Section de Physique ‐ EPFL

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/** * @output wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.js */ /** * Emoji Settings as exported in PHP via _print_emoji_detection_script(). * @typedef WPEmojiSettings * @type {object} * @property {?object} source * @property {?string} source.concatemoji * @property {?string} source.twemoji * @property {?string} source.wpemoji * @property {?boolean} DOMReady * @property {?Function} readyCallback */ /** * Support tests. * @typedef SupportTests * @type {object} * @property {?boolean} flag * @property {?boolean} emoji */ /** * IIFE to detect emoji support and load Twemoji if needed. * * @param {Window} window * @param {Document} document * @param {WPEmojiSettings} settings */ ( function wpEmojiLoader( window, document, settings ) { if ( typeof Promise === 'undefined' ) { return; } var sessionStorageKey = 'wpEmojiSettingsSupports'; var tests = [ 'flag', 'emoji' ]; /** * Checks whether the browser supports offloading to a Worker. * * @since 6.3.0 * * @private * * @returns {boolean} */ function supportsWorkerOffloading() { return ( typeof Worker !== 'undefined' && typeof OffscreenCanvas !== 'undefined' && typeof URL !== 'undefined' && URL.createObjectURL && typeof Blob !== 'undefined' ); } /** * @typedef SessionSupportTests * @type {object} * @property {number} timestamp * @property {SupportTests} supportTests */ /** * Get support tests from session. * * @since 6.3.0 * * @private * * @returns {?SupportTests} Support tests, or null if not set or older than 1 week. */ function getSessionSupportTests() { try { /** @type {SessionSupportTests} */ var item = JSON.parse( sessionStorage.getItem( sessionStorageKey ) ); if ( typeof item === 'object' && typeof item.timestamp === 'number' && new Date().valueOf() < item.timestamp + 604800 && // Note: Number is a week in seconds. typeof item.supportTests === 'object' ) { return item.supportTests; } } catch ( e ) {} return null; } /** * Persist the supports in session storage. * * @since 6.3.0 * * @private * * @param {SupportTests} supportTests Support tests. */ function setSessionSupportTests( supportTests ) { try { /** @type {SessionSupportTests} */ var item = { supportTests: supportTests, timestamp: new Date().valueOf() }; sessionStorage.setItem( sessionStorageKey, JSON.stringify( item ) ); } catch ( e ) {} } /** * Checks if two sets of Emoji characters render the same visually. * * This function may be serialized to run in a Worker. Therefore, it cannot refer to variables from the containing * scope. Everything must be passed by parameters. * * @since 4.9.0 * * @private * * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} context 2D Context. * @param {string} set1 Set of Emoji to test. * @param {string} set2 Set of Emoji to test. * * @return {boolean} True if the two sets render the same. */ function emojiSetsRenderIdentically( context, set1, set2 ) { // Cleanup from previous test. context.clearRect( 0, 0, context.canvas.width, context.canvas.height ); context.fillText( set1, 0, 0 ); var rendered1 = new Uint32Array( context.getImageData( 0, 0, context.canvas.width, context.canvas.height ).data ); // Cleanup from previous test. context.clearRect( 0, 0, context.canvas.width, context.canvas.height ); context.fillText( set2, 0, 0 ); var rendered2 = new Uint32Array( context.getImageData( 0, 0, context.canvas.width, context.canvas.height ).data ); return rendered1.every( function ( rendered2Data, index ) { return rendered2Data === rendered2[ index ]; } ); } /** * Determines if the browser properly renders Emoji that Twemoji can supplement. * * This function may be serialized to run in a Worker. Therefore, it cannot refer to variables from the containing * scope. Everything must be passed by parameters. * * @since 4.2.0 * * @private * * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} context 2D Context. * @param {string} type Whether to test for support of "flag" or "emoji". * @param {Function} emojiSetsRenderIdentically Reference to emojiSetsRenderIdentically function, needed due to minification. * * @return {boolean} True if the browser can render emoji, false if it cannot. */ function browserSupportsEmoji( context, type, emojiSetsRenderIdentically ) { var isIdentical; switch ( type ) { case 'flag': /* * Test for Transgender flag compatibility. Added in Unicode 13. * * To test for support, we try to render it, and compare the rendering to how it would look if * the browser doesn't render it correctly (white flag emoji + transgender symbol). */ isIdentical = emojiSetsRenderIdentically( context, '\uD83C\uDFF3\uFE0F\u200D\u26A7\uFE0F', // as a zero-width joiner sequence '\uD83C\uDFF3\uFE0F\u200B\u26A7\uFE0F' // separated by a zero-width space ); if ( isIdentical ) { return false; } /* * Test for UN flag compatibility. This is the least supported of the letter locale flags, * so gives us an easy test for full support. * * To test for support, we try to render it, and compare the rendering to how it would look if * the browser doesn't render it correctly ([U] + [N]). */ isIdentical = emojiSetsRenderIdentically( context, '\uD83C\uDDFA\uD83C\uDDF3', // as the sequence of two code points '\uD83C\uDDFA\u200B\uD83C\uDDF3' // as the two code points separated by a zero-width space ); if ( isIdentical ) { return false; } /* * Test for English flag compatibility. England is a country in the United Kingdom, it * does not have a two letter locale code but rather a five letter sub-division code. * * To test for support, we try to render it, and compare the rendering to how it would look if * the browser doesn't render it correctly (black flag emoji + [G] + [B] + [E] + [N] + [G]). */ isIdentical = emojiSetsRenderIdentically( context, // as the flag sequence '\uD83C\uDFF4\uDB40\uDC67\uDB40\uDC62\uDB40\uDC65\uDB40\uDC6E\uDB40\uDC67\uDB40\uDC7F', // with each code point separated by a zero-width space '\uD83C\uDFF4\u200B\uDB40\uDC67\u200B\uDB40\uDC62\u200B\uDB40\uDC65\u200B\uDB40\uDC6E\u200B\uDB40\uDC67\u200B\uDB40\uDC7F' ); return ! isIdentical; case 'emoji': /* * Four and twenty blackbirds baked in a pie. * * To test for Emoji 15.0 support, try to render a new emoji: Blackbird. * * The Blackbird is a ZWJ sequence combining 🐦 Bird and ⬛ large black square., * * 0x1F426 (\uD83D\uDC26) == Bird * 0x200D == Zero-Width Joiner (ZWJ) that links the code points for the new emoji or * 0x200B == Zero-Width Space (ZWS) that is rendered for clients not supporting the new emoji. * 0x2B1B == Large Black Square * * When updating this test for future Emoji releases, ensure that individual emoji that make up the * sequence come from older emoji standards. */ isIdentical = emojiSetsRenderIdentically( context, '\uD83D\uDC26\u200D\u2B1B', // as the zero-width joiner sequence '\uD83D\uDC26\u200B\u2B1B' // separated by a zero-width space ); return ! isIdentical; } return false; } /** * Checks emoji support tests. * * This function may be serialized to run in a Worker. Therefore, it cannot refer to variables from the containing * scope. Everything must be passed by parameters. * * @since 6.3.0 * * @private * * @param {string[]} tests Tests. * @param {Function} browserSupportsEmoji Reference to browserSupportsEmoji function, needed due to minification. * @param {Function} emojiSetsRenderIdentically Reference to emojiSetsRenderIdentically function, needed due to minification. * * @return {SupportTests} Support tests. */ function testEmojiSupports( tests, browserSupportsEmoji, emojiSetsRenderIdentically ) { var canvas; if ( typeof WorkerGlobalScope !== 'undefined' && self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope ) { canvas = new OffscreenCanvas( 300, 150 ); // Dimensions are default for HTMLCanvasElement. } else { canvas = document.createElement( 'canvas' ); } var context = canvas.getContext( '2d', { willReadFrequently: true } ); /* * Chrome on OS X added native emoji rendering in M41. Unfortunately, * it doesn't work when the font is bolder than 500 weight. So, we * check for bold rendering support to avoid invisible emoji in Chrome. */ context.textBaseline = 'top'; context.font = '600 32px Arial'; var supports = {}; tests.forEach( function ( test ) { supports[ test ] = browserSupportsEmoji( context, test, emojiSetsRenderIdentically ); } ); return supports; } /** * Adds a script to the head of the document. * * @ignore * * @since 4.2.0 * * @param {string} src The url where the script is located. * * @return {void} */ function addScript( src ) { var script = document.createElement( 'script' ); script.src = src; script.defer = true; document.head.appendChild( script ); } settings.supports = { everything: true, everythingExceptFlag: true }; // Create a promise for DOMContentLoaded since the worker logic may finish after the event has fired. var domReadyPromise = new Promise( function ( resolve ) { document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', resolve, { once: true } ); } ); // Obtain the emoji support from the browser, asynchronously when possible. new Promise( function ( resolve ) { var supportTests = getSessionSupportTests(); if ( supportTests ) { resolve( supportTests ); return; } if ( supportsWorkerOffloading() ) { try { // Note that the functions are being passed as arguments due to minification. var workerScript = 'postMessage(' + testEmojiSupports.toString() + '(' + [ JSON.stringify( tests ), browserSupportsEmoji.toString(), emojiSetsRenderIdentically.toString() ].join( ',' ) + '));'; var blob = new Blob( [ workerScript ], { type: 'text/javascript' } ); var worker = new Worker( URL.createObjectURL( blob ), { name: 'wpTestEmojiSupports' } ); worker.onmessage = function ( event ) { supportTests = event.data; setSessionSupportTests( supportTests ); worker.terminate(); resolve( supportTests ); }; return; } catch ( e ) {} } supportTests = testEmojiSupports( tests, browserSupportsEmoji, emojiSetsRenderIdentically ); setSessionSupportTests( supportTests ); resolve( supportTests ); } ) // Once the browser emoji support has been obtained from the session, finalize the settings. .then( function ( supportTests ) { /* * Tests the browser support for flag emojis and other emojis, and adjusts the * support settings accordingly. */ for ( var test in supportTests ) { settings.supports[ test ] = supportTests[ test ]; settings.supports.everything = settings.supports.everything && settings.supports[ test ]; if ( 'flag' !== test ) { settings.supports.everythingExceptFlag = settings.supports.everythingExceptFlag && settings.supports[ test ]; } } settings.supports.everythingExceptFlag = settings.supports.everythingExceptFlag && ! settings.supports.flag; // Sets DOMReady to false and assigns a ready function to settings. settings.DOMReady = false; settings.readyCallback = function () { settings.DOMReady = true; }; } ) .then( function () { return domReadyPromise; } ) .then( function () { // When the browser can not render everything we need to load a polyfill. if ( ! settings.supports.everything ) { settings.readyCallback(); var src = settings.source || {}; if ( src.concatemoji ) { addScript( src.concatemoji ); } else if ( src.wpemoji && src.twemoji ) { addScript( src.twemoji ); addScript( src.wpemoji ); } } } ); } )( window, document, window._wpemojiSettings ); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/sph/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-gutenberg-epfl-bases-style-css-css' href='https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/sph/wp-content/plugins/wp-gutenberg-epfl/build/style-index.css?ver=1741815482' 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container-grid pb-5 mb-4 "> <div class="container-full my-3"> <div class="hero"> <div class="hero-content-container"> <h1 class="hero-title">Physics Section</h1> <div class="hero-content">Since the dawn of time, humanity has wondered about the nature of things and the laws of the universe. Physicists observe natural phenomena from the infinitely small to the infinitely large and build models that allow us to understand, explain, and ultimately predict them.</div> </div> <div class="hero-img"> <figure class="cover"> <picture><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1536" height="864" src="https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/sph/wp-content/uploads/SB_PHY_BA_X-1536x864.jpg" class="img-fluid" alt="" srcset="https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/sph/wp-content/uploads/SB_PHY_BA_X-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/sph/wp-content/uploads/SB_PHY_BA_X-600x338.jpg 600w, https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/sph/wp-content/uploads/SB_PHY_BA_X-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/sph/wp-content/uploads/SB_PHY_BA_X-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/sph/wp-content/uploads/SB_PHY_BA_X-384x216.jpg 384w, https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/sph/wp-content/uploads/SB_PHY_BA_X-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/sph/wp-content/uploads/SB_PHY_BA_X-1152x648.jpg 1152w, https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/sph/wp-content/uploads/SB_PHY_BA_X.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px" /></picture> <figcaption> <button aria-hidden="true" type="button" class="btn-circle" data-toggle="popover" data-content=""> <svg class="icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#icon-info"></use> </svg> <svg class="icon icon-rotate-90" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="#icon-chevron-right"></use> </svg> </button> <p class="sr-only"></p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <h3>The missions of the Physics Section at the EPFL are:</h3> <ul> <li style="text-align: justify"><span class="VIiyi" lang="en"><span class="JLqJ4b ChMk0b" data-language-for-alternatives="en" data-language-to-translate-into="fr" data-phrase-index="0">to train physicists with high-level theoretical and experimental education making them able to work in fundamental and applied research, as well as in many fields of engineering, in service companies, and in the</span> <span class="JLqJ4b ChMk0b" data-language-for-alternatives="en" data-language-to-translate-into="fr" data-phrase-index="1">education.</span> <span class="JLqJ4b ChMk0b" data-language-for-alternatives="en" data-language-to-translate-into="fr" data-phrase-index="2">In addition to the fundamental disciplines of physics, courses in human and social sciences aim to make our students aware of the ethical and environmental consequences of their future professional activity.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify"><span class="VIiyi" lang="en"><span class="JLqJ4b ChMk0b" data-language-for-alternatives="en" data-language-to-translate-into="fr" data-phrase-index="4">to provide general physics education to undergraduate students from all EPFL sections, as well as from some UNIL faculties.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align: justify">t<span class="VIiyi" lang="en"><span class="JLqJ4b ChMk0b" data-language-for-alternatives="en" data-language-to-translate-into="fr" data-phrase-index="6">o collaborate with the Doctoral School, which coordinates the training of physicists wishing to obtain the title of Doctor of Science (physics).</span></span></li> </ul> <div> <div> </div> </div> <h3>Physics: a study of the components of the universe, from the elementary particle to the galaxy</h3> <p>Curiosity, the main motivation of physicists, has led them to such fascinating discoveries as the structure of the atom, the theory of relativity, quantum physics, or the double helix structure of DNA.</p> <p style="text-align: justify">Classical physics (before 1900) describes natural phenomena on a macroscopic scale. It includes Newtonian mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetic theory. It is completed by the theory of special relativity, put forward by Einstein in 1905, which led to a new conception of space, time, and motion. For example, the detailed description of the motion of a satellite is possible within the framework of classical mechanics. This is what allowed, among other things, the human being to go to the Moon.</p> <p style="text-align: justify">Modern physics, born at the beginning of the 20th century, takes into account the discrete nature of matter. Quantum mechanics takes a different approach than classical physics: the energy of a particle does not change continuously but in jumps. Quantum mechanics allows us to accurately predict the energy levels of electrons in atoms. The fundamental principle on which quantum mechanics is based is that every particle is both a wave and a particle. It applies to light (the notion of photon) as well as to elementary particles such as electrons that behave like light waves in an electron microscope. Modern physics is strongly influenced by the theory of general relativity which has changed our vision of the Universe and revolutionized astrophysics. </p> <p style="text-align: justify"><strong>Mathematics is an indispensable tool for all sciences and in particular for physics.</strong> It is the universal language that allows scientists to understand each other. This is why mathematics is emphasized at the beginning of physics studies. Physics is above all an experimental science in which each new theory must be confronted with reality. In this context, the notion of measurement is essential and studies in physics cannot be conceived without practical work.</p> <div class="my-3"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3Ymotl8R_6c?feature=youtu.be" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" frameborder="0" class="embed-responsive-item"></iframe> </div> </div> <div class="my-3"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bZPjoz1N_-8?feature=youtu.be" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" frameborder="0" class="embed-responsive-item"></iframe> </div> </div> <div class="my-3"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/S9mOQm0OWwc?feature=youtu.be" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" frameborder="0" 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