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id="toc-1925–1943:_Childhood_and_school_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1943–1946:_Musical_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1943–1946:_Musical_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1943–1946: Musical education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1943–1946:_Musical_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1946–1953:_Early_career_in_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1946–1953:_Early_career_in_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1946–1953: Early career in Paris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1946–1953:_Early_career_in_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1954–1959:_Le_Domaine_musical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1954–1959:_Le_Domaine_musical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1954–1959: Le Domaine musical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1954–1959:_Le_Domaine_musical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1959–1971:_International_conducting_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1959–1971:_International_conducting_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1959–1971: International conducting career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1959–1971:_International_conducting_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1971–1977:_London_and_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1971–1977:_London_and_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 1971–1977: London and New York </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1971–1977:_London_and_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1977–1992:_IRCAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1977–1992:_IRCAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 1977–1992: IRCAM </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1977–1992:_IRCAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1992–2006:_Return_to_conducting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992–2006:_Return_to_conducting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 1992–2006: Return to conducting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992–2006:_Return_to_conducting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006–2016:_Last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006–2016:_Last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 2006–2016: Last years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006–2016:_Last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Compositions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compositions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compositions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Juvenilia_and_student_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juvenilia_and_student_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Juvenilia and student works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juvenilia_and_student_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Douze_notations_and_the_work_in_progress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Douze_notations_and_the_work_in_progress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Douze notations and the work in progress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Douze_notations_and_the_work_in_progress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 First published works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_serialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_serialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Total serialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_serialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_Marteau_sans_maître_and_Pli_selon_pli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_Marteau_sans_maître_and_Pli_selon_pli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Le Marteau sans maître and Pli selon pli </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_Marteau_sans_maître_and_Pli_selon_pli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controlled_chance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controlled_chance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Controlled chance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controlled_chance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle-period_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle-period_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Middle-period works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle-period_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_with_electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_with_electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Works with electronics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_with_electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Last works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unfinished_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unfinished_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Unfinished works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unfinished_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conducting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conducting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Conducting </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conducting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conducting subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conducting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Approach_to_conducting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approach_to_conducting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Approach to conducting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approach_to_conducting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_in_the_opera_house" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_in_the_opera_house"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Work in the opera house </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_in_the_opera_house-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Recording </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_and_teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_and_teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Writing and teaching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_and_teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_and_personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_and_personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Character and personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_and_personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Honours and awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes,_references_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes, references and sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes, references and sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_Links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_Links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External Links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_Links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pierre Boulez</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" > 52 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="بيير بوليه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيير بوليه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyer_Bulez" title="Pyer Bulez – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pyer Bulez" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="П’ер Булез – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="П’ер Булез" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Пиер Булез – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пиер Булез" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B6" title="Πιερ Μπουλέζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πιερ Μπουλέζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2" title="پیر بولز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیر بولز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B6%88%EB%A0%88%EC%A6%88" title="피에르 불레즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피에르 불레즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%96" title="פייר בולז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פייר בולז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="პიერ ბულეზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიერ ბულეზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Boulez" title="Petrus Boulez – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Boulez" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Пјер Булез – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пјер Булез" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_(%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%86)" title="بيير بوليه (ملحن) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيير بوليه (ملحن)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="ピエール・ブーレーズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピエール・ブーレーズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7,_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Булез, Пьер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Булез, Пьер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%27%D1%94%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="П'єр Булез – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="П'єр Булез" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pierre Boulez" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%B9" title="皮埃尔·布莱兹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皮埃尔·布莱兹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until March 27, 2025 at 00:00 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French composer and conductor (1925–2016)</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Boulez_(1968).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pierre_Boulez_%281968%29.jpg/220px-Pierre_Boulez_%281968%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pierre_Boulez_%281968%29.jpg/330px-Pierre_Boulez_%281968%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pierre_Boulez_%281968%29.jpg/440px-Pierre_Boulez_%281968%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="1859" /></a><figcaption>Boulez in 1968</figcaption></figure> Pierre Louis Joseph Boulez (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[pjɛʁ lwi ʒozεf bulɛz]</a>; 26 March 1925 – 5 January 2016) was a French composer, conductor and writer, and the founder of several musical institutions. He was one of the dominant figures of post-war <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary classical music</a>. Born in <a href="/wiki/Montbrison,_Loire" title="Montbrison, Loire">Montbrison</a>, in the Loire department of France, the son of an engineer, Boulez studied at the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris" title="Conservatoire de Paris">Conservatoire de Paris</a> with <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>, and privately with <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_Vaurabourg" title="Andrée Vaurabourg">Andrée Vaurabourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Leibowitz" title="René Leibowitz">René Leibowitz</a>. He began his professional career in the late 1940s as music director of the Renaud-Barrault theatre company in Paris. He was a leading figure in <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant-garde music</a>, playing an important role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Integral_serialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Integral serialism">integral serialism</a> in the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">controlled chance music</a> in the 1960s and the electronic transformation of instrumental music in real time from the 1970s onwards. His tendency to revise earlier compositions meant that his body of work was relatively small, but it included pieces considered landmarks of twentieth-century music, such as <a href="/wiki/Le_Marteau_sans_ma%C3%AEtre" title="Le Marteau sans maître">Le Marteau sans maître</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pli_selon_pli" title="Pli selon pli">Pli selon pli</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9pons" title="Répons">Répons</a>. His uncompromising commitment to modernism and the trenchant, <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemical</a> tone in which he expressed his views on music led some to criticise him as a dogmatist. Boulez was also one of the most prominent conductors of his generation. In a career lasting more than sixty years, he was music director of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a>, chief conductor of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="BBC Symphony Orchestra">BBC Symphony Orchestra</a> and principal guest conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Chicago Symphony Orchestra">Chicago Symphony Orchestra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a>. He made frequent appearances with many other orchestras, including the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a>. He was known for his performances of the music of the first half of the twentieth century—including <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Ravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a>—as well as that of his contemporaries, such as <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Carter</a>. His work in the opera house included the <a href="/wiki/Jahrhundertring" title="Jahrhundertring">production</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner">Wagner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Ring cycle</a> for the centenary of the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a>, and the world premiere of the three-act version of <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="Lulu (opera)">Lulu</a>. His recorded legacy is extensive. He also founded several musical institutions. In Paris he set up the <a href="/wiki/Domaine_musical" title="Domaine musical">Domaine musical</a> in the 1950s to promote new music; in the 1970s he established the <a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique / Musique</a> (IRCAM), to foster research and innovation in music, and the <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_intercontemporain" title="Ensemble intercontemporain">Ensemble intercontemporain</a>, a chamber orchestra specialising in contemporary music. Later he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_la_musique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cité de la musique">Cité de la musique</a>, a concert hall, museum and library dedicated to music in the <a href="/wiki/Parc_de_la_Villette" title="Parc de la Villette">Parc de la Villette</a> in Paris and, in Switzerland, the <a href="/wiki/Lucerne_Festival_Academy" title="Lucerne Festival Academy">Lucerne Festival Academy</a>, an international orchestra of young musicians, with which he gave first performances of many new works. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1925–1943:_Childhood_and_school_days">1925–1943: Childhood and school days</h3></div> Pierre Boulez was born on 26 March 1925, in <a href="/wiki/Montbrison,_Loire" title="Montbrison, Loire">Montbrison</a>, a small town in the <a href="/wiki/Loire_(department)" title="Loire (department)">Loire department</a> of east-central France, to Léon and Marcelle (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> Calabre) Boulez.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> He was the third of four children: an older sister, Jeanne (1922–2018)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and younger brother, Roger (<abbr title="born in">b.</abbr> 1936) were preceded by another child called Pierre (<abbr title="born in">b.</abbr> 1920), who died in infancy. Léon (1891–1969), an engineer and technical director of a steel factory, is described by biographers as an authoritarian figure with a strong sense of fairness, and Marcelle (1897–1985) as an outgoing, good-humoured woman, who deferred to her husband's strict <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_(term)" title="Roman Catholic (term)">Catholic</a> beliefs, while not necessarily sharing them. The family prospered, moving in 1929 from the apartment above a pharmacy, where Boulez was born, to a comfortable detached house, where he spent most of his childhood.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> From the age of seven Boulez went to school at the Institut Victor de Laprade, a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> where the thirteen-hour school day was filled with study and prayer. By the age of eighteen he had repudiated Catholicism;<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> later in life he described himself as an agnostic.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> As a child, Boulez took piano lessons, played <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a> with local amateurs and sang in the school choir.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> After completing the first part of his <a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">baccalaureate</a> a year early, he spent the academic year of 1940–41 at the Pensionnat St. Louis, a boarding school in nearby <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a>. The following year he took classes in advanced mathematics at the Cours Sogno in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> (a school established by the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Mission" title="Congregation of the Mission">Lazaristes</a>)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> with a view to gaining admission to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a> in Paris. His father hoped this would lead to a career in engineering.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Wartime conditions in Lyon were already harsh; they became harsher still when the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy government</a> fell, the Germans took over and the city became a centre of the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">resistance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman-9">[9]</a> In Lyon, Boulez first heard an orchestra, saw his first operas (Mussorgsky's <a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov_(opera)" title="Boris Godunov (opera)">Boris Godunov</a> and Wagner's <a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a>)<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and met the soprano <a href="/wiki/Ninon_Vallin" title="Ninon Vallin">Ninon Vallin</a>, who asked him to play for her. Impressed by his ability, she persuaded his father to allow him to apply to the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_musique_et_de_danse_de_Lyon" title="Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Lyon">Conservatoire de Lyon</a>. He was rejected but was determined to pursue a career in music. The following year, with his sister's support in the face of opposition from his father, he studied piano and harmony privately with Lionel de Pachmann (son of the pianist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_de_Pachmann" title="Vladimir de Pachmann">Vladimir de Pachmann</a>).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> "Our parents were strong, but finally we were stronger than they", Boulez later said.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In the event, when he moved to Paris in the autumn of 1943, hoping to enroll at the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris" title="Conservatoire de Paris">Conservatoire de Paris</a>, his father accompanied him, helped him to find a room (in the <a href="/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="7th arrondissement of Paris">7th arrondissement</a>) and subsidised him until he could earn a living.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1943–1946:_Musical_education">1943–1946: Musical education</h3></div> In October 1943, Boulez auditioned unsuccessfully for the advanced piano class at the Conservatoire, but he was admitted in January 1944 to the preparatory harmony class of <a href="/wiki/Georges_Dandelot" title="Georges Dandelot">Georges Dandelot</a>. He made rapid progress, and by May 1944 Dandelot was describing him as "the best of the class".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4_rue_Beautrellis,_Paris,_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/4_rue_Beautrellis%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg/250px-4_rue_Beautrellis%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/4_rue_Beautrellis%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg/330px-4_rue_Beautrellis%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/4_rue_Beautrellis%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg/500px-4_rue_Beautrellis%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Boulez's home in Paris between 1945 and 1958</figcaption></figure> Around the same time he was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_Vaurabourg" title="Andrée Vaurabourg">Andrée Vaurabourg</a>, wife of the composer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Arthur Honegger</a>. Between April 1944 and May 1946 he studied counterpoint privately with her.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In June 1944 he approached <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> and asked to study harmony with him. Messiaen invited him to attend the private seminars he gave to selected students; in January 1945, Boulez joined Messiaen's advanced harmony class at the Conservatoire.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Boulez moved to two small attic rooms in the <a href="/wiki/Le_Marais" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Marais">Marais</a> district of Paris, where he lived for the next thirteen years.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In February 1945 he attended a private performance of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wind_Quintet_(Schoenberg)" title="Wind Quintet (Schoenberg)">Wind Quintet</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Leibowitz" title="René Leibowitz">René Leibowitz</a>, the composer and follower of Schoenberg. The strict use of <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone technique</a> in the Quintet was a revelation to Boulez, who organised a group of fellow students to take private lessons with Leibowitz. It was here that he also discovered the music of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> He eventually found Leibowitz's approach too doctrinaire and broke angrily with him in 1946 when Leibowitz tried to criticise one of his early works.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In June 1945, Boulez was one of four Conservatoire students awarded <a href="/wiki/First_Prize_(music_diploma)" title="First Prize (music diploma)">premier prix</a>. He was described in the examiner's report as "the most gifted—a composer".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Although registered at the Conservatoire for the academic year 1945–46, he soon boycotted <a href="/wiki/Simone_Pl%C3%A9-Caussade" title="Simone Plé-Caussade">Simone Plé-Caussade</a>'s counterpoint and fugue class, infuriated by what he described as her "lack of imagination", and organised a petition that Messiaen be given a full professorship in composition.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[n 1]</a> Over the winter of 1945–46 Boulez immersed himself in <a href="/wiki/Balinese_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese music">Balinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese music">Japanese music</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_drumming" class="mw-redirect" title="African drumming">African drumming</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée Guimet">Musée Guimet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Homme" title="Musée de l'Homme">Musée de l'Homme</a> in Paris:<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> "I almost chose the career of an <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnomusicologist">ethnomusicologist</a> because I was so fascinated by that music. It gives a different feeling of time."<a href="#cite_note-Bully-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1946–1953:_Early_career_in_Paris">1946–1953: Early career in Paris</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Louis_Barrault_and_Madeleine_Renaud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Barrault and Renaud standing in front of a poster for their company" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Jean-Louis_Barrault_and_Madeleine_Renaud.jpg/250px-Jean-Louis_Barrault_and_Madeleine_Renaud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Jean-Louis_Barrault_and_Madeleine_Renaud.jpg/330px-Jean-Louis_Barrault_and_Madeleine_Renaud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Jean-Louis_Barrault_and_Madeleine_Renaud.jpg/500px-Jean-Louis_Barrault_and_Madeleine_Renaud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2658" data-file-height="3760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Barrault" title="Jean-Louis Barrault">Jean-Louis Barrault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Renaud" title="Madeleine Renaud">Madeleine Renaud</a> in 1952, by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten" title="Carl Van Vechten">Carl Van Vechten</a></figcaption></figure> On 12 February 1946, the pianist <a href="/wiki/Yvette_Grimaud" title="Yvette Grimaud">Yvette Grimaud</a> gave the first public performances of Boulez's music (Douze Notations and Trois Psalmodies) at the Concerts du Triptyque.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Boulez earned money by giving maths lessons to his landlord's son.<a href="#cite_note-TelegraphObituary-28">[27]</a> He also played the <a href="/wiki/Ondes_Martenot" title="Ondes Martenot">ondes Martenot</a> (an early electronic instrument), improvising accompaniments to radio dramas and occasionally deputising in the pit orchestra of the <a href="/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re" title="Folies Bergère">Folies Bergère</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> In October 1946, the actor and director <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Barrault" title="Jean-Louis Barrault">Jean-Louis Barrault</a> engaged him to play the ondes for a production of <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a> for the new company he and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Renaud" title="Madeleine Renaud">Madeleine Renaud</a>, had formed at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Marigny" title="Théâtre Marigny">Théâtre Marigny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Boulez was soon appointed music director of the Compagnie Renaud-Barrault, a post he held for nine years. He arranged and conducted incidental music, mostly by composers whose music he disliked (such as <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>), but it gave him the chance to work with professional musicians, while leaving time to compose during the day.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> His involvement with the company also broadened his horizons: in 1947 they toured to Belgium and Switzerland ("absolutely <a href="/wiki/Cockaigne" title="Cockaigne">pays de cocagne</a>, my first discovery of the big world");<a href="#cite_note-Coleman-9">[9]</a> in 1948 they took Hamlet to the second <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Festival">Edinburgh International Festival</a>;<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> in 1951 they gave a season of plays in London, at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>;<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> and between 1950 and 1957 there were three tours to South America and two to North America.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Much of the music he wrote for the company was lost after the occupation by students of the <a href="/wiki/Od%C3%A9on-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Europe" title="Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe">Théâtre de l'Odéon</a> during the <a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">civil unrest in May 1968</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The period between 1947 and 1950 was one of intense compositional activity for Boulez. New works included the <a href="/wiki/Piano_sonatas_(Boulez)" title="Piano sonatas (Boulez)">first two piano sonatas</a> and initial versions of two cantatas on poems by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Char" title="René Char">René Char</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Visage_nuptial" title="Le Visage nuptial">Le Visage nuptial</a><a href="#cite_note-visage-36">[n 2]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le_Soleil_des_eaux" title="Le Soleil des eaux">Le Soleil des eaux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-soleil-38">[n 3]</a> In October 1951, a substantial work for eighteen solo instruments, <a href="/wiki/Polyphonie_X" title="Polyphonie X">Polyphonie X</a>, caused a scandal at its premiere at the <a href="/wiki/Donaueschingen_Festival" title="Donaueschingen Festival">Donaueschingen Festival</a>, some audience members whistling and hissing during the performance.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Around this time, Boulez met two composers who were to be important influences: <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>. His friendship with Cage began in 1949 when Cage was visiting Paris. Cage introduced Boulez to two publishers (<a href="/wiki/Heugel_(music_publisher)" title="Heugel (music publisher)">Heugel</a> and Amphion) who agreed to take his recent pieces; Boulez helped to arrange a private performance of Cage's <a href="/wiki/Sonatas_and_Interludes_for_Prepared_Piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano">Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> When Cage returned to New York they began an intense, six-year correspondence about the future of music. Their friendship later cooled as Boulez could not accept Cage's increasing commitment to compositional procedures <a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">based on chance</a>; he later broke off contact with him.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> In 1952 Stockhausen arrived in Paris to study with Messiaen.<a href="#cite_note-Barbedette,_214-42">[39]</a> Although Boulez knew no German and Stockhausen no French, the rapport between them was instant: "A friend translated [and] we gesticulated wildly ... We talked about music all the time—in a way I've never talked about it with anyone else."<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> In July 1952, Boulez attended the <a href="/wiki/Darmst%C3%A4dter_Ferienkurse" title="Darmstädter Ferienkurse">International Summer Course for New Music in Darmstadt</a> for the first time. As well as Stockhausen, Boulez was in contact there with other composers who would become significant figures in contemporary music, including <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a>. Boulez quickly became one of the leaders of the post-war modernist movement in the arts. As the music critic <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Alex Ross</a> observed: "at all times he seemed absolutely sure of what he was doing. Amid the confusion of postwar life, with so many truths discredited, his certitude was reassuring."<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1954–1959:_Le_Domaine_musical">1954–1959: Le Domaine musical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatre_Marigny_-_Salle_Popesco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Theatre_Marigny_-_Salle_Popesco.jpg/220px-Theatre_Marigny_-_Salle_Popesco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Theatre_Marigny_-_Salle_Popesco.jpg/330px-Theatre_Marigny_-_Salle_Popesco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Theatre_Marigny_-_Salle_Popesco.jpg/440px-Theatre_Marigny_-_Salle_Popesco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1708" /></a><figcaption>The Salle Popesco in Paris, formerly the Petit Marigny</figcaption></figure> In 1954, with the financial backing of Barrault and Renaud, Boulez started a series of concerts at the Petit Marigny theatre, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Domaine_musical" title="Domaine musical">Domaine musical</a>. The concerts focused initially on three areas: pre-war classics still unfamiliar in Paris (such as <a href="/wiki/Bela_Bart%C3%B3k" class="mw-redirect" title="Bela Bartók">Bartók</a> and Webern), works by the new generation (Stockhausen, Nono) and neglected masters from the past (<a href="/wiki/Machaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Machaut">Machaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo" title="Carlo Gesualdo">Gesualdo</a>)—although the last category fell away in subsequent seasons, in part because of the difficulty of finding musicians with experience of playing early music.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Boulez proved an energetic and accomplished administrator and the concerts were an immediate success.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> They attracted musicians, painters and writers, as well as fashionable society, but they were so expensive that Boulez had to turn to wealthy patrons for support.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> Key events in the Domaine's history included a Webern festival (1955), the European premiere of Stravinsky's <a href="/wiki/Agon_(ballet)" title="Agon (ballet)">Agon</a> (1957) and first performances of Messiaen's <a href="/wiki/Oiseaux_exotiques" title="Oiseaux exotiques">Oiseaux exotiques</a> (1955) and <a href="/wiki/Sept_ha%C3%AFka%C3%AF" title="Sept haïkaï">Sept haïkaï</a> (1963). Boulez remained director until 1967, when Gilbert Amy succeeded him.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> On 18 June 1955, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosbaud" title="Hans Rosbaud">Hans Rosbaud</a> conducted the first performance of Boulez's best-known work, <a href="/wiki/Le_Marteau_sans_ma%C3%AEtre" title="Le Marteau sans maître">Le Marteau sans maître</a>,<a href="#cite_note-marteau-49">[n 4]</a> at the ISCM Festival in Baden-Baden. A nine-movement cycle for alto voice and instrumental ensemble based on poems by René Char,<a href="#cite_note-Nichols6Jan-50">[46]</a> it was an immediate, international success.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Glock" title="William Glock">William Glock</a> wrote: "even at a first hearing, though difficult to take in, it was so utterly new in sound, texture and feeling that it seemed to possess a mythical quality like that of Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/Pierrot_lunaire" title="Pierrot lunaire">Pierrot lunaire</a>".<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> When Boulez conducted the work in Los Angeles in early 1957, Stravinsky attended the performance; he later described the piece as "one of the few significant works of the post-war period of exploration".<a href="#cite_note-Nichols6Jan-50">[46]</a> Boulez dined several times with the Stravinskys and (according to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Craft" title="Robert Craft">Robert Craft</a>) "soon captivated the older composer with new musical ideas, and an extraordinary intelligence, quickness and humour".<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> Relations between the two composers soured the following year over the first Paris performance of Stravinsky's <a href="/wiki/Threni_(Stravinsky)" title="Threni (Stravinsky)">Threni</a> for the Domaine musical. Poorly planned by Boulez and nervously conducted by Stravinsky, the performance broke down more than once.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> In January 1958, the Improvisations sur Mallarmé (I et II) were premiered, forming the kernel of a piece which grew over the next four years into a large-scale, five-movement "portrait of <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a>", <a href="/wiki/Pli_selon_pli" title="Pli selon pli">Pli selon pli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pli-55">[n 5]</a> It received its premiere in Donaueschingen in October 1962.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> Around this time, Boulez's relations with Stockhausen deteriorated as (according to the biographer <a href="/wiki/Joan_Peyser" title="Joan Peyser">Joan Peyser</a>) he saw the younger man supplanting him as the leader of the avant-garde.<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1959–1971:_International_conducting_career">1959–1971: International conducting career</h3></div> In 1959, Boulez left Paris for <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a>, where he had an arrangement with the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_German_Radio_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra">Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra</a> to work as composer-in-residence and to conduct some smaller concerts.<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> He also had access to an electronic studio where he could work on a new piece (Poésie pour pouvoir).<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-poesie-60">[n 6]</a> He moved into, and eventually bought, a large hillside villa, which was his main home for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> During this period, he turned increasingly to conducting. His first engagement as an orchestral conductor had been in 1956, when he conducted the <a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Venezuela Symphony Orchestra">Venezuela Symphony Orchestra</a> while on tour with Barrault.<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> His breakthrough came in 1959 when he replaced the ailing Hans Rosbaud at short notice in demanding programmes of twentieth-century music at the <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence_Festival" title="Aix-en-Provence Festival">Aix-en-Provence</a> and Donaueschingen Festivals.<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> This led to debuts with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Concertgebouw_Orchestra" title="Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra">Amsterdam Concertgebouw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Radio_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra">Bavarian Radio Symphony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a> orchestras.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Szell_,_dirigent,_en_Clevelandorkest_op_Schiphol,_Bestanddeelnr_908-6780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="George Szell, seated, in a pin-stripe suit, gesturing with his left hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/George_Szell_%2C_dirigent%2C_en_Clevelandorkest_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-6780.jpg/250px-George_Szell_%2C_dirigent%2C_en_Clevelandorkest_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-6780.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/George_Szell_%2C_dirigent%2C_en_Clevelandorkest_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-6780.jpg/330px-George_Szell_%2C_dirigent%2C_en_Clevelandorkest_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-6780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/George_Szell_%2C_dirigent%2C_en_Clevelandorkest_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-6780.jpg/500px-George_Szell_%2C_dirigent%2C_en_Clevelandorkest_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-6780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2715" data-file-height="2714" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a> in 1957</figcaption></figure> In 1963 Boulez conducted his first opera, Berg's <a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_National_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Opéra National de Paris">Opéra National de Paris</a>, directed by Barrault. The conditions were exceptional, with thirty orchestral rehearsals instead of the usual three or four; the critical response was favourable and after the first performance the musicians rose to applaud him.<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> He conducted Wozzeck again in April 1966 at the <a href="/wiki/Oper_Frankfurt" title="Oper Frankfurt">Oper Frankfurt</a> in a new production by <a href="/wiki/Wieland_Wagner" title="Wieland Wagner">Wieland Wagner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> Wieland Wagner had already invited Boulez to conduct Wagner's <a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a> later in the season, and Boulez returned to conduct revivals in 1967, 1968 and 1970.<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> He also conducted performances of Wagner's <a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a> with the Bayreuth company at the Osaka Festival in Japan in 1967, but the lack of adequate rehearsal made it an experience he later said he would rather forget.<a href="#cite_note-Blight-68">[62]</a> His conducting of the new production (by <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Ka%C5%A1l%C3%ADk" title="Václav Kašlík">Václav Kašlík</a>) of Debussy's <a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a> at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden</a> in 1969 was praised for its combination of "delicacy and sumptuousness".<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> In 1965, the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Festival">Edinburgh International Festival</a> staged the first large-scale retrospective of Boulez as composer and conductor.<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> In 1966, he proposed a reorganisation of French musical life to the minister of culture, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a>, but Malraux instead appointed the conservative <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Landowski" title="Marcel Landowski">Marcel Landowski</a> as head of music at the Ministry of Culture. Boulez expressed his fury in an article in the Nouvel Observateur, announcing that he was "going on strike with regard to any aspect of official music in France".<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> In March 1965, Boulez had made his orchestral debut in the United States with the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> In February 1969 he became its principal guest conductor and, on the death of <a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a> in July 1970, assumed the role of music advisor for two years.<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> In the 1968–69 season, he also made guest appearances in Boston, Chicago and Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> Apart from Pli selon pli, Boulez's only substantial new work to emerge in the first half of the 1960s was the final version of Book 2 of his Structures for two pianos.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> Midway through the decade, he produced several new works, including <a href="/wiki/%C3%89clat" title="Éclat">Éclat</a> (1965),<a href="#cite_note-eclat-76">[n 7]</a> a short and brilliant piece for small ensemble,<a href="#cite_note-77">[70]</a> which by 1970 had grown into a substantial half-hour work, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89clat/Multiples" title="Éclat/Multiples">Éclat/Multiples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1971–1977:_London_and_New_York">1971–1977: London and New York</h3></div> Boulez first conducted the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="BBC Symphony Orchestra">BBC Symphony Orchestra</a> in February 1964, at <a href="/wiki/Worthing" title="Worthing">Worthing</a>, accompanying <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy" title="Vladimir Ashkenazy">Vladimir Ashkenazy</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a> piano concerto. Boulez recalled: "It was terrible, I felt like a waiter who keeps dropping the plates."<a href="#cite_note-79">[72]</a> His appearances with the orchestra over the next five years included his debuts at the <a href="/wiki/The_Proms" class="mw-redirect" title="The Proms">Proms</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> (1965)<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a> and tours to Moscow and Leningrad, Berlin and Prague (1967).<a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a> In January 1969 William Glock, controller of music at the BBC, announced his appointment as chief conductor.<a href="#cite_note-Glock,_139-82">[75]</a> Two months later, Boulez conducted the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a> for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a> His performances so impressed both orchestra and management that he was offered the chief conductorship in succession to <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>. Glock was dismayed and tried to persuade him that accepting the New York position would detract both from his work in London and his ability to compose but Boulez could not resist the opportunity (as Glock put it) "to reform the music-making of both these world cities" and in June the New York appointment was confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Woodward_and_Pierre_Boulez_rehearsing_with_the_BBC_Symphony_Orchestra_Bartok%27s_first_Piano_Concerto_in_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Roger_Woodward_and_Pierre_Boulez_rehearsing_with_the_BBC_Symphony_Orchestra_Bartok%27s_first_Piano_Concerto_in_1972.jpg/220px-Roger_Woodward_and_Pierre_Boulez_rehearsing_with_the_BBC_Symphony_Orchestra_Bartok%27s_first_Piano_Concerto_in_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Roger_Woodward_and_Pierre_Boulez_rehearsing_with_the_BBC_Symphony_Orchestra_Bartok%27s_first_Piano_Concerto_in_1972.jpg/330px-Roger_Woodward_and_Pierre_Boulez_rehearsing_with_the_BBC_Symphony_Orchestra_Bartok%27s_first_Piano_Concerto_in_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Roger_Woodward_and_Pierre_Boulez_rehearsing_with_the_BBC_Symphony_Orchestra_Bartok%27s_first_Piano_Concerto_in_1972.jpg/440px-Roger_Woodward_and_Pierre_Boulez_rehearsing_with_the_BBC_Symphony_Orchestra_Bartok%27s_first_Piano_Concerto_in_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2357" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Boulez rehearsing with the pianist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Woodward" title="Roger Woodward">Roger Woodward</a> for a BBC Symphony Orchestra concert in 1972</figcaption></figure> His tenure in New York lasted between 1971 and 1977 and was not an unqualified success. The dependence on a subscription audience limited his programming. He introduced more key works from the first half of the twentieth century and, with earlier repertoire, sought out less well-known pieces.<a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a> In his first season, he conducted Liszt's The Legend of Saint Elizabeth and <a href="/wiki/Via_crucis_(Liszt)" title="Via crucis (Liszt)">Via Crucis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a> Performances of new music were comparatively rare in the subscription series. The players admired his musicianship but regarded him as dry and unemotional compared to Bernstein, although it was widely accepted that he improved the standard of playing.<a href="#cite_note-Heyworth(1986),_36-87">[80]</a> He returned on only three occasions to the orchestra in later years.<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> Boulez's time with the BBC Symphony Orchestra was happier. With the resources of the BBC behind him, he could be bolder in his choice of repertoire.<a href="#cite_note-Heyworth(1986),_36-87">[80]</a> There were occasional forays into the classical and romantic repertoire, particularly at the Proms (Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Missa_solemnis_(Beethoven)" title="Missa solemnis (Beethoven)">Missa solemnis</a> in 1972; the <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a> <a href="/wiki/A_German_Requiem_(Brahms)" title="A German Requiem (Brahms)">German Requiem</a> in 1973),<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> but for the most part he worked intensively with the orchestra on the music of the twentieth century. He conducted works by the younger generation of British composers—such as <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies" title="Peter Maxwell Davies">Peter Maxwell Davies</a>—but <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Britten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tippett" title="Michael Tippett">Tippett</a> were absent from his programmes.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a> His relations with the musicians were generally excellent.<a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> He was chief conductor between 1971 and 1975, continuing as chief guest conductor until 1977. Thereafter he returned to the orchestra frequently until his last appearance in an all-<a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a> programme at a 2008 Prom.<a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> In both cities, Boulez sought out venues where new music could be presented more informally: in New York he began a series of "Rug Concerts"—when the seats in <a href="/wiki/Avery_Fisher_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Avery Fisher Hall">Avery Fisher Hall</a> were taken out and the audience sat on the floor—and a contemporary music series called "Prospective Encounters" in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>;<a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a> in London he gave concerts at the <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(venue)" title="Roundhouse (venue)">Roundhouse</a>, a former railway turntable shed which <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brook" title="Peter Brook">Peter Brook</a> had also used for radical theatre productions. His aim was "to create a feeling that we are all, audience, players and myself, taking part in an act of exploration".<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a> In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner" title="Wolfgang Wagner">Wolfgang Wagner</a>, who had succeeded his brother Wieland as director of the Bayreuth Festival, invited Boulez to conduct the <a href="/wiki/Jahrhundertring" title="Jahrhundertring">1976 centenary production</a> of Wagner's <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[n 8]</a> The director was <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Ch%C3%A9reau" title="Patrice Chéreau">Patrice Chéreau</a>. Highly controversial in its first year, according to Barry Millington by the end of the run in 1980 "enthusiasm for the production vastly outweighed disapproval".<a href="#cite_note-Millington-97">[89]</a> It was televised around the world.<a href="#cite_note-Kozinn-98">[90]</a> A few new works emerged during this period, of which perhaps the most important is <a href="/wiki/Rituel_in_memoriam_Bruno_Maderna" title="Rituel in memoriam Bruno Maderna">Rituel in memoriam Bruno Maderna</a>, a large-scale orchestral work, prompted by the death at a relatively young age of Boulez's friend and fellow composer.<a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1977–1992:_IRCAM">1977–1992: IRCAM</h3></div> In 1970 Boulez was asked by President <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Pompidou</a> to return to France and set up an institute specialising in musical research and creation at the arts complex—now known as the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Georges Pompidou">Centre Georges Pompidou</a>—which was planned for the Beaubourg district of Paris. The <a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique / Musique</a> (IRCAM) opened in 1977. Boulez's model was the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a>, which had been a meeting place for artists and scientists of all disciplines.<a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> IRCAM's aims included research into acoustics, instrumental design and the use of computers in music.<a href="#cite_note-Nichols6Jan-50">[46]</a> The original building was constructed underground, partly to isolate it acoustically (an above-ground extension was added later).<a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a> The institution was criticised for absorbing too much state subsidy, Boulez for wielding too much power.<a href="#cite_note-Nichols6Jan-50">[46]</a> At the same time he founded the <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_intercontemporain" title="Ensemble intercontemporain">Ensemble intercontemporain</a>, a virtuoso ensemble dedicated to contemporary music.<a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a> In 1979, Boulez conducted the world premiere of the three-act version of Berg's <a href="/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="Lulu (opera)">Lulu</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Paris Opera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Cerha" title="Friedrich Cerha">Friedrich Cerha</a>'s completion of the work, left unfinished at Berg's death. It was directed by Chéreau.<a href="#cite_note-Barbedette,_221-103">[95]</a> Otherwise he scaled back his conducting commitments to concentrate on IRCAM. Most of his appearances during this period were with his own Ensemble intercontemporain—including tours to the United States (1986), Australia (1988), the Soviet Union (1990) and Canada (1991)<a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a>—although he also renewed his links in the 1980s with the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a> Boulez composed significantly more during this period, producing a series of pieces which used the potential, developed at IRCAM, electronically to transform sound in real time. The first of these was <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9pons" title="Répons">Répons</a> (1981–1984), a 40-minute work for soloists, ensemble and electronics. He also radically reworked earlier pieces, including Notations I-IV, a transcription and expansion for large orchestra of tiny piano pieces (1945–1980),<a href="#cite_note-Barbedette,_221-103">[95]</a> and his cantata on poems by Char, Le Visage nuptial (1946–1989).<a href="#cite_note-Visage-106">[98]</a> From 1976 to 1995, he held the Chair in Invention, technique et langage en musique at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a> In 1988 he made a series of six programmes for French television, Boulez XXe siècle, each of which focused on a specific aspect of contemporary music (rhythm, timbre, form etc.)<a href="#cite_note-FM-108">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1992–2006:_Return_to_conducting">1992–2006: Return to conducting</h3></div> In 1992, Boulez gave up the directorship of IRCAM and was succeeded by Laurent Bayle.<a href="#cite_note-Barbedette,_223-109">[101]</a> He was composer in residence at that year's <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Festival" title="Salzburg Festival">Salzburg Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[102]</a> The previous year he began a series of annual residencies with the Cleveland Orchestra and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. In 1995 he was named principal guest conductor in Chicago, a post he held until 2005, when he became conductor emeritus.<a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a> His 70th birthday in 1995 was marked by a six-month retrospective tour with the London Symphony Orchestra, taking in Paris, Vienna, New York and Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-112">[104]</a> In 2001 he conducted a major Bartók cycle with the Orchestre de Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Barbedette,_223-109">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulez25oct2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Boulez25oct2004.jpg/220px-Boulez25oct2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Boulez25oct2004.jpg/330px-Boulez25oct2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Boulez25oct2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Boulez at a conference at the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Fine_Arts,_Brussels" title="Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels">Palais des Beaux-Arts in Brussels</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> This period also marked a return to the opera house, including two productions with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stein_(director)" title="Peter Stein (director)">Peter Stein</a>: Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande (1992, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_National_Opera" title="Welsh National Opera">Welsh National Opera</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[105]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Théâtre du Châtelet">Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris</a>); and Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/Moses_und_Aron" title="Moses und Aron">Moses und Aron</a> (1995, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_National_Opera" title="Dutch National Opera">Dutch National Opera</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[106]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Festival" title="Salzburg Festival">Salzburg Festival</a>). In 2004 and 2005 he returned to Bayreuth to conduct a controversial new production of Parsifal directed by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Schlingensief" title="Christoph Schlingensief">Christoph Schlingensief</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a> His two most substantial compositions from this period are <a href="/wiki/...explosante-fixe..." title="...explosante-fixe...">...explosante-fixe...</a> (1993), which had its origins in 1972 as a tribute to Stravinsky and which again used the electronic resources of IRCAM,<a href="#cite_note-116">[108]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sur_Incises" class="mw-redirect" title="Sur Incises">sur Incises</a> (1998), for which he was awarded the 2001 Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition.<a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a> Boulez continued to work on institutional organisation. He co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_la_musique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cité de la musique">Cité de la musique</a>, which opened in La Villette on the outskirts of Paris in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-TelegraphObituary-28">[27]</a> Consisting of a modular concert hall, museum and mediatheque—with the Conservatoire de Paris on an adjacent site—it became the home to the Ensemble intercontemporain and attracted a diverse audience.<a href="#cite_note-118">[110]</a> In 2004, he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Lucerne_Festival" title="Lucerne Festival">Lucerne Festival Academy</a>, an orchestral institute for young musicians, dedicated to music of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.<a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a> For the next ten years he spent the last three weeks of summer working with young composers and conducting concerts with the Academy's orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006–2016:_Last_years">2006–2016: Last years</h3></div> Boulez's last major work was Dérive 2 (2006), a 45-minute piece for eleven instruments.<a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a> He left several compositional projects unfinished, including the remaining Notations for orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-Nichols6Jan-50">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulez2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Boulez2008.jpg/180px-Boulez2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Boulez2008.jpg/270px-Boulez2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Boulez2008.jpg/360px-Boulez2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1453" /></a><figcaption>Boulez at the Donaueschinger Musiktage 2008 with the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_German_Radio_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra">SWR Sinfonieorchester</a></figcaption></figure> He remained active as a conductor over the next six years. In 2007 he was re-united with Chéreau for a production of Janáček's <a href="/wiki/From_the_House_of_the_Dead" title="From the House of the Dead">From the House of the Dead</a> (Theater an der Wien, Amsterdam and Aix).<a href="#cite_note-122">[114]</a> In April that year, as part of the Festtage in Berlin, Boulez and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> gave a cycle of the <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a> symphonies with the <a href="/wiki/Staatskapelle_Berlin" title="Staatskapelle Berlin">Staatskapelle Berlin</a>, which they repeated two years later at Carnegie Hall.<a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a> In late 2007 the Orchestre de Paris and the Ensemble intercontemporain presented a retrospective of Boulez's music<a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> and in 2008 the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> mounted the exhibition Pierre Boulez, Œuvre: fragment.<a href="#cite_note-FM-108">[100]</a> His appearances became more infrequent after an eye operation in 2010 left him with severely impaired sight. Other health problems included a shoulder injury resulting from a fall.<a href="#cite_note-WQXR-125">[117]</a> In late 2011, when he was already quite frail,<a href="#cite_note-126">[118]</a> he led the combined Ensemble intercontemporain and Lucerne Festival Academy, with the soprano <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hannigan" title="Barbara Hannigan">Barbara Hannigan</a>, in a tour of six European cities of his own Pli selon pli.<a href="#cite_note-127">[119]</a> His final appearance as a conductor was in Salzburg on 28 January 2012 with the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a> Orchestra and <a href="/wiki/Mitsuko_Uchida" title="Mitsuko Uchida">Mitsuko Uchida</a> in a programme of Schoenberg (<a href="/wiki/Begleitungsmusik_zu_einer_Lichtspielscene" title="Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene">Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Piano Concerto (Schoenberg)">Piano Concerto</a>), Mozart (Piano Concerto No.19 in F major K459) and Stravinsky (<a href="/wiki/Pulcinella_(ballet)#Pulcinella_Suite" title="Pulcinella (ballet)">Pulcinella Suite</a>).<a href="#cite_note-128">[120]</a> Thereafter he cancelled all conducting engagements. In mid-2012 Boulez was diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease, probably a form of <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[121]</a> Later that year, he worked with the Diotima Quartet, making final revisions to his only string quartet, <a href="/wiki/Livre_pour_quatuor" title="Livre pour quatuor">Livre pour quatuor</a>, begun in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-130">[122]</a> In 2013 he oversaw the release on <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a> of Pierre Boulez: Complete Works, a 13-CD survey of all his authorised compositions. He made his last public appearance on 30 May 2013 at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris, discussing Stravinsky with Robert Piencikowski, to mark the centenary of the premiere of The Rite of Spring.<a href="#cite_note-131">[123]</a> From 2014 he scarcely left his home in Baden-Baden.<a href="#cite_note-132">[124]</a> His health prevented him from taking part in the many celebrations held across the world for his 90th birthday in 2015, which included a multi-media exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Musique" title="Musée de la Musique">Musée de la Musique</a> in Paris, focusing on the inspiration he had drawn from literature and the visual arts.<a href="#cite_note-133">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baden-Baden-Hauptfriedhof-25-Grabmal_Boulez-2016-gje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="tombstone bearing Boulez's name and dates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Baden-Baden-Hauptfriedhof-25-Grabmal_Boulez-2016-gje.jpg/180px-Baden-Baden-Hauptfriedhof-25-Grabmal_Boulez-2016-gje.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Baden-Baden-Hauptfriedhof-25-Grabmal_Boulez-2016-gje.jpg/270px-Baden-Baden-Hauptfriedhof-25-Grabmal_Boulez-2016-gje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Baden-Baden-Hauptfriedhof-25-Grabmal_Boulez-2016-gje.jpg/360px-Baden-Baden-Hauptfriedhof-25-Grabmal_Boulez-2016-gje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4267" /></a><figcaption>Boulez's grave in Baden-Baden, 28 November 2016</figcaption></figure> Boulez died at home on 5 January 2016.<a href="#cite_note-134">[126]</a> He was buried on 13 January in Baden-Baden's main cemetery following a private funeral service at the town's Stiftskirche. At a memorial service the next day at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint-Sulpice,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris">Saint-Sulpice</a> in Paris, eulogists included Barenboim, <a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a>, and Laurent Bayle, then president of the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonie_de_Paris" title="Philharmonie de Paris">Philharmonie de Paris</a>,<a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> whose large concert hall had been inaugurated the previous year, thanks in part to Boulez's influence.<a href="#cite_note-136">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compositions">Compositions</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Pierre_Boulez" title="List of compositions by Pierre Boulez">List of compositions by Pierre Boulez</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Juvenilia_and_student_works">Juvenilia and student works</h3></div> Boulez's earliest surviving compositions date from his school days in 1942–43, mostly songs on texts by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautier_le_Leu" title="Gautier le Leu">Gautier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[129]</a> Gerald Bennett describes the pieces as "modest, delicate and rather anonymous [employing] a certain number of standard elements of French salon music of the time—whole-tone scales, pentatonic scales and polytonality".<a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> As a student at the Conservatoire Boulez composed a series of pieces influenced first by Honegger and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet" title="André Jolivet">Jolivet</a> (Prelude, Toccata and Scherzo and Nocturne for solo piano (1944–45))<a href="#cite_note-139">[131]</a> and then by Messiaen (Trois psalmodies for piano (1945) and a Quartet for four ondes Martenot (1945–46)).<a href="#cite_note-140">[132]</a> The encounter with Schoenberg—through his studies with Leibowitz—was the catalyst for his first piece of serial music, the Thème et variations for piano, left hand (1945). Peter O'Hagan describes it as "his boldest and most ambitious work to date".<a href="#cite_note-141">[133]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Douze_notations_and_the_work_in_progress">Douze notations and the work in progress</h3></div> Boulez completed Douze notations in December 1945. It is in these twelve aphoristic pieces for piano, each twelve bars long, that Bennett first detects the influence of Webern.<a href="#cite_note-142">[134]</a> Shortly after the composition of the piano original, Boulez attempted an (unperformed and unpublished) orchestration of eleven of the pieces.<a href="#cite_note-143">[135]</a> Over a decade later he re-used two of them<a href="#cite_note-144">[n 9]</a> in instrumental interludes in his Improvisation I sur Mallarmé.<a href="#cite_note-145">[136]</a> Then in the mid-1970s he embarked on a further, more radical transformation of the Notations into extended works for very large orchestra,<a href="#cite_note-146">[137]</a> a project which occupied him to the end of his life.<a href="#cite_note-147">[138]</a> Notations was only the most extreme example of Boulez's tendency to revisit earlier works: "as long as my ideas have not exhausted every possibility of proliferation they stay in my mind".<a href="#cite_note-148">[139]</a> Robert Piencikowski characterises this in part as "an obsessional concern for perfection" and observes that with some pieces "one could speak of successive distinct versions, each one presenting a particular state of the musical material, without the successor invalidating the previous one or vice versa"—although he notes that Boulez almost invariably vetoed the performance of previous versions.<a href="#cite_note-149">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_published_works">First published works</h3></div> The Sonatine for flute and piano (1946–1949) was the first work Boulez allowed to be published. A serial work of great energy, its single-movement form was influenced by Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._1_(Schoenberg)" title="Chamber Symphony No. 1 (Schoenberg)">Chamber Symphony No. 1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[141]</a> Bennett finds in the piece a tone new to Boulez's writing: "a sharp, brittle violence juxtaposed against an extreme sensitivity and delicacy".<a href="#cite_note-151">[142]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Piano_sonatas_(Boulez)" title="Piano sonatas (Boulez)">Piano Sonata No. 1</a> (1946–49) the biographer <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Jameux" title="Dominique Jameux">Dominique Jameux</a> highlights the sheer number of different kinds of attack in its two short movements—and the frequent accelerations of tempo in the second movement—which together create a feeling of "instrumental delirium".<a href="#cite_note-152">[143]</a> There followed two cantatas based on the poetry of René Char. Of Le Visage nuptial<a href="#cite_note-visage-36">[n 2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Griffiths_(writer)" title="Paul Griffiths (writer)">Paul Griffiths</a> observes that "Char's five poems speak in hard-edged surrealist imagery of an ecstatic sexual passion", which Boulez reflected in music "on the borders of fevered hysteria". In its original version (1946–47) the piece was scored for small forces (soprano, contralto, two ondes Martenot, piano and percussion). Forty years later Boulez arrived at the definitive version for soprano, mezzo-soprano, chorus and orchestra (1985–1989).<a href="#cite_note-Visage-106">[98]</a> Le Soleil des eaux<a href="#cite_note-soleil-38">[n 3]</a> (1948) originated in incidental music for a radio drama by Char. It went through three further versions before reaching its final form in 1965 as a piece for soprano, mixed chorus and orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-153">[144]</a> The first movement (Complainte du lézard amoureux<a href="#cite_note-154">[n 10]</a>) is a love song addressed by a lizard to a goldfinch in the heat of a summer day;<a href="#cite_note-155">[145]</a> the second (La Sorgue) is a violent, incantatory protest against the pollution of the river <a href="/wiki/Sorgue" title="Sorgue">Sorgue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[146]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Piano_sonatas_(Boulez)" title="Piano sonatas (Boulez)">Second Piano Sonata</a> (1947–48) is a half-hour work which requires formidable technical prowess from the performer.<a href="#cite_note-157">[147]</a> Its four movements follow the standard pattern of a classical sonata but in each of them Boulez subverts the traditional model.<a href="#cite_note-158">[148]</a> For Griffiths the violent character of much of the music "is not just superficial: it is expressive of … a need to obliterate what had gone before".<a href="#cite_note-Griffiths_1978,_16-159">[149]</a> Boulez played the work for <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>, who asked: "But must we start a revolution all over again?"—"Yes, mercilessly", Boulez replied.<a href="#cite_note-160">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_serialism">Total serialism</h3></div> That revolution entered its most extreme phase in 1950–1952, when Boulez developed a technique in which not only pitch but other musical parameters—duration, dynamics, timbre and attack—were organised according to serial principles, an approach known as total <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Punctualism" title="Punctualism">punctualism</a>. Messiaen had already made an experiment in this direction in his <a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%89tudes_de_rythme#"Mode_de_valeurs_et_d'intensités"" title="Quatre Études de rythme">Mode de valeurs et d'intensités</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[n 11]</a> for piano (1949). Boulez's first sketches towards total serialism appeared in parts of <a href="/wiki/Livre_pour_quatuor" title="Livre pour quatuor">Livre pour quatuor</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[n 12]</a> (1948–49, revised 2011–12), a collection of movements for string quartet from which the players may choose at any one performance, foreshadowing Boulez's later interest in variable form.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins_and_Griffiths-164">[152]</a> In the early 1950s Boulez began to apply the technique rigorously, ordering each parameter into sets of twelve and prescribing no repetition until all twelve had sounded. According to the music critic <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Alex Ross</a> the resulting surfeit of ever-changing musical data has the effect of erasing at any given point previous impressions the listener may have formed: "the present moment is all there is", Ross observed.<a href="#cite_note-165">[153]</a> Boulez linked this development to a desire by his generation to create a <a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">tabula rasa</a> after the war.<a href="#cite_note-Toronyi-Lalic-166">[154]</a> His works in this idiom are <a href="/wiki/Polyphonie_X" title="Polyphonie X">Polyphonie X</a> (1950–51; withdrawn) for 18 instruments, the two <a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">musique concrète</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude" title="Étude">études</a> (1951–52; withdrawn), and <a href="/wiki/Structures_(Boulez)" title="Structures (Boulez)">Structures, Book I</a> for two pianos (1951–52).<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins_and_Griffiths-164">[152]</a> Speaking of Structures, Book I in 2011 Boulez described it as a piece in which "the responsibility of the composer is practically absent. Had computers existed at that time I would have put the data through them and made the piece that way. But I did it by hand...It was a demonstration through the absurd." Asked whether it should still be listened to as music, Boulez replied: "I am not terribly eager to listen to it. But for me it was an experiment that was absolutely necessary."<a href="#cite_note-Toronyi-Lalic-166">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Le_Marteau_sans_maître_and_Pli_selon_pli">Le Marteau sans maître and Pli selon pli</h3></div> Structures, Book I was a turning point for Boulez; from here on he loosened the strictness of total serialism into a more supple, gestural music: "I am trying to rid myself of my thumbprints and taboos", he wrote to Cage.<a href="#cite_note-167">[155]</a> The most significant result of this new freedom was <a href="/wiki/Le_Marteau_sans_ma%C3%AEtre" title="Le Marteau sans maître">Le Marteau sans maître</a><a href="#cite_note-marteau-49">[n 4]</a> (1953–1955), described by Griffiths and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hopkins_(composer)" title="Bill Hopkins (composer)">Bill Hopkins</a> as a "keystone of twentieth-century music".<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins_and_Griffiths-164">[152]</a> Three short poems by Char are the starting-point for three interlocking cycles. Four movements are vocal settings of the poems (one is set twice), the other five are instrumental commentaries. According to Hopkins and Griffiths the music is characterised by abrupt tempo transitions, passages of broadly improvisatory melodic style and exotic instrumental colouring.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins_and_Griffiths-164">[152]</a> The piece is scored for contralto soloist with alto flute, <a href="/wiki/Xylorimba" title="Xylorimba">xylorimba</a>, vibraphone, percussion, guitar and viola. Boulez said that the choice of these instruments showed the influence of non-European cultures, to which he had always been attracted.<a href="#cite_note-168">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephane_Mallarme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="head and shoulders photograph of middle-aged white man with neat beard full head of greying hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Stephane_Mallarme.jpg/250px-Stephane_Mallarme.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Stephane_Mallarme.jpg/330px-Stephane_Mallarme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Stephane_Mallarme.jpg/500px-Stephane_Mallarme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a></figcaption></figure> For the text of his next major work, <a href="/wiki/Pli_selon_pli" title="Pli selon pli">Pli selon pli</a><a href="#cite_note-pli-55">[n 5]</a> (1957–1989), Boulez turned to the symbolist poetry of <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a>, attracted by its extreme density and radical syntax.<a href="#cite_note-169">[157]</a> At seventy minutes, it is his longest composition. Three Improvisations on individual sonnets are framed by two orchestral movements, into which fragments of other poems are embedded.<a href="#cite_note-170">[158]</a> Boulez's word-setting, which in the first Improvisation is straightforwardly syllabic, becomes ever more <a href="/wiki/Melisma" title="Melisma">melismatic</a>, to the point where the words cannot be distinguished. Boulez's stated aim was to make the sonnets become the music at a deeper, structural level.<a href="#cite_note-171">[159]</a> The piece is scored for soprano and large orchestra, often deployed in chamber groups. Boulez described its sound-world, rich in percussion, as "not so much frozen as extraordinarily 'vitrified'".<a href="#cite_note-172">[160]</a> The work had a complex genesis, reaching its definitive form in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-173">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controlled_chance">Controlled chance</h3></div> From the 1950s Boulez experimented with what he called "controlled chance". In his article "Sonate, que me veux-tu?"<a href="#cite_note-174">[n 13]</a>, he wrote of "the investigation of a relative world, a permanent 'discovering' rather like the state of 'permanent revolution'".<a href="#cite_note-175">[162]</a> Peyser observes that Boulez's use of chance is different from <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>'s. In Cage's music the performers are often free to create unforeseen sounds, with the aim of removing the composer's intention from the music; in Boulez's music they choose between possibilities that have been written out by the composer.<a href="#cite_note-176">[163]</a> When applied to the order of sections, this is sometimes described as "mobile form", a technique devised by <a href="/wiki/Earle_Brown" title="Earle Brown">Earle Brown</a>, who was inspired by the mobile sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Alexander Calder</a>, whom Boulez met when he was visiting New York in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-177">[164]</a> Boulez employed variants of the technique in several works over the next two decades: in the <a href="/wiki/Piano_sonatas_(Boulez)#Third_Piano_Sonata" title="Piano sonatas (Boulez)">Third Piano Sonata</a> (1955–1957, revised 1963) the pianist chooses different routes through the score and in one movement (Trope) has the option of omitting certain passages altogether;<a href="#cite_note-178">[165]</a> in Éclat<a href="#cite_note-eclat-76">[n 7]</a> (1965), the conductor triggers the order in which each player joins the ensemble; in <a href="/wiki/Domaines_(Boulez)" title="Domaines (Boulez)">Domaines</a> (1961–1968) it is the soloist who dictates the order in which the sections are played by his movement around the stage. In later works, such as <a href="/wiki/Cummings_ist_der_Dichter" title="Cummings ist der Dichter">Cummings ist der Dichter</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[n 14]</a> (1970, revised 1986)—a chamber cantata for 16 solo voices and small orchestra using a poem by <a href="/wiki/E._E._Cummings" title="E. E. Cummings">E. E. Cummings</a>—the conductor chooses the order of certain events but there is no freedom for the individual player. In its original version Pli selon pli also contained elements of choice for the instrumentalists, but much of this was eliminated in later revisions. By contrast <a href="/wiki/Figures%E2%80%94Doubles%E2%80%94Prismes" title="Figures—Doubles—Prismes">Figures—Doubles—Prismes</a> (1957–1968) is a fixed work with no chance element. Piencikowski describes it as "a great cycle of variations whose components interpenetrate each other instead of remaining isolated in the traditional manner".<a href="#cite_note-180">[166]</a> It is notable for the unusual layout of the orchestra, in which the various families of instruments (woodwind, brass etc.) are scattered across the stage rather than being grouped together.<a href="#cite_note-181">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle-period_works">Middle-period works</h3></div> Jonathan Goldman identifies a major aesthetic shift in Boulez's work from the mid-1970s onwards, characterised variously by the presence of thematic writing, a return to vertical harmony and to clarity and legibility of form.<a href="#cite_note-182">[168]</a> Boulez himself said: "the envelope is simpler. The contents are not ... I think in my recent work it is true that the first approach is more direct, and the gesture is more obvious, let's say."<a href="#cite_note-183">[169]</a> For Goldman, <a href="/wiki/Rituel_in_memoriam_Bruno_Maderna" title="Rituel in memoriam Bruno Maderna">Rituel in memoriam Bruno Maderna</a> (1974–75) marks the beginning of this development. Boulez wrote this twenty-five minute work as an epitaph for his friend and colleague, the Italian composer and conductor, who died in 1973 aged 53. The piece is divided into fifteen sections, the orchestra into eight groups. The odd-numbered sections are conducted; in the even-numbered sections the conductor merely sets each group in motion and its progress is regulated by a percussionist beating time. In his dedication Boulez described the work as "a ritual of disappearance and survival";<a href="#cite_note-SamuelBooklet-184">[170]</a> Griffiths refers to the work's "awesome grandeur".<a href="#cite_note-185">[171]</a> Notations I–IV (1980) are the first four transformations of piano miniatures from 1945 into pieces for very large orchestra. In his review of the New York premiere, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Porter_(music_critic)" title="Andrew Porter (music critic)">Andrew Porter</a> wrote that the single idea of each original piece "has, as it were, been passed through a many-faceted bright prism and broken into a thousand linked, lapped, sparkling fragments", the finale "a terse modern Rite ... which sets the pulses racing".<a href="#cite_note-186">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9rive_1" title="Dérive 1">Dérive 1</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[n 15]</a> (1984), dedicated to William Glock on his retirement from the Bath Festival,<a href="#cite_note-Glock,_139-82">[75]</a> is a short quintet in which the piano takes the lead. The material is derived from six chords and, according to Ivan Hewett, the piece "shuffles and decorates these chords, bursting outwards in spirals and eddies, before returning to its starting point". At the end the music "shivers into silence".<a href="#cite_note-189">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_with_electronics">Works with electronics</h3></div> Boulez compared the experience of listening to pre-recorded electronic music in the concert hall to a crematorium ceremony. His real interest lay in the instantaneous transformation of instrumental sounds but the technology was not available until the founding of IRCAM in the 1970s. Before then he had produced Deux Études (1951) for <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Pierre Schaeffer</a>'s Groupe Recherche de la Radiodiffusion Française,<a href="#cite_note-190">[175]</a> as well as a large-scale piece for live orchestra with tape, Poésie pour pouvoir (1958)<a href="#cite_note-poesie-60">[n 6]</a>. He was dissatisfied with both pieces and withdrew them.<a href="#cite_note-191">[176]</a> The first piece completed at IRCAM was <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9pons" title="Répons">Répons</a> (1980–1984).<a href="#cite_note-193">[n 16]</a> In this forty-minute work an instrumental group is placed in the middle of the hall, while six soloists surround the audience: two pianos, harp, cimbalom, vibraphone and glockenspiel/xylophone. It is their music which is transformed electronically and projected through the space. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Heyworth" title="Peter Heyworth">Peter Heyworth</a> described the moment when they enter, some ten minutes into the piece: "it is as though a great window were thrown open, through which a new sound world enters, and with it a new world of the imagination. Even more impressive is the fact that there is no longer a schism between the worlds of natural and electronic sounds, but rather a continuous spectrum."<a href="#cite_note-194">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_de_l%27ombre_double" title="Dialogue de l'ombre double">Dialogue de l'ombre double</a> (1982–1985)<a href="#cite_note-195">[n 17]</a> for clarinet and electronics grew out of a fragment of Domaines and was a gift for Luciano Berio on his 60th birthday. Lasting around eighteen minutes, it is a dialogue between a solo clarinet (played live, though sometimes reverberated through an offstage piano) and its double (in passages pre-recorded by the same musician and projected around the hall). Boulez approved transcriptions of the piece for bassoon (in 1995) and for recorder (in 2011). In the early 1970s he had worked on an extended chamber piece called <a href="/wiki/%E2%80%A6explosante-fixe%E2%80%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="…explosante-fixe…">…explosante-fixe…</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[n 18]</a> for eight solo instruments, electronically transformed by a machine called a halophone, but the technology was primitive and he eventually withdrew it.<a href="#cite_note-197">[179]</a> He re-used some of its material in other works, including a later piece with the same name.<a href="#cite_note-198">[180]</a> This definitive version was composed at IRCAM between 1991 and 1993 for <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI-flute</a> and two accompanying flutes with ensemble and live electronics. By this time the computer could follow the score and respond to triggers from the players.<a href="#cite_note-199">[181]</a> According to Griffiths, "the principal flute is caught as if in a hall of mirrors, its line imitated in what the other flutes play, and then in the contributions of the larger ensemble".<a href="#cite_note-200">[182]</a> Hopkins and Griffiths describe it as "music characteristically caught between thrill and desperation".<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins_and_Griffiths-164">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anth%C3%A8mes" title="Anthèmes">Anthèmes II</a> for violin and electronics (1997) grew out of a piece for solo violin Anthèmes I (1991), which Boulez wrote for the Yehudi Menuhin Violin Competition in Paris and which in turn derived from material in the original …explosante-fixe…<a href="#cite_note-SamuelBooklet-184">[170]</a> The virtuoso writing for the instrument is captured by the electronic system, transformed in real time and propelled around the space to create what Jonathan Goldman calls a "hyper-violin". Although this produces effects of speed and complexity which no violinist could achieve, Boulez restricts the palette of electronic sounds so that their source, the violin, is always recognisable.<a href="#cite_note-201">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_works">Last works</h3></div> In later works Boulez relinquished electronics, although Griffiths suggests that in <a href="/wiki/Incises" title="Incises">sur Incises</a> (1996–1998)<a href="#cite_note-202">[n 19]</a> the choice of like but distinct instruments, spread across the platform, enabled Boulez to create effects of harmonic, timbral and spatial echo for which he previously used electronic means. The piece is scored for three pianos, three harps and three percussionists (including steel drums) and grew out of Incises (1993–2001), a short piece written for a piano competition.<a href="#cite_note-203">[184]</a> In an interview in 2013 he described it as his most important work—"because it is the freest".<a href="#cite_note-204">[185]</a> Notation VII (1999), marked "hieratic" in the score, is the longest of the orchestral Notations. According to Griffiths: "what was abrupt in 1945 is now languorous; what was crude is now done with a lifetime's experience and expertise; what was simple is fantastically embellished, even submerged."<a href="#cite_note-205">[186]</a> Dérive 2 started out in 1988 as a five-minute piece, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter</a> on his 80th birthday; by 2006 it was a 45-minute work for eleven instruments and Boulez's last major composition. According to <a href="/wiki/Claude_Samuel" title="Claude Samuel">Claude Samuel</a>, Boulez wanted to explore rhythmic shifts, tempo changes and superimpositions of different speeds, inspired in part by his contact with the music of <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a>. Boulez described it as "a sort of narrative mosaic".<a href="#cite_note-SamuelBooklet-184">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unfinished_works">Unfinished works</h3></div> Boulez's unfinished works include several that he was actively progressing, and others which he put to one side despite their potential for further development. In the latter category, the archives contain three unpublished movements of the Third Piano Sonata<a href="#cite_note-206">[187]</a> and further sections of Éclat/Multiples which, if performed, would practically double its length.<a href="#cite_note-Schaufler-207">[188]</a> Regarding works Boulez was known to be working on in his later years, the premieres of two more orchestral Notations (V and VI) were announced by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for May 2006, but postponed.<a href="#cite_note-208">[189]</a> He was in the process of developing Anthèmes 2 into a large-scale work for violin and orchestra for <a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a>, but the project did not come to fruition.<a href="#cite_note-209">[190]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JeanGenet-HansKoechler1983-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/JeanGenet-HansKoechler1983-cropped.jpg/250px-JeanGenet-HansKoechler1983-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/JeanGenet-HansKoechler1983-cropped.jpg/330px-JeanGenet-HansKoechler1983-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/JeanGenet-HansKoechler1983-cropped.jpg/500px-JeanGenet-HansKoechler1983-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Jean Genet, 1983</figcaption></figure> From the mid-1960s, Boulez also spoke of composing an opera. His attempts to find a librettist were unsuccessful: "both times the writer has died on me, so I'm a bit superstitious about looking for a third candidate".<a href="#cite_note-Blight-68">[62]</a> From the late 1960s he exchanged ideas with the radical French playwright and novelist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Genet" title="Jean Genet">Jean Genet</a> and a subject—treason—was agreed on.<a href="#cite_note-210">[191]</a> Parts of a draft libretto were found among Genet's papers after his death in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-ClementsOpera-211">[192]</a> Boulez later turned to the German playwright <a href="/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Heiner Müller</a>, who was working on a reduction of Aeschylus's <a href="/wiki/Oresteia" title="Oresteia">Oresteia</a> when he died in 1995, again without leaving anything usable.<a href="#cite_note-Blight-68">[62]</a> In the 1980s he discussed with Patrice Chéreau an adaptation of Genet's 1961 play <a href="/wiki/The_Screens" title="The Screens">Les Paravents</a> (The Screens), which was planned for the 1989 opening of the Opéra Bastille in Paris, but this too came to nothing.<a href="#cite_note-212">[193]</a> In a 1996 interview Boulez said that he was thinking of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bond" title="Edward Bond">Edward Bond</a>'s The War Plays or Lear, "but only thinking".<a href="#cite_note-Blight-68">[62]</a> When news emerged in 2010 that, at the age of 85, he was working on an opera based on Beckett's <a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a>, few believed such an ambitious undertaking could be realised so late in the day.<a href="#cite_note-ClementsOpera-211">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conducting">Conducting</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approach_to_conducting">Approach to conducting</h3></div> Boulez was one of the leading conductors of the second half of the twentieth century. In a career lasting more than sixty years he directed most of the world's major orchestras. He was entirely self-taught, although he said that he learnt a great deal from attending Désormière's and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosbaud" title="Hans Rosbaud">Hans Rosbaud</a>'s rehearsals.<a href="#cite_note-213">[194]</a> He also cited George Szell as an influential mentor.<a href="#cite_note-214">[195]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Boulez_gastdirigent_bij_het_Concertgebouworkest,_Pierre_Boulez,_Bestanddeelnr_914-7937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Pierre_Boulez_gastdirigent_bij_het_Concertgebouworkest%2C_Pierre_Boulez%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-7937.jpg/220px-Pierre_Boulez_gastdirigent_bij_het_Concertgebouworkest%2C_Pierre_Boulez%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-7937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Pierre_Boulez_gastdirigent_bij_het_Concertgebouworkest%2C_Pierre_Boulez%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-7937.jpg/330px-Pierre_Boulez_gastdirigent_bij_het_Concertgebouworkest%2C_Pierre_Boulez%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-7937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Pierre_Boulez_gastdirigent_bij_het_Concertgebouworkest%2C_Pierre_Boulez%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-7937.jpg/440px-Pierre_Boulez_gastdirigent_bij_het_Concertgebouworkest%2C_Pierre_Boulez%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-7937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Boulez conducting at <a href="/wiki/Concertgebouw,_Amsterdam" title="Concertgebouw, Amsterdam">Concertgebouw, Amsterdam</a>, in 1963</figcaption></figure> Boulez gave several reasons for conducting as much as he did. He gave his first concerts for the Domaine musical because its financial resources were limited: "I told myself that, being much less expensive, I would have a go myself."<a href="#cite_note-215">[196]</a> He also said that the best possible training for a composer was "to have to play or conduct his own works and to face their difficulties of execution"—yet on a practical level he sometimes struggled to find time to compose given his conducting commitments.<a href="#cite_note-216">[197]</a> The writer and pianist <a href="/wiki/Susan_Bradshaw" title="Susan Bradshaw">Susan Bradshaw</a> thought this was deliberate and related to a sense of being overshadowed as a composer by Stockhausen, who from the late 1950s was increasingly prolific. The French litterateur and musicologist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Souvchinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Souvchinsky">Pierre Souvchinsky</a> disagreed: "Boulez became a conductor because he had a great gift for it."<a href="#cite_note-217">[198]</a> Not everyone agreed about the greatness of that gift. According to writer <a href="/wiki/Hans_Keller" title="Hans Keller">Hans Keller</a>: "Boulez cannot phrase—it is as simple as that...the reason being that he ignores the harmonic implications of any structure he is dealing with, to the extent of utterly disregarding harmonic rhythm and hence all characteristic rhythm in tonal music..."<a href="#cite_note-218">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Peyser" title="Joan Peyser">Joan Peyser</a> considered that: "in general Boulez conducts what he loves magnificently, conducts what he likes very well and, with rare exceptions, gives stiff performances of the classic and romantic repertoire".<a href="#cite_note-219">[200]</a> The conductor <a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a> described him as "without doubt the only man of his generation who is an outstanding conductor and musician".<a href="#cite_note-220">[201]</a> He worked with many leading soloists and had particularly long-term collaborations with Daniel Barenboim and with the soprano <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[202]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Heyworth" title="Peter Heyworth">Peter Heyworth</a>, Boulez produced a lean, athletic sound which, underpinned by his rhythmic exactitude, could generate an electric sense of excitement. The ability to reveal the structure of a score and to clarify dense orchestral textures were hallmarks of his conducting. He conducted without a baton and, as Heyworth observed: "there is no trace of theatre—not even the rather theatrical sort of economy that was practised by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>".<a href="#cite_note-222">[203]</a> According to Boulez: "outward excitement uses up inner excitement".<a href="#cite_note-223">[204]</a> Boulez's ear for sound was legendary: "there are countless stories of him detecting, for example, faulty intonation from the third oboe in a complex orchestral texture", Paul Griffiths wrote in The New York Times.<a href="#cite_note-Griffiths6Jan-224">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Knussen" title="Oliver Knussen">Oliver Knussen</a>, himself a well-known composer-conductor, observed that "his rehearsals are models of clear-headedness and professional courtesy—he effortlessly commands respect".<a href="#cite_note-SmallHammer-225">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_in_the_opera_house">Work in the opera house</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gwyneth_Ch%C3%A9reau_(gro%C3%9Fer).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brunnhilde confronting Siegfried in Act 2 of Wagner's Götterdämmerung in the centenary Ring at Bayreuth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Gwyneth_Ch%C3%A9reau_%28gro%C3%9Fer%29.jpg/250px-Gwyneth_Ch%C3%A9reau_%28gro%C3%9Fer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Gwyneth_Ch%C3%A9reau_%28gro%C3%9Fer%29.jpg/270px-Gwyneth_Ch%C3%A9reau_%28gro%C3%9Fer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Gwyneth_Ch%C3%A9reau_%28gro%C3%9Fer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jahrhundertring" title="Jahrhundertring">1976 centenary production</a> of Der Ring des Nibelungen at the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a>, conducted by Boulez</figcaption></figure> Boulez also conducted in the opera house. His chosen repertoire was small and included no Italian opera. Apart from Wagner, he conducted only twentieth-century works. Of his work with Wieland Wagner on Wozzeck and Parsifal, Boulez said: "I would willingly have hitched, if not my entire fate, then at least a part of it, to someone like him, for [our] discussions about music and productions were thrilling." They planned other productions together, including Richard Strauss's <a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elektra_(opera)" title="Elektra (opera)">Elektra</a>, Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov and Mozart's <a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a>. However, by the time rehearsals for their Bayreuth Parsifal began Wieland was already gravely ill and he died in October 1966.<a href="#cite_note-226">[207]</a> When the Frankfurt Wozzeck was revived after Wieland's death, Boulez was deeply disillusioned by the working conditions: "there was no rehearsal, no care taken over anything. The cynicism of the way an opera house like that was run disgusted me. It still disgusts me." He later said<a href="#cite_note-Blight-68">[62]</a> that it was this experience which prompted his notorious remarks in an interview the following year in <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>, in which he claimed that "no opera worth mentioning had been composed since 1935", that "a <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">Beatles</a> record is certainly cleverer (and shorter) than a <a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Henze</a> opera" and that "the most elegant" solution to opera's moribund condition would be "to blow the opera houses up".<a href="#cite_note-227">[208]</a> In 1967, Boulez, theatre director <a href="/wiki/Jean_Vilar" title="Jean Vilar">Jean Vilar</a> and choreographer <a href="/wiki/Maurice_B%C3%A9jart" title="Maurice Béjart">Maurice Béjart</a> were asked to devise a scheme for the reform of the Paris Opéra, with a view to Boulez becoming its music director. Their plan was derailed by the political fallout from the 1968 student protests.<a href="#cite_note-228">[209]</a> In the mid-1980s, Boulez became vice president of the planned <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille" title="Opéra Bastille">Opéra Bastille</a> in Paris, working with Daniel Barenboim, who was to be its music director. In 1988 <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berg%C3%A9" title="Pierre Bergé">Pierre Bergé</a> was appointed president of the Bastille opera. He dismissed Barenboim and Boulez withdrew in solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-229">[210]</a> Boulez conducted only specific projects—in productions by leading stage directors—when he could be satisfied that conditions were right. Thanks to his years with the Renaud-Barrault company, the theatrical dimension was as important to him as the musical and he always attended staging rehearsals.<a href="#cite_note-230">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParticeCh%C3%A9reau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ParticeCh%C3%A9reau.jpg/170px-ParticeCh%C3%A9reau.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ParticeCh%C3%A9reau.jpg/255px-ParticeCh%C3%A9reau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ParticeCh%C3%A9reau.jpg/340px-ParticeCh%C3%A9reau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Patrice Chéreau</figcaption></figure> For the centenary Ring in Bayreuth, Boulez originally asked <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> then Peter Brook to direct, both of whom refused. Peter Stein initially agreed but withdrew in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-231">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Ch%C3%A9reau" title="Patrice Chéreau">Patrice Chéreau</a>, who was primarily a theatre director, accepted and went on to create one of the defining opera productions of modern times. According to <a href="/wiki/Allan_Kozinn" title="Allan Kozinn">Allan Kozinn</a> the production "helped open the floodgates of directorial reinterpretation of opera" (sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Regietheater" title="Regietheater">Regietheater</a>). Chéreau treated the story in part as an allegory of capitalism, drawing on ideas that George Bernard Shaw explored in <a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Wagnerite" title="The Perfect Wagnerite">The Perfect Wagnerite</a> in 1898, and using imagery from the Industrial Age;<a href="#cite_note-Kozinn-98">[90]</a> he achieved an exceptional degree of naturalism in the singers' performances.<a href="#cite_note-Millington-97">[89]</a> Boulez's conducting was no less controversial, emphasising continuity, flexibility and transparency over mythic grandeur and weight.<a href="#cite_note-232">[213]</a> In its first year the production met with hostility from the largely conservative audience, and around thirty orchestral musicians refused to work with Boulez in subsequent seasons.<a href="#cite_note-233">[214]</a> Both production and musical realisation grew in stature over the following four years and after the final performance in 1980 there was a 90-minute ovation.<a href="#cite_note-234">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recording">Recording</h3></div> Boulez's first recordings date from his time with the Domaine musical in the late 1950s and early 1960s and were made for the French Vega label. They include the first of his five recordings of Le Marteau sans maître (with contralto Marie-Thérèse Cahn), as well as pieces to which he did not return in the studio (such as Stravinsky's <a href="/wiki/Renard_(Stravinsky)" title="Renard (Stravinsky)">Renard</a> and Stockhausen's <a href="/wiki/Zeitma%C3%9Fe" title="Zeitmaße">Zeitmaße</a>). In 2015 Universal Music brought these recordings together in a 10-CD set.<a href="#cite_note-235">[216]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg/250px-Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg/330px-Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg/500px-Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>Arnold Schoenberg (1927) by Man Ray</figcaption></figure> Between 1966 and 1989 he recorded for Columbia Records (later Sony Classical). Among the first projects were the Paris Wozzeck (with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Berry_(bass-baritone)" title="Walter Berry (bass-baritone)">Walter Berry</a>) and the Covent Garden Pelléas et Mélisande (with <a href="/wiki/George_Shirley" title="George Shirley">George Shirley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_S%C3%B6derstr%C3%B6m" title="Elisabeth Söderström">Elisabeth Söderström</a>). He made a highly praised recording of The Rite of Spring with the Cleveland Orchestra and supervised a Webern edition, consisting of all the works with opus numbers. He also produced a wide-ranging survey of the music of Schoenberg with the BBC Symphony Orchestra, and recorded the orchestral works of Ravel with the New York Philharmonic and the Cleveland Orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-60Years-236">[217]</a> As for Boulez's own music, in 1969 he made the first recording of Pli selon pli (with <a href="/wiki/Halina_%C5%81ukomska" title="Halina Łukomska">Halina Łukomska</a> as soprano soloist) and recordings of Rituel and Éclat/Multiples. In 2014 Sony Classical issued Pierre Boulez—The Complete Columbia Album Collection on 67 CDs.<a href="#cite_note-60Years-236">[217]</a> Three operatic projects from this period were picked up by other labels: the Bayreuth Ring was released on video and LP by Philips; the Bayreuth Parsifal and Paris Lulu were recorded for Deutsche Grammophon.<a href="#cite_note-237">[218]</a> For EMI in 1984 he recorded several pieces on <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>'s album <a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Stranger_(Frank_Zappa_album)" title="The Perfect Stranger (Frank Zappa album)">The Perfect Stranger</a> with the Ensemble intercontemporain.<a href="#cite_note-238">[219]</a> In the 1980s, Boulez also recorded for the Erato label, mostly with the Ensemble intercontemporain, with a greater emphasis on the music of his contemporaries such as Berio, Ligeti and Carter, as well as a survey of some of his own music, including Le Visage nuptial, Le Soleil des eaux and Figures—Doubles—Prismes. In 2015 Erato issued Pierre Boulez—The Complete Erato Recordings on 14 CDs.<a href="#cite_note-60Years-236">[217]</a> From 1991 onwards, Boulez recorded under an exclusive contract with Deutsche Grammophon. It centred on the orchestras of Chicago and Cleveland in the United States and Vienna and Berlin in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-239">[220]</a> He re-recorded much of his core repertoire and oversaw a second Webern edition, including the unpublished works. His own late music featured prominently, including Répons, ...explosante-fixe... and sur Incises. The most significant addition to his recorded repertoire was the multi-orchestra cycle of the Mahler symphonies and vocal works with orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-240">[221]</a> An 88-disc set of all Boulez's recordings for Deutsche Grammophon, Philips and Decca was issued in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-241">[222]</a> Many hundreds of concerts conducted by Boulez are held in the archives of radio stations and orchestras. In 2005 the Chicago Symphony Orchestra released a 2-CD set of broadcasts by Boulez, focusing on works which he had not recorded commercially, including Janáček's <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_Mass" title="Glagolitic Mass">Glagolitic Mass</a> and Messiaen's <a href="/wiki/L%27Ascension" title="L'Ascension">L'Ascension</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_and_teaching">Writing and teaching</h2></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Nattiez" title="Jean-Jacques Nattiez">Jean-Jacques Nattiez</a>, Boulez was one of two twentieth-century composers who wrote most prolifically about music, the other being Schoenberg.<a href="#cite_note-243">[224]</a> It was with a 1952 article with the inflammatory title "Schoenberg is Dead", published in the British journal The Score shortly after the older composer's death, that Boulez first attracted international attention as a writer.<a href="#cite_note-244">[225]</a> This highly polemical piece, in which he attacked Schoenberg for his conservatism, contrasting it with Webern's radicalism, caused widespread controversy.<a href="#cite_note-245">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Goldman" title="Jonathan Goldman">Jonathan Goldman</a> points out that, over the decades, Boulez's writings addressed very different readerships: in the 1950s the cultured Parisian attendees of the Domaine musical; in the 1960s the specialised avant-garde composers and performers of the Darmstadt and Basel courses; and, between 1976 and 1995, the highly literate but non-specialist audience of the lectures he gave as Professor of the Collège de France.<a href="#cite_note-246">[227]</a> Much of Boulez's writing was linked to specific occasions, whether a first performance of a new piece, notes for a recording or a eulogy for a lost colleague. Generally he avoided publishing detailed analyses, other than one of The Rite of Spring. As Nattiez points out: "as a writer Boulez is a communicator of ideas rather than of technical information. This may sometimes prove disappointing to composition students, but it is no doubt a peculiarity of his writing that explains its popularity with non-musicians."<a href="#cite_note-247">[228]</a> Boulez's writings have appeared in English as Stocktakings from an Apprenticeship, Boulez on Music Today, Orientations: Collected Writings and Pierre Boulez, Music Lessons: The Complete Collège de France Lectures. Throughout his career he also expressed himself through long-form interviews, of which perhaps the most substantial are those with <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Gol%C3%A9a" title="Antoine Goléa">Antoine Goléa</a> (1958), Célestin Deliège (1975) and Jean Vermeil (1989).<a href="#cite_note-248">[229]</a> Two volumes of correspondence have been published: with the composer John Cage (from the period 1949–62);<a href="#cite_note-249">[230]</a> and with the anthropologist and ethnomusicologist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Schaeffner" class="mw-redirect" title="André Schaeffner">André Schaeffner</a> (from 1954 to 1970).<a href="#cite_note-250">[231]</a> Boulez taught at the Darmstadt Summer School most years between 1954 and 1965.<a href="#cite_note-251">[232]</a> He was professor of composition at the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Basel_Music_Academy" title="City of Basel Music Academy">Basel Music Academy</a> in Switzerland (1960–63) and a visiting lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1963. He also taught privately in the early part of his career.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins_and_Griffiths-164">[152]</a> Students included the composers <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodney_Bennett" title="Richard Rodney Bennett">Richard Rodney Bennett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-252">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_%C3%89loy" title="Jean-Claude Éloy">Jean-Claude Éloy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Holliger" title="Heinz Holliger">Heinz Holliger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Toronyi-Lalic-166">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_and_personal_life">Character and personal life</h2></div> As a young man Boulez was an explosive, often confrontational figure. Jean-Louis Barrault, who knew him in his twenties, caught the contradictions in his personality: "his powerful aggressiveness was a sign of creative passion, a particular blend of intransigence and humour, the way his moods of affection and insolence succeeded one another, all these had drawn us near to him".<a href="#cite_note-253">[234]</a> Messiaen said later: "He was in revolt against everything."<a href="#cite_note-254">[235]</a> At one point Boulez turned against Messiaen, describing his <a href="/wiki/Trois_petites_liturgies_de_la_pr%C3%A9sence_divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Trois petites liturgies de la présence divine">Trois petites liturgies de la présence divine</a> as "brothel music" and saying that the <a href="/wiki/Turangal%C3%AEla-Symphonie" title="Turangalîla-Symphonie">Turangalîla-Symphonie</a> made him vomit.<a href="#cite_note-TelegraphObituary-28">[27]</a> It was five years before relations were restored.<a href="#cite_note-Poet-255">[236]</a> In a 2000 article in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Alex Ross</a> described Boulez as a bully.<a href="#cite_note-256">[237]</a> Boulez did not disagree: "Certainly I was a bully. I'm not ashamed of it at all. The hostility of the establishment to what you were able to do in the Forties and Fifties was very strong. Sometimes you have to fight against your society."<a href="#cite_note-Bully-26">[25]</a> One of the most notorious instances of this is Boulez's declaration in 1952 that "any musician who has not experienced‍—‌I do not say understood, but truly experienced‍—‌the necessity of <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">dodecaphonic music</a> is USELESS. For his whole work is irrelevant to the needs of his epoch."<a href="#cite_note-257">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[n 20]</a> Those who knew Boulez well often referred to his loyalty, both to individuals and to organisations.<a href="#cite_note-Barbedette,_15-260">[240]</a> When his mentor, the conductor <a href="/wiki/Roger_D%C3%A9sormi%C3%A8re" title="Roger Désormière">Roger Désormière</a>, was paralysed by a stroke in 1952 Boulez sent scripts to French Radio in Désormière's name so that the older man could collect the fee.<a href="#cite_note-261">[241]</a> The writer Jean Vermeil, who observed Boulez in the 1990s in the company of Jean Batigne (founder of the Percussions de Strasbourg), discovered "a Boulez asking about the health of a musician in the Strasbourg orchestra, about another player's children, a Boulez who knew everyone by name and who reacted to each person's news with sadness or with joy".<a href="#cite_note-262">[242]</a> In later life, he was known for his charm and personal warmth.<a href="#cite_note-Nichols6Jan-50">[46]</a> Of his humour, Gerard McBurney wrote that it "depended on his twinkling eyes, his perfect timing, his infectious schoolboy giggle, and his reckless compulsion always to say what the other person would not expect".<a href="#cite_note-263">[243]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Klee,_1922,_Senecio,_oil_on_gauze,_40.3_%C3%97_37.4_cm,_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Paul_Klee%2C_1922%2C_Senecio%2C_oil_on_gauze%2C_40.3_%C3%97_37.4_cm%2C_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg/220px-Paul_Klee%2C_1922%2C_Senecio%2C_oil_on_gauze%2C_40.3_%C3%97_37.4_cm%2C_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Paul_Klee%2C_1922%2C_Senecio%2C_oil_on_gauze%2C_40.3_%C3%97_37.4_cm%2C_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg/330px-Paul_Klee%2C_1922%2C_Senecio%2C_oil_on_gauze%2C_40.3_%C3%97_37.4_cm%2C_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Paul_Klee%2C_1922%2C_Senecio%2C_oil_on_gauze%2C_40.3_%C3%97_37.4_cm%2C_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg/440px-Paul_Klee%2C_1922%2C_Senecio%2C_oil_on_gauze%2C_40.3_%C3%97_37.4_cm%2C_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Senecio, Head of a Man (1922) by Paul Klee</figcaption></figure> Boulez read widely and identified <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a> as particular influences.<a href="#cite_note-264">[244]</a> He had a lifelong interest in the visual arts. He wrote extensively about the painter <a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a> and owned works by <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(artist)" title="Francis Bacon (artist)">Francis Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Nicolas de Staël">Nicolas de Staël</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Helena_Vieira_da_Silva" title="Maria Helena Vieira da Silva">Maria Helena Vieira da Silva</a>, all of whom he knew personally.<a href="#cite_note-265">[245]</a> He also had close links with three of the leading philosophers of the time: <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[246]</a> He was a keen walker and, when he was at home in Baden-Baden, spent the late afternoons and much of the weekends walking in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[247]</a> He owned an old farmhouse in the <a href="/wiki/Alpes-de-Haute-Provence" title="Alpes-de-Haute-Provence">Alpes-de-Haute-Provence</a> department of France and built another, modern home on the same land in the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-268">[248]</a> In its obituary, The New York Times reported that "about his private life he remained tightly guarded".<a href="#cite_note-Griffiths6Jan-224">[205]</a> Boulez acknowledged to <a href="/wiki/Joan_Peyser" title="Joan Peyser">Joan Peyser</a> that there was a passionate affair in 1946, described as "intense and tormented" and which Peyser suggested was the trigger for the "wild, courageous works" of that period.<a href="#cite_note-269">[249]</a> After Boulez's death, his sister Jeanne told the biographer Christian Merlin that the affair was with the actress <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Casares" title="María Casares">María Casares</a>, but Merlin concludes that there is little evidence to support this.<a href="#cite_note-270">[250]</a> Merlin acknowledges the speculation that Boulez was gay. He writes that in 1972 Boulez engaged a young German, Hans Messner, as his personal assistant to look after the practicalities of his life. Messner, who called Boulez 'Monsieur' and whom Boulez sometimes introduced as his valet, lived in the Baden-Baden house until the end of Boulez's life and usually accompanied him when he travelled abroad. Although Merlin observes that in later years it was sometimes difficult to tell whether Messner was looking after Boulez or the other way round, his view is that there is no evidence that they were ever life partners. Towards the end of Boulez's life, Messner blocked Boulez's sister Jeanne from visiting the house. He was with Boulez when he died.<a href="#cite_note-271">[251]</a> In his portrait for The New Yorker, published shortly after Boulez's death under the title The Magus, Alex Ross described Boulez as "affable, implacable, unknowable".<a href="#cite_note-The_Magus-272">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> In an article published for Boulez's 80th birthday in The Guardian, the composer <a href="/wiki/George_Benjamin_(composer)" title="George Benjamin (composer)">George Benjamin</a> wrote that "Boulez has produced a catalogue of wondrously luminous and scintillating works. Within them a rigorous compositional skill is coupled to an imagination of extraordinary aural refinement". By contrast, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a> described Boulez as "a mannerist, a niche composer, a master who worked with a very small hammer".<a href="#cite_note-SmallHammer-225">[206]</a> In a piece in The New York Times to mark Boulez's 90th birthday, <a href="/wiki/Nico_Muhly" title="Nico Muhly">Nico Muhly</a> emphasised what he called the decadent qualities of Boulez's later music: "You can feel the butter swirling in that pan. And when he conducts it, he teases out these luxurious textures."<a href="#cite_note-273">[253]</a> In 1986 Boulez entered into an agreement to place his musical and literary manuscripts with the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sacher" title="Paul Sacher">Paul Sacher</a> Foundation in Basel, Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-274">[254]</a> When he died in January 2016, he left no will. In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a> announced that his estate had made a substantial donation of private papers and possessions not covered by the Sacher contract, including 220 metres of books, 50 metres of archives and correspondence, as well as scores, photographs, recordings and about 100 other objects.<a href="#cite_note-275">[255]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg/440px-Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg/660px-Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg/880px-Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4543" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption>Philharmonie de Paris: Grande salle Pierre Boulez</figcaption></figure> In October 2016, the large concert hall of the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonie_de_Paris" title="Philharmonie de Paris">Philharmonie de Paris</a>, for which Boulez campaigned for many years, was renamed the Grande salle Pierre Boulez.<a href="#cite_note-276">[256]</a> In March 2017, a new concert hall, the Pierre Boulez Saal, designed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a>, was opened in Berlin under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Barenboim%E2%80%93Said_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Barenboim–Said Academy">Barenboim–Said Academy</a>. It is home to a new Boulez Ensemble, made up of members of the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra, the Berlin Staatskapelle and guest musicians from Berlin and around the world.<a href="#cite_note-277">[257]</a> Boulez's music continues to be taken up by interpreters of the next generation. In September 2018 the first edition of the Pierre Boulez Biennial took place in Paris and Berlin, a joint initiative by the Philharmonie de Paris and the Staatskapelle Berlin under Daniel Barenboim, in which performances of Boulez's music are set in the context of works which influenced him.<a href="#cite_note-278">[258]</a> The second Biennial was disrupted by the Covid-19 pandemic, but a modified version went ahead (online in 2020, in person in 2021), with a particular focus on the piano music.<a href="#cite_note-279">[259]</a> The third iteration took place in April/May 2023.<a href="#cite_note-280">[260]</a> The centenary in 2025 of Boulez's birth will be marked by concerts, exhibitions and other events. The Philharmonie de Paris is presenting a series of concerts featuring his music; it began with a programme of Répons and other works, played by the Ensemble intercontemporain, joined by former members, the cellist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Guihen_Queyras" title="Jean-Guihen Queyras">Jean-Guihen Queyras</a> and the pianist <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Laurent_Aimard" title="Pierre-Laurent Aimard">Pierre-Laurent Aimard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[261]</a> In its 2024/2025 season, the New York Philharmonic will present two concerts—one of which will be a recreation of a Boulez programme from 1974—and an exhibition.<a href="#cite_note-282">[262]</a> On 26 March 2025 (the anniversary date), as part of a 'Total Immersion Day' at the Barbican in London, the BBC Symphony Orchestra will present performances including the complete Pli selon pli, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Brabbins" title="Martyn Brabbins">Martyn Brabbins</a>, interspersed with films and talks with people who worked with Boulez.<a href="#cite_note-283">[263]</a> In May, <a href="/wiki/Esa-Pekka_Salonen" title="Esa-Pekka Salonen">Esa-Pekka Salonen</a> will conduct the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra in programmes which will include performances of Rituel, presented in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/LA_Dance_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="LA Dance Project">LA Dance Project</a> and choreographer <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Millepied" title="Benjamin Millepied">Benjamin Millepied</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[264]</a> In August, the Lucerne Summer Festival will feature a rare performance of Poésie pour pouvoir for tape and three orchestras (conducted by <a href="/wiki/David_Robertson_(conductor)" title="David Robertson (conductor)">David Robertson</a>), as well as Répons, Figures-Doubles-Prismes and other works.<a href="#cite_note-285">[265]</a> Other series and individual concerts will be presented across the year by the <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez_Saal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Boulez Saal">Pierre Boulez Saal</a> in Berlin,<a href="#cite_note-286">[266]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Festspielhaus_Baden-Baden" title="Festspielhaus Baden-Baden">Festspielhaus Baden-Baden</a>,<a href="#cite_note-287">[267]</a> the London Symphony Orchestra<a href="#cite_note-288">[268]</a> and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-289">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2></div> State honours awarded to Boulez included Honorary <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (CBE); and Knight Commander's Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a>. Among his many awards, Boulez listed the following in his Who's Who entry: Grand Prix de la Musique, Paris, 1982; Charles Heidsieck Award for Outstanding Contribution to Franco-British Music, 1989; <a href="/wiki/Polar_Music_Prize" title="Polar Music Prize">Polar Music Prize</a>, Stockholm, 1996; <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Society_Gold_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medal">Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medal</a>, 1999; <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize" title="Wolf Prize">Wolf Prize</a>, Israel, 2000; <a href="/wiki/Grawemeyer_Award_for_Music_Composition" title="Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition">Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition</a>, University of Louisville, 2001; <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould_Prize" title="Glenn Gould Prize">Glenn Gould Prize</a>, Glenn Gould Foundation, 2002; <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prize" title="Kyoto Prize">Kyoto Prize</a>, Japan, 2009; De Gaulle-Adenauer Prize, 2011; Giga-Hertz Prize, 2011; Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement, Venice Biennale, 2012; Gold <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Artis_Medal_for_Merit_to_Culture" title="Gloria Artis Medal for Merit to Culture">Gloria Artis Medal for Merit to Culture</a>, 2012; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann_Prize_for_Poetry_and_Music" title="Robert Schumann Prize for Poetry and Music">Robert Schumann Prize for Poetry and Music</a>, 2012; Karol Szymanowski Prize, Foundation Karol Szymanowski, 2012; Frontiers of Knowledge Award, BBVA Foundation, 2013, and nine honorary doctorates from universities and conservatoires in Belgium, Great Britain, Canada, the Czech Republic and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-290">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes,_references_and_sources">Notes, references and sources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Messiaen was not appointed professor of composition until 1949.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-visage-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-visage_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-visage_36-1">b</a> The Nuptial Countenance. </li> <li id="cite_note-soleil-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soleil_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-soleil_38-1">b</a> The Sun of the Waters, </li> <li id="cite_note-marteau-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marteau_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marteau_49-1">b</a> The Hammer without a Master. </li> <li id="cite_note-pli-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pli_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pli_55-1">b</a> Fold upon Fold. </li> <li id="cite_note-poesie-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-poesie_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-poesie_60-1">b</a> Poetry for Power. </li> <li id="cite_note-eclat-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eclat_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eclat_76-1">b</a> The French word has many meanings, including "splinter" and "burst". </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Known as the <a href="/wiki/Jahrhundertring" title="Jahrhundertring">Jahrhundertring</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Nos. 5 and 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Lament of the Lovesick Lizard. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Mode of Duration and Dynamics. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Book for Quartet. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> What do you want from me, sonata? </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Cummings is the Poet. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Explaining the title in a letter to Glock, Boulez referred to the fact that the music "derived" from material in Répons but also that one meaning of "dérive" is the drifting of a boat in the wind or current.<a href="#cite_note-187">[173]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> The title is a reference to plainchant, in which the solo singer alternates with a choir. It reflects the interplay between the soloists and the ensemble (or, as Samuel puts it: the individual and the community).<a href="#cite_note-192">[177]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Dialogue of the Double Shadow. The title refers to a scene in <a href="/wiki/Paul_Claudel" title="Paul Claudel">Paul Claudel</a>'s play Le Soulier de satin (The Satin Slipper). Boulez acknowledged that the work had a theatrical aspect.<a href="#cite_note-SamuelBooklet-184">[170]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> The title of the work is a quotation from <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>'s L'Amour fou: "convulsive beauty will be erotic-veiled, exploding-fixed, magic-circumstantial, or it will not be."<a href="#cite_note-SamuelBooklet-184">[170]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> The title refers to the fact that the piece elaborates "on" the piano piece Incises. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> An article published shortly after Boulez's death in The Guardian quotes many of Boulez's more provocative statements.<a href="#cite_note-258">[239]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Jameux, 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDecalf2018" class="citation web cs1">Decalf, Guillaume (9 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francemusique.fr/actualite-musicale/mort-de-jeanne-boulez-chevalier-soeur-de-pierre-boulez-64349">"Mort de Jeanne Boulez-Chevalier, soeur de Pierre Boulez"</a>. France Musique. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810112347/https://www.francemusique.fr/actualite-musicale/mort-de-jeanne-boulez-chevalier-soeur-de-pierre-boulez-64349">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+Musique&rft.atitle=Mort+de+Jeanne+Boulez-Chevalier%2C+soeur+de+Pierre+Boulez&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft.aulast=Decalf&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francemusique.fr%2Factualite-musicale%2Fmort-de-jeanne-boulez-chevalier-soeur-de-pierre-boulez-64349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Peyser (1976), 21–22; Heyworth (1986), 3; <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Jameux" title="Dominique Jameux">Jameux, 3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Peyser (1976), 23–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Boulez (2017), 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Boulez (1976), 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Merlin, 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Peyser (1976), 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColeman1989" class="citation news cs1">Coleman, Terry (13 January 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/from-the-archive-blog/2015/mar/20/pierre-boulez-reviews-archive">"Pierre de Résistance"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104002147/https://www.theguardian.com/music/from-the-archive-blog/2015/mar/20/pierre-boulez-reviews-archive">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pierre+de+R%C3%A9sistance&rft.date=1989-01-13&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Ffrom-the-archive-blog%2F2015%2Fmar%2F20%2Fpierre-boulez-reviews-archive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Boulez (2003), 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Peyser (1976), 24–25; Jameux, 6–7; Heyworth (1986), 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Peyser (1976), 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Heyworth (1986), 4; Hill and Simeone, 139; O'Hagan, 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> O'Hagan, 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Heyworth (1986), 5; Archimbaud, 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Heyworth (1986), 9; Merlin, 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Barbedette, 212; Peyser, 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Peyser (1976), 32–33; Jameux, 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Samuel (2002), 24; Peyser (1976), 39; Barbedette, 212–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> O'Hagan, 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> O'Hagan, 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Peyser (1976), 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Peyser (1976), 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Barbedette, 212; Boulez (2017), 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bully-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bully_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bully_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCulshaw2008" class="citation news cs1">Culshaw, Peter (10 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/classicalmusic/3702982/Pierre-Boulez-I-was-a-bully-Im-not-ashamed.html">"Pierre Boulez: 'I was a bully, I'm not ashamed'"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422212009/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/classicalmusic/3702982/Pierre-Boulez-I-was-a-bully-Im-not-ashamed.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Pierre+Boulez%3A+%27I+was+a+bully%2C+I%27m+not+ashamed%27&rft.date=2008-12-10&rft.aulast=Culshaw&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fmusic%2Fclassicalmusic%2F3702982%2FPierre-Boulez-I-was-a-bully-Im-not-ashamed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Merlin, 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-TelegraphObituary-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TelegraphObituary_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TelegraphObituary_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TelegraphObituary_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/12084616/Pierre-Boulez-obituary.html">"Pierre Boulez—obituary"</a>. The Telegraph. 6 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420093549/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/12084616/Pierre-Boulez-obituary.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2016. 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Edinburgh International Festival. 7 January 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eif.co.uk/news/2016/pierre-boulez-1925-2016">the original</a> on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edinburgh+International+Festival&rft.atitle=Pierre+Boulez%3A+1925%E2%80%932016&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eif.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2Fpierre-boulez-1925-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Campbell and O'Hagan, 303–305. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Campbell and O'Hagan, 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Boulez (2017), 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Samuel (2002), 421–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Peyser (1976), 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Peyser (1976), 60–61; Boulez and Cage, 41–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Peyser (1976) 82–85; Di Pietro, 27–34; Boulez and Cage, 29–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbedette,_214-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Barbedette,_214_42-0">^</a> Barbedette, 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Peyser (1976), 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Ross, 360. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Jameux 61–62, 71–72; Aguila, 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Heyworth (1986), 21; Jameux, 62–64; Campbell and O'Hagan, 9; Aguila, 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Jameux, 65–67; Peyser (1976), 111–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Steinegger, 64–66; Hill and Simeone, 211 and 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nichols6Jan-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols6Jan_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols6Jan_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols6Jan_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols6Jan_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols6Jan_50-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols6Jan_50-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNichols2016" class="citation news cs1">Nichols, Roger (6 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/06/pierre-boulez">"Pierre Boulez obituary"</a>. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330085423/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/aug/18/proms.classicalmusicandopera1">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2017. 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Retrieved 26 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+Musique&rft.atitle=Pierre+Boulez%3A+biographie+compl%C3%A8te&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francemusique.fr%2Fmusique-contemporaine%2Fpierre-boulez-biographie-complete-2768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbedette,_223-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barbedette,_223_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbedette,_223_109-1">b</a> Barbedette, 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Samuel 2002, 419–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Rhein2016" class="citation news cs1">von Rhein, John (7 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-pierre-boulez-dead-20160106-story.html">"CSO conductor emeritus Pierre Boulez dies at 90"</a>. The Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603093142/http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-pierre-boulez-dead-20160106-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=CSO+conductor+emeritus+Pierre+Boulez+dies+at+90&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft.aulast=von+Rhein&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fct-pierre-boulez-dead-20160106-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Vermeil, 242–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRockwell1992" class="citation news cs1">Rockwell, John (24 February 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/24/arts/boulez-and-stein-stage-pelleas-with-modern-nuances-in-wales.html">"Boulez and Stein Stage 'Pelleas' With Modern Nuances in Wales"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213030644/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/24/arts/boulez-and-stein-stage-pelleas-with-modern-nuances-in-wales.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Boulez+and+Stein+Stage+%27Pelleas%27+With+Modern+Nuances+in+Wales&rft.date=1992-02-24&rft.aulast=Rockwell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F02%2F24%2Farts%2Fboulez-and-stein-stage-pelleas-with-modern-nuances-in-wales.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlass1996" class="citation news cs1">Glass, Herbert (10 November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-11-10-ca-63100-story.html">"Schoenberg Masterpiece by Ear Only"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160207153102/http://articles.latimes.com/1996-11-10/entertainment/ca-63100_1_und-aron">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Schoenberg+Masterpiece+by+Ear+Only&rft.date=1996-11-10&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1996-11-10-ca-63100-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Ross, Alex (9 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/08/09/nausea">"Nausea"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311175533/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/08/09/nausea">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Nausea&rft.date=2004-08-09&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2004%2F08%2F09%2Fnausea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Samuel (2002), 429. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grawemeyer.org/2001-pierre-boulez/">"2001—Pierre Boulez"</a>. The Grawemeyer Awards. 20 July 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219232455/http://grawemeyer.org/2001-pierre-boulez/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001%E2%80%94Pierre+Boulez&rft.pub=The+Grawemeyer+Awards&rft.date=2001-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrawemeyer.org%2F2001-pierre-boulez%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1996" class="citation news cs1">Whitney, Craig (13 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/13/arts/unruly-paris-music-scene-relishes-the-eclat-of-a-boulez-coup.html">"Unruly Paris Music Scene Relishes the Eclat Of a Boulez Coup"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604082417/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/13/arts/unruly-paris-music-scene-relishes-the-eclat-of-a-boulez-coup.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Unruly+Paris+Music+Scene+Relishes+the+Eclat+Of+a+Boulez+Coup&rft.date=1996-05-13&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F05%2F13%2Farts%2Funruly-paris-music-scene-relishes-the-eclat-of-a-boulez-coup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFService2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Service" title="Tom Service">Service, Tom</a> (26 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/tomserviceblog/2015/aug/26/pierre-boulez-day-lucerne-festival-rihm-kurtag">"A day for Boulez: moving tributes and newly composed homages at the Lucerne festival"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208085809/http://www.theguardian.com/music/tomserviceblog/2015/aug/26/pierre-boulez-day-lucerne-festival-rihm-kurtag">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+day+for+Boulez%3A+moving+tributes+and+newly+composed+homages+at+the+Lucerne+festival&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Ftomserviceblog%2F2015%2Faug%2F26%2Fpierre-boulez-day-lucerne-festival-rihm-kurtag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Barbedette, 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> O'Hagan, 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTim_Ashley2007" class="citation news cs1">Tim Ashley (4 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://music.guardian.co.uk/classical/operalivereviews/story/0,,2094571,00.html">"From the House of the Dead"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080105101721/http://music.guardian.co.uk/classical/operalivereviews/story/0,,2094571,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=From+the+House+of+the+Dead&rft.date=2007-06-04&rft.au=Tim+Ashley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusic.guardian.co.uk%2Fclassical%2Foperalivereviews%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2094571%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOestreich2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Oestreich" class="mw-redirect" title="James Oestreich">Oestreich, James</a> (7 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/08/arts/music/08staa.html">"Wagner Masters Offer Mahler Cycle"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226235338/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/08/arts/music/08staa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wagner+Masters+Offer+Mahler+Cycle&rft.date=2009-05-07&rft.aulast=Oestreich&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F05%2F08%2Farts%2Fmusic%2F08staa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMachart2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Renaud_Machart" title="Renaud Machart">Machart, Renaud</a> (29 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2007/11/29/musique-l-oeil-vif-et-le-geste-precis-de-pierre-boulez_983955_3246.html">"L'oeil vif et le geste précis de Pierre Boulez"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>. Paris. Retrieved 1 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=L%27oeil+vif+et+le+geste+pr%C3%A9cis+de+Pierre+Boulez&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft.aulast=Machart&rft.aufirst=Renaud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F2007%2F11%2F29%2Fmusique-l-oeil-vif-et-le-geste-precis-de-pierre-boulez_983955_3246.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WQXR-125"><a href="#cite_ref-WQXR_125-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wqxr.org/#!/story/310993-pierre-boulez-breaks-his-shoulder-cancels-lucerne/">WQXR Staff, "Pierre Boulez Breaks His Shoulder, Cancels in Lucerne"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051111091533/http://www.wnyc.org/stream/ram.py?file=madaboutmusic%2Fmam010204.ra">Archived</a> 11 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 6 August 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHewett2011" class="citation news cs1">Hewett, Ivan (4 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/classicalconcertreviews/8805832/Exquisite-Labyrinth-the-music-of-Pierre-Boulez-Southbank-Centre-review.html">"Exquisite Labyrinth: the music of Pierre Boulez, Southbank Centre, review"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410153105/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/classicalconcertreviews/8805832/Exquisite-Labyrinth-the-music-of-Pierre-Boulez-Southbank-Centre-review.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Exquisite+Labyrinth%3A+the+music+of+Pierre+Boulez%2C+Southbank+Centre%2C+review&rft.date=2011-10-04&rft.aulast=Hewett&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fmusic%2Fclassicalconcertreviews%2F8805832%2FExquisite-Labyrinth-the-music-of-Pierre-Boulez-Southbank-Centre-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barbarahannigan.com/press/boulez-reviews">"Pierre Boulez: Pli selon pli"</a>. Barbara Hannigan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406204042/http://www.barbarahannigan.com/press/boulez-reviews/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pierre+Boulez%3A+Pli+selon+pli&rft.pub=Barbara+Hannigan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barbarahannigan.com%2Fpress%2Fboulez-reviews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822064647/http://www.mozarteum.at/assets/files/Mozartwoche2012.pdf">"Salzburg Mozartwoche Programme 2012"</a> (PDF). Salzburger Festspiele. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mozarteum.at/assets/files/Mozartwoche2012.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salzburg+Mozartwoche+Programme+2012&rft.pub=Salzburger+Festspiele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mozarteum.at%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2FMozartwoche2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Merlin, 548. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClements2016" class="citation news cs1">Clements, Andrew (11 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/may/11/boulez-livre-pour-quatuor-revise-cd-review-quatuor-diotima-megadisc-classics-classical-music">"Boulez: Livre pour Quatuor 'Révisé' CD review—rapturous beauty from the Diotimas"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512110247/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/may/11/boulez-livre-pour-quatuor-revise-cd-review-quatuor-diotima-megadisc-classics-classical-music">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boulez%3A+Livre+pour+Quatuor+%27R%C3%A9vis%C3%A9%27+CD+review%E2%80%94rapturous+beauty+from+the+Diotimas&rft.date=2016-05-11&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2016%2Fmay%2F11%2Fboulez-livre-pour-quatuor-revise-cd-review-quatuor-diotima-megadisc-classics-classical-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Merlin, 549. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Merlin, 548–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Barbedette, 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Merlin, 548–9 and 552. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoux2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roux, Marie-Aude (15 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/musiques/article/2016/01/15/pierre-boulez-inhume-a-baden-baden-celebre-a-saint-sulpice_4847798_1654986.html">"Pierre Boulez, inhumé à Baden-Baden, célébré à Saint-Sulpice"</a>. Le Monde (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626200032/https://www.lemonde.fr/musiques/article/2016/01/15/pierre-boulez-inhume-a-baden-baden-celebre-a-saint-sulpice_4847798_1654986.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Pierre+Boulez%2C+inhum%C3%A9+%C3%A0+Baden-Baden%2C+c%C3%A9l%C3%A9br%C3%A9+%C3%A0+Saint-Sulpice&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Marie-Aude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fmusiques%2Farticle%2F2016%2F01%2F15%2Fpierre-boulez-inhume-a-baden-baden-celebre-a-saint-sulpice_4847798_1654986.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoux2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roux, Marie-Aude (26 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/musiques/article/2016/10/26/pierre-boulez-donne-son-nom-a-la-salle-de-concerts-de-la-philharmonie_5020496_1654986.html">"La Philharmonie de Paris a inauguré la grande salle Pierre Boulez"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> (in French). Retrieved 10 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=La+Philharmonie+de+Paris+a+inaugur%C3%A9+la+grande+salle+Pierre+Boulez&rft.date=2016-10-26&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Marie-Aude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fmusiques%2Farticle%2F2016%2F10%2F26%2Fpierre-boulez-donne-son-nom-a-la-salle-de-concerts-de-la-philharmonie_5020496_1654986.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Meïmoun, 15 (note). </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Bennett, 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Meïmoun, 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Bennett, 46–49; Jameux, 13; Campbell and O'Hagan, 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> O'Hagan, 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Bennett, 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> O'Hagan, 38–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> O'Hagan, 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Samuel (2002), 428. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBleek" class="citation web cs1">Bleek, Thobias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorethescore.org/pgs/boulez/history_and_context/musical_metamorphoses.html">"Musical Metamorphoses"</a>. Klaver-Festival Ruhr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231210082111/https://explorethescore.org/pgs/boulez/history_and_context/musical_metamorphoses.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Klaver-Festival+Ruhr&rft.atitle=Musical+Metamorphoses&rft.aulast=Bleek&rft.aufirst=Thobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplorethescore.org%2Fpgs%2Fboulez%2Fhistory_and_context%2Fmusical_metamorphoses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Griffiths (1978), 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Campbell and O'Hagan, 93 and 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Jameux, 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Bennett, 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Jameux, 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Samuel (2002), 422. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Jameux, 23, 40, 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Griffiths (1978), 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Goldman, 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Boulez (1975), 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths_1978,_16-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths_1978,_16_159-0">^</a> Griffiths (1978), 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Ross, 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Peyser (1976), 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkins_and_Griffiths-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_and_Griffiths_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_and_Griffiths_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_and_Griffiths_164-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_and_Griffiths_164-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_and_Griffiths_164-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_and_Griffiths_164-5">f</a> Hopkins and Griffiths. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Ross, 363–364. </li> <li id="cite_note-Toronyi-Lalic-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toronyi-Lalic_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toronyi-Lalic_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toronyi-Lalic_166-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToronyi-Lalic2012" class="citation news cs1">Toronyi-Lalic, Igor (20 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theartsdesk.com/classical-music/theartsdesk-qa-composer-pierre-boulez">"theartsdesk Q&A: Composer Pierre Boulez"</a>. theartsdesk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319022849/http://www.theartsdesk.com/classical-music/theartsdesk-qa-composer-pierre-boulez">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=theartsdesk&rft.atitle=theartsdesk+Q%26A%3A+Composer+Pierre+Boulez&rft.date=2012-07-20&rft.aulast=Toronyi-Lalic&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartsdesk.com%2Fclassical-music%2Ftheartsdesk-qa-composer-pierre-boulez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Campbell, 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Boulez (1976), 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Boulez (1976), 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Peyser (1976), 141–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Bradshaw, 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Boulez (1976), 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Samuel (2002), 424–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Boulez (1986), 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Peyser (1976), 126–129 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Barbedette, 143; Borchardt-Hume, 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Gardner and O'Hagan, 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Piencikowski. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Boulez (2003), 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Goldman, xv–xvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Ford, 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-SamuelBooklet-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SamuelBooklet_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SamuelBooklet_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SamuelBooklet_184-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SamuelBooklet_184-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SamuelBooklet_184-4">e</a> Samuel (2013). </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Griffiths (1978), 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Porter, 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Glock, 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHewett2013" class="citation news cs1">Hewett, Ivan (26 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/classical-music-guide/10314695/Ivan-Hewetts-Classic-50-No-39-Pierre-Boulez-Derive-1.html">"Ivan Hewett's Classic 50 No 39: Pierre Boulez—Dérive 1"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Ivan+Hewett%27s+Classic+50+No+39%3A+Pierre+Boulez%E2%80%94D%C3%A9rive+1&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft.aulast=Hewett&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fmusic%2Fclassical-music-guide%2F10314695%2FIvan-Hewetts-Classic-50-No-39-Pierre-Boulez-Derive-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Peyser (1976), 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Rocco, 67; "An Interview with <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Jameux" title="Dominique Jameux">Dominique Jameux</a>", in Boulez (1981), 201–02; Jameux, 114–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Samuel (2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Heyworth (1982). </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Vermeil, 207, 209 and 210; Jameux, 176–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Campbell and O'Hagan, 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Rocco, 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Griffiths (1995b) </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Goldman, 169–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Griffiths (2005), 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Boulez (2017), 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Griffiths (2005), 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Edwards, 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaufler-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Schaufler_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_Schaufler2010" class="citation web cs1">Wolfgang Schaufler (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaledition.com/Pierre-Boulez/composers-and-works/composer/88/aboutmusic">"Pierre Boulez, About the Music"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pierre+Boulez%2C+French+Composer%2C+Dies+at+90&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F01%2F07%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fpierre-boulez-french-composer-dies-90.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmallHammer-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmallHammer_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmallHammer_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClements2005" class="citation news cs1">Clements, Andrew and Tom Service (compilers) (24 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/mar/25/classicalmusicandopera2">"A master who worked with a very small hammer"</a>. The Guardian. 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Der Spiegel. 25 September 1967. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305171213/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-46353389.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Sprengt+die+Opernh%C3%A4user+in+die+Luft%21&rft.date=1967-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-46353389.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Heyworth (1986), 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRockwell1992" class="citation news cs1">Rockwell, John (10 June 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/10/arts/suddenly-opera-is-everywhere-in-paris.html">"Suddenly, Opera Is Everywhere in Paris"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160601141455/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/10/arts/suddenly-opera-is-everywhere-in-paris.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Suddenly%2C+Opera+Is+Everywhere+in+Paris&rft.date=1992-06-10&rft.aulast=Rockwell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F06%2F10%2Farts%2Fsuddenly-opera-is-everywhere-in-paris.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Jampol, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Boulez, Chéreau, Peduzzi and Schmidt, 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Boulez, Chéreau, Peduzzi and Schmidt, 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Wagner, 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Barbedette, 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> CD set: Pierre Boulez, Le Domaine Musical, 1956–1967. 2015. Universal Music Group, 4811510. </li> <li id="cite_note-60Years-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-60Years_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-60Years_236-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-60Years_236-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClements2015" class="citation news cs1">Clements, Andrew (26 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/26/pierre-boulez-60-years-on-record-cd-review">"Pierre Boulez: 60 Years on Record"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040933/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/26/pierre-boulez-60-years-on-record-cd-review">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pierre+Boulez%3A+60+Years+on+Record&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2015%2Fmar%2F26%2Fpierre-boulez-60-years-on-record-cd-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> The Ring, Philips 6527 115, released 1981; Parsifal, DG 2720 034, released 1971; Lulu, DG 2711 024, released 1979. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRockwell1984" class="citation news cs1">Rockwell, John (30 September 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/30/arts/meeting-of-musical-extremes.html">"Meeting of Musical Extremes"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717035008/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/30/arts/meeting-of-musical-extremes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Meeting+of+Musical+Extremes&rft.date=1984-09-30&rft.aulast=Rockwell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F09%2F30%2Farts%2Fmeeting-of-musical-extremes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutschegrammophon.com/gb/artist/boulez/biography">"Pierre Boulez: Biography"</a>. Deutsche Grammophon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412151707/http://www.deutschegrammophon.com/gb/artist/boulez/biography">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pierre+Boulez%3A+Biography&rft.pub=Deutsche+Grammophon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschegrammophon.com%2Fgb%2Fartist%2Fboulez%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> CD set: Boulez Conducts Mahler. 2013. Deutsche Grammophon, 0289 477 9528 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> CD set: Boulez the Conductor. 2022. Deutsche Grammophon, 0289 486 0915. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csoarchives.wordpress.com/2014/11/11/pierre-boulez-at-90-part-2-for-the-record/">"Pierre Boulez at 90, part 2: for the record"</a>. Chicago Symphony Orchestra. 11 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160802015108/https://csoarchives.wordpress.com/2014/11/11/pierre-boulez-at-90-part-2-for-the-record/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pierre+Boulez+at+90%2C+part+2%3A+for+the+record&rft.pub=Chicago+Symphony+Orchestra&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsoarchives.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F11%2F11%2Fpierre-boulez-at-90-part-2-for-the-record%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Boulez (1981), 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Boulez (1991), 209–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Glock (1991), 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Goldman, 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Boulez (1981), 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Goléa; Boulez (1976); Vermeil. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Boulez, Pierre and John Cage. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Boulez, Pierre and André Schaeffner. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Boulez (1971). </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Peyser (1976), 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Barrault, 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Samuel (1976), 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-Poet-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Poet_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2015" class="citation news cs1">Benjamin, George (20 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/20/george-benjamin-in-praise-of-pierre-boulez-at-90">"George Benjamin on Pierre Boulez: 'He was simply a poet'"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408092027/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/20/george-benjamin-in-praise-of-pierre-boulez-at-90">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=George+Benjamin+on+Pierre+Boulez%3A+%27He+was+simply+a+poet%27&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2015%2Fmar%2F20%2Fgeorge-benjamin-in-praise-of-pierre-boulez-at-90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss2000" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a> (10 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2000/04/10/the-godfather">"The Godfather"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806060925/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2000/04/10/the-godfather">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Godfather&rft.date=2000-04-10&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2000%2F04%2F10%2Fthe-godfather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Boulez (1991), 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohda2015" class="citation news cs1">Kohda, Claire (26 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/mar/26/boulez-in-his-own-words">"Boulez in his own words"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231220120759/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/mar/26/boulez-in-his-own-words">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boulez+in+his+own+words&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.aulast=Kohda&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusicblog%2F2015%2Fmar%2F26%2Fboulez-in-his-own-words&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbedette,_15-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Barbedette,_15_260-0">^</a> Barbedette, 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Peyser (1976), 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Vermeil, 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcBurney2016" class="citation news cs1">McBurney, Gerard (12 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/12/pierre-boulez-gerard-mcburney-a-pierre-dream">"Pierre Boulez: 'He was one of the naughtiest of great artists'"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425061912/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/12/pierre-boulez-gerard-mcburney-a-pierre-dream">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pierre+Boulez%3A+%27He+was+one+of+the+naughtiest+of+great+artists%27&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft.aulast=McBurney&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2016%2Fjan%2F12%2Fpierre-boulez-gerard-mcburney-a-pierre-dream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> Archimbaud, 152–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Barbedette, 149–151, 34–35, 117, 153, 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Barbedette, 54–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Peyser (1976), 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Boulez 2017, 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Peyser (1976), 33–34 and 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Merlin, 42–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Merlin, 320–321 and 545–553 </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Magus-272"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Magus_272-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a> (25 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/01/25/the-magus-musical-events-alex-ross">"The Magus"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323180040/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/01/25/the-magus-musical-events-alex-ross">Archived</a> 23 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoolfe2015" class="citation news cs1">Woolfe, Zachary (20 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/22/arts/music/musicians-discuss-the-influence-of-pierre-boulez.html">"Musicians Discuss the Influence of Pierre Boulez"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114130742/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/22/arts/music/musicians-discuss-the-influence-of-pierre-boulez.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Musicians+Discuss+the+Influence+of+Pierre+Boulez&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft.aulast=Woolfe&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F22%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fmusicians-discuss-the-influence-of-pierre-boulez.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Merlin, 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff2017" class="citation web cs1">Staff (26 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnf.fr/documents/cp_boulez_acquisition_don.pdf">"Le fonds Pierre Boulez de la BnF s'enrichit grâce à un don et une acquisition exceptionnels"</a> (PDF). Bibliothèque nationale de France. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180107233532/http://www.bnf.fr/documents/cp_boulez_acquisition_don.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale+de+France&rft.atitle=Le+fonds+Pierre+Boulez+de+la+BnF+s%27enrichit+gr%C3%A2ce+%C3%A0+un+don+et+une+acquisition+exceptionnels&rft.date=2017-12-26&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnf.fr%2Fdocuments%2Fcp_boulez_acquisition_don.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philharmoniedeparis.fr/en/institution/architecture/philharmonie">"The Spaces"</a>. Philharmonie de Paris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027193548/http://philharmoniedeparis.fr/en/institution/architecture/philharmonie">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philharmonie+de+Paris&rft.atitle=The+Spaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilharmoniedeparis.fr%2Fen%2Finstitution%2Farchitecture%2Fphilharmonie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boulezsaal.de">"Pierre Boulez Saal"</a>. Barenboim-Said Akademie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052847/https://boulezsaal.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barenboim-Said+Akademie&rft.atitle=Pierre+Boulez+Saal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboulezsaal.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806053425/https://philharmoniedeparis.fr/en/programming/thematic-weekends/1st-pierre-boulez-biennial">"1st Pierre Boulez Biennial"</a>. Philharmonie de Paris. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philharmoniedeparis.fr/en/programming/thematic-weekends/1st-pierre-boulez-biennial">the original</a> on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philharmonie+de+Paris&rft.atitle=1st+Pierre+Boulez+Biennial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilharmoniedeparis.fr%2Fen%2Fprogramming%2Fthematic-weekends%2F1st-pierre-boulez-biennial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philharmoniedeparis.fr/en/programming/2020-21-season/">"Pierre Boulez Biennial"</a>. Philharmonie de Paris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705094853/https://philharmoniedeparis.fr/en/programming/2020-21-season">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philharmonie+de+Paris&rft.atitle=Pierre+Boulez+Biennial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilharmoniedeparis.fr%2Fen%2Fprogramming%2F2020-21-season%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philharmoniedeparis.fr/en/activity/concert-symphonique/23940-staatskapelle-berlin-daniel-barenboim?itemId=120947">"Boulez Biennial"</a>. Philharmonie de Paris. 12 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114141551/https://philharmoniedeparis.fr/en/activity/concert-symphonique/23940-staatskapelle-berlin-daniel-barenboim?itemId=120947">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philharmonie+de+Paris&rft.atitle=Boulez+Biennial&rft.date=2023-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilharmoniedeparis.fr%2Fen%2Factivity%2Fconcert-symphonique%2F23940-staatskapelle-berlin-daniel-barenboim%3FitemId%3D120947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philharmoniedeparis.fr/en/activite/27134?itemId=135191">"Anniversaire Boulez"</a>. Philharmonie de Paris. Retrieved 29 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philharmonie+de+Paris&rft.atitle=Anniversaire+Boulez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilharmoniedeparis.fr%2Fen%2Factivite%2F27134%3FitemId%3D135191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMay2024" class="citation web cs1">May, Thomas (17 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://playbill.com/article/new-york-philharmonic-to-honor-composer-and-former-music-director-pierre-boulez">"New York Philharmonic to Honor Composer, and Former Music Director, Pierre Boulez"</a>. Playbill. Retrieved 29 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=New+York+Philharmonic+to+Honor+Composer%2C+and+Former+Music+Director%2C+Pierre+Boulez&rft.date=2024-10-17&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplaybill.com%2Farticle%2Fnew-york-philharmonic-to-honor-composer-and-former-music-director-pierre-boulez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barbican.org.uk/whats-on/2025/series/bbc-so-total-immersion-boulez-at-the-bbc/">"BBC SO Total Immersion: Pierre Boulez"</a>. Barbican. Retrieved 29 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barbican&rft.atitle=BBC+SO+Total+Immersion%3A+Pierre+Boulez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barbican.org.uk%2Fwhats-on%2F2025%2Fseries%2Fbbc-so-total-immersion-boulez-at-the-bbc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laphil.com/events/performances/3126/2025-05-10/esa-pekka-salonen-leads-debussy-boulez">"Esa-Pekka Salonen Leads Debussy & Boulez"</a>. Walt Disney Concert Hall. Retrieved 29 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Walt+Disney+Concert+Hall&rft.atitle=Esa-Pekka+Salonen+Leads+Debussy+%26+Boulez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laphil.com%2Fevents%2Fperformances%2F3126%2F2025-05-10%2Fesa-pekka-salonen-leads-debussy-boulez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lucernefestival.ch/en/program/summer-festival-2025">"Lucerne Festival, Summer Festival 2025"</a>. Lucerne Festival. Retrieved 29 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lucerne+Festival&rft.atitle=Lucerne+Festival%2C+Summer+Festival+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lucernefestival.ch%2Fen%2Fprogram%2Fsummer-festival-2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boulezsaal.de/en/concerts/boulez-100/">"Boulez 100, Celebrating a Visionary Artist"</a>. Pierre Boulez Saal. Retrieved 29 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pierre+Boulez+Saal&rft.atitle=Boulez+100%2C+Celebrating+a+Visionary+Artist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boulezsaal.de%2Fen%2Fconcerts%2Fboulez-100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.festspielhaus.de/en/program/">"Program"</a>. Festspielhaus Baden-Baden. Retrieved 29 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Festspielhaus+Baden-Baden&rft.atitle=Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.festspielhaus.de%2Fen%2Fprogram%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lso.co.uk/boulez-100/">"Boulez 100"</a>. London Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 29 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Symphony+Orchestra&rft.atitle=Boulez+100&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lso.co.uk%2Fboulez-100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wienerphilharmoniker.at/en/konzerte/7th-soiree/10572/">"7th Soirée"</a>. Wiener Philharmoniker. Retrieved 29 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiener+Philharmoniker&rft.atitle=7th+Soir%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wienerphilharmoniker.at%2Fen%2Fkonzerte%2F7th-soiree%2F10572%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-8205">Boulez, Pierre, (26 March 1925–5 Jan. 2016), Who's Who & Who Was Who. Oxford University Press, 1 December 2016</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U8205">10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U8205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954089-1"><bdi>978-0-19-954089-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boulez%2C+Pierre%2C+%2826+March+1925%E2%80%935+Jan.+2016%29%2C+Who%27s+Who+%26+Who+Was+Who.+Oxford+University+Press%2C+1+December+2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U8205&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954089-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540891.001.0001%2Fww-9780199540884-e-8205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aguila, Jesus (1992). Le Domaine Musical, Pierre Boulez et vingt ans de creation contemporaine [Le Domaine Musical, Pierre Boulez and Twenty Years of Contemporary Creation] (in French). Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-02952-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-02952-8"><bdi>978-2-213-02952-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Domaine+Musical%2C+Pierre+Boulez+et+vingt+ans+de+creation+contemporaine&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+Arth%C3%A8me+Fayard&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-2-213-02952-8&rft.aulast=Aguila&rft.aufirst=Jesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Akoka, Gérard (2015). Entretiens de Pierre Boulez avec Gérard Akoka [Interviews of Pierre Boulez with Gérard Akoka] (in French). French: Éditions Minerve. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86931-138-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86931-138-1"><bdi>978-2-86931-138-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entretiens+de+Pierre+Boulez+avec+G%C3%A9rard+Akoka&rft.place=French&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Minerve&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-86931-138-1&rft.aulast=Akoka&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Archimbaud, Michel (2016). Pierre Boulez. Entretiens avec Michel Archimbaud [Pierre Boulez. Interviews with Michel Archimbaud] (in French). Paris: Éditions Gallimard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-041828-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-041828-2"><bdi>978-2-07-041828-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Boulez.+Entretiens+avec+Michel+Archimbaud&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Gallimard&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-2-07-041828-2&rft.aulast=Archimbaud&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Barbedette, Sarah, ed. (2015). Pierre Boulez. Paris: Actes Sud. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-330-04796-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-330-04796-2"><bdi>978-2-330-04796-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Boulez&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Actes+Sud&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-330-04796-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> [Catalogue of the exhibition at the Musée de la musique in Paris, 17 March to 28 June 2015]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Barrault, Jean-Louis (1974). Memories for Tomorrow. Translated by Jonathan Griffin. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01086-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01086-0"><bdi>978-0-500-01086-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories+for+Tomorrow&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-500-01086-0&rft.aulast=Barrault&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Barulich, Frances (September 1988). "[Review of recently published books by and about Boulez, including Boulez 1981, Glock 1986 etc.]". <a href="/wiki/Notes_(journal)" title="Notes (journal)">Notes</a>. 45 (1): 48–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F941392">10.2307/941392</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/941392">941392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes&rft.atitle=%5BReview+of+recently+published+books+by+and+about+Boulez%2C+including+Boulez+1981%2C+Glock+1986+etc.%5D&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1988-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F941392&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F941392%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barulich&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Borchardt-Hume, Achim (2015). Alexander Calder–Performing Sculpture. London: <a href="/wiki/Tate_Publishing_Ltd" title="Tate Publishing Ltd">Tate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84976-344-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84976-344-8"><bdi>978-1-84976-344-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Calder%E2%80%93Performing+Sculpture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tate+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84976-344-8&rft.aulast=Borchardt-Hume&rft.aufirst=Achim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Boulez, Pierre. 1971. Boulez on Music Today, translated by Susan Bradshaw and Richard Rodney Bennett. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08006-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08006-5">978-0-674-08006-5</a>.</li> <li>Boulez, Pierre. 1976. Conversations with Célestin Deliège. London: Ernst Eulenburg Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903873-22-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903873-22-2">978-0-903873-22-2</a>.</li> <li>Boulez, Pierre and Patrice Chéreau, Richard Peduzzi, Jacques Schmidt. 1980. Histoire d'un Ring with additional texts by Sylvie de Nussac and François Regnault (in French). Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-253-02853-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-253-02853-6">978-2-253-02853-6</a>.</li> <li>Boulez, Pierre. 1986. Orientations: Collected Writings, collected and edited by Jean-Jacques Nattiez, translated by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(musicologist)" title="Martin Cooper (musicologist)">Martin Cooper</a>. London: Faber & Faber, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13835-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13835-7">978-0-571-13835-7</a>.</li> <li>Boulez, Pierre and John Cage. 1990. Correspondence et documents, edited by Jean-Jacques Nattiez with Françoise Davoine, Hans Oesch and Robert Piencikowski (in French). Basel: Amadeus Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-905049-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-905049-37-4">978-3-905049-37-4</a>.</li> <li>Boulez, Pierre. 1991. Stocktakings from an Apprenticeship, collected and presented by Paule Thévenin, translated by Stephen Walsh, 209–14. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-311210-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-311210-0">978-0-19-311210-0</a>.</li> <li>Boulez, Pierre. 1995. Points de repère, I: Imaginer, edited by Jean-Jacques Nattiez and Sophie Galaise, with the collaboration of Robert Piecikowski (in French). Musique/passé/présent. Paris: Christian Bourgois. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-267-01286-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-267-01286-6">978-2-267-01286-6</a>.</li> <li>Boulez, Pierre and André Schaeffner. 1998. Correspondence, 1954–1970, edited by Rosângela Pereira de Tugny (in French). Paris: Fayard. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-60093-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-60093-2">978-2-213-60093-2</a>.</li> <li>Boulez, Pierre. 2003. Boulez on Conducting. Conversations with Cécile Gilly, translated by Richard Stokes. London: Faber & Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-21967-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-21967-4">978-0-571-21967-4</a>.</li> <li>Boulez, Pierre. 2005a. Points de repère, II: Regards sur autrui, edited by Jean-Jacques Nattiez and Sophie Galaise (in French). Musique/passé/présent. Paris: Christian Bourgois. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-267-01750-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-267-01750-2">978-2-267-01750-2</a>.</li> <li>Boulez, Pierre. 2005b. Points de repère, III: Leçons de musique: Deux décennies d'enseignement au Collège de France (1976–1995), edited by Jean-Jacques Nattiez (in French). Musique/passé/présent. Paris: Christian Bourgois. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-267-01757-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-267-01757-1">978-2-267-01757-1</a>.</li> <li>Boulez, Pierre. 2017. Entretiens de Pierre Boulez, 1983–2013, recueillis par Bruno Serrou (in French). Château-Gontier: Éditions Aedam Musicae. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-919046-34-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-919046-34-8">978-2-919046-34-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Edward; O'Hagan, Peter (13 October 2016). Pierre Boulez Studies. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06265-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06265-8"><bdi>978-1-107-06265-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Boulez+Studies&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-10-13&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06265-8&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=O%27Hagan%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Di Pietro, Rocco (2001). Dialogues with Boulez. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3932-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3932-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-3932-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogues+with+Boulez&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-3932-8&rft.aulast=Di+Pietro&rft.aufirst=Rocco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, Allen (June 1989). "Unpublished Bouleziana at the Paul Sacher Foundation". <a href="/wiki/Tempo_(journal)" title="Tempo (journal)">Tempo</a> (169): 4–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0040298200025109">10.1017/S0040298200025109</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/945317">945317</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145773969">145773969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tempo&rft.atitle=Unpublished+Bouleziana+at+the+Paul+Sacher+Foundation&rft.issue=169&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1989-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145773969%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F945317%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0040298200025109&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Ford, Andrew (1993). Composer to Composer—Conversations about Contemporary Music. London: Quartet Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7043-7061-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7043-7061-6"><bdi>978-0-7043-7061-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Composer+to+Composer%E2%80%94Conversations+about+Contemporary+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Quartet+Books+Limited&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7043-7061-6&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlock1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Glock" title="William Glock">Glock, William</a>, ed. (1986). Pierre Boulez: A Symposium. London: Eulenburg Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903873-12-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903873-12-3"><bdi>978-0-903873-12-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Boulez%3A+A+Symposium&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Eulenburg+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-903873-12-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />Bennett, Gerald. "The Early Works". In <a href="#none">Glock (1986)</a>, pp. 41–84.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />Bradshaw, Susan. "The Instrumental and Vocal Music". In <a href="#none">Glock (1986)</a>, pp. 127–229.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />Heyworth, Peter. "The First Fifty Years". In <a href="#none">Glock (1986)</a>, pp. 3–40.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Glock" title="William Glock">Glock, William</a> (1991). Notes in Advance. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816192-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816192-9"><bdi>978-0-19-816192-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+in+Advance&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-816192-9&rft.aulast=Glock&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Jonathan (2011). The Musical Language of Pierre Boulez. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-67320-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-67320-5"><bdi>978-1-107-67320-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Musical+Language+of+Pierre+Boulez&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-67320-5&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Gol%C3%A9a" title="Antoine Goléa">Goléa, Antoine</a> (1982). Rencontres avec Pierre Boulez [Meetings with Pierre Boulez] (in French). Paris: Editions Slatkine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-05-000205-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-05-000205-0"><bdi>978-2-05-000205-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rencontres+avec+Pierre+Boulez&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+Slatkine&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-2-05-000205-0&rft.aulast=Gol%C3%A9a&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Griffiths_(writer)" title="Paul Griffiths (writer)">Griffiths, Paul</a> (1978). Boulez. Oxford Studies of Composers. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-315442-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-315442-1"><bdi>978-0-19-315442-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boulez&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Studies+of+Composers&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-315442-1&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Paul (1995a). Modern Music and After: Directions Since 1945. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816511-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816511-8"><bdi>978-0-19-816511-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Music+and+After%3A+Directions+Since+1945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-816511-8&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Paul (1995b). Boulez: Exploding-Fixed. Hamburg: Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft GmBH. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/496241633">496241633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boulez%3A+Exploding-Fixed&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Deutsche+Grammophon+Gesellschaft+GmBH&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F496241633&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> [Noted to CD]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Paul (2005). The Substance of Things Heard—Writings about Music. Rochester: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Rochester Press">University of Rochester Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-206-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-206-8"><bdi>978-1-58046-206-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Substance+of+Things+Heard%E2%80%94Writings+about+Music&rft.place=Rochester&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-206-8&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Heyworth, Peter (1982). Boulez, Wagner and the Road to Répons. BBC Promenade Concerts 1982 Season Brochure. London: BBC. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43739920">43739920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boulez%2C+Wagner+and+the+Road+to+R%C3%A9pons&rft.place=London&rft.series=BBC+Promenade+Concerts+1982+Season+Brochure&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43739920&rft.aulast=Heyworth&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Heyworth, Peter, ed. (1973). Conversations with Klemperer. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber" title="Faber & Faber">Faber & Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13561-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13561-5"><bdi>978-0-571-13561-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversations+with+Klemperer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-571-13561-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Hill, Peter; Simeone, Nigel (2005). Messiaen. New Haven and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10907-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10907-8"><bdi>978-0-300-10907-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Messiaen&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10907-8&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Simeone%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hopkins, G.W. (2001). "Boulez, Pierre". <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a>. Revised by Paul Griffiths (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.03708">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03708</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boulez%2C+Pierre&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.03708&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> (subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Iddon, Martin (2013). New Music at Darmstadt. Nono, Stockhausen, Cage, and Boulez. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03329-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03329-0"><bdi>978-1-107-03329-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Music+at+Darmstadt.+Nono%2C+Stockhausen%2C+Cage%2C+and+Boulez&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03329-0&rft.aulast=Iddon&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Jameux" title="Dominique Jameux">Jameux, Dominique</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierreboulez00jame">Pierre Boulez</a>. Translated by Susan Bradshaw. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber" title="Faber & Faber">Faber & Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13744-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13744-2"><bdi>978-0-571-13744-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Boulez&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-571-13744-2&rft.aulast=Jameux&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpierreboulez00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Jampol, Joshua (2010). Living Opera. Oxford and New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538138-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538138-2"><bdi>978-0-19-538138-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Opera&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538138-2&rft.aulast=Jampol&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Kenyon, Nicholas (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bbcsymphonyorche00keny">The BBC Symphony Orchestra: The First Fifty Years, 1930–1980</a>. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-17617-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-17617-6"><bdi>978-0-563-17617-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+BBC+Symphony+Orchestra%3A+The+First+Fifty+Years%2C+1930%E2%80%931980&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-563-17617-6&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbbcsymphonyorche00keny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lebrecht" title="Norman Lebrecht">Lebrecht, Norman</a> (2001). The Maestro Myth: Great Conductors in Pursuit of Power. New York: Citadel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2088-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2088-9"><bdi>978-0-8065-2088-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maestro+Myth%3A+Great+Conductors+in+Pursuit+of+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-2088-9&rft.aulast=Lebrecht&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meïmoun, François (2010). Entretien avec Pierre Boulez—la naissance d'un compositeur [Interview with Pierre Boulez—The Birth of a Composer] (in French). Château-Gontier: Aedem Musicae. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-919046-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-919046-00-3"><bdi>978-2-919046-00-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entretien+avec+Pierre+Boulez%E2%80%94la+naissance+d%27un+compositeur&rft.place=Ch%C3%A2teau-Gontier&rft.pub=Aedem+Musicae&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-919046-00-3&rft.aulast=Me%C3%AFmoun&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Merlin" title="Christian Merlin">Merlin, Christian</a> (2019). Pierre Boulez (in French). Paris: Les éditions Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-70492-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-70492-0"><bdi>978-2-213-70492-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Boulez&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Les+%C3%A9ditions+Fayard&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-2-213-70492-0&rft.aulast=Merlin&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">O'Hagan, Peter (2017). Pierre Boulez and the Piano: A study in style and technique. London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5319-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5319-6"><bdi>978-0-7546-5319-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Boulez+and+the+Piano%3A+A+study+in+style+and+technique&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5319-6&rft.aulast=O%27Hagan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Olivier, Philippe (2005). Pierre Boulez: Le Maître et son marteau [Pierre Boulez: The Master and his Hammer] (in French). Paris: Hermann, éditeurs des sciences et des arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7056-6531-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7056-6531-9"><bdi>978-2-7056-6531-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Boulez%3A+Le+Ma%C3%AEtre+et+son+marteau&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Hermann%2C+%C3%A9diteurs+des+sciences+et+des+arts&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-7056-6531-9&rft.aulast=Olivier&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Peyser, Joan (1976). Boulez: Composer, Conductor, Enigma. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-29901-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-29901-0"><bdi>978-0-304-29901-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boulez%3A+Composer%2C+Conductor%2C+Enigma&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-304-29901-0&rft.aulast=Peyser&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Peyser, Joan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toboulezbeyondmu0000peys">To Boulez and Beyond: Music in Europe Since the Rite of Spring</a>. New York: Billboard Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5877-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-5877-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Boulez+and+Beyond%3A+Music+in+Europe+Since+the+Rite+of+Spring&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Billboard+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5877-0&rft.aulast=Peyser&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoboulezbeyondmu0000peys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Piencikowski, Robert (1990). Boulez: Le Visage nuptial/Le Soleil des eaux/Figures, Doubles, Prismes (CD Set). Hamburg: Erato-Disques S.A. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/705143755">705143755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boulez%3A+Le+Visage+nuptial%2FLe+Soleil+des+eaux%2FFigures%2C+Doubles%2C+Prismes&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Erato-Disques+S.A.&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F705143755&rft.aulast=Piencikowski&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Ponsonby, Robert (2009). Musical Heroes, A Personal View of Music and the Musical World Over Sixty Years. London: Giles de la Mare Publishers Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900357-29-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900357-29-6"><bdi>978-1-900357-29-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Heroes%2C+A+Personal+View+of+Music+and+the+Musical+World+Over+Sixty+Years&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Giles+de+la+Mare+Publishers+Limited&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-900357-29-6&rft.aulast=Ponsonby&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Porter_(music_critic)" title="Andrew Porter (music critic)">Porter, Andrew</a> (1988). Musical Events. London: Grafton Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-246-13311-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-246-13311-3"><bdi>978-0-246-13311-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Events&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Grafton+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-246-13311-3&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rosenberg" title="Donald Rosenberg">Rosenberg, Donald</a> (2000). The Cleveland Orchestra Story, "Second to None". Cleveland: Gray and Company, Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886228-24-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-886228-24-5"><bdi>978-1-886228-24-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cleveland+Orchestra+Story%2C+%22Second+to+None%22&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=Gray+and+Company%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-886228-24-5&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Ross, Alex (2007). <a href="/wiki/The_Rest_Is_Noise" title="The Rest Is Noise">The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-24939-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-24939-7"><bdi>978-0-374-24939-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rest+Is+Noise%3A+Listening+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-374-24939-7&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Samuel" title="Claude Samuel">Samuel, Claude</a> (1976). Conversations with Olivier Messiaen. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Aprahamian" title="Felix Aprahamian">Felix Aprahamian</a>. London: Stainer and Bell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85249-308-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85249-308-3"><bdi>978-0-85249-308-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversations+with+Olivier+Messiaen&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Stainer+and+Bell&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-85249-308-3&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Samuel, Claude, ed. (1986). Eclats / Boulez (in French). Paris: Editions du Centre Pompidou. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85850-342-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85850-342-1"><bdi>978-2-85850-342-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eclats+%2F+Boulez&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+du+Centre+Pompidou&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-2-85850-342-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Samuel, Claude, ed. (2002). Eclats 2002 (in French). Paris: Mémoire du Livre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-913867-14-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-913867-14-7"><bdi>978-2-913867-14-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eclats+2002&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=M%C3%A9moire+du+Livre&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-913867-14-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Samuel, Claude (2013). Boulez: Complete Works (CD Set). France: Deutsche Grammophon. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/985147586">985147586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boulez%3A+Complete+Works&rft.place=France&rft.pub=Deutsche+Grammophon&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F985147586&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steinegger, Catherine (2012). Pierre Boulez et le théâtre (in French). Wavre: Éditions Mardaga. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8047-0090-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8047-0090-4"><bdi>978-2-8047-0090-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Boulez+et+le+th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre&rft.place=Wavre&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Mardaga&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-8047-0090-4&rft.aulast=Steinegger&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Vermeil, Jean (1996). Conversations with Boulez: Thoughts on Conducting. Translated by Camille Nash. Portland: Amadeus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-007-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-007-3"><bdi>978-1-57467-007-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversations+with+Boulez%3A+Thoughts+on+Conducting&rft.place=Portland&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-57467-007-3&rft.aulast=Vermeil&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"> Selection of programs conducted by Boulez and a discography by Paul Griffiths</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Wolfgang (1994). Acts. The Autobiography of Wolfgang Wagner. Translated by John Brownjohn. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81349-1"><bdi>978-0-297-81349-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acts.+The+Autobiography+of+Wolfgang+Wagner&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-297-81349-1&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Stephen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZagwDwAAQBAJ">Stravinsky: The Second Exile: France and America, 1934-1971</a>. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06078-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06078-3"><bdi>978-0-224-06078-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810122544/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZagwDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stravinsky%3A+The+Second+Exile%3A+France+and+America%2C+1934-1971&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-224-06078-3&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZagwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Boulez" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_Links">External Links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/Pierre+Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0099518/">Pierre Boulez</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pierre_Boulez252" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pierre_Boulez" title="Template:Pierre Boulez"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pierre_Boulez" title="Template talk:Pierre Boulez"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pierre_Boulez" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pierre Boulez"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pierre_Boulez252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Pierre_Boulez" title="List of compositions by Pierre Boulez">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concert music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_sonatas_(Boulez)" title="Piano sonatas (Boulez)">Piano sonatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Visage_nuptial" title="Le Visage nuptial">Le Visage nuptial‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Soleil_des_eaux" title="Le Soleil des eaux">Le Soleil des eaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livre_pour_quatuor" title="Livre pour quatuor">Livre pour quatuor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphonie_X" title="Polyphonie X">Polyphonie X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structures_(Boulez)" title="Structures (Boulez)">Structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Marteau_sans_ma%C3%AEtre" title="Le Marteau sans maître">Le Marteau sans maître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pli_selon_pli" title="Pli selon pli">Pli selon pli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figures%E2%80%94Doubles%E2%80%94Prismes" title="Figures—Doubles—Prismes">Figures—Doubles—Prismes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89clat" title="Éclat">Éclat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domaines_(Boulez)" title="Domaines (Boulez)">Domaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livre_pour_cordes" title="Livre pour cordes">Livre pour cordes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/...explosante-fixe..." title="...explosante-fixe...">...explosante-fixe...</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cummings_ist_der_Dichter" title="Cummings ist der Dichter">Cummings ist der Dichter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89clat/Multiples" title="Éclat/Multiples">Éclat/Multiples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rituel_in_memoriam_Bruno_Maderna" title="Rituel in memoriam Bruno Maderna">Rituel in memoriam Bruno Maderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messagesquisse" title="Messagesquisse">Messagesquisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9pons" title="Répons">Répons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9rive_1" title="Dérive 1">Dérive 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anth%C3%A8mes" title="Anthèmes">Anthèmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incises" title="Incises">Incises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_de_l%27ombre_double" title="Dialogue de l'ombre double">Dialogue de l'ombre double</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Garland_for_Dr._K." title="A Garland for Dr. K.">A Garland for Dr. K.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidental music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainsi_parla_Zarathoustra_(Boulez)" title="Ainsi parla Zarathoustra (Boulez)">Ainsi parla Zarathoustra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">Aleatoric music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulez_Conducts_Zappa:_The_Perfect_Stranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulez Conducts Zappa: The Perfect Stranger">Boulez Conducts Zappa: The Perfect Stranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domaine_musical" title="Domaine musical">Domaine musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_InterContemporain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensemble InterContemporain">Ensemble InterContemporain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahrhundertring" title="Jahrhundertring">Jahrhundertring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pierre_Boulez" title="Category:Pierre Boulez">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Twelve-tone_technique" title="Template:Twelve-tone technique"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Twelve-tone_technique" title="Template talk:Twelve-tone technique"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve-tone_technique" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve-tone technique"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Twelve-tone_technique_and_serialism296" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Fundamentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combinatoriality" title="Combinatoriality">Combinatoriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_(music)" title="Complement (music)">Complementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derived_row" title="Derived row">Derivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexachord" title="Hexachord">Hexachord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interval_class" title="Interval class">Interval class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique#Invariance" title="Twelve-tone technique">Invariance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derived_row" title="Derived row">Partition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross partition">Cross partition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_row" title="Tone row">Tone row</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tone_row#total_chromatic" title="Tone row">Aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tone_rows_and_series" title="List of tone rows and series">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Mutterakkord.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mutterakkord.png/54px-Mutterakkord.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mutterakkord.png/81px-Mutterakkord.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mutterakkord.png/108px-Mutterakkord.png 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="3675" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Permutation_(music)" title="Permutation (music)">Permutations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique#Transformations" title="Twelve-tone technique">Prime row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_(music)" title="Retrograde (music)">Retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_inversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic inversion">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_inversion" title="Retrograde inversion">Retrograde inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplication_(music)" title="Multiplication (music)">Multiplication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Twelve-tone_composers" title="Template:Twelve-tone composers">Notable composers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Matthias_Hauer" title="Josef Matthias Hauer">Josef Matthias Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen" title="Charles Wuorinen">Charles Wuorinen</a></li> <li>...<a href="/wiki/Serialism#Notable_composers" title="Serialism">more</a>...</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-interval_twelve-tone_row" title="All-interval twelve-tone row">All-interval twelve-tone row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-trichord_hexachord" title="All-trichord hexachord">All-trichord hexachord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">Chromatic scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_series" title="Duration series">Duration series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_class_(music)" title="Equivalence class (music)">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_composition" title="Formula composition">Formula composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctualism" title="Punctualism">Punctualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">Semitone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_theory_(music)" title="Set theory (music)">Set theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_point" title="Time point">Time point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(music)" title="Trope (music)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_dodecaphonic_and_serial_compositions" title="List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions">List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Twelve-tone_and_serial_composers72" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#dbc3a3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Twelve-tone_composers" title="Template:Twelve-tone composers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Twelve-tone_composers" title="Template talk:Twelve-tone composers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve-tone_composers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve-tone composers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Twelve-tone_and_serial_composers72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serial</a> composers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Abrahamsen" title="Hans Abrahamsen">Hans Abrahamsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Amy" title="Gilbert Amy">Gilbert Amy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Andriessen" title="Louis Andriessen">Louis Andriessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_ApIvor" title="Denis ApIvor">Denis ApIvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Erich_Apostel" title="Hans Erich Apostel">Hans Erich Apostel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_van_Baaren" title="Kees van Baaren">Kees van Baaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osvaldas_Balakauskas" title="Osvaldas Balakauskas">Osvaldas Balakauskas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Banks" title="Don Banks">Don Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Barraqu%C3%A9" title="Jean Barraqué">Jean Barraqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barrett_(composer)" title="Richard Barrett (composer)">Richard Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Baur" title="Jürg Baur">Jürg Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Berger_(composer)" title="Arthur Berger (composer)">Arthur Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Bergman" title="Erik Bergman">Erik Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Boehmer" title="Konrad Boehmer">Konrad Boehmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Boucourechliev" title="André Boucourechliev">André Boucourechliev</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Boykan" title="Martin Boykan">Martin Boykan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Buck" title="Ole Buck">Ole Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Calonne" title="Jacques Calonne">Jacques Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Castiglioni" title="Niccolò Castiglioni">Niccolò Castiglioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Clementi" title="Aldo Clementi">Aldo Clementi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Dallapiccola" title="Luigi Dallapiccola">Luigi Dallapiccola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Goeyvaerts" title="Karel Goeyvaerts">Karel Goeyvaerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Henryk Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Matthias_Hauer" title="Josef Matthias Hauer">Josef Matthias Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Johnston_(composer)" title="Ben Johnston (composer)">Ben Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Michael_Koenig" title="Gottfried Michael Koenig">Gottfried Michael Koenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Maderna" title="Bruno Maderna">Bruno Maderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Martino" title="Donald Martino">Donald Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Paz" title="Juan Carlos Paz">Juan Carlos Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perle" title="George Perle">George Perle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Henri Pousseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einojuhani_Rautavaara" title="Einojuhani Rautavaara">Einojuhani Rautavaara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Searle" title="Humphrey Searle">Humphrey Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sessions" title="Roger Sessions">Roger Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Nikos Skalkottas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swift_(composer)" title="Richard Swift (composer)">Richard Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen" title="Charles Wuorinen">Charles Wuorinen</a></li> <li>...<a href="/wiki/List_of_dodecaphonic_and_serial_compositions" title="List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions">more</a>...</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Darmstadt_School_(Darmstädter_Ferienkurse)55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Darmstadt_School" title="Template:Darmstadt School"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Brown" title="Earle Brown">Earle Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Castiglioni" title="Niccolò Castiglioni">Niccolò Castiglioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Clementi" title="Aldo Clementi">Aldo Clementi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Donatoni" title="Franco Donatoni">Franco Donatoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Evangelisti_(composer)" title="Franco Evangelisti (composer)">Franco Evangelisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Goeyvaerts" title="Karel Goeyvaerts">Karel Goeyvaerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel" title="Mauricio Kagel">Mauricio Kagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Michael_Koenig" title="Gottfried Michael Koenig">Gottfried Michael Koenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Maderna" title="Bruno Maderna">Bruno Maderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Manzoni" title="Giacomo Manzoni">Giacomo Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Henri Pousseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BBC_Symphony_Orchestra_Chief_Conductors66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BBCSO_conductors" title="Template:BBCSO conductors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BBCSO_conductors" title="Template talk:BBCSO conductors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BBCSO_conductors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BBCSO conductors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BBC_Symphony_Orchestra_Chief_Conductors66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="BBC Symphony Orchestra">BBC Symphony Orchestra Chief Conductors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult" title="Adrian Boult">Adrian Boult</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Sargent" title="Malcolm Sargent">Malcolm Sargent</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schwarz_(conductor)" title="Rudolf Schwarz (conductor)">Rudolf Schwarz</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antal_Dor%C3%A1ti" title="Antal Doráti">Antal Doráti</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Davis" title="Colin Davis">Colin Davis</a> (1967)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kempe" title="Rudolf Kempe">Rudolf Kempe</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Rozhdestvensky" title="Gennady Rozhdestvensky">Gennady Rozhdestvensky</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pritchard_(conductor)" title="John Pritchard (conductor)">John Pritchard</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Davis_(conductor)" title="Andrew Davis (conductor)">Andrew Davis</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Slatkin" title="Leonard Slatkin">Leonard Slatkin</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_B%C4%9Blohl%C3%A1vek" title="Jiří Bělohlávek">Jiří Bělohlávek</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakari_Oramo" title="Sakari Oramo">Sakari Oramo</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cleveland_Orchestra_Music_Directors59" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleveland_Orchestra_conductors" title="Template:Cleveland Orchestra conductors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cleveland_Orchestra_conductors" title="Template talk:Cleveland Orchestra conductors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cleveland_Orchestra_conductors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cleveland Orchestra conductors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cleveland_Orchestra_Music_Directors59" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra Music Directors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Sokoloff" title="Nikolai Sokoloff">Nikolai Sokoloff</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Rodzi%C5%84ski" title="Artur Rodziński">Artur Rodziński</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Leinsdorf" title="Erich Leinsdorf">Erich Leinsdorf</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a> (1946)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorin_Maazel" title="Lorin Maazel">Lorin Maazel</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi" title="Christoph von Dohnányi">Christoph von Dohnányi</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Welser-M%C3%B6st" title="Franz Welser-Möst">Franz Welser-Möst</a> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ensemble_intercontemporain_music_directors46" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intercontemporain_music_directors" title="Template:Intercontemporain music directors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intercontemporain_music_directors" title="Template talk:Intercontemporain music directors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intercontemporain_music_directors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intercontemporain music directors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ensemble_intercontemporain_music_directors46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_intercontemporain" title="Ensemble intercontemporain">Ensemble intercontemporain</a> music directors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="Péter Eötvös">Péter Eötvös</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Robertson_(conductor)" title="David Robertson (conductor)">David Robertson</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Nott" title="Jonathan Nott">Jonathan Nott</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_M%C3%A4lkki" title="Susanna Mälkki">Susanna Mälkki</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Pintscher" title="Matthias Pintscher">Matthias Pintscher</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bleuse" title="Pierre Bleuse">Pierre Bleuse</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York_Philharmonic_Music_Directors41" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NYPhil_music_directors" title="Template:NYPhil music directors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NYPhil_music_directors" title="Template talk:NYPhil music directors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NYPhil_music_directors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NYPhil music directors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York_Philharmonic_Music_Directors41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a> Music Directors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ureli_Corelli_Hill" title="Ureli Corelli Hill">Ureli Corelli Hill</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Eisfeld" title="Theodore Eisfeld">Theodore Eisfeld</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bergmann_(musician)" title="Carl Bergmann (musician)">Carl Bergmann</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Damrosch" title="Leopold Damrosch">Leopold Damrosch</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Thomas_(conductor)" title="Theodore Thomas (conductor)">Theodore Thomas</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Neuendorff" title="Adolf Neuendorff">Adolf Neuendorff</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Seidl" title="Anton Seidl">Anton Seidl</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Paur" title="Emil Paur">Emil Paur</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Damrosch" title="Walter Damrosch">Walter Damrosch</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Safonov" title="Vasily Safonov">Vasily Safonov</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Str%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD" title="Josef Stránský">Josef Stránský</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Mengelberg" title="Willem Mengelberg">Willem Mengelberg</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barbirolli" title="John Barbirolli">John Barbirolli</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Rodzi%C5%84ski" title="Artur Rodziński">Artur Rodziński</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Mitropoulos" title="Dimitri Mitropoulos">Dimitri Mitropoulos</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a> (1969)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Masur" title="Kurt Masur">Kurt Masur</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorin_Maazel" title="Lorin Maazel">Lorin Maazel</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Gilbert_(conductor)" title="Alan Gilbert (conductor)">Alan Gilbert</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_van_Zweden" title="Jaap van Zweden">Jaap van Zweden</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel" title="Gustavo Dudamel">Gustavo Dudamel</a> (2026)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_Philharmonic_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/New_York_Philharmonic_logo.svg/100px-New_York_Philharmonic_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/New_York_Philharmonic_logo.svg/150px-New_York_Philharmonic_logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ernst_von_Siemens_Music_Prize33" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ernst_von_Siemens_Music_Prize" title="Template:Ernst von Siemens Music Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ernst_von_Siemens_Music_Prize" title="Template talk:Ernst von Siemens Music Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ernst_von_Siemens_Music_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ernst von Siemens Music Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ernst_von_Siemens_Music_Prize33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Siemens_Music_Prize" title="Ernst von Siemens Music Prize">Ernst von Siemens Music Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin" title="Rudolf Serkin">Rudolf Serkin</a> (1978)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schreier" title="Peter Schreier">Peter Schreier</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Holliger" title="Heinz Holliger">Heinz Holliger</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._C._Robbins_Landon" title="H. C. Robbins Landon">H. C. Robbins Landon</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini" title="Maurizio Pollini">Maurizio Pollini</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Lachenmann" title="Helmut Lachenmann">Helmut Lachenmann</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kurt%C3%A1g" title="György Kurtág">György Kurtág</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arditti_Quartet" title="Arditti Quartet">Arditti Quartet</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel" title="Mauricio Kagel">Mauricio Kagel</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Brinkmann" title="Reinhold Brinkmann">Reinhold Brinkmann</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm" title="Wolfgang Rihm">Wolfgang Rihm</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Henri Dutilleux</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Ferneyhough" title="Brian Ferneyhough">Brian Ferneyhough</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Huber" title="Klaus Huber">Klaus Huber</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gielen" title="Michael Gielen">Michael Gielen</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribert_Reimann" title="Aribert Reimann">Aribert Reimann</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Cerha" title="Friedrich Cerha">Friedrich Cerha</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G%C3%BClke" title="Peter Gülke">Peter Gülke</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Eschenbach" title="Christoph Eschenbach">Christoph Eschenbach</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_N%C3%B8rg%C3%A5rd" title="Per Nørgård">Per Nørgård</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Laurent_Aimard" title="Pierre-Laurent Aimard">Pierre-Laurent Aimard</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Furrer" title="Beat Furrer">Beat Furrer</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Saunders" title="Rebecca Saunders">Rebecca Saunders</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabea_Zimmermann" title="Tabea Zimmermann">Tabea Zimmermann</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Aperghis" title="Georges Aperghis">Georges Aperghis</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Neuwirth" title="Olga Neuwirth">Olga Neuwirth</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Benjamin_(composer)" title="George Benjamin (composer)">George Benjamin</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuk_Chin" title="Unsuk Chin">Unsuk Chin</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glenn_Gould_Prize_laureates49" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glenn_Gould_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Glenn Gould Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glenn_Gould_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Glenn Gould Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glenn_Gould_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glenn Gould Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glenn_Gould_Prize_laureates49" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould_Prize" title="Glenn Gould Prize">Glenn Gould Prize laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1987 <a href="/wiki/R._Murray_Schafer" title="R. Murray Schafer">R. Murray Schafer</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Peterson" title="Oscar Peterson">Oscar Peterson</a></li> <li>1996 <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Takemitsu" title="Tōru Takemitsu">Tōru Takemitsu</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a></li> <li>2002 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn" title="André Previn">André Previn</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Abreu" title="José Antonio Abreu">José Antonio Abreu</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lepage" title="Robert Lepage">Robert Lepage</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Alanis_Obomsawin" title="Alanis Obomsawin">Alanis Obomsawin</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel" title="Gustavo Dudamel">Gustavo Dudamel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grawemeyer_Award_for_Music_Composition_laureates132" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GrawemeyerAwardMusicComposition" title="Template:GrawemeyerAwardMusicComposition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GrawemeyerAwardMusicComposition" title="Template talk:GrawemeyerAwardMusicComposition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GrawemeyerAwardMusicComposition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GrawemeyerAwardMusicComposition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grawemeyer_Award_for_Music_Composition_laureates132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Grawemeyer_Award_for_Music_Composition" title="Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition">Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition</a> laureates</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinary_Ung" title="Chinary Ung">Chinary Ung</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Tower" title="Joan Tower">Joan Tower</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Corigliano" title="John Corigliano">John Corigliano</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Husa" title="Karel Husa">Karel Husa</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Takemitsu" title="Tōru Takemitsu">Tōru Takemitsu</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tcherepnin" title="Ivan Tcherepnin">Ivan Tcherepnin</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bainbridge" title="Simon Bainbridge">Simon Bainbridge</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Dun" title="Tan Dun">Tan Dun</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ad%C3%A8s" title="Thomas Adès">Thomas Adès</a> (2000)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Jay_Kernis" title="Aaron Jay Kernis">Aaron Jay Kernis</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaija_Saariaho" title="Kaija Saariaho">Kaija Saariaho</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuk_Chin" title="Unsuk Chin">Unsuk Chin</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tsontakis" title="George Tsontakis">George Tsontakis</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kurt%C3%A1g" title="György Kurtág">György Kurtág</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Currier" title="Sebastian Currier">Sebastian Currier</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lieberson" title="Peter Lieberson">Peter Lieberson</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Dean" title="Brett Dean">Brett Dean</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_H%C3%B6ller" title="York Höller">York Höller</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Andriessen" title="Louis Andriessen">Louis Andriessen</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esa-Pekka_Salonen" title="Esa-Pekka Salonen">Esa-Pekka Salonen</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_van_der_Aa" title="Michel van der Aa">Michel van der Aa</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90uro_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87" title="Đuro Živković">Đuro Živković</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Abrahamsen" title="Hans Abrahamsen">Hans Abrahamsen</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Norman" title="Andrew Norman">Andrew Norman</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_S%C3%B8rensen_(composer)" title="Bent Sørensen (composer)">Bent Sørensen</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%ABl_Bons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joël Bons (page does not exist)">Joël Bons</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_Liang" title="Lei Liang">Lei Liang</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Neuwirth" title="Olga Neuwirth">Olga Neuwirth</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Anderson" title="Julian Anderson">Julian Anderson</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Vrebalov" title="Aleksandra Vrebalov">Aleksandra Vrebalov</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Léonie_Sonning_Music_Prize_Laureates109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:L%C3%A9onie_Sonning_Music_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Léonie Sonning Music Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:L%C3%A9onie_Sonning_Music_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Léonie Sonning Music Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:L%C3%A9onie_Sonning_Music_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Léonie Sonning Music Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Léonie_Sonning_Music_Prize_Laureates109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onie_Sonning_Music_Prize" title="Léonie Sonning Music Prize">Léonie Sonning Music Prize Laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Christoff" title="Boris Christoff">Boris Christoff</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache" title="Sergiu Celibidache">Sergiu Celibidache</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogens_W%C3%B6ldike" title="Mogens Wöldike">Mogens Wöldike</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Rampal" title="Jean-Pierre Rampal">Jean-Pierre Rampal</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Baker" title="Janet Baker">Janet Baker</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Claire_Alain" title="Marie-Claire Alain">Marie-Claire Alain</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk" title="Rafael Kubelík">Rafael Kubelík</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a> (1984)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Richter" title="Sviatoslav Richter">Sviatoslav Richter</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Holliger" title="Heinz Holliger">Heinz Holliger</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schreier" title="Peter Schreier">Peter Schreier</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Ericson" title="Eric Ericson">Eric Ericson</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krystian_Zimerman" title="Krystian Zimerman">Krystian Zimerman</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bashmet" title="Yuri Bashmet">Yuri Bashmet</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_N%C3%B8rg%C3%A5rd" title="Per Nørgård">Per Nørgård</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Schiff" title="András Schiff">András Schiff</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Behrens" title="Hildegard Behrens">Hildegard Behrens</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michala_Petri" title="Michala Petri">Michala Petri</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kurt%C3%A1g" title="György Kurtág">György Kurtág</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jarrett" title="Keith Jarrett">Keith Jarrett</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_Gardiner" title="John Eliot Gardiner">John Eliot Gardiner</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Ulrik_Mortensen" title="Lars Ulrik Mortensen">Lars Ulrik Mortensen</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli" title="Cecilia Bartoli">Cecilia Bartoli</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaija_Saariaho" title="Kaija Saariaho">Kaija Saariaho</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Savall" title="Jordi Savall">Jordi Savall</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Fr%C3%B6st" title="Martin Fröst">Martin Fröst</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ad%C3%A8s" title="Thomas Adès">Thomas Adès</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Blomstedt" title="Herbert Blomstedt">Herbert Blomstedt</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Kavakos" title="Leonidas Kavakos">Leonidas Kavakos</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Abrahamsen" title="Hans Abrahamsen">Hans Abrahamsen</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hannigan" title="Barbara Hannigan">Barbara Hannigan</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuk_Chin" title="Unsuk Chin">Unsuk Chin</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Laurent_Aimard" title="Pierre-Laurent Aimard">Pierre-Laurent Aimard</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Glennie" title="Evelyn Glennie">Evelyn Glennie</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Pahud" title="Emmanuel Pahud">Emmanuel Pahud</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Polar_Music_Prize58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_Music_Prize" title="Template:Polar Music Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_Music_Prize" title="Template talk:Polar Music Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_Music_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar Music Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Polar_Music_Prize58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Polar_Music_Prize" title="Polar Music Prize">Polar Music Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> / the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Ericson" title="Eric Ericson">Eric Ericson</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> / <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Bacharach" title="Burt Bacharach">Burt Bacharach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Makeba" title="Miriam Makeba">Miriam Makeba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jarrett" title="Keith Jarrett">Keith Jarrett</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">B.B. King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Gil" title="Gilberto Gil">Gilberto Gil</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valery_Gergiev" title="Valery Gergiev">Valery Gergiev</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins" title="Sonny Rollins">Sonny Rollins</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Renée Fleming</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Abreu" title="José Antonio Abreu">José Antonio Abreu</a> / <a href="/wiki/El_Sistema" title="El Sistema">El Sistema</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronos_Quartet" title="Kronos Quartet">Kronos Quartet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour" title="Youssou N'Dour">Youssou N'Dour</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kaija_Saariaho" title="Kaija Saariaho">Kaija Saariaho</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellars" title="Peter Sellars">Peter Sellars</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmylou_Harris" title="Emmylou Harris">Emmylou Harris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Glennie" title="Evelyn Glennie">Evelyn Glennie</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Martin" title="Max Martin">Max Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli" title="Cecilia Bartoli">Cecilia Bartoli</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Shorter" title="Wayne Shorter">Wayne Shorter</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_National_Institute_of_Music" title="Afghanistan National Institute of Music">Afghanistan National Institute of Music</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash" title="Grandmaster Flash">Grandmaster Flash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Playing_for_Change" title="Playing for Change">Playing for Change</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Netrebko" title="Anna Netrebko">Anna Netrebko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diane_Warren" title="Diane Warren">Diane Warren</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_intercontemporain" title="Ensemble intercontemporain">Ensemble intercontemporain</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Blackwell" title="Chris Blackwell">Chris Blackwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_Kidjo" title="Angélique Kidjo">Angélique Kidjo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Esa-Pekka_Salonen" title="Esa-Pekka Salonen">Esa-Pekka Salonen</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Wolf_Prize_in_Arts73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Template:Wolf Prize in Arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Template talk:Wolf Prize in Arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wolf Prize in Arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Wolf_Prize_in_Arts73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Wolf Prize in Arts">Wolf Prize in Arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Erskine_(architect)" title="Ralph Erskine (architect)">Ralph Erskine</a> (1983/4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumihiko_Maki" title="Fumihiko Maki">Fumihiko Maki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_De_Carlo" title="Giancarlo De Carlo">Giancarlo De Carlo</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a> / <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzon" title="Jørn Utzon">Jørn Utzon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Denys_Lasdun" title="Denys Lasdun">Denys Lasdun</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto">Frei Otto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aldo_van_Eyck" title="Aldo van Eyck">Aldo van Eyck</a> (1996/7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Siza_Vieira" title="Álvaro Siza Vieira">Álvaro Siza Vieira</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Nouvel" title="Jean Nouvel">Jean Nouvel</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chipperfield" title="David Chipperfield">David Chipperfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Eisenman" title="Peter Eisenman">Peter Eisenman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Souto_de_Moura" title="Eduardo Souto de Moura">Eduardo Souto de Moura</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Lambert" title="Phyllis Lambert">Phyllis Lambert</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Safdie" title="Moshe Safdie">Moshe Safdie</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Diller" title="Elizabeth Diller">Elizabeth Diller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Atelier_Bow-Wow" title="Atelier Bow-Wow">Momoyo Kaijima</a> / <a href="/wiki/Atelier_Bow-Wow" title="Atelier Bow-Wow">Yoshiharu Tsukamoto</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Josef_Tal" title="Josef Tal">Josef Tal</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (1995/6)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giya_Kancheli" title="Giya Kancheli">Giya Kancheli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Murray_Perahia" title="Murray Perahia">Murray Perahia</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> / <a href="/wiki/%C3%81d%C3%A1m_Fischer" title="Ádám Fischer">Ádám Fischer</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> / <a href="/wiki/Olga_Neuwirth" title="Olga Neuwirth">Olga Neuwirth</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kurt%C3%A1g" title="György Kurtág">György Kurtág</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey">Painting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies" title="Antoni Tàpies">Antoni Tàpies</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Johns" title="Jasper Johns">Jasper Johns</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer">Anselm Kiefer</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Richter" title="Gerhard Richter">Gerhard Richter</a> (1994/5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a> (2002/3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Pistoletto" title="Michelangelo Pistoletto">Michelangelo Pistoletto</a> (2006/7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemarie_Trockel" title="Rosemarie Trockel">Rosemarie Trockel</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sherman" title="Cindy Sherman">Cindy Sherman</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey">Sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Chillida" title="Eduardo Chillida">Eduardo Chillida</a> (1984/5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claes_Oldenburg" title="Claes Oldenburg">Claes Oldenburg</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Nauman" title="Bruce Nauman">Bruce Nauman</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Turrell" title="James Turrell">James Turrell</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a> (2002/3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Pistoletto" title="Michelangelo Pistoletto">Michelangelo Pistoletto</a> (2006/7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olafur_Eliasson" title="Olafur Eliasson">Olafur Eliasson</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Anderson" title="Laurie Anderson">Laurie Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Weiner" title="Lawrence Weiner">Lawrence Weiner</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiko_Nakaya" title="Fujiko Nakaya">Fujiko Nakaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Long_(artist)" title="Richard Long (artist)">Richard Long</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Gramophone Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Gramophone Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gramophone Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Gramophone Hall of Fame">Gramophone Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conductors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barbirolli" title="John Barbirolli">John Barbirolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Thomas Beecham</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham_selected_discography" title="Thomas Beecham selected discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm" title="Karl Böhm">Karl Böhm</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult" title="Adrian Boult">Adrian Boult</a> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult_discography" title="Adrian Boult discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache" title="Sergiu Celibidache">Sergiu Celibidache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Chailly" title="Riccardo Chailly">Riccardo Chailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Davis" title="Colin Davis">Colin Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel" title="Gustavo Dudamel">Gustavo Dudamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_Gardiner" title="John Eliot Gardiner">John Eliot Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Giulini" title="Carlo Maria Giulini">Carlo Maria Giulini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink" title="Bernard Haitink">Bernard Haitink</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink_discography" title="Bernard Haitink discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hogwood" title="Christopher Hogwood">Christopher Hogwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber" title="Carlos Kleiber">Carlos Kleiber</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber_discography" title="Carlos Kleiber discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk" title="Rafael Kubelík">Rafael Kubelík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mackerras" title="Charles Mackerras">Charles Mackerras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Marriner" title="Neville Marriner">Neville Marriner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Mravinsky" title="Yevgeny Mravinsky">Yevgeny Mravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pappano" title="Antonio Pappano">Antonio Pappano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Pinnock" title="Trevor Pinnock">Trevor Pinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle_discography" title="Simon Rattle discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Reiner" title="Fritz Reiner">Fritz Reiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti_discography" title="Georg Solti discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tilson_Thomas" title="Michael Tilson Thomas">Michael Tilson Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a> <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini_discography" title="Arturo Toscanini discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allen_(baritone)" title="Thomas Allen (baritone)">Thomas Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_de_los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Victoria de los Ángeles">Victoria de los Ángeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Baker" title="Janet Baker">Janet Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli" title="Cecilia Bartoli">Cecilia Bartoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Bj%C3%B6rling" title="Jussi Björling">Jussi Björling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9" title="Montserrat Caballé">Montserrat Caballé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras" title="José Carreras">José Carreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin" title="Feodor Chaliapin">Feodor Chaliapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_DiDonato" title="Joyce DiDonato">Joyce DiDonato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Ferrier" title="Kathleen Ferrier">Kathleen Ferrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad" title="Kirsten Flagstad">Kirsten Flagstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Renée Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Gheorghiu" title="Angela Gheorghiu">Angela Gheorghiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Ghiaurov" title="Nicolai Ghiaurov">Nicolai Ghiaurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi">Tito Gobbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hampson" title="Thomas Hampson">Thomas Hampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hotter" title="Hans Hotter">Hans Hotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Hvorostovsky" title="Dmitri Hvorostovsky">Dmitri Hvorostovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundula_Janowitz" title="Gundula Janowitz">Gundula Janowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Kaufmann" title="Jonas Kaufmann">Jonas Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Keenlyside" title="Simon Keenlyside">Simon Keenlyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Kirkby" title="Emma Kirkby">Emma Kirkby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Netrebko" title="Anna Netrebko">Anna Netrebko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sofie_von_Otter" title="Anne Sofie von Otter">Anne Sofie von Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzkopf" title="Elisabeth Schwarzkopf">Elisabeth Schwarzkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renata_Tebaldi" title="Renata Tebaldi">Renata Tebaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiri_Te_Kanawa" title="Kiri Te Kanawa">Kiri Te Kanawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Terfel" title="Bryn Terfel">Bryn Terfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Wunderlich" title="Fritz Wunderlich">Fritz Wunderlich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboardists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Ove_Andsnes" title="Leif Ove Andsnes">Leif Ove Andsnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Argerich" title="Martha Argerich">Martha Argerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Arrau" title="Claudio Arrau">Claudio Arrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy" title="Vladimir Ashkenazy">Vladimir Ashkenazy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Gilels" title="Emil Gilels">Emil Gilels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gulda" title="Friedrich Gulda">Friedrich Gulda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin" title="Marc-André Hamelin">Marc-André Hamelin</a> <a href="/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin_discography" title="Marc-André Hamelin discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Hewitt" title="Angela Hewitt">Angela Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hough" title="Stephen Hough">Stephen Hough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kempff" title="Wilhelm Kempff">Wilhelm Kempff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Kissin" title="Evgeny Kissin">Evgeny Kissin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Leonhardt" title="Gustav Leonhardt">Gustav Leonhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lang_Lang" title="Lang Lang">Lang Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinu_Lipatti" title="Dinu Lipatti">Dinu Lipatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radu_Lupu" title="Radu Lupu">Radu Lupu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Benedetti_Michelangeli" title="Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli">Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Perahia" title="Murray Perahia">Murray Perahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini" title="Maurizio Pollini">Maurizio Pollini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Richter" title="Sviatoslav Richter">Sviatoslav Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Schiff" title="András Schiff">András Schiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Schnabel" title="Artur Schnabel">Artur Schnabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Sokolov" title="Grigory Sokolov">Grigory Sokolov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsuko_Uchida" title="Mitsuko Uchida">Mitsuko Uchida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String/brass/ woodwind players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Andr%C3%A9" title="Maurice André">Maurice André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Brain" title="Dennis Brain">Dennis Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bream" title="Julian Bream">Julian Bream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyung_Wha_Chung" title="Kyung Wha Chung">Kyung Wha Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_du_Pr%C3%A9" title="Jacqueline du Pré">Jacqueline du Pré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Galway" title="James Galway">James Galway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux" title="Arthur Grumiaux">Arthur Grumiaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Holliger" title="Heinz Holliger">Heinz Holliger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Isserlis" title="Steven Isserlis">Steven Isserlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Fritz Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis" title="Wynton Marsalis">Wynton Marsalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Mayer" title="Albrecht Mayer">Albrecht Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Milstein" title="Nathan Milstein">Nathan Milstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Oistrakh" title="David Oistrakh">David Oistrakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Pahud" title="Emmanuel Pahud">Emmanuel Pahud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman" title="Itzhak Perlman">Itzhak Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Rampal" title="Jean-Pierre Rampal">Jean-Pierre Rampal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Savall" title="Jordi Savall">Jordi Savall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(guitarist)" title="John Williams (guitarist)">John Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg_Quartett" title="Alban Berg Quartett">Alban Berg Quartett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_Quartet" title="Amadeus Quartet">Amadeus Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaux_Arts_Trio" title="Beaux Arts Trio">Beaux Arts Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Singers" title="The King's Singers">The King's Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tak%C3%A1cs_Quartet" title="Takács Quartet">Takács Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tallis_Scholars" title="The Tallis Scholars">The Tallis Scholars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Producers/engineers/ record label executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Coutaz" title="Bernard Coutaz">Bernard Coutaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Culshaw" title="John Culshaw">John Culshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Robert_Fine" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Robert Fine">C. Robert Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gaisberg" title="Fred Gaisberg">Fred Gaisberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Heymann" title="Klaus Heymann">Klaus Heymann</a></li> <li>Alain Lanceron</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Legge" title="Walter Legge">Walter Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lewis_(Decca)" title="Edward Lewis (Decca)">Edward Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Lieberson" title="Goddard Lieberson">Goddard Lieberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mohr" title="Richard Mohr">Richard Mohr</a></li> <li>Ted Perry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilkinson" title="Kenneth Wilkinson">Kenneth Wilkinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bach_Prize_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bach_Prize_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" title="Template:Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bach_Prize_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" title="Template talk:Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bach_Prize_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bach_Prize_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bach_Prize_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" title="Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg">Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Jarnach" title="Philipp Jarnach">Philipp Jarnach</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Blacher" title="Boris Blacher">Boris Blacher</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fortner" title="Wolfgang Fortner">Wolfgang Fortner</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_David" title="Johann Nepomuk David">Johann Nepomuk David</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Lachenmann" title="Helmut Lachenmann">Helmut Lachenmann</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribert_Reimann" title="Aribert Reimann">Aribert Reimann</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm" title="Wolfgang Rihm">Wolfgang Rihm</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriana_H%C3%B6lszky" title="Adriana Hölszky">Adriana Hölszky</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Dun" title="Tan Dun">Tan Dun</a> (2011)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuk_Chin" title="Unsuk Chin">Unsuk Chin</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Widmann" title="Jörg Widmann">Jörg Widmann</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robert_Schumann_Prize_for_Poetry_and_Music46" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_Schumann_Prize_for_Poetry_and_Music" title="Template:Robert Schumann Prize for Poetry and Music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robert_Schumann_Prize_for_Poetry_and_Music" title="Template talk:Robert Schumann Prize for Poetry and Music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robert_Schumann_Prize_for_Poetry_and_Music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robert Schumann Prize for Poetry and Music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robert_Schumann_Prize_for_Poetry_and_Music46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann_Prize_for_Poetry_and_Music" title="Robert Schumann Prize for Poetry and Music">Robert Schumann Prize for Poetry and Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Boulez</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm" title="Wolfgang Rihm">Wolfgang Rihm</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribert_Reimann" title="Aribert Reimann">Aribert Reimann</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Widmann" title="Jörg Widmann">Jörg Widmann</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Neuwirth" title="Olga Neuwirth">Olga Neuwirth</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Holliger" title="Heinz Holliger">Heinz Holliger</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriana_H%C3%B6lszky" title="Adriana Hölszky">Adriana Hölszky</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/40px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/60px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Pierre Boulez at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pierre_Boulez" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Pierre Boulez">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" class="extiw" title="q:Pierre Boulez">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156193#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4320" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156193#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4320" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156193#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121468794">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108239968">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/14455/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd8gwDPPfjwwJKMBQ8grq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118514024">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50042119">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13891735n">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13891735n">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00433982">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV037969">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35020666">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000600956&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX873950">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/26876">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069268924">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90059641">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000024467&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000197875&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000082454">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020M1579">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvxxnr25pk7dtl">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810616280205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/283494">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007306086705171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000190498">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521280406706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14822973">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00368074?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3bce590b-479f-42ca-b9e0-82883e0db9a2">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=50896">ADK</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brahms.ircam.fr/pierre-boulez">BRAHMS</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/pierre-boulez/792">Grammy Awards</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118514024">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/b1300">BMLO</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/794895">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118514024.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118514024">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02674404X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6m32x45">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30113892">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Boulez&oldid=1282454652">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Boulez&oldid=1282454652</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pierre_Boulez" title="Category:Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1925_births" title="Category:1925 births">1925 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2016_deaths" title="Category:2016 deaths">2016 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_classical_composers" title="Category:20th-century French classical composers">20th-century French classical composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_conductors_(music)" title="Category:20th-century French conductors (music)">20th-century French conductors (music)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_male_musicians" title="Category:20th-century French male musicians">20th-century French male musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_French_classical_composers" title="Category:21st-century French classical composers">21st-century French classical composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Category:Academic staff of the Collège de France">Academic staff of the Collège de France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bart%C3%B3k_scholars" title="Category:Bartók scholars">Bartók scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berlioz_scholars" title="Category:Berlioz scholars">Berlioz scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chief_conductors_of_the_BBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Category:Chief conductors of the BBC Symphony Orchestra">Chief conductors of the BBC Symphony Orchestra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commandeurs_of_the_Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Composers_for_cello" title="Category:Composers for cello">Composers for cello</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Composers_for_piano" title="Category:Composers for piano">Composers for piano</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Composers_for_violin" title="Category:Composers for violin">Composers for violin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatoire_de_Paris_alumni" title="Category:Conservatoire de Paris alumni">Conservatoire de Paris alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Debussy_scholars" title="Category:Debussy scholars">Debussy scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deutsche_Grammophon_artists" title="Category:Deutsche Grammophon artists">Deutsche Grammophon artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edison_Classical_Music_Awards_Oeuvreprijs_winners" title="Category:Edison Classical Music Awards Oeuvreprijs winners">Edison Classical Music Awards Oeuvreprijs winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ernst_von_Siemens_Music_Prize_winners" title="Category:Ernst von Siemens Music Prize winners">Ernst von Siemens Music Prize winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_electronic_musicians" title="Category:French electronic musicians">French electronic musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_male_classical_composers" title="Category:French male classical composers">French male classical composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_male_conductors_(music)" title="Category:French male conductors (music)">French male conductors (music)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_male_writers" title="Category:French male writers">French male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_music_theorists" title="Category:French music theorists">French music theorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glenn_Gould_Prize_winners" title="Category:Glenn Gould Prize winners">Glenn Gould Prize winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_winners" title="Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Saint_James_of_the_Sword" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword">Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_commanders_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Category:Honorary commanders of the Order of the British Empire">Honorary commanders of the Order of the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_members_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Music" title="Category:Honorary members of the Royal Academy of Music">Honorary members of the Royal Academy of Music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_members_of_the_Royal_Philharmonic_Society" title="Category:Honorary members of the Royal Philharmonic Society">Honorary members of the Royal Philharmonic Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ivor_Novello_Award_winners" title="Category:Ivor Novello Award winners">Ivor Novello Award winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Commander_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Category:Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kyoto_laureates_in_Arts_and_Philosophy" title="Category:Kyoto laureates in Arts and Philosophy">Kyoto laureates in Arts and Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Academy_of_Arts,_Berlin" title="Category:Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin">Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_European_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Category:Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts">Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_German_Academy_for_Language_and_Literature" title="Category:Members of the German Academy for Language and Literature">Members of the German Academy for Language and Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_directors_of_the_Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Category:Music directors of the Cleveland Orchestra">Music directors of the Cleveland Orchestra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_directors_of_the_New_York_Philharmonic" title="Category:Music directors of the New York Philharmonic">Music directors of the New York Philharmonic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ondists" title="Category:Ondists">Ondists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Montbrison,_Loire" title="Category:People from Montbrison, Loire">People 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