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Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" 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class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Storia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Storia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Storia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evoluzione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evoluzione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Evoluzione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evoluzione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tipi_di_pareti_cellulari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipi_di_pareti_cellulari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tipi di pareti cellulari</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tipi_di_pareti_cellulari-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Tipi di pareti cellulari</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tipi_di_pareti_cellulari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parete_cellulare_dei_batteri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parete_cellulare_dei_batteri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Parete cellulare dei batteri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parete_cellulare_dei_batteri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parete_cellulare_degli_archei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parete_cellulare_degli_archei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Parete cellulare degli archei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parete_cellulare_degli_archei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parete_cellulare_dei_funghi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parete_cellulare_dei_funghi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Parete cellulare dei funghi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parete_cellulare_dei_funghi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parete_cellulare_dei_cromisti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parete_cellulare_dei_cromisti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Parete cellulare dei cromisti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parete_cellulare_dei_cromisti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parete_cellulare_dei_protisti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parete_cellulare_dei_protisti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Parete cellulare dei protisti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parete_cellulare_dei_protisti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parete_cellulare_delle_alghe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parete_cellulare_delle_alghe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Parete cellulare delle alghe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parete_cellulare_delle_alghe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parete_cellulare_delle_piante" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parete_cellulare_delle_piante"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Parete cellulare delle piante</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parete_cellulare_delle_piante-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parete cellulare</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 75 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A" title="جدار خلوي - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جدار خلوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0" title="কোষ বেৰ - assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কোষ বেৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A9_celular" title="Paré celular - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paré celular" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCceyr%C9%99_q%C4%B1laf%C4%B1" title="Hüceyrə qılafı - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hüceyrə qılafı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетачная сценка - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клетачная сценка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Клетъчна стена - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клетъчна стена" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0" title="কোষ প্রাচীর - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোষ প্রাচীর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86elijski_zid" title="Ćelijski zid - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ćelijski zid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paret_cel%C2%B7lular" title="Paret cel·lular - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paret cel·lular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="دیواری خانە - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیواری خانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bun%C4%9B%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_st%C4%9Bna" title="Buněčná stěna - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buněčná stěna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellfur" title="Cellfur - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cellfur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellev%C3%A6g" title="Cellevæg - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cellevæg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellwand" title="Zellwand - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zellwand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%AF%CF%87%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Κυτταρικό τοίχωμα - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυτταρικό τοίχωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cell wall" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88elmuro" title="Ĉelmuro - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉelmuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pared_celular" title="Pared celular - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pared celular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakukest" title="Rakukest - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rakukest" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelula_horma" title="Zelula horma - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zelula horma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84" title="دیواره سلول - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیواره سلول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solusein%C3%A4" title="Soluseinä - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soluseinä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroi_cellulaire" title="Paroi cellulaire - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paroi cellulaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parede_celular" title="Parede celular - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parede celular" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boalley_killag" title="Boalley killag - mannese" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Boalley killag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%90" title="דופן התא - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דופן התא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="कोशिका भित्ति - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोशिका भित्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stani%C4%8Dna_stijenka" title="Stanična stijenka - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stanična stijenka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawa_selil%C3%A8" title="Pawa selilè - creolo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pawa selilè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creolo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejtfal" title="Sejtfal - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sejtfal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%BB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Բջջապատ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բջջապատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding_sel" title="Dinding sel - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinding sel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumuveggur" title="Frumuveggur - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumuveggur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="細胞壁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding_s%C3%A8l" title="Dinding sèl - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dinding sèl" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="უჯრედის კედელი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უჯრედის კედელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жасуша қабырғасы - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жасуша қабырғасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6" title="ជញ្ជាំងកោសិកា - khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជញ្ជាំងកោសិកា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B6_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕೋಶ ಭಿತ್ತಿ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೋಶ ಭಿತ್ತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EB%B2%BD" title="세포벽 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세포벽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Клетка кабыгы - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Клетка кабыгы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paries_cellularis" title="Paries cellularis - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paries cellularis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%85stel%C4%97s_sienel%C4%97" title="Ląstelės sienelė - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ląstelės sienelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C5%ABnapvalks" title="Šūnapvalks - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šūnapvalks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%95%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Клеточен ѕид - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клеточен ѕид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="കോശഭിത്തി - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോശഭിത്തി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding_sel" title="Dinding sel - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinding sel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellwand" title="Zellwand - basso tedesco" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Zellwand" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celwand" title="Celwand - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Celwand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellevegg" title="Cellevegg - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cellevegg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellevegg" title="Cellevegg - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cellevegg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicha_seelii" title="Cicha seelii - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Cicha seelii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aciana_kom%C3%B3rkowa" title="Ściana komórkowa - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ściana komórkowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ولگن کند - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ولگن کند" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parede_celular" title="Parede celular - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parede celular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perete_celular" title="Perete celular - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Perete celular" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клеточная стенка - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клеточная стенка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86elijski_zid" title="Ćelijski zid - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ćelijski zid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cell wall" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkov%C3%A1_stena" title="Bunková stena - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bunková stena" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celi%C4%8Dna_stena" title="Celična stena - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Celična stena" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Ћелијски зид - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ћелијски зид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinding_s%C3%A9l" title="Pinding sél - sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pinding sél" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellv%C3%A4gg" title="Cellvägg - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cellvägg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கலச்சுவர் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலச்சுவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="ผนังเซลล์ - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผนังเซลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCcre_duvar%C4%B1" title="Hücre duvarı - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hücre duvarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клітинна стінка - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клітинна стінка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="خلیائی دیوار - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خلیائی دیوار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujayra_devori" title="Hujayra devori - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hujayra devori" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_t%E1%BA%BF_b%C3%A0o" title="Thành tế bào - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thành tế bào" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="细胞壁 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="细胞壁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="細胞壁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8-pau-piah" title="Sè-pau-piah - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sè-pau-piah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="細胞壁" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q128700#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chloroplasten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chloroplasten.jpg/220px-Chloroplasten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chloroplasten.jpg/330px-Chloroplasten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Chloroplasten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="229" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cellula_vegetale" title="Cellula vegetale">Cellule vegetali</a> separate da pareti trasparenti</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>parete cellulare</b> è una struttura di rivestimento che circonda vari tipi di cellule. Posta più esternamente rispetto alla <a href="/wiki/Membrana_plasmatica" class="mw-redirect" title="Membrana plasmatica">membrana plasmatica</a>, rappresenta una barriera fisica e chimica per l'ambiente esterno.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conferisce rigidità e forma alle cellule che la posseggono, e ne protegge l'integrità contrastando la <a href="/wiki/Pressione_osmotica" title="Pressione osmotica">pressione osmotica</a> interna che può venire a crearsi in ambienti ipotonici o ipertonici.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Le pareti cellulari sono presenti nella quasi totalità dei <a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" title="Prokaryota">procarioti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">batteri</a> e <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archei</a>), con la sola eccezione dei batteri della classe <i><a href="/wiki/Mollicutes" title="Mollicutes">Mollicutes</a></i>, e nella maggior parte degli <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota">eucarioti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">alghe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">funghi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protista" title="Protista">protisti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">cromisti</a> e <a href="/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae">piante</a>), con l'eccezione degli <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animali</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La prima volta che fu osservata una parete cellulare fu nel 1665 da <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>. Lui osservò al microscopio una sezione di un tappo di <a href="/wiki/Sughero" title="Sughero">sughero</a> e scoprì che delle piccole celle si trovavano una sull'altra. Chiamò queste celle "cellule" e il ciò che le separava "muro". Quello che però Hooke non sapeva era che il muro che aveva visto era composto dalle <a href="/wiki/Membrana_cellulare" title="Membrana cellulare">membrane plasmatiche</a> e dalle pareti cellulari delle due cellule in esame e non era una semplice struttura. Hooke riportò le sue scoperte nel suo trattato <i><a href="/wiki/Micrografia_(trattato)" title="Micrografia (trattato)">Micrographia</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evoluzione">Evoluzione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Evoluzione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Evoluzione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le pareti cellulari si sono evolute indipendentemente nei diversi gruppi tassonomici. </p><p>Negli eucarioti fotosintetici come le piante e le alghe, le pareti cellulari sono composte essenzialmente da polisaccaridi. L'enzima <a href="/wiki/Cellulosa_sintasi_(genera_UDP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosa sintasi (genera UDP)">cellulosa sintasi</a> (CesA) si è evoluta in <i><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a></i> e faceva parte di <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></i> sin dall'<a href="/wiki/Endosimbiosi" title="Endosimbiosi">endosimbiosi</a>. In seguito, le piante hanno sviluppato vari geni simili a CesA, come quelli delle proteine Ces o delle <a href="/wiki/Glicosiltransferasi" title="Glicosiltransferasi">glicosiltransferasi</a>, che combinati assieme consentono la costruzione di strutture chimiche più complesse.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I funghi invece, utilizzano <a href="/wiki/Chitina" title="Chitina">chitina</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glucano (la pagina non esiste)">glucano</a> per costruire le loro pareti cellulari.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Condividono con le piante il percorso di sintesi dell'<a href="/w/index.php?title=1,3-%CE%B2-glucano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1,3-β-glucano (la pagina non esiste)">1,3-β-glucano</a> ma utilizzano l'<a href="/wiki/1,3-%CE%B2-glucano_sintasi" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-β-glucano sintasi">enzima omologo</a>. Ciò suggerisce che un tale enzima è molto antico all'interno degli eucarioti. Uno scenario alternativo propone che i funghi si siano evoluti da una parete cellulare a base di chitina e successivamente abbiano acquisito gli enzimi per sintetizzare i glucani tramite <a href="/wiki/Trasferimento_genico_orizzontale" title="Trasferimento genico orizzontale">trasferimento genico orizzontale</a>. La via che porta alla sintesi dell'<a href="/w/index.php?title=1,6-%CE%B2-glucano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1,6-β-glucano (la pagina non esiste)">1,6-β-glucano</a> non è nota.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipi_di_pareti_cellulari">Tipi di pareti cellulari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Tipi di pareti cellulari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Tipi di pareti cellulari"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A seconda del tipo di organismo considerato, si distinguono per strutture e composizioni: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parete_batterica" title="Parete batterica">Parete cellulare dei batteri</a>, che costituisce il rivestimento esterno dei <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">batteri</a>. La sua composizione chimica è <a href="/wiki/Glicoproteina" title="Glicoproteina">glicoproteica</a>, ed è composta principalmente da <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglicano" title="Peptidoglicano">peptidoglicano</a>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare_degli_archei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parete cellulare degli archei (la pagina non esiste)">Parete cellulare degli archei</a>, che ricopre gli <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>. Può essere composta da <a href="/wiki/Pseudopeptidoglicano" title="Pseudopeptidoglicano">pseudopeptidoglicano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polisaccaridi" title="Polisaccaridi">polisaccaridi</a>, glicoproteine oppure <a href="/wiki/Proteine" title="Proteine">proteine</a>. La sua diversità è sfruttata per la classificazione degli Archeobatteri;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare_dei_funghi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parete cellulare dei funghi (la pagina non esiste)">Parete cellulare dei funghi</a>, che circonda le cellule dei <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">funghi</a>. È composta generalmente da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glucani (la pagina non esiste)">glucani</a> e <a href="/wiki/Chitina" title="Chitina">chitina</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare_dei_cromisti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parete cellulare dei cromisti (la pagina non esiste)">Parete cellulare dei cromisti</a>, che avvolge le cellule dei <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">cromisti</a> ed è composta da glucani e cellulosa;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare_dei_protisti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parete cellulare dei protisti (la pagina non esiste)">Parete cellulare dei protisti</a>, che circonda le cellule dei <a href="/wiki/Protista" title="Protista">protisti</a> ed è composta tipicamente da cellulosa;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare_delle_alghe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parete cellulare delle alghe (la pagina non esiste)">Parete cellulare delle alghe</a>, che avvolge le cellule delle <a href="/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">alghe</a>. Chimicamente è composta da polisaccaridi e/o glicoproteine, come i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mannani (la pagina non esiste)">mannani</a>, gli <a href="/wiki/Xilani" title="Xilani">xilani</a> o l'<a href="/wiki/Acido_alginico" title="Acido alginico">acido alginico</a>. La sua diversità è sfruttata per la classificazione delle alghe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parete_cellulare_delle_piante" class="mw-redirect" title="Parete cellulare delle piante">Parete cellulare delle piante</a>, che riveste le cellule delle <a href="/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae">piante</a>. Il suo componente principale è la <a href="/wiki/Cellulosa" title="Cellulosa">cellulosa</a>, ma sono presenti anche <a href="/wiki/Emicellulosa" title="Emicellulosa">emicellulose</a> e <a href="/wiki/Pectina" title="Pectina">pectine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parete_cellulare_dei_batteri">Parete cellulare dei batteri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Parete cellulare dei batteri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Parete cellulare dei batteri"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Parete_batterica" title="Parete batterica">Parete batterica</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Si tratta di una parete principalmente composta da peptidoglicano, un polimero del glicano tetrapeptide, il quale viene assemblato nel citoplasma e viene polimerizzato all'esterno della cellula, grazie all'azione di enzimi esterni alla cellula. Il glicano tetrapeptide è a sua volta composto da <a href="/wiki/N-acetilglucosammina" title="N-acetilglucosammina">N-acetilglucosammina</a> (NAG) e <a href="/wiki/Acido_N-acetilmuramico" title="Acido N-acetilmuramico">acido N-acetilmuramico</a> (NAM), due <a href="/wiki/Glucidi" title="Glucidi">carboidrati</a> modificati, e 4 <a href="/wiki/Amminoacido" title="Amminoacido">amminoacidi</a>, alcuni dei quali <a href="/wiki/Amminoacidi_non_proteinogenici" title="Amminoacidi non proteinogenici">non proteinogenici</a> come la D-alanina o mDAP. </p><p>La diversa organizzazione strutturale della parete e delle membrane cellulari permette di classificare i batteri in positivi e negativi alla <a href="/wiki/Colorazione_di_Gram" title="Colorazione di Gram">colorazione di Gram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Batteri_Gram-positivi" title="Batteri Gram-positivi">batteri Gram-positivi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Batteri_Gram-negativi" title="Batteri Gram-negativi">batteri Gram-negativi</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parete_cellulare_degli_archei">Parete cellulare degli archei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Parete cellulare degli archei" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Parete cellulare degli archei"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La parete cellulare degli <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archei</a> è molto variabile tra le specie appartenenti a questo gruppo tassonomico. </p><p>Gli archei appartenenti agli ordini <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanobacteriales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanobacteriales (la pagina non esiste)">Methanobacteriales</a></i> e <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanopyrales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanopyrales (la pagina non esiste)">Methanopyrales</a></i> hanno una parete formata da <a href="/wiki/Pseudopeptidoglicano" title="Pseudopeptidoglicano">pseudopeptidoglicano</a>, un polimero simile al peptidoglicano ma che presenta N-acetilglucosammina (NAG) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_N-actiltalosaminuronico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido N-actiltalosaminuronico (la pagina non esiste)">acido N-actiltalosaminuronico</a> (NAT) nello scheletro glicosidico e solo <a href="/wiki/Amminoacidi_proteinogenici" title="Amminoacidi proteinogenici">amminoacidi proteinogenici</a> nella catena laterale peptidica.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gli archei appartenenti al genere <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanosarcina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanosarcina (la pagina non esiste)">Methanosarcina</a></i> hanno una parete polisaccaridica formata principalmente da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galattosamina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galattosamina (la pagina non esiste)">galattosamina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acido_glucuronico" title="Acido glucuronico">acido glucoronico</a> o <a href="/wiki/Glucosio" title="Glucosio">glucosio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gli archei che vivono in ambienti <a href="/wiki/Specie_alofile" title="Specie alofile">alofili estremi</a>, come quelli appartenenti al genere <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halobacterium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halobacterium (la pagina non esiste)">Halobacterium</a></i> controbilanciano l'abbondanza ambientale di ioni Na<sup>+</sup> con una parete glicoproteica formata principalmente da glucosio, <a href="/wiki/Galattosio" title="Galattosio">galattosio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannosio" title="Mannosio">mannosio</a> e <a href="/wiki/Acido_aspartico" title="Acido aspartico">acido aspartico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parete_cellulare_dei_funghi">Parete cellulare dei funghi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Parete cellulare dei funghi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Parete cellulare dei funghi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A differenza di batteri e archei, in cui la parete cellulare può non essere lo strato più esterno della cellula, nei funghi, lo è. La parete cellulare fungina è una matrice di tre componenti: chitina, glucani e proteine, che a seconda del gruppo tassonomico considerato, possono subire piccole variazioni nella struttura chimica e nell'abbondanza. </p><p>Negli <i><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></i> e <i><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></i> la parete è costituita da <a href="/wiki/Chitina" title="Chitina">chitina</a>, un polimero di <a href="/wiki/N-acetilglucosammina" title="N-acetilglucosammina">N-acetil-L-glucosammine</a> legate da <a href="/wiki/Legame_glicosidico" title="Legame glicosidico">legami β(1,4) glicosidici</a>. Negli <i><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></i> invece, è presente il <a href="/wiki/Chitosano" title="Chitosano">chitosano</a>, un polimero simile alla chitina poiché composto da <a href="/wiki/N-acetil-D-glucosamina" class="mw-redirect" title="N-acetil-D-glucosamina">N-acetil-D-glucosammine</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=D-glucosammina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-glucosammina (la pagina non esiste)">D-glucosammine</a> unite da legami β(1,4) glicosidici. I glucani sono polimeri di glucosio che possono presentare legami α(1,3), α(1,4), β(1,3) o β(1,6) glicosidici. Alcuni funghi hanno α-glucani, altri β-glucani.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parete_cellulare_dei_cromisti">Parete cellulare dei cromisti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Parete cellulare dei cromisti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Parete cellulare dei cromisti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gli <a href="/wiki/Oomycota" title="Oomycota">oomiceti</a> possiedono tipicamente pareti cellulari di cellulosa e glucani, sebbene alcuni generi (come <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achlya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achlya (la pagina non esiste)">Achlya</a></i> e <i><a href="/wiki/Saprolegnia" title="Saprolegnia">Saprolegnia</a></i>) abbiano chitina nelle loro pareti.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La frazione di cellulosa nelle pareti non supera il 4-20%, ed è molto inferiore alla frazione di glucani.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le pareti cellulari degli oomiceti contengono anche l'amminoacido <a href="/wiki/Idrossiprolina" title="Idrossiprolina">idrossiprolina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parete_cellulare_dei_protisti">Parete cellulare dei protisti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Parete cellulare dei protisti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Parete cellulare dei protisti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictyostelidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictyostelidi (la pagina non esiste)">dictyostelidi</a> possiedono una parete di cellulosa.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parete_cellulare_delle_alghe">Parete cellulare delle alghe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Parete cellulare delle alghe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Parete cellulare delle alghe"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le pareti cellulari algali contengono polisaccaridi e/o glicoproteine come <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mannani (la pagina non esiste)">mannani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xilani" title="Xilani">xilani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acido_alginico" title="Acido alginico">acido alginico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agarosio" title="Agarosio">agarosio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porfirina" title="Porfirina">porfirina</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sporopollineina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sporopollineina (la pagina non esiste)">sporopollineina</a>. </p><p>Il gruppo di alghe noto come <a href="/wiki/Diatomee" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomee">diatomee</a> sintetizza le loro pareti cellulari partendo dall'<a href="/wiki/Acido_silicico" title="Acido silicico">acido silicico</a>. Siccome il processo richiede meno energia del normale, è forse una spiegazione per tassi di crescita più elevati delle diatomee.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nelle <a href="/wiki/Alghe_brune" class="mw-redirect" title="Alghe brune">alghe brune</a>, i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Florotannini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florotannini (la pagina non esiste)">florotannini</a> possono essere un costituente delle pareti cellulari.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'inclusione di polisaccaridi aggiuntivi nelle pareti delle cellule algali viene utilizzata come caratteristica per la tassonomia delle alghe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parete_cellulare_delle_piante">Parete cellulare delle piante</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Parete cellulare delle piante" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Parete cellulare delle piante"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988" /> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Parete_cellulare_vegetale" title="Parete cellulare vegetale">Parete cellulare vegetale</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Le specie vegetali hanno una parete cellulare complessa formata da 3 strati sovrapposti. Sono formati in diverse proporzioni da <a href="/wiki/Cellulosa" title="Cellulosa">cellulosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emicellulosa" title="Emicellulosa">emicellulosa</a> e <a href="/wiki/Pectina" title="Pectina">pectine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Joseph A. H. Romaniuk e Lynette Cegelski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2015.0024"><span style="font-style:italic;">Bacterial cell wall composition and the influence of antibiotics by cell-wall and whole-cell NMR</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</span>, vol. 370, n. 1679, 5 ottobre 2015, p. 20150024, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0024">10.1098/rstb.2015.0024</a>. <small>URL consultato l'11 aprile 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Gianni Dehò, <span style="font-style:italic;">Biologia dei microrganismi</span>, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, p. 33, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-08-18623-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-08-18623-2">978-88-08-18623-2</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Zoë A. Popper, Gurvan Michel e Cécile Hervé, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103809"><span style="font-style:italic;">Evolution and Diversity of Plant Cell Walls: From Algae to Flowering Plants</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Annual Review of Plant Biology</span>, vol. 62, n. 1, 2 giugno 2011, pp. 567-590, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-042110-103809">10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103809</a>. <small>URL consultato il 13 aprile 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> John Library Genesis e Roland Weber, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/introductiontofu00jweb"><span style="font-style:italic;">Introduction to fungi</span></a>, Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2007, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-521-80739-5" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-521-80739-5">978-0-521-80739-5</a>. <small>URL consultato il 13 aprile 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) José Ruiz-Herrera e Lucila Ortiz-Castellanos, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/femsyr/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00589.x"><span style="font-style:italic;">Analysis of the phylogenetic relationships and evolution of the cell walls from yeasts and fungi: Fungal wall evolution</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">FEMS Yeast Research</span>, vol. 10, n. 3, 12 aprile 2010, pp. 225-243, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1567-1364.2009.00589.x">10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00589.x</a>. <small>URL consultato il 13 aprile 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Gianni Dehò, <span style="font-style:italic;">Biologia dei microrganismi</span>, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, pp. 58-60, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-08-18623-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-08-18623-2">978-88-08-18623-2</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Charles W. Mims e Meredith Blackwell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33012821"><span style="font-style:italic;">Introductory mycology</span></a>, 4th ed, Wiley, 1996, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-471-52229-5" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-471-52229-5">0-471-52229-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/33012821">33012821</a>. <small>URL consultato il 13 aprile 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Ann Worley Rahn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10402742"><span style="font-style:italic;">The dictyostelids</span></a>, Princeton University Press, 1984, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-691-08345-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-691-08345-2">0-691-08345-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/10402742">10402742</a>. <small>URL consultato il 13 aprile 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Miles J. Furnas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/plankt/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/plankt/12.6.1117"><span style="font-style:italic;">In situ growth rates of marine phytoplankton: approaches to measurement, community and species growth rates</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Journal of Plankton Research</span>, vol. 12, n. 6, 1990, pp. 1117-1151, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fplankt%2F12.6.1117">10.1093/plankt/12.6.1117</a>. <small>URL consultato il 13 aprile 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) RIITTA KOIVIKKO, JYRKI LOPONEN e TUIJA HONKANEN, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-0984-2"><span style="font-style:italic;">CONTENTS OF SOLUBLE, CELL-WALL-BOUND AND EXUDED PHLOROTANNINS IN THE BROWN ALGA Fucus vesiculosus, WITH IMPLICATIONS ON THEIR ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Journal of Chemical Ecology</span>, vol. 31, n. 1, 1º gennaio 2005, pp. 195-212, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10886-005-0984-2">10.1007/s10886-005-0984-2</a>. <small>URL consultato il 13 aprile 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/parete_cellulare" class="extiw" title="wikt:parete cellulare">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Cell wall"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cell_wall?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/parete_cellulare" class="extiw" title="wikt:parete cellulare">parete cellulare</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file sulla <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cell_wall?uselang=it">parete cellulare</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parete_cellulare&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com_science/cell-wall-cellular-structure" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-wall-cellular-structure"><span style="font-style:italic;">cell wall</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128700#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com_science/cell-wall-plant-anatomy" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) L. Andrew Staehelin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-wall-plant-anatomy"><span style="font-style:italic;">cell wall</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128700#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; 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