, Mystery, and Science Fiction & Fantasy genres. Gale also sells into the <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="K–12 (education)">K–12</a> market with several imprints, including U·X·L.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gale also owns large print publishers Christian Large Print and Wheeler Publishing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gale_(publisher)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Michigan" title="Portal:Michigan">Michigan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/28px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/42px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/56px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Authors" title="Contemporary Authors">Contemporary Authors</a></i> published by Gale</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Literary_Biography" title="Dictionary of Literary Biography">Dictionary of Literary Biography</a></i> published by Gale</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Dictionary of the Middle Ages">Dictionary of the Middle Ages</a></i> published by Scribner's</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i> published by Scribner's</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i> published by Gale</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Associations" title="Encyclopedia of Associations">Encyclopedia of Associations</a></i> published by Gale</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HighBeam_Research" title="HighBeam Research">HighBeam Research</a> owned by Gale (inactive)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="New Catholic Encyclopedia">New Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> published by Gale</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questia_Online_Library" title="Questia Online Library">Questia Online Library</a> (now defunct) owned by Gale</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gale_(publisher)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inforum.cz/archiv/infomedia97/bateson.htm">"Gale - Helping Libraries Prepare for the 21st Century"</a>. <i>www.inforum.cz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.inforum.cz&rft.atitle=Gale+-+Helping+Libraries+Prepare+for+the+21st+Century&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inforum.cz%2Farchiv%2Finfomedia97%2Fbateson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGale+%28publisher%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gale.cengage.com/policy.htm#terms">Privacy Statement and Terms of Use</a>". <i>Gale</i>. Retrieved July 8, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dispatch.com/story/entertainment/books/2014/08/25/frederick-gale-ruffner-jr-1926/24104177007/">"Frederick Gale Ruffner Jr. : 1926-2014: Ohio State grad made fortune in reference-book publishing"</a>. The Columbus Dispatch. 25 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Frederick+Gale+Ruffner+Jr.+%3A+1926-2014%3A+Ohio+State+grad+made+fortune+in+reference-book+publishing&rft.date=2014-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dispatch.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2F2014%2F08%2F25%2Ffrederick-gale-ruffner-jr-1926%2F24104177007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGale+%28publisher%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1998" class="citation journal cs1">Anonymous (October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/206804972">"Gale Research, Information Access Company and Primary Source Media merged into the Gale Group by Thomason Corporation"</a>. <i>Information Intelligence Online Libraries and Microcomputers</i>. <b>16</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0737-7770">0737-7770</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/206804972">206804972</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Intelligence+Online+Libraries+and+Microcomputers&rft.atitle=Gale+Research%2C+Information+Access+Company+and+Primary+Source+Media+merged+into+the+Gale+Group+by+Thomason+Corporation&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1998-10&rft.issn=0737-7770&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F206804972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGale+%28publisher%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHane1999" class="citation web cs1">Hane, Paula J. (1999-06-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/Thomsons-Gale-Group-Acquires-MacMillan-Library-Reference-USA-17944.asp">"Thomson's Gale Group Acquires MacMillan Library Reference USA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomson%27s+Gale+Group+Acquires+MacMillan+Library+Reference+USA&rft.date=1999-06-21&rft.aulast=Hane&rft.aufirst=Paula+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsbreaks.infotoday.com%2FNewsBreaks%2FThomsons-Gale-Group-Acquires-MacMillan-Library-Reference-USA-17944.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGale+%28publisher%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/ReedElsevier.htm">The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition – Reed Elsevier</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151030233859/http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/ReedElsevier.htm">Archived</a> 2015-10-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090617105440/http://www.degruyter.de/files/down/history_saur.pdf">"Chronologie des K. G. Saur Verlags"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.degruyter.de/files/down/history_saur.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronologie+des+K.+G.+Saur+Verlags&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.de%2Ffiles%2Fdown%2Fhistory_saur.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGale+%28publisher%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6446345.html">"Thomson Gale Part of Larger Sale"</a> by Norman Oder, <i><a href="/wiki/Library_Journal" title="Library Journal">Library Journal</a></i>, June 1, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071229021432/http://gale.cengage.com/press_room/2007_10_24_pres.htm">"Cengage Learning Names Patrick C. Sommers President of Gale"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gale.cengage.com/press_room/2007_10_24_pres.htm">the original</a> on 2007-12-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cengage+Learning+Names+Patrick+C.+Sommers+President+of+Gale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgale.cengage.com%2Fpress_room%2F2007_10_24_pres.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGale+%28publisher%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-texas-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-texas_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010072619/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/indexes/titles.php?id=143">"Databases: Academic OneFile"</a>. Austin TX: University of Texas Libraries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/indexes/titles.php?id=143">the original</a> on October 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Databases%3A+Academic+OneFile&rft.place=Austin+TX&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.utexas.edu%2Findexes%2Ftitles.php%3Fid%3D143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGale+%28publisher%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017212922/http://reviews.libraryjournal.com/2012/04/reference/ereviews-2/">"eReviews: Biography: Biography and Genealogy Master Index"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Library_Journal" title="Library Journal">Library Journal</a></i>, April 15, 2012, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reviews.libraryjournal.com/2012/04/reference/ereviews-2/">the original</a> on October 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2014</span>, <q>BGMI is a throwback to another era</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Library+Journal&rft.atitle=eReviews%3A+Biography%3A+Biography+and+Genealogy+Master+Index&rft.date=2012-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freviews.libraryjournal.com%2F2012%2F04%2Freference%2Fereviews-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGale+%28publisher%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCengage_Learning" class="citation web cs1">Cengage Learning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130410234615/http://www.gale.cengage.com/title_lists/">"Database Title Lists"</a>. <i>Gale: Title Lists</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gale.cengage.com/title_lists/">the original</a> on April 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gale%3A+Title+Lists&rft.atitle=Database+Title+Lists&rft.au=Cengage+Learning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gale.cengage.com%2Ftitle_lists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGale+%28publisher%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gale.cengage.com/imprints/">"Gale"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gale.cengage.com%2Fimprints%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGale+%28publisher%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gale_(publisher)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gale_Cengage" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gale Cengage">Gale Cengage</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gale.com/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2077283#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <p><b>Gale-owned sites and services</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solutions.cengage.com/BusinessSolutions/Gale-Directory-Library/">Gale Directory Library</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930212418/http://solutions.cengage.com/BusinessSolutions/Gale-Directory-Library/">Archived</a> 2017-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) – dozens of print directories on a digital platform.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.wiseto.com/bna/">Books & Authors</a> – indexed database of fiction and nonfiction book titles</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cengage_Group72" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cengage" title="Template:Cengage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cengage" title="Template talk:Cengage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cengage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cengage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cengage_Group72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cengage_Group" title="Cengage Group">Cengage Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic and professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilton_Company" title="Chilton Company">Chilton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cengage_Group_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cengage_Group_logo.svg/200px-Cengage_Group_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cengage_Group_logo.svg/300px-Cengage_Group_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cengage_Group_logo.svg/400px-Cengage_Group_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="184" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HighBeam_Research" title="HighBeam Research">HighBeam Research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Hall_%26_Co." title="G. K. Hall & Co.">G. K. Hall & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoTrac" title="InfoTrac">InfoTrac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questia_Online_Library" title="Questia Online Library">Questia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Schirmer,_Inc." title="G. Schirmer, Inc.">Schirmer</a> Reference</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebAssign" title="WebAssign">WebAssign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2077283#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3063" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2077283#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3063" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2077283#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150761751">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1085720292">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80070576">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12209760r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12209760r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36135132">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gale Group"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002158649&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gale Research Company"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2005275443&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Information Access Company"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002158648&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Primary Source Media (firma)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003186660&CON_LNG=ENG">4</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Thomson Gale (firma)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2011403019&CON_LNG=ENG">5</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX86648">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/403654">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90253461">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=115409">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007261394905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00261004?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/864027">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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