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Bu bakımdan seçimlerin amaca hizmet edebilmesi için birtakım ilkelere uygun" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/VeyselCanoglu" /> <meta name="description" content="Temsili demokrasilerin esas koşullarından birisi seçimlerin varlığıdır. Seçimle göreve gelen yöneticiler, yine belirli aralıklarla yapılan seçimlerle değiştirilebilmektedir. Bu bakımdan seçimlerin amaca hizmet edebilmesi için birtakım ilkelere uygun" /> <title>(PDF) HÜKÜMLÜLERİN OY KULLANMA HAKKI</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/109291816/H%C3%9CK%C3%9CML%C3%9CLER%C4%B0N_OY_KULLANMA_HAKKI" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '50fff2f2d9acd6a126790a91ca2ac73c8dee3f88'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1741696220000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1741696220000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Temsili demokrasilerin esas koşullarından birisi seçimlerin varlığıdır. Seçimle göreve gelen yöneticiler, yine belirli aralıklarla yapılan seçimlerle değiştirilebilmektedir. Bu bakımdan seçimlerin amaca hizmet edebilmesi için birtakım ilkelere uygun olmasında yarar vardır. Sözü edilen ilkeler arasından genel oy ilkesine göre cinsiyet, ırk, eğitim, sosyal ve ekonomik durum gibi ayrımlar söz konusu olmaksızın bütün yurttaşlar oy kullanma hakkına sahip olmalıdır. Bununla beraber demokrasiyi benimsemiş diğer birçok ülkede olduğu gibi ülkemizde de bahsedilen ilkeye dair birtakım istisnalar bulunmaktadır. Örneğin Anayasa m.67/5’te yer aldığı üzere 18 yaşını doldurmamış olanlar, silah altında bulunan er ve erbaşlar ve askeri öğrenciler oy kullanamazlar. Burada yer alan bir diğer istisnai durum ise suçtan dolayı verilen mahkûmiyet hükmüne ilişkindir. Anılan düzenlemeye göre taksirli suçlar hariç olmak üzere ceza infaz kurumunda bulunan hükümlüler oy kullanamazlar. Ayrıca söz konusu yasağın kapsamının, Türk Ceza Kanunu m.53 ile genişletildiği söylenebilir. Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, Söyler/Türkiye kararında, Türk Ceza Kanunu m.53’teki düzenleme nedeniyle oy kullanamayan başvurucu açısından Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi\u0026amp;#39;ne Ek 1 No\u0026amp;#39;lu Protokol m.3\u0026amp;#39;te düzenlenen serbest seçim hakkının ihlal edildiğini tespit etmiştir. Anayasa Mahkemesi ise hükümlünün ceza infaz kurumunda bulunup bulunmadığına bakılmaksızın uygulanan bu yoksunluğun ölçüsüz bir sınırlama niteliğinde olduğu gerekçesiyle Türk Ceza Kanunu m.53/1’de yer alan “hapis cezasına” ibaresinin aynı fıkranın b bendinde yer alan “seçme ve” ibaresi yönünden iptaline karar vermiştir. Nitekim anılan kararların da etkisiyle Yüksek Seçim Kurulu, en son 2023 yılındaki seçimler için almış olduğu kararında da görüldüğü üzere örneğin, koşullu salıverilenlerin oy kullanabileceklerini kabul etmiştir. Çalışmamızda Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi tarafından belirlenen kriterler çerçevesinde, yaptırımın türü ve infaz edilme şekline bağlı olarak Türk hukukunda hükümlülerin oy kullanma hakkı ele alınmaktadır.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Veysel Candan Canoğlu","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/VeyselCanoglu","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50674554/18755387/103178793/s200_veysel.canoglu.png","sameAs":[]}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-11-17","dateModified":"2023-11-17","datePublished":"2023-01-01","headline":"HÜKÜMLÜLERİN OY KULLANMA HAKKI","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107461518/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"tr","keywords":["Ceza Hukuku","Temel hak ve özgürlükler","Ceza İnfaz Hukuku","İnfaz Hukuku","seçme ve seçilme hakkı","hükümlü","Mahkumların oy kullanma hakkı","seçimlerin yenilenmesi"],"publication":"9. 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Seçimle göreve gelen yöneticiler, yine belirli aralıklarla yapılan seçimlerle değiştirilebilmektedir. Bu bakımdan seçimlerin amaca hizmet edebilmesi için birtakım ilkelere uygun olmasında yarar vardır. Sözü edilen ilkeler arasından genel oy ilkesine göre cinsiyet, ırk, eğitim, sosyal ve ekonomik durum gibi ayrımlar söz konusu olmaksızın bütün yurttaşlar oy kullanma hakkına sahip olmalıdır. Bununla beraber demokrasiyi benimsemiş diğer birçok ülkede olduğu gibi ülkemizde de bahsedilen ilkeye dair birtakım istisnalar bulunmaktadır. Örneğin Anayasa m.67/5’te yer aldığı üzere 18 yaşını doldurmamış olanlar, silah altında bulunan er ve erbaşlar ve askeri öğrenciler oy kullanamazlar. Burada yer alan bir diğer istisnai durum ise suçtan dolayı verilen mahkûmiyet hükmüne ilişkindir. Anılan düzenlemeye göre taksirli suçlar hariç olmak üzere ceza infaz kurumunda bulunan hükümlüler oy kullanamazlar. Ayrıca söz konusu yasağın kapsamının, Türk Ceza Kanunu m.53 ile genişletildiği söylenebilir. Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, Söyler/Türkiye kararında, Türk Ceza Kanunu m.53’teki düzenleme nedeniyle oy kullanamayan başvurucu açısından Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi'ne Ek 1 No'lu Protokol m.3'te düzenlenen serbest seçim hakkının ihlal edildiğini tespit etmiştir. Anayasa Mahkemesi ise hükümlünün ceza infaz kurumunda bulunup bulunmadığına bakılmaksızın uygulanan bu yoksunluğun ölçüsüz bir sınırlama niteliğinde olduğu gerekçesiyle Türk Ceza Kanunu m.53/1’de yer alan “hapis cezasına” ibaresinin aynı fıkranın b bendinde yer alan “seçme ve” ibaresi yönünden iptaline karar vermiştir. Nitekim anılan kararların da etkisiyle Yüksek Seçim Kurulu, en son 2023 yılındaki seçimler için almış olduğu kararında da görüldüğü üzere örneğin, koşullu salıverilenlerin oy kullanabileceklerini kabul etmiştir. Çalışmamızda Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi tarafından belirlenen kriterler çerçevesinde, yaptırımın türü ve infaz edilme şekline bağlı olarak Türk hukukunda hükümlülerin oy kullanma hakkı ele alınmaktadır.","publication_date":"2023,,","publication_name":"9. Uluslararası Asos Congress Hukuk Sempozyumu Tam Metin Kitabı"},"document_type":"book","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"tr","title":"HÜKÜMLÜLERİN OY KULLANMA HAKKI","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true,"seo_quality":null}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [50674554]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":107461518,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “HÜKÜMLÜLERİN OY KULLANMA HAKKI”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/107461518/mini_magick20231117-1-vrzu2y.png?1700229975" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">HÜKÜMLÜLERİN OY KULLANMA HAKKI</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50674554" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VeyselCanoglu"><img alt="Profile image of Veysel Candan Canoğlu" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/50674554/18755387/103178793/s65_veysel.canoglu.png" />Veysel Candan Canoğlu</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023, 9. Uluslararası Asos Congress Hukuk Sempozyumu Tam Metin Kitabı</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">24 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 109291816; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=109291816"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Temsili demokrasilerin esas koşullarından birisi seçimlerin varlığıdır. Seçimle göreve gelen yöneticiler, yine belirli aralıklarla yapılan seçimlerle değiştirilebilmektedir. Bu bakımdan seçimlerin amaca hizmet edebilmesi için birtakım ilkelere uygun olmasında yarar vardır. Sözü edilen ilkeler arasından genel oy ilkesine göre cinsiyet, ırk, eğitim, sosyal ve ekonomik durum gibi ayrımlar söz konusu olmaksızın bütün yurttaşlar oy kullanma hakkına sahip olmalıdır. Bununla beraber demokrasiyi benimsemiş diğer birçok ülkede olduğu gibi ülkemizde de bahsedilen ilkeye dair birtakım istisnalar bulunmaktadır. Örneğin Anayasa m.67/5’te yer aldığı üzere 18 yaşını doldurmamış olanlar, silah altında bulunan er ve erbaşlar ve askeri öğrenciler oy kullanamazlar. Burada yer alan bir diğer istisnai durum ise suçtan dolayı verilen mahkûmiyet hükmüne ilişkindir. Anılan düzenlemeye göre taksirli suçlar hariç olmak üzere ceza infaz kurumunda bulunan hükümlüler oy kullanamazlar. Ayrıca söz konusu yasağın kapsamının, Türk Ceza Kanunu m.53 ile genişletildiği söylenebilir. Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, Söyler/Türkiye kararında, Türk Ceza Kanunu m.53’teki düzenleme nedeniyle oy kullanamayan başvurucu açısından Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi'ne Ek 1 No'lu Protokol m.3'te düzenlenen serbest seçim hakkının ihlal edildiğini tespit etmiştir. Anayasa Mahkemesi ise hükümlünün ceza infaz kurumunda bulunup bulunmadığına bakılmaksızın uygulanan bu yoksunluğun ölçüsüz bir sınırlama niteliğinde olduğu gerekçesiyle Türk Ceza Kanunu m.53/1’de yer alan “hapis cezasına” ibaresinin aynı fıkranın b bendinde yer alan “seçme ve” ibaresi yönünden iptaline karar vermiştir. Nitekim anılan kararların da etkisiyle Yüksek Seçim Kurulu, en son 2023 yılındaki seçimler için almış olduğu kararında da görüldüğü üzere örneğin, koşullu salıverilenlerin oy kullanabileceklerini kabul etmiştir. Çalışmamızda Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi tarafından belirlenen kriterler çerçevesinde, yaptırımın türü ve infaz edilme şekline bağlı olarak Türk hukukunda hükümlülerin oy kullanma hakkı ele alınmaktadır.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><div class="primary-buttons cite-share-variant"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":107461518,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/109291816/H%C3%9CK%C3%9CML%C3%9CLER%C4%B0N_OY_KULLANMA_HAKKI"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span>See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":107461518,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/109291816/H%C3%9CK%C3%9CML%C3%9CLER%C4%B0N_OY_KULLANMA_HAKKI"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://www.academia.edu/109291816/H%C3%9CK%C3%9CML%C3%9CLER%C4%B0N_OY_KULLANMA_HAKKI","location":"/109291816/H%C3%9CK%C3%9CML%C3%9CLER%C4%B0N_OY_KULLANMA_HAKKI","scheme":"https","host":"www.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/109291816/H%C3%9CK%C3%9CML%C3%9CLER%C4%B0N_OY_KULLANMA_HAKKI","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="CitationButton" data-props="{"entity_id":109291816,"citations":[{"name":"MLA","citation":"Canoğlu, Veysel Candan. “HÜKÜMLÜLERİN OY KULLANMA HAKKI.” 9. 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Benzer şekilde, siyasî hakkın kapsamına hangi hakların girdiği hususu üzerinde de görüş birliği yoktur. Ancak, seçme ve seçilme hakkı ile kamu hizmetlerinde çalışma hakkının siyasî haklar olduğu üzerinde uzlaşma olduğu görülmektedir. Devletlerin yabancılara siyasî hak tanımaları konusunda bağlayıcı millet-lerarası bir hukuk kuralı bulunmadığı gibi, siyasî hakların yabancılara tanınmaması da milletlerarası hukuka aykırılık teşkil etmez. Dolayısıyla, bazı ülkeler yabancılara hiçbir siyasî hak tanımazken, bazıları da belirli ölçülerde yabancılara bu hakları tanımaktadır. Bu kapsamda olmak üzere, bazı ülkelerin yabancılara yerel seçimlerde seçme hakkı; bazı ülkelerin hem seçme, hem seçilme hakkı; diğer bazı ülkelerin ise, hem genel, hem yerel seçimlerde seçme ve/veya seçilme hakkı tanıdığı görülmektedir. Yabancıya yerel seçimlerde oy kullanma hakkı tanıyan ülkelerin büyük çoğunluğu ise bu hakkın kullanılmasını belli koşulların gerçekleşmesine bağlamaktadır. Türk pozitif hukukunda yabancılara siyasî haklar tanınmamış olmakla birlikte, özellikle yabancı nüfusun yoğun olarak yaşadığı bölgelerde taşıdığı önem nedeniyle, yabancılara yerel seçimlerde oy kullanma hakkı verilmesi olması gereken hukuk açısından tartışmaya açılabilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yabancı, siyasî hak, yerel seçim, seçme ve seçilme hakkı, karşılıklı işlem ilkesi.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCILARIN YEREL SEÇİMLERDE OY KULLANMA HAKKI","attachmentId":55562344,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35691248/YABANCILARIN_YEREL_SE%C3%87%C4%B0MLERDE_OY_KULLANMA_HAKKI","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35691248/YABANCILARIN_YEREL_SE%C3%87%C4%B0MLERDE_OY_KULLANMA_HAKKI"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="67559186" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67559186/MAHK%C3%9BM%C4%B0YET_BA%C4%9ELAMINDA_OY_HAKKININ_SINIRLANDIRILMASI_VE_GENEL_OY_%C4%B0LKES%C4%B0">MAHKÛMİYET BAĞLAMINDA OY HAKKININ SINIRLANDIRILMASI VE GENEL OY İLKESİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="97100765" href="https://yeditepe.academia.edu/Saba%C5%9EahikaTahmaz%C3%9Czelt%C3%BCrk">Saba Şahika Tahmaz Üzeltürk</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Bu çalışmanın konusu esas itibarıyla genel oy ilkesi çerçevesinde mahkûmların oy hakkının sınırlanmasıdır. Bu kapsamda çalışmada ilk olarak genel oy ilkesi değerlendirilmiş ve daha sonra oy hakkının kullanımının tarihçesi ve karşılaştırmalı hukuktaki örnekleri açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. İkinci bölümde ise İnsan Hakları Avrupa Sözleşmesi ve İnsan Hakları Avrupa Mahkemesi 3 'nin temel hak ve özgürlüklerin sınırlanmasıyla ilgili esas aldığı kriterler mahkûmların oy hakkı kapsamında irdelenmiştir. Buna göre sınırlama konusunda mahkemenin temel içtihatları, sınırlamanın Türk hukukundaki yansımaları ve bu kriterlere göre ortaya konabilecek çözüm önerileri çalışmaya yansıtılmıştır. Çalışmada ulaşılmak istenen amaç sınırlamaların açık bir şekilde ortaya konması ve dolayısıyla Türkiye'de Sözleşme'ye uygunluk anlamında atılabilecek adımların belirlenmesidir..</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"MAHKÛMİYET BAĞLAMINDA OY HAKKININ SINIRLANDIRILMASI VE GENEL OY İLKESİ","attachmentId":78330119,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67559186/MAHK%C3%9BM%C4%B0YET_BA%C4%9ELAMINDA_OY_HAKKININ_SINIRLANDIRILMASI_VE_GENEL_OY_%C4%B0LKES%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67559186/MAHK%C3%9BM%C4%B0YET_BA%C4%9ELAMINDA_OY_HAKKININ_SINIRLANDIRILMASI_VE_GENEL_OY_%C4%B0LKES%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="29730200" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29730200/H%C3%BCk%C3%BCml%C3%BCn%C3%BCn_Oy_Kullanma_Hakk%C4%B1_Prisoners_Right_to_Vote_">Hükümlünün Oy Kullanma Hakkı (Prisoners’ Right to Vote)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41130713" href="https://manchester.academia.edu/IsilAral">Işıl Aral</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hükümlünün Oy Kullanma Hakkı (Prisoners’ Right to Vote)","attachmentId":50185512,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29730200/H%C3%BCk%C3%BCml%C3%BCn%C3%BCn_Oy_Kullanma_Hakk%C4%B1_Prisoners_Right_to_Vote_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29730200/H%C3%BCk%C3%BCml%C3%BCn%C3%BCn_Oy_Kullanma_Hakk%C4%B1_Prisoners_Right_to_Vote_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="88206797" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88206797/MAHKUMLARIN_OY_HAKKI_A%C4%B0HM_N%C4%B0N_S%C3%96YLER_v_TURK%C4%B0YE_KARARI_%C4%B0LE_Y%C3%9CKSEK_SE%C3%87%C4%B0M_KURULU_KARARI_I%C5%9EI%C4%9EINDA">MAHKUMLARIN OY HAKKI AİHM’NİN SÖYLER v. TURKİYE KARARI İLE YÜKSEK SEÇİM KURULU KARARI IŞIĞINDA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="189624356" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FatmaKarakasDogan">Fatma Karakaş</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1 MAHKUMLARIN OY HAKKI AİHM’NİN SÖYLER v. TURKİYE KARARI İLE YÜKSEK SEÇİM KURULU KARARI IŞIĞINDA RIGHT TO VOTE OF PRISONERS ACCORDING TO THE DECISION OF ECHR OF SOYLER V. TURKEY AND TURKISH HIGH BOARD OF ELECTION, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Özet: Bu çalışmada, mahkumların oy hakkı ele alınmakta ve kısıtlanmasının esasları üzerinde durulmaktadır. Konunun incelen- mesinde, 2013 yılı içerisinde üç ay ara ile çıkan iki farklı karara daya- nılmaktadır. Kararlardan birisi AİHM’nin 17 Eylül 2013 tarihli Söyler v. Türkiye kararı, diğeri Türkiye Yüksek Seçim Kurulunun 31 Aralık 2013 tarihli Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan 21 Aralık 2013 tarihli kararıdır. Her iki karar, iç hukukumuz ile karşılaştırmalı hukuktaki son gelişmeler ışı- ğında ele alınmaya çalışılmaktadır. Abstract: In this study, we examine the right for prisoners to vote and analyse the restrictions placed upon the exercise of this right. We will study two judgments held in 2013 taken from cases decided within three months of each other. They are the decisons of the Soyler v Turkey case, held by the ECHR on the 17th of September 2013, and the Turkish High Board of Election’s decision published in the Official Gazette on the 31st of December 2013. Both decisions are examined in the light of Turkish domestic law and the latest impro- vements in comparative law.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"MAHKUMLARIN OY HAKKI AİHM’NİN SÖYLER v. TURKİYE KARARI İLE YÜKSEK SEÇİM KURULU KARARI IŞIĞINDA","attachmentId":92224169,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88206797/MAHKUMLARIN_OY_HAKKI_A%C4%B0HM_N%C4%B0N_S%C3%96YLER_v_TURK%C4%B0YE_KARARI_%C4%B0LE_Y%C3%9CKSEK_SE%C3%87%C4%B0M_KURULU_KARARI_I%C5%9EI%C4%9EINDA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88206797/MAHKUMLARIN_OY_HAKKI_A%C4%B0HM_N%C4%B0N_S%C3%96YLER_v_TURK%C4%B0YE_KARARI_%C4%B0LE_Y%C3%9CKSEK_SE%C3%87%C4%B0M_KURULU_KARARI_I%C5%9EI%C4%9EINDA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="37655012" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37655012/H%C3%9CK%C3%9CMDARLARA_%C3%96%C4%9E%C3%9CTLER">HÜKÜMDARLARA ÖĞÜTLER</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="61268091" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ahmetda%C4%9F8">ahmet dağ</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Sadi Şirazi'nin Hükümdarlara Öğütler kitabına dair bir değerlendirmedir.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"HÜKÜMDARLARA ÖĞÜTLER","attachmentId":57642099,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37655012/H%C3%9CK%C3%9CMDARLARA_%C3%96%C4%9E%C3%9CTLER","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37655012/H%C3%9CK%C3%9CMDARLARA_%C3%96%C4%9E%C3%9CTLER"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="40320728" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40320728/HAK_VE_%C3%96ZG%C3%9CRL%C3%9CKLER_U%C4%9ERUNA_T%C3%9CKET%C4%B0LEN_%C3%9CM%C4%B0TLER">HAK VE ÖZGÜRLÜKLER UĞRUNA TÜKETİLEN ÜMİTLER</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="61013202" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MULUT%C3%9CRK">Murat ULUTÜRK</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BGSAM 4</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">2013 Kasım -Aralık Makale ve Analizleri</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"HAK VE ÖZGÜRLÜKLER UĞRUNA TÜKETİLEN ÜMİTLER","attachmentId":60563111,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40320728/HAK_VE_%C3%96ZG%C3%9CRL%C3%9CKLER_U%C4%9ERUNA_T%C3%9CKET%C4%B0LEN_%C3%9CM%C4%B0TLER","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40320728/HAK_VE_%C3%96ZG%C3%9CRL%C3%9CKLER_U%C4%9ERUNA_T%C3%9CKET%C4%B0LEN_%C3%9CM%C4%B0TLER"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="44549002" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44549002/H%C3%9CK%C3%9CMET_S%C4%B0STEMLER%C4%B0_UYGULAMALAR_VE_KAR%C5%9EILA%C5%9ETIRMALAR_">HÜKÜMET SİSTEMLERİ (UYGULAMALAR VE KARŞILAŞTIRMALAR)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="18730706" href="https://erz.academia.edu/Abd%C3%BClkadir%C3%96zdemir">Abdülkadir Özdemir</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nobel Yayınevi, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Hükümet sistemlerinin ülke örnekleriyle birlikte anlatıldığı bu kitapta, dokuz ülke anayasasının ve ilgili mevzuatların Türkçeye çevrilmesiyle elde edilen bilgilerin okuyuculara aktarılması amaçlanmıştır. Başkanlık, Parlamenter ve Yarı başkanlık sistemlerinin yanı sıra, Türkiye’de 24 Haziran 2018 genel seçimleri ile birlikte uygulanmaya başlananCumhurbaşkanlığı Hükûmet Sistemi de çalışmada yer almaktadır. Türkiye’nin bu yeni devlet sisteminin diğer sistemlerden farkları ve sistemin siyasal istikrar ile temsilde adalet üzerindekiolası etkilerine de kitapta yer verilmiştir. Sadece karşılaştırmalı siyaset, siyaset bilimi ve kamu yönetimi alanlarında çalışmalar yapan akademisyen ve öğrencilerin değil; aynı zamanda ülke yönetimlerine ilgi duyan tüm okuyucuların yararlanabileceği bir kaynak olacağı düşünülmektedir.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"HÜKÜMET SİSTEMLERİ (UYGULAMALAR VE KARŞILAŞTIRMALAR)","attachmentId":64998685,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44549002/H%C3%9CK%C3%9CMET_S%C4%B0STEMLER%C4%B0_UYGULAMALAR_VE_KAR%C5%9EILA%C5%9ETIRMALAR_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44549002/H%C3%9CK%C3%9CMET_S%C4%B0STEMLER%C4%B0_UYGULAMALAR_VE_KAR%C5%9EILA%C5%9ETIRMALAR_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="21142455" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21142455/B%C4%B0R_%C4%B0NSAN_HAKKI_OLARAK_H%C3%9CK%C3%9CML%C3%9C_VE_TUTUKLULARIN_E%C5%9E">BİR İNSAN HAKKI OLARAK HÜKÜMLÜ VE TUTUKLULARIN " EŞ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12976541" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AbdurrahmanEren">Abdurrahman Eren</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Hükümlü ve tutuklular ceza infaz kurumlarına girdikten sonra, işin doğası gereği birçok özgürlüğü sınırlanmaktadır. Bunlardan biri de dış dünya ile olan ilişkilerdir. Bu çerçevede, Türkiye'de de üçüncü dereceye kadar aile üyesi ve eşi gibi oldukça sınırlı sayıda kişi ile görüşme hakkı verilmektedir. Bu görüşmeler haftada, bir saate kadar kapalı ya da açık ziyaret şeklinde ya da belli koşullar altında mazeret veya özel izin çerçevesinde yapılabilmektedir. Türkiye'de tutukluluk süreleri suçun niteliğine göre 3 yıla kadar uzayabilmektedir. Hüküm giyilmesi durumunda yıllarca aile ilişkileri kesilebilmektedir.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"BİR İNSAN HAKKI OLARAK HÜKÜMLÜ VE TUTUKLULARIN \" EŞ","attachmentId":41733853,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21142455/B%C4%B0R_%C4%B0NSAN_HAKKI_OLARAK_H%C3%9CK%C3%9CML%C3%9C_VE_TUTUKLULARIN_E%C5%9E","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21142455/B%C4%B0R_%C4%B0NSAN_HAKKI_OLARAK_H%C3%9CK%C3%9CML%C3%9C_VE_TUTUKLULARIN_E%C5%9E"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="109006030" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109006030/H%C3%9CK%C3%9CMET_PROGRAMLARI_ve_KALKINMA_PLANLARI_%C3%87ER%C3%87EVES%C4%B0NDE_KATILIM_HAKKI_">HÜKÜMET PROGRAMLARI ve KALKINMA PLANLARI ÇERÇEVESİNDE ‘‘KATILIM HAKKI’’</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57624814" href="https://wwwsdu.academia.edu/velisad%C4%B1%C3%A7">veli sadıç</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Toplumların yerleşip barınma, çalışma, dinlenme gibi temel ihtiyaçlarını karşıladıkları alan kent olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Burada yaşayan ve bu ihtiyaçlarını gideren insanlar da kentli olarak bazı haklara sahiptir. Kentli hakları, kentte yaşayan insanların hem insan olmasından kaynaklı sahip olduğu temel insan haklarını hem de o kent ile ilgili çevresel ve kentsel hakları kapsamaktadır. Bu haklardan katılım hakkı ise, kentlilerin kent ile ilgili her türlü konuda söz hakkının olması gerekliliğini ifade etmektedir. Kentli haklarının temeli Avrupa Kentsel Şartı-I ve Avrupa Kentsel Şartı-II’ de atılmıştır. Bu iki uluslararası belge kentli hakları konusunda başta Avrupa ülkeleri olmak üzere tüm dünya ülkelerine rehberlik etmiştir. Bu çalışmada tam da buradan hareketle kentliler için önemli bir hak olan katılım hakkı konusu bu önemli iki belge çerçevesinde tanımlanmış, devamında ise Türkiye özelinde hükümet programları ve kalkınma planlarında bu hakkın nasıl yer aldığı ele alınmıştır.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"HÜKÜMET PROGRAMLARI ve KALKINMA PLANLARI ÇERÇEVESİNDE ‘‘KATILIM HAKKI’’","attachmentId":107251493,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109006030/H%C3%9CK%C3%9CMET_PROGRAMLARI_ve_KALKINMA_PLANLARI_%C3%87ER%C3%87EVES%C4%B0NDE_KATILIM_HAKKI_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109006030/H%C3%9CK%C3%9CMET_PROGRAMLARI_ve_KALKINMA_PLANLARI_%C3%87ER%C3%87EVES%C4%B0NDE_KATILIM_HAKKI_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="41791403" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41791403/ANON%C4%B0M_ORTAKLIK_GENEL_KURULUNDA_KULLANILAN_OY_UN_HUKUK%C4%B0_N%C4%B0TEL%C4%B0%C4%9E%C4%B0">ANONİM ORTAKLIK GENEL KURULUNDA KULLANILAN "OY"UN HUKUKİ NİTELİĞİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="96935671" href="https://istanbul.academia.edu/AliPASLI">Ali PASLI</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Tüzel kişiliğe sahip olan anonim ortaklıkların iradesi genel kurulda alınan kararlar vasıtasıyla oluşur. Pay sahipleri veya onların temsilcilerinden olusan genel kurulda kararlar, katılanların kullandıkları oyların bir araya gelmesi ile alınır ve alınan karar ortaklığın irade beyanı olarak hem bütün pay sahiplerini hem de diğer organları bağlar. Bu yönüyle genel kurul kararı, tek taraflı bir hukuki işlem niteliğindedir. Oy hakkını haiz pay sahibinin genel kurulda oylaması yapılan konudaki iradesini açığa vuran “oy” da bu anlamda bir irade açıklamasıdır. Tek bir oyun içindeki irade açıklamasının bir hukuki sonucu vardır: O da, pay sahibinin ilgili konudaki arzusunun olumlu, olumsuz ya da çekimser bir sekilde ortaya konulmasıdır. Bunun yanında, pay sahibinin dışa açıkladığı bu irade beyanına kanunda –karara muhalif kalan pay sahibinin iptal davası açma hakkı, yönetim kurulunun ibrası yönünde oy kullanan pay sahibinin sorumluluk davası açamaması gibi- başka sonuçlar da bağlanmıştır. Pay sahibi oy hakkını kullanarak yenilik doğuran bir irade açıklamasında bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda anonim ortaklık genel kurulunda kullanılan oyun hukuki niteliği de, tek taraflı ve yöneltilmesi/varması gerekli sarih irade beyanını gerektiren, yeni bir hukuki durum yaratan bir hukuki islem olarak tespit edilmekte ve bu yönüyle genel kurul kararından bağımsızlaşmaktadır. Bu yönüyle “oy”un hukuki işlem olmasının özel anlamı ve buna ilişkin kendisine has hukuki sonuçları vardır.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"ANONİM ORTAKLIK GENEL KURULUNDA KULLANILAN \"OY\"UN HUKUKİ NİTELİĞİ","attachmentId":61943005,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41791403/ANON%C4%B0M_ORTAKLIK_GENEL_KURULUNDA_KULLANILAN_OY_UN_HUKUK%C4%B0_N%C4%B0TEL%C4%B0%C4%9E%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41791403/ANON%C4%B0M_ORTAKLIK_GENEL_KURULUNDA_KULLANILAN_OY_UN_HUKUK%C4%B0_N%C4%B0TEL%C4%B0%C4%9E%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":107461518,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":107461518,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_107461518" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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