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<span>Exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Second reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_account" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_account"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fictional account</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_account-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Justinian II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinianus_II_van_Bisantium" title="Justinianus II van Bisantium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Justinianus II van Bisantium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_II." title="Justinian II. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Justinian II." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جستنيان الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جستنيان الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chustini%C3%A1n_II" title="Chustinián II – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chustinián II" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xustinianu_II" title="Xustinianu II – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xustinianu II" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ایکینجی ژوستینین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی ژوستینین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_II" title="Юстиниан II – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юстиниан II" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justini%C3%A0_II_Rinotmet" title="Justinià II Rinotmet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Justinià II Rinotmet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justini%C3%A1n_II." title="Justinián II. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Justinián II." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_II." title="Justinian II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Justinian II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinianus_II" title="Justinianus II – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Justinianus II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%92%C2%B4" title="Ιουστινιανός Β´ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιουστινιανός Β´" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiniano_II" title="Justiniano II – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Justiniano II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiniano_II.a" title="Justiniano II.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Justiniano II.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="ژوستینین دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژوستینین دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinien_II" title="Justinien II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Justinien II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xustiniano_II" title="Xustiniano II – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xustiniano II" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_2-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Justinian 2-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Justinian 2-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4_2%EC%84%B8" title="유스티니아노스 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유스티니아노스 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D4%B2_%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հուստինիանոս Բ Ռինոտմետոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հուստինիանոս Բ Ռինոտմետոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="जुस्तिनियन द्वितीय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जुस्तिनियन द्वितीय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinijan_II." title="Justinijan II. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Justinijan II." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yustinianus_II" title="Yustinianus II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yustinianus II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giustiniano_II_Rinotmeto" title="Giustiniano II Rinotmeto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giustiniano II Rinotmeto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="יוסטיניאנוס השני, קיסר האימפריה הביזנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוסטיניאנוס השני, קיסר האימפריה הביזנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_II_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="იუსტინიანე II (ბიზანტია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუსტინიანე II (ბიზანტია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%86%D0%86" title="Юстиниан ІІ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Юстиниан ІІ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiniani_II" title="Justiniani II – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Justiniani II" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iustinianus_II" title="Iustinianus II – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iustinianus II" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinianas_II" title="Justinianas II – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Justinianas II" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Iusztinianosz_biz%C3%A1nci_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="II. Iusztinianosz bizánci császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Iusztinianosz bizánci császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD_II" title="Јустинијан II – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јустинијан II" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="جستنيان التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جستنيان التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinianus_II" title="Justinianus II – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Justinianus II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="II Юстиниан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="II Юстиниан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinianus_II_Rhinotmetos" title="Justinianus II Rhinotmetos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Justinianus II Rhinotmetos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B92%E4%B8%96" title="ユスティニアノス2世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユスティニアノス2世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Justinian II" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justynian_II_Rhinotmetos" title="Justynian II Rhinotmetos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Justynian II Rhinotmetos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiniano_II" title="Justiniano II – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Justiniano II" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iustinian_al_II-lea" title="Iustinian al II-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iustinian al II-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_II" title="Юстиниан II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юстиниан II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justini%C3%A1n_II." title="Justinián II. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Justinián II." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinijan_II." title="Justinijan II. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Justinijan II." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD_II_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Јустинијан II Ринотмет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јустинијан II Ринотмет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinijan_II" title="Justinijan II – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Justinijan II" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinianus_II" title="Justinianus II – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Justinianus II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinianus_II" title="Justinianus II – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Justinianus II" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiniano_II" title="Justiniano II – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Justiniano II" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2" title="จักรพรรดิจัสติเนียนที่ 2 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิจัสติเนียนที่ 2" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Justinianos" title="II. Justinianos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Justinianos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_II" title="Юстиніан II – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юстиніан II" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="جستینین دوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جستینین دوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinianos_II" title="Justinianos II – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Justinianos II" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="查士丁尼二世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="查士丁尼二世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iustinus_II" title="Iustinus II – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Iustinus II" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Byzantine emperor from 685 to 695 and 705 to 711</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Justinian II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Byzantine Emperors">Emperor of the Romans</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Justinian_ii_(2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Justinian_ii_%282%29.png/220px-Justinian_ii_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Justinian_ii_%282%29.png/330px-Justinian_ii_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Justinian_ii_%282%29.png/440px-Justinian_ii_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="1472" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Young Justinian II, mosaic in the Basilica of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1st reign</th><td class="infobox-data">10 July 685 – 695</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2nd reign</th><td class="infobox-data">21 August 705 –<br />4 November 711</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-emperor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a> (706–711)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">668 or 669<br /><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 November 711 (aged 42)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Damatrys, <a href="/wiki/Opsikion" title="Opsikion">Opsikion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_(wife_of_Justinian_II)" title="Eudokia (wife of Justinian II)">Eudokia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Khazaria" title="Theodora of Khazaria">Theodora of Khazaria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Anastasia<br /><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavia_(gens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavia (gens)">Flavius</a> Iustinianus <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></i><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">Αὐτοκράτωρ</a> καῖσαρ Φλάβιος Ἰουστινιανός αὐγουστος</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1943_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1943-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heraclian_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraclian Dynasty">Heraclian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_(wife_of_Constantine_IV)" title="Anastasia (wife of Constantine IV)">Anastasia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Justinian II</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ἰουστινιανός</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Ioustinianós</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Iustinianus</i>; 668/69 – 4 November 711), nicknamed "<b>the Slit-Nosed</b>" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">ὁ Ῥινότμητος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">ho Rhīnótmētos</i></span>), was the last <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Heraclian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian dynasty</a>, reigning from 685 to 695 and again from 705 to 711. Like his namesake, <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, Justinian II was an ambitious and passionate ruler who was keen to restore the Roman Empire to its former glories. However, he responded brutally to any opposition to his will and lacked the finesse of his father, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, he generated enormous opposition to his reign, resulting in his deposition in 695 in a popular uprising. He only returned to the throne in 705 with the help of a <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slav" class="mw-redirect" title="Slav">Slav</a> army. His second reign was even more despotic than the first, and in 711 he was killed by mutinous soldiers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_reign">First reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: First reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Justinian II was the eldest son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_(wife_of_Constantine_IV)" title="Anastasia (wife of Constantine IV)">Anastasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kazhdan,_p._1084_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazhdan,_p._1084-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father appointed him as his heir sometime after October 682, upon the deposition of his uncles <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 685, at the age of sixteen, Justinian II succeeded his father as sole emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1968568_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1968568-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of Constantine IV's victories, the political situation in the Eastern provinces of the Empire was stable when Justinian ascended the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore,_Justinian_II_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore,_Justinian_II-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a preliminary strike against the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Norwich,_p._328_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwich,_p._328-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justinian managed to augment the sum paid by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a> as an annual tribute, and to regain control of part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore,_Justinian_II_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore,_Justinian_II-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incomes of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Iberia</a> were divided among the two empires.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 687, as part of his agreements with the Caliphate, Justinian removed from their native <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> 12,000 Christian <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronites</a>, who continually resisted the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_p._321_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_p._321-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional resettlement efforts, aimed at the <a href="/wiki/Mardaites" title="Mardaites">Mardaites</a> and inhabitants of Cyprus, allowed Justinian to reinforce naval forces depleted by earlier conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 688, Justinian signed a treaty with the Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan</a> which rendered Cyprus neutral ground, with its tax revenue split.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This enabled Justinian to turn his attention to the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, where much imperial territory had been lost to <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_p._321_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_p._321-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 687 Justinian transferred cavalry troops from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>. With a great military campaign in 688–689, Justinian defeated the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Slavic peoples">Slavs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> and was finally able to enter <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, the second most important Byzantine city in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subdued Slavs were resettled in Anatolia, where they were to provide a military force of 30,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emboldened by the increase of his forces in Anatolia, Justinian now renewed the war against the Arabs,<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_p._322_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_p._322-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> winning a battle in Armenia in 693. The Arabs met the challenge by bribing the new army to revolt. Most of the Slavic troops defected during the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sebastopolis" title="Battle of Sebastopolis">Battle of Sebastopolis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Justinian was comprehensively defeated and compelled to flee to the <a href="/wiki/Propontis" class="mw-redirect" title="Propontis">Propontis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_p._322_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_p._322-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, according to <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he vented his frustration by slaughtering as many of the Slavs in and around <a href="/wiki/Opsikion" title="Opsikion">Opsikion</a> as he could lay his hands on.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Patrician</a> named Symbatius rebelled in Armenia<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_p._322_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_p._322-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opened up the province to the Arabs, who proceeded to conquer it in 694–695.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In domestic affairs, the Emperor's bloody persecution of the <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his suppression of the popular traditions of those who were not of Chalcedonian origin, caused dissension within the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Kazhdan,_p._1084_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazhdan,_p._1084-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 692 Justinian convened the so-called <a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a> at Constantinople to put his religious policies into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_p._327_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_p._327-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council expanded and clarified the rulings of the Fifth and Sixth ecumenical councils, but by highlighting differences between the Eastern and Western observances (such as the marriage of priests and the Catholic practice of fasting on Saturdays) it also compromised Byzantine relations with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor ordered <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Pope Sergius I</a> arrested, but the militias of Rome and <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> sided with the Pope and rebelled.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Justinian contributed to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">thematic</a> organization of the Empire, creating a new theme of <a href="/wiki/Hellas_(theme)" title="Hellas (theme)">Hellas</a> in southern Greece and numbering the heads of the four major themes of the <a href="/wiki/Opsikion" title="Opsikion">Opsikion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolikon">Anatolikon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracesian_Theme" title="Thracesian Theme">Thracesion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armeniakon" class="mw-redirect" title="Armeniakon">Armeniakon</a>, and the naval <a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a> corps, among the senior administrators of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also sought to protect the rights of peasant freeholders (who served as the main recruitment pool for the imperial armies) against attempts by the aristocracy to acquire their land. This put him in direct conflict with some of the largest landholders in the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mutilation_of_Justinian_II_-_Giovanni_Boccaccio,_translated_by_Laurent_de_Premierfait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mutilation_of_Justinian_II_-_Giovanni_Boccaccio%2C_translated_by_Laurent_de_Premierfait_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mutilation_of_Justinian_II_-_Giovanni_Boccaccio%2C_translated_by_Laurent_de_Premierfait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mutilation_of_Justinian_II_-_Giovanni_Boccaccio%2C_translated_by_Laurent_de_Premierfait_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Mutilation_of_Justinian_II_-_Giovanni_Boccaccio%2C_translated_by_Laurent_de_Premierfait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mutilation_of_Justinian_II_-_Giovanni_Boccaccio%2C_translated_by_Laurent_de_Premierfait_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Mutilation_of_Justinian_II_-_Giovanni_Boccaccio%2C_translated_by_Laurent_de_Premierfait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Mutilation of Justinian II on the orders of Leontius in 695, miniature from a 15th century French manuscript.</figcaption></figure> <p>While his land policies threatened the aristocracy, his tax policy was very unpopular with the common people.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his agents <a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Persian" title="Stephen the Persian">Stephen</a> and Theodotos, the emperor raised the funds to gratify his sumptuous tastes and his mania for erecting costly buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, plus ongoing religious discontent, conflicts with the aristocracy, and displeasure with his resettlement policy eventually drove his subjects into rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_p._327_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_p._327-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 695 the population rose under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i> of Hellas, and proclaimed him Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justinian was deposed and his <a href="/wiki/Rhinotomy" title="Rhinotomy">nose was cut off</a> (later to be replaced by a solid gold replica of his original) to prevent his again seeking the throne: such mutilation was <a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">common in Byzantine culture</a>. He was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Cherson</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leontius, after a reign of three years, was in turn dethroned and imprisoned by <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Apsimarus</a>, who then assumed the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile">Exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While in exile, Justinian began to plot and gather supporters for an attempt to retake the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._124-126_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._124-126-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justinian became a liability to Cherson and the authorities decided to return him to Constantinople in 702 or 703.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore,_Justinian_II_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore,_Justinian_II-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He escaped from Cherson and received help from <a href="/wiki/Busir" title="Busir">Busir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">khagan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, who received him enthusiastically and gave him his sister as a bride.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._124-126_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._124-126-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justinian renamed her <a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Khazaria" title="Theodora of Khazaria">Theodora</a>, after the wife of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were given a home in the town of <a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a>, at the entrance to the sea of Azov. Busir was offered a bribe by Tiberius to kill his brother-in-law, and dispatched two Khazar officials, <a href="/wiki/Papatzys" title="Papatzys">Papatzys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balgitzin" title="Balgitzin">Balgitzin</a>, to do the deed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_p._359_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_p._359-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warned by his wife, Justinian executed Papatzys and Balgitzin. He sailed in a fishing boat to <a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Cherson</a>, summoned his supporters, and they all sailed westwards across the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norwich,_p._336_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwich,_p._336-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the ship bearing Justinian sailed along the northern coast of the Black Sea, he and his crew became caught up in a storm somewhere between the mouths of the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper Rivers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_p._359_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_p._359-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it was raging, one of his companions reached out to Justinian saying that if he promised God that he would be magnanimous, and not seek revenge on his enemies when he was returned to the throne, they would all be spared.<sup id="cite_ref-Norwich,_p._336_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwich,_p._336-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justinian retorted: "If I spare a single one of them, may God drown me here".<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_p._359_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_p._359-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_II._%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_II._%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_II._%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_II._%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Justinian II rewards Tervel of Bulgaria for his military aid, that helped him retake the throne.</figcaption></figure> <p>Having survived the storm, Justinian next approached <a href="/wiki/Tervel_of_Bulgaria" title="Tervel of Bulgaria">Tervel of Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norwich,_p._336_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwich,_p._336-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tervel agreed to provide all the military assistance necessary for Justinian to regain his throne in exchange for financial considerations, the award of a <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i>'s crown, and the hand of Justinian's daughter, Anastasia, in marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._124-126_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._124-126-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spring 705, with an army of 15,000 Bulgar and Slav horsemen, Justinian appeared before the walls of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._124-126_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._124-126-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For three days, Justinian tried to convince the citizens of Constantinople to open the gates, but to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to take the city by force, he and some companions entered through an unused <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (watercourse)">water conduit</a> under the walls of the city, roused their supporters, and seized control of the city in a midnight coup d'état.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._124-126_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._124-126-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 August,<sup id="cite_ref-Tombs_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tombs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justinian regained the throne, breaking the tradition preventing the mutilated from Imperial rule. After tracking down his predecessors, he had his rivals Leontius and Tiberius brought before him in chains in the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome" title="Hippodrome">Hippodrome</a>. There, before a jeering populace, Justinian, now wearing a golden nasal prosthesis,<sup id="cite_ref-Norwich,_p._345_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwich,_p._345-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placed his feet on the necks of Tiberius and Leontius in a symbolic gesture of subjugation before ordering their execution by beheading, followed by many of their partisans,<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_p._361_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_p._361-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as deposing, blinding and exiling <a href="/wiki/Callinicus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Callinicus I of Constantinople">Patriarch Callinicus I</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_reign">Second reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg/220px-Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg/330px-Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Justinian and his son <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a>, whom he crowned co-emperor in 706.</figcaption></figure> <p>Justinian's second reign was marked by unsuccessful warfare against Bulgaria and the Caliphate, and by cruel suppression of opposition at home.<sup id="cite_ref-Norwich,_p._339_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwich,_p._339-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 708 Justinian turned on Bulgarian Khan <a href="/wiki/Tervel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tervel">Tervel</a>, whom he had earlier crowned <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a></i>, and invaded Bulgaria, apparently seeking to recover the territories ceded to Tervel as a reward for his support in 705.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_p._361_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_p._361-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Emperor was defeated, blockaded in <a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialus</a>, and forced to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_p._361_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_p._361-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peace between Bulgaria and Byzantium was quickly restored. This defeat was followed by Arab victories in Asia Minor,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the cities of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> fell into the hands of the enemy, who penetrated into <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> in 709–711.<sup id="cite_ref-Norwich,_p._339_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwich,_p._339-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:709_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/709_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_II.jpg/220px-709_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/709_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_II.jpg/330px-709_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/709_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_II.jpg/440px-709_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Justinian's II punitive squad robs Ravenna after the arrest of archbishop Felix in 709.</figcaption></figure> <p>He ordered <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">Pope John VII</a> to recognize the decisions of the Quinisext Council and simultaneously fitted out a <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> against Ravenna in 709 under the command of the Patrician Theodore.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition was led to reinstate the Western Church's authority over Ravenna, which was taken as a sign of disobedience to the emperor, and revolutionary sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repression succeeded, and the new <a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Pope Constantine</a> visited Constantinople in 710. Justinian, after receiving Holy Communion at the hands of the pope, renewed all the privileges of the Roman Church. Exactly what passed between them on the subject of the Quinisext Council is not known. It would appear, however, that Constantine approved most of the canons.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would be the last time a Pope visited the city until the visit of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Norwich,_p._345_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwich,_p._345-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justinian's rule provoked another uprising against him.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cherson revolted, and under the leadership of the exiled general <a href="/wiki/Philippikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippikos">Bardanes</a> the city held out against a counter-attack. Soon, the forces sent to suppress the rebellion joined it.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore,_Justinian_II_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore,_Justinian_II-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebels then seized the capital and proclaimed Bardanes as Emperor Philippicus;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justinian had been on his way to Armenia, and was unable to return to Constantinople in time to defend it.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_p._365_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_p._365-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was arrested and executed in November 711, his head being exhibited in Rome and Ravenna.<sup id="cite_ref-Kazhdan,_p._1084_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazhdan,_p._1084-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:46-manasses-chronicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/46-manasses-chronicle.jpg/219px-46-manasses-chronicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/46-manasses-chronicle.jpg/329px-46-manasses-chronicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/46-manasses-chronicle.jpg/439px-46-manasses-chronicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2309" data-file-height="3218" /></a><figcaption>Philippicus sends his men to execute <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a>. Scene from the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Manasses_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Manasses Chronicle">Manasses Chronicle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On hearing the news of his death, Justinian's mother took his six-year-old son and co-emperor, Tiberius, to sanctuary at <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_of_Blachernae_(Istanbul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul)">St. Mary's Church in Blachernae</a>, but was pursued by Philippicus' henchmen, who dragged the child from the altar and, once outside the church, murdered him, thus eradicating the line of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_p._365_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_p._365-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Justinian's reign saw the continued slow and ongoing process of transformation of the Byzantine Empire, as the traditions inherited from the ancient Latin Roman state were gradually being eroded. This is most clearly seen in the coinage of Justinian's reign, which saw the reintroduction of the <a href="/wiki/Loros" title="Loros">Loros</a>, the traditional consular costume that had not been seen on Imperial coinage for a century, while the office itself had not been celebrated for nearly half a century.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was linked to Justinian's decision to unify the office of <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> with that of emperor, thus making the Emperor the head of state not only de facto but also de jure. Although the office of the consulate continued to exist until Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI the Wise</a> formally abolished it with Novel 94,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was Justinian who effectively ended its status as a separate political entity. He was formally appointed as Consul in 686,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subsequently adopting the title for all the Julian years of his reign, consecutively numbered. </p><p>Though at times undermined by his own despotic tendencies, Justinian was a talented and perceptive ruler who succeeded in improving the standing of the Byzantine Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Norwich,_p._345_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwich,_p._345-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pious ruler, Justinian was the first emperor to include the image of Christ on coinage issued in his name<sup id="cite_ref-Kazhdan,_p._1084_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazhdan,_p._1084-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attempted to outlaw various pagan festivals and practices that persisted in the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may have self-consciously modelled himself on his namesake, <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Norwich,_p._328_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwich,_p._328-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as seen in his enthusiasm for large-scale construction projects and the renaming of his Khazar wife as Theodora.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the building projects he undertook was the creation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Triklinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Triklinos">triklinos</a></i>, an extension to the imperial palace, a decorative cascade fountain located at the <i><a href="/wiki/Augusteum" title="Augusteum">Augusteum</a></i>, and a new Church of the Virgin at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrion (page does not exist)">Petrion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The veneration of Justinian II in the Orthodox Church is the subject of debate and confusion, as there are discrepancies in different Synaxarions. The Synaxarion of Constantinople from the 10th century lists the commemoration of the "Emperor Justinian", giving no reference of the emperor's life or whether it is Justinian I or II.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary footnotes comment that this must be Justinian II, since Justinian I died in heresy, a position not held by the Orthodox Church today.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Saint Nikodemos the Hagiorite, Emperor Justinian II was a bad man who lived a bad life, and he could not imagine that he would be commemorated as a saint, since in the Synaxarion of Saint Kallinikos of Constantinople on August 23, it does not say he died in repentance. Saint Nikodemos suggests this must be Justinian I, who is also celebrated the 15th of November with his wife Theodora.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Justinian II</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Justinian_II,_2nd_reign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Solidus_of_Justinian_II%2C_2nd_reign.jpg/220px-Solidus_of_Justinian_II%2C_2nd_reign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Solidus_of_Justinian_II%2C_2nd_reign.jpg/330px-Solidus_of_Justinian_II%2C_2nd_reign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Solidus_of_Justinian_II%2C_2nd_reign.jpg/440px-Solidus_of_Justinian_II%2C_2nd_reign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="390" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Justinian II Solidus</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Emperor</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Honored in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> (disputed)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 August</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Modern English translations and some Greek Synaxarions now list either Justinian I on August 2 or make no reference to either Justinian I or II. However, there are some Greek Synaxarions that list Justinian II.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With his first wife <a href="/wiki/Eudokia,_wife_of_Justinian_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudokia, wife of Justinian II">Eudokia</a>, Justinian II had at least one daughter, Anastasia, who was betrothed to the Bulgarian ruler <a href="/wiki/Tervel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tervel">Tervel</a>. With his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Khazaria" title="Theodora of Khazaria">Theodora of Khazaria</a>, Justinian II had a son, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a>, co-emperor from 706 to 711. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_account">Fictional account</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fictional account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Justinian_(novel)" title="Justinian (novel)">Justinian</a></i>, a 1998 novel by Byzantine scholar <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a>, writing under the name H. N. Turteltaub, gives a fictionalized version of Justinian's life as retold by a fictionalized lifelong companion, the soldier Myakes.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the novel, Turtledove speculates that while in exile Justinian had reconstructive surgery done by an itinerant Indian plastic surgeon to repair his damaged nose.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/28px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/42px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/56px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7th_century_in_Lebanon#680s" title="7th century in Lebanon">7th century in Lebanon § 680s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">List of Byzantine emperors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justinian II is depicted as a tall young man when in reality he was 13 years old at the most. The mosaic was made before 681, as he's depicted alongside the co-emperors <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a> (all of whom are depicted as being as tall as <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i> misquotes <a href="/wiki/Philip_Grierson" title="Philip Grierson">Philip Grierson</a>'s <i>"Tombs and Obits"</i> and states that Justinian II died on 7 November,<sup id="cite_ref-Kazhdan,_p._1084_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazhdan,_p._1084-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the text clearly indicates 4 November.<sup id="cite_ref-Tombs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tombs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His name is rarely given as <i>Flavius Heraclius Iustinianus</i> in older sources,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this is not corroborated by modern historians or contemporary coins or writings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a> states that Constantine ruled alongside Justinian after the fall of Heraclius and Tiberius. However, all the evidence indicates that he became <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">augustus</a></i> only on his father's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1968512–514_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1968512–514-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHourihane2012" class="citation book cs1">Hourihane, Colum (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA4-PA157"><i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 154–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195395365" title="Special:BookSources/9780195395365"><bdi>9780195395365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=154-157&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780195395365&rft.aulast=Hourihane&rft.aufirst=Colum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtlMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA4-PA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustinian+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kazhdan,_p._1084-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kazhdan,_p._1084_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kazhdan,_p._1084_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kazhdan,_p._1084_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kazhdan,_p._1084_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kazhdan,_p._1084_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tombs-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tombs_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tombs_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1962" class="citation journal cs1">Grierson, Philip (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SevcenkoStudies19611992/page/n72">"The Tombs and Obits of the Byzantine Emperors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Papers" title="Dumbarton Oaks Papers">Dumbarton Oaks Papers</a></i>. <b>16</b>: 50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291157">10.2307/1291157</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291157">1291157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Tombs+and+Obits+of+the+Byzantine+Emperors&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291157%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSevcenkoStudies19611992%2Fpage%2Fn72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustinian+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1943-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1943_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1943">Vasiliev 1943</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_George_Estor1766" class="citation book cs1">Johann George Estor (1766). <i>Freiheit der Teutschen Kirchen, fürnämlich in Rücksicht auf Se. Kaiserliche Majestät, und im Betreffe der Teutschen Reichs-Stände wider die Eingriffe der Curialen zu Rom</i>. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781271731411" title="Special:BookSources/9781271731411"><bdi>9781271731411</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freiheit+der+Teutschen+Kirchen%2C+f%C3%BCrn%C3%A4mlich+in+R%C3%BCcksicht+auf+Se.+Kaiserliche+Majest%C3%A4t%2C+und+im+Betreffe+der+Teutschen+Reichs-St%C3%A4nde+wider+die+Eingriffe+der+Curialen+zu+Rom&rft.pages=101&rft.date=1766&rft.isbn=9781271731411&rft.au=Johann+George+Estor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustinian+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaudartius1632" class="citation book cs1">Baudartius, Willem (1632). <i>Apophthegmata christiana, ofte: Ghedenck-weerdige, leersame, ende aerdighe spreuken, van vele ende verscheydene christelicke ende christen-ghelijcke persoonen gesproken ...: alles uyt vele gheloof-weerdighe scribenten met grooten vlijt versamelt ..</i>. p. 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apophthegmata+christiana%2C+ofte%3A+Ghedenck-weerdige%2C+leersame%2C+ende+aerdighe+spreuken%2C+van+vele+ende+verscheydene+christelicke+ende+christen-ghelijcke+persoonen+gesproken+...%3A+alles+uyt+vele+gheloof-weerdighe+scribenten+met+grooten+vlijt+versamelt+...&rft.pages=196&rft.date=1632&rft.aulast=Baudartius&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustinian+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._116-122_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1956">Ostrogorsky 1956</a>, pp. 116–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1968512–514-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1968512–514_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1968">Grierson 1968</a>, pp. 512–514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1968568-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1968568_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1968">Grierson 1968</a>, p. 568.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Justinian II."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Justinian_II.">"Justinian II." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 602.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Justinian+II.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=602&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustinian+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore,_Justinian_II-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore,_Justinian_II_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore,_Justinian_II_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore,_Justinian_II_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore,_Justinian_II_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1998">Moore 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norwich,_p._328-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norwich,_p._328_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norwich,_p._328_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1990">Norwich 1990</a>, p. 328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury,_p._321-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_p._321_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_p._321_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Romilly J.H. Jenkins (1970), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb02890.0001.001">Studies on Byzantine History of the 9th and 10th Centuries</a></i>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury,_p._322-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_p._322_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_p._322_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_p._322_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1990">Norwich 1990</a>, p. 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theophanes: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicle-of-theophanes-the-confessor/page/509/mode/1up?view=theater">AM 6183</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1990">Norwich 1990</a>, pp. 330–331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury,_p._327-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_p._327_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_p._327_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1990">Norwich 1990</a>, p. 332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 354</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_pp._124-126-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._124-126_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._124-126_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._124-126_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._124-126_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_pp._124-126_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1956">Ostrogorsky 1956</a>, pp. 124–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 358</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury,_p._359-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_p._359_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_p._359_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_p._359_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norwich,_p._336-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norwich,_p._336_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norwich,_p._336_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norwich,_p._336_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1990">Norwich 1990</a>, p. 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norwich,_p._345-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norwich,_p._345_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norwich,_p._345_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norwich,_p._345_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1990">Norwich 1990</a>, p. 345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury,_p._361-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_p._361_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_p._361_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_p._361_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norwich, p. 338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norwich,_p._339-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norwich,_p._339_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norwich,_p._339_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1990">Norwich 1990</a>, pp. 339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_pontificalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber pontificalis">Liber pontificalis</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FOExAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA389">1:389</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04294b.htm">Pope Constantine</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1990">Norwich 1990</a>, p. 342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1990">Norwich 1990</a>, p. 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury,_p._365-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_p._365_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_p._365_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, pp. 365–366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grypeou, Emmanouela (2006). <i>The encounter of Eastern Christianity with early Islam</i>, BRILL, 2006, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, p. 526</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/bede-book5.html">Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, Book V</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814160844/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/bede-book5.html">Archived</a> 14 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Chapter VII)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, pp. 325–326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Συναξαριστής REF BX 393 .N54 1929 v2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerostergios, Fr.Asterios (2004). <i>The Justinian the Great The Emperor and Saint</i>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2019/08/saint-justinian-ii-rhinotmetos-pious.html?m=1">"Saint Justinian II Rhinotmetos, the Pious Emperor of the Romans (+ 711)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Justinian+II+Rhinotmetos%2C+the+Pious+Emperor+of+the+Romans+%28%2B+711%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnsanidopoulos.com%2F2019%2F08%2Fsaint-justinian-ii-rhinotmetos-pious.html%3Fm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustinian+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://3gym-mikras.thess.sch.gr/auto_agioi_istorika.htm">"Αυτοκράτορες που έγιναν Άγιοι"</a>. <i>3gym-mikras.thess.sch.gr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=3gym-mikras.thess.sch.gr&rft.atitle=%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%82+%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BD+%CE%86%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F3gym-mikras.thess.sch.gr%2Fauto_agioi_istorika.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustinian+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saint.gr/2195/saint.aspx">"Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής :: Άγιος Ιουστινιανός Β' ο βασιλιάς"</a>. <i>www.saint.gr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.saint.gr&rft.atitle=%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82+%3A%3A+%CE%86%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82+%CE%92%27+%CE%BF+%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saint.gr%2F2195%2Fsaint.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustinian+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Turtletaub/Turtledove, Myakes is a historical character, the soldier in the boat with Justinian in the Black Sea storm, according to history, who unsuccessfully urged Justinian to become less vindictive. See Turtletaub, <i>Justinian</i>, at p. 510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turtletaub/Turtledove attributes to Richard Delbrück the same conjecture, stating that Delbrück was able to cite iconographic evidence to support the conjecture. See Turteltaub, <i>Justinian</i>, at p. 511.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes</a>, <i>Chronographia</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1968" class="citation book cs1">Grierson, Philip (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIbav7CP4P4C&pg=PA512"><i>Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884020240" title="Special:BookSources/9780884020240"><bdi>9780884020240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Byzantine+Coins+in+the+Dumbarton+Oaks+Collection&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780884020240&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIbav7CP4P4C%26pg%3DPA512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustinian+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521/page/1084/mode/1up">"Justinian II"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 1084–1085, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Justinian+II&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.pages=1084-1085&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fodb_20210521%2Fpage%2F1084%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustinian+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a> (1990), <i><a href="/wiki/Byzantium:_The_Early_Centuries" title="Byzantium: The Early Centuries">Byzantium: The Early Centuries</a></i>, Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-011447-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-011447-5"><bdi>0-14-011447-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Early+Centuries&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-14-011447-5&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustinian+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the Byzantine State</i></a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBt0_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustinian+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1998" class="citation web cs1">Moore, R. Scott (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202044421/http://www.roman-emperors.org/Just2.htm">"Justinian II (685–695 & 705–711 A.D.)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Imperatoribus_Romanis" title="De Imperatoribus Romanis">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a></i>. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&rft.atitle=Justinian+II+%28685%E2%80%93695+%26+705%E2%80%93711+A.D.%29&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=R.+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2FJust2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustinian+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>()</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1889" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, J.B.</a> (1889), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoflaterro02buryuoft/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene</i></a>, vol. 2, MacMillan & Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire+from+Arcadius+to+Irene&rft.pub=MacMillan+%26+Co&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoflaterro02buryuoft%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustinian+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev1943" class="citation journal cs1">Vasiliev, A. (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2853636">"An Edict of the Emperor Justinian II, September, 688"</a>. <i>Speculum</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 1–13 (5). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2853636">10.2307/2853636</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134">0038-7134</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2853636">2853636</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162185288">162185288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=An+Edict+of+the+Emperor+Justinian+II%2C+September%2C+688&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13+%285%29&rft.date=1943&rft.issn=0038-7134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162185288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2853636%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2853636&rft.aulast=Vasiliev&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F2853636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustinian+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Head, Constance (1972). <i>Justinian II of Byzantium</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</li> <li>Pratsch, Thomas (2023). "Absetzungen und Absetzungsformel in Byzanz: οἱ εὐσεβεῖς ἡμῶν βασιλεῖς χρείαν σου οὐκ ἔχουσιν" [Depositions and deposition formula in Byzantium: οἱ εὐσεβεῖς ἡμῶν βασιλεῖς χρείαν σου οὐκ ἔχουσιν]. <i>Das Altertum</i> <b>68</b> 3/4, pp. 95–116 (in German).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iustinianus_II" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iustinianus II">Iustinianus II</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ14702/html">Justinian II's profile</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_the_Byzantine_World" title="Prosopography of the Byzantine World">Prosopography of the Byzantine World</a></i></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Justinian II </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Heraclian_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraclian Dynasty">Heraclian Dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 669</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> November 711</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> </b><br />681–695 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> </b><br />705–711<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i> <i> (706–711)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philippikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippikos">Philippikos</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> in 668,<br />then lapsed</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> </b><br />686 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Lapsed,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a> in 699</div> 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Preceding</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Early</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330–717)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Middle</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(717–1204)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Late</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1204–1453)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region<br />or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">Dynatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_historians" title="Category:Byzantine historians">Historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Everyday life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">Flags and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people" title="Category:Byzantine people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Death in the Byzantine Empire">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li><li>Learning</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Greek_encyclopedias" title="Category:Byzantine Greek encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_museums" title="Category:Byzantine museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Byzantine_Empire%E2%80%93related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Outline of the Byzantine Empire">Outline</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42021#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42021#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42021#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080783180">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100262830">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/283070473">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/322159474047427660951">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/422945/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjx4W4kwMqhppdkrmFqfMd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120174952">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98082251">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb105875760">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb105875760">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1302278">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p090507932">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=337032">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/154039">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007288429505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500355399">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd120174952.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/120174952">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/177984317">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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