CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><title>Superchain explainer | Optimism Docs</title><meta name="robots" content="index,follow"/><meta name="description" content="Learn about Optimism Superchain components, features, and roadmap."/><meta property="og:title" content="Superchain explainer | Optimism Docs"/><meta property="og:description" content="Learn about Optimism Superchain components, features, and roadmap."/><meta name="theme-color" content="#111" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover"/><style> :root { --nextra-primary-hue: 212deg; --nextra-primary-saturation: 100%; --nextra-navbar-height: 4rem; --nextra-menu-height: 3.75rem; --nextra-banner-height: 2.5rem; } .dark { --nextra-primary-hue: 204deg; --nextra-primary-saturation: 100%; } </style><meta property="og:url" content="https://docs.optimism.io/get-started/superchain"/><meta property="og:title" content="Superchain explainer"/><meta property="og:description" content="Learn about Optimism Superchain components, features, and roadmap."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://docs.optimism.io/logos/docs-header.png"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="Superchain explainer"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Learn about Optimism Superchain components, features, and roadmap."/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://docs.optimism.io/logos/docs-header.png"/><link rel="icon" href="/img/icons/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/><script async="" src="https://widget.kapa.ai/kapa-widget.bundle.js" data-website-id="1e9518c7-51d1-4ac5-a237-14befea6148f" data-project-name="OP Labs" data-project-color="#FF0420" data-modal-title="Optimism Docs Assistant ✨" data-project-logo="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR8nhCmw7cu6jVQI01JFtMAV5tkTNLJXMSAOg&s" data-modal-example-questions="What is the OP Stack?, How do I get started with Supersim?, How do I create a SuperERC20 token?, How do I get faucet funds?" data-user-analytics-fingerprint-enabled="true" data-modal-override-open-id="custom-ask-ai-button" data-modal-ask-ai-input-placeholder="Ask me a question about building on Optimism" data-button-hide="true" data-max-tokens="100" data-modal-disclaimer="This is an AI assistant powered by kapa.ai. Please be aware that any information, including personal information or sensitive data, shared by you herein is provided at your own risk and subject to the kapa.ai [privacy policy](https://www.kapa.ai/content/privacy-policy). Please note that all responses are generated by AI so remember to use your own judgment."></script><meta name="next-head-count" content="19"/><script async="" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-YE6RCYEKLV"></script><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-YE6RCYEKLV', { page_path: window.location.pathname, }); </script><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/51976b1bc7da106d.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/51976b1bc7da106d.css" data-n-g=""/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/62fec874a5358862.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/62fec874a5358862.css" data-n-p=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-42372ed130431b0a.js"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/webpack-192cdc48691f7da9.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/framework-d7ba773e43eb0a8b.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/main-3b75a86b33030603.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-effdddcf7b26cc80.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/fd0bba91-d8575444037cd83c.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/8241-bca12a3663a0bc71.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/3844-8972e05ac9560c44.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/get-started/superchain-d1d82fa073eac675.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/MtUjIsC233qAzOQtsRcHY/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/MtUjIsC233qAzOQtsRcHY/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script></head><body><div id="__next"><div><script>!function(){try{var d=document.documentElement,c=d.classList;c.remove('light','dark');var e=localStorage.getItem('theme');if('system'===e||(!e&&true)){var t='(prefers-color-scheme: dark)',m=window.matchMedia(t);if(m.media!==t||m.matches){d.style.colorScheme = 'dark';c.add('dark')}else{d.style.colorScheme = 'light';c.add('light')}}else if(e){c.add(e|| '')}if(e==='light'||e==='dark')d.style.colorScheme=e}catch(e){}}()</script><div dir="ltr"><script>document.documentElement.setAttribute('dir','ltr')</script><script>try{if(localStorage.getItem("viem/op-stack")==='0'){document.body.classList.add('nextra-banner-hidden')}}catch(e){}</script><div class="nextra-banner-container nx-sticky nx-top-0 nx-z-20 nx-flex nx-items-center md:nx-relative nx-h-[var(--nextra-banner-height)] [body.nextra-banner-hidden_&]:nx-hidden nx-text-slate-50 dark:nx-text-white nx-bg-neutral-900 dark:nx-bg-[linear-gradient(1deg,#383838,#212121)] nx-px-2 ltr:nx-pl-10 rtl:nx-pr-10 print:nx-hidden"><div class="nx-w-full nx-truncate nx-px-4 nx-text-center nx-font-medium nx-text-sm"><a href="/notices/sdk-deprecation">🎉 We are deprecating the Optimism SDK and migrating all tutorials to use viem/op-stack. Read more →</a></div><button type="button" aria-label="Dismiss banner" class="nx-w-8 nx-h-8 nx-opacity-80 hover:nx-opacity-100"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" class="nx-mx-auto nx-h-4 nx-w-4"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.293 4.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L10 8.586l4.293-4.293a1 1 0 111.414 1.414L11.414 10l4.293 4.293a1 1 0 01-1.414 1.414L10 11.414l-4.293 4.293a1 1 0 01-1.414-1.414L8.586 10 4.293 5.707a1 1 0 010-1.414z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button></div><div class="nextra-nav-container nx-sticky nx-top-0 nx-z-20 nx-w-full nx-bg-transparent print:nx-hidden"><div class="nextra-nav-container-blur nx-pointer-events-none nx-absolute nx-z-[-1] nx-h-full nx-w-full nx-bg-white dark:nx-bg-dark nx-shadow-[0_2px_4px_rgba(0,0,0,.02),0_1px_0_rgba(0,0,0,.06)] dark:nx-shadow-[0_-1px_0_rgba(255,255,255,.1)_inset] contrast-more:nx-shadow-[0_0_0_1px_#000] contrast-more:dark:nx-shadow-[0_0_0_1px_#fff]"></div><nav class="nx-mx-auto nx-flex nx-h-[var(--nextra-navbar-height)] nx-max-w-[90rem] nx-items-center nx-justify-end nx-gap-2 nx-pl-[max(env(safe-area-inset-left),1.5rem)] nx-pr-[max(env(safe-area-inset-right),1.5rem)]"><a class="nx-flex nx-items-center hover:nx-opacity-75 ltr:nx-mr-auto rtl:nx-ml-auto" href="/"><svg width="194" height="32" viewBox="0 0 194 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M7.038 24.23C6.072 24.23 5.175 24.0997 4.347 23.839C3.519 23.5783 2.82133 23.1873 2.254 22.666C1.68667 22.1447 1.28033 21.493 1.035 20.711C0.805 19.929 0.774333 19.0167 0.943 17.974C1.06567 17.3147 1.196 16.6553 1.334 15.996C1.48733 15.3367 1.64067 14.6697 1.794 13.995C2.3 11.925 3.21233 10.3533 4.531 9.28C5.84967 8.20667 7.62833 7.67 9.867 7.67C10.833 7.67 11.7223 7.808 12.535 8.084C13.363 8.34467 14.0607 8.74333 14.628 9.28C15.2107 9.81667 15.617 10.476 15.847 11.258C16.0923 12.04 16.123 12.9523 15.939 13.995C15.8317 14.6697 15.7013 15.3367 15.548 15.996C15.41 16.6553 15.2643 17.3147 15.111 17.974C14.5897 20.0747 13.6697 21.6463 12.351 22.689C11.0323 23.7163 9.26133 24.23 7.038 24.23ZM7.337 20.918C8.165 20.918 8.89333 20.6727 9.522 20.182C10.1507 19.6913 10.5953 18.9093 10.856 17.836C11.0247 17.1613 11.1703 16.525 11.293 15.927C11.431 15.329 11.5537 14.708 11.661 14.064C11.8603 12.9907 11.7683 12.2087 11.385 11.718C11.0017 11.2273 10.396 10.982 9.568 10.982C8.74 10.982 8.01167 11.2273 7.383 11.718C6.76967 12.2087 6.33267 12.9907 6.072 14.064C5.90333 14.708 5.75 15.329 5.612 15.927C5.48933 16.525 5.36667 17.1613 5.244 17.836C5.06 18.9093 5.152 19.6913 5.52 20.182C5.888 20.6727 6.49367 20.918 7.337 20.918ZM18.421 24C18.2677 24 18.145 23.9463 18.053 23.839C17.961 23.7317 17.9304 23.5937 17.961 23.425L21.135 8.475C21.1657 8.30633 21.25 8.16833 21.388 8.061C21.526 7.95367 21.6717 7.9 21.825 7.9H27.943C28.8784 7.9 29.7217 8.00733 30.473 8.222C31.2397 8.43667 31.876 8.76633 32.382 9.211C32.888 9.65567 33.2407 10.2153 33.44 10.89C33.6394 11.5493 33.647 12.3237 33.463 13.213C33.0797 14.9763 32.2977 16.2797 31.117 17.123C29.9517 17.9663 28.38 18.388 26.402 18.388H23.297L22.239 23.425C22.2084 23.5937 22.124 23.7317 21.986 23.839C21.8634 23.9463 21.7177 24 21.549 24H18.421ZM23.895 15.214H26.54C27.1687 15.214 27.7284 15.0453 28.219 14.708C28.725 14.3707 29.0547 13.857 29.208 13.167C29.2847 12.7683 29.3 12.4157 29.254 12.109C29.208 11.8023 29.047 11.557 28.771 11.373C28.5104 11.189 28.104 11.097 27.552 11.097H24.792L23.895 15.214ZM38.794 24C38.6253 24 38.495 23.9463 38.403 23.839C38.311 23.7317 38.2803 23.5937 38.311 23.425L40.864 11.511H36.77C36.6167 11.511 36.494 11.4573 36.402 11.35C36.31 11.2273 36.2793 11.0893 36.31 10.936L36.839 8.475C36.8697 8.30633 36.9463 8.16833 37.069 8.061C37.207 7.95367 37.3603 7.9 37.529 7.9H49.903C50.0717 7.9 50.1943 7.95367 50.271 8.061C50.363 8.16833 50.3937 8.30633 50.363 8.475L49.834 10.936C49.8033 11.0893 49.719 11.2273 49.581 11.35C49.4583 11.4573 49.3127 11.511 49.144 11.511H45.05L42.52 23.425C42.4893 23.5937 42.405 23.7317 42.267 23.839C42.1443 23.9463 41.9987 24 41.83 24H38.794ZM51.0059 24C50.8372 24 50.7069 23.9463 50.6149 23.839C50.5229 23.7317 50.4922 23.5937 50.5229 23.425L53.7199 8.475C53.7506 8.30633 53.8349 8.16833 53.9729 8.061C54.1109 7.95367 54.2566 7.9 54.4099 7.9H57.5149C57.6682 7.9 57.7909 7.95367 57.8829 8.061C57.9749 8.16833 58.0056 8.30633 57.9749 8.475L54.7779 23.425C54.7472 23.5937 54.6629 23.7317 54.5249 23.839C54.4022 23.9463 54.2642 24 54.1109 24H51.0059ZM59.7969 24C59.6283 24 59.4979 23.9463 59.4059 23.839C59.3139 23.7317 59.2833 23.5937 59.3139 23.425L62.4879 8.475C62.5186 8.30633 62.6029 8.16833 62.7409 8.061C62.8789 7.95367 63.0323 7.9 63.2009 7.9H65.6849C65.9303 7.9 66.0989 7.969 66.1909 8.107C66.2983 8.22967 66.3673 8.32933 66.3979 8.406L68.8819 15.674L74.4939 8.406C74.5399 8.32933 74.6319 8.22967 74.7699 8.107C74.9233 7.969 75.1226 7.9 75.3679 7.9H77.8519C78.0206 7.9 78.1509 7.95367 78.2429 8.061C78.3349 8.16833 78.3656 8.30633 78.3349 8.475L75.1609 23.425C75.1303 23.5937 75.0459 23.7317 74.9079 23.839C74.7699 23.9463 74.6166 24 74.4479 24H71.6879C71.5346 24 71.4119 23.9463 71.3199 23.839C71.2279 23.7317 71.1973 23.5937 71.2279 23.425L73.0219 14.938L69.5029 19.607C69.3956 19.7297 69.2653 19.8523 69.1119 19.975C68.9739 20.0823 68.7976 20.136 68.5829 20.136H67.3869C67.1723 20.136 67.0189 20.0823 66.9269 19.975C66.8349 19.8677 66.7659 19.745 66.7199 19.607L65.0869 14.731L63.2239 23.425C63.1933 23.5937 63.1089 23.7317 62.9709 23.839C62.8483 23.9463 62.7103 24 62.5569 24H59.7969ZM80.1318 24C79.9632 24 79.8328 23.9463 79.7408 23.839C79.6488 23.7317 79.6182 23.5937 79.6488 23.425L82.8458 8.475C82.8765 8.30633 82.9608 8.16833 83.0988 8.061C83.2368 7.95367 83.3825 7.9 83.5358 7.9H86.6408C86.7942 7.9 86.9168 7.95367 87.0088 8.061C87.1008 8.16833 87.1315 8.30633 87.1008 8.475L83.9038 23.425C83.8732 23.5937 83.7888 23.7317 83.6508 23.839C83.5282 23.9463 83.3902 24 83.2368 24H80.1318ZM94.6038 24.23C93.0705 24.23 91.8132 24.0153 90.8318 23.586C89.8658 23.1567 89.1682 22.5893 88.7388 21.884C88.3248 21.1633 88.1792 20.4043 88.3018 19.607C88.3325 19.4843 88.3938 19.377 88.4858 19.285C88.5932 19.1777 88.7158 19.124 88.8538 19.124H91.7978C92.0125 19.124 92.1658 19.1623 92.2578 19.239C92.3498 19.3157 92.4418 19.4153 92.5338 19.538C92.5952 19.768 92.7178 19.9903 92.9018 20.205C93.0858 20.4197 93.3388 20.596 93.6608 20.734C93.9982 20.8567 94.4122 20.918 94.9028 20.918C95.7922 20.918 96.5052 20.78 97.0418 20.504C97.5785 20.228 97.8928 19.8523 97.9848 19.377C98.0768 19.0397 98.0155 18.7637 97.8008 18.549C97.6015 18.319 97.2412 18.1197 96.7198 17.951C96.2138 17.767 95.5315 17.583 94.6728 17.399C93.5535 17.1537 92.6335 16.8163 91.9128 16.387C91.1922 15.9423 90.6862 15.3827 90.3948 14.708C90.1188 14.018 90.0805 13.1977 90.2798 12.247C90.5865 10.8363 91.3455 9.72467 92.5568 8.912C93.7682 8.084 95.3398 7.67 97.2718 7.67C98.2685 7.67 99.1502 7.808 99.9168 8.084C100.699 8.36 101.351 8.728 101.872 9.188C102.393 9.648 102.769 10.1387 102.999 10.66C103.229 11.166 103.306 11.6643 103.229 12.155C103.214 12.2777 103.152 12.3927 103.045 12.5C102.938 12.592 102.815 12.638 102.677 12.638H99.5948C99.4415 12.638 99.3035 12.6073 99.1808 12.546C99.0735 12.4847 98.9815 12.385 98.9048 12.247C98.9048 11.9097 98.7285 11.6183 98.3758 11.373C98.0232 11.1123 97.5555 10.982 96.9728 10.982C96.3135 10.982 95.7615 11.1047 95.3168 11.35C94.8722 11.58 94.5962 11.9403 94.4888 12.431C94.4122 12.7377 94.4505 13.006 94.6038 13.236C94.7725 13.466 95.0792 13.6653 95.5238 13.834C95.9838 14.0027 96.6125 14.179 97.4098 14.363C98.7592 14.6237 99.8172 14.9763 100.584 15.421C101.351 15.8503 101.864 16.3947 102.125 17.054C102.401 17.7133 102.439 18.5183 102.24 19.469C101.903 21.033 101.082 22.2213 99.7788 23.034C98.4908 23.8313 96.7658 24.23 94.6038 24.23ZM105.462 24C105.294 24 105.163 23.9463 105.071 23.839C104.979 23.7317 104.949 23.5937 104.979 23.425L108.153 8.475C108.184 8.30633 108.268 8.16833 108.406 8.061C108.544 7.95367 108.698 7.9 108.866 7.9H111.35C111.596 7.9 111.764 7.969 111.856 8.107C111.964 8.22967 112.033 8.32933 112.063 8.406L114.547 15.674L120.159 8.406C120.205 8.32933 120.297 8.22967 120.435 8.107C120.589 7.969 120.788 7.9 121.033 7.9H123.517C123.686 7.9 123.816 7.95367 123.908 8.061C124 8.16833 124.031 8.30633 124 8.475L120.826 23.425C120.796 23.5937 120.711 23.7317 120.573 23.839C120.435 23.9463 120.282 24 120.113 24H117.353C117.2 24 117.077 23.9463 116.985 23.839C116.893 23.7317 116.863 23.5937 116.893 23.425L118.687 14.938L115.168 19.607C115.061 19.7297 114.931 19.8523 114.777 19.975C114.639 20.0823 114.463 20.136 114.248 20.136H113.052C112.838 20.136 112.684 20.0823 112.592 19.975C112.5 19.8677 112.431 19.745 112.385 19.607L110.752 14.731L108.889 23.425C108.859 23.5937 108.774 23.7317 108.636 23.839C108.514 23.9463 108.376 24 108.222 24H105.462Z" fill="#FF0420"></path><path d="M134.081 24C133.928 24 133.813 23.954 133.736 23.862C133.659 23.7547 133.636 23.6243 133.667 23.471L136.864 8.452C136.895 8.28333 136.964 8.153 137.071 8.061C137.194 7.95367 137.332 7.9 137.485 7.9H142.453C143.48 7.9 144.385 8.038 145.167 8.314C145.949 8.57467 146.585 8.97333 147.076 9.51C147.567 10.0313 147.896 10.683 148.065 11.465C148.249 12.247 148.241 13.1363 148.042 14.133C147.904 14.823 147.781 15.4287 147.674 15.95C147.567 16.4713 147.429 17.0693 147.26 17.744C146.938 19.1547 146.478 20.3277 145.88 21.263C145.282 22.183 144.485 22.873 143.488 23.333C142.507 23.7777 141.242 24 139.693 24H134.081ZM136.22 22.045H139.716C140.774 22.045 141.648 21.8993 142.338 21.608C143.028 21.3167 143.58 20.849 143.994 20.205C144.423 19.561 144.761 18.71 145.006 17.652C145.113 17.192 145.205 16.7933 145.282 16.456C145.374 16.1033 145.451 15.7583 145.512 15.421C145.589 15.0683 145.665 14.6697 145.742 14.225C146.033 12.7377 145.911 11.6413 145.374 10.936C144.853 10.2153 143.795 9.855 142.2 9.855H138.819L136.22 22.045ZM155.343 24.23C154.439 24.23 153.618 24.1073 152.882 23.862C152.146 23.6013 151.541 23.2103 151.065 22.689C150.59 22.1677 150.26 21.5083 150.076 20.711C149.908 19.9137 149.915 18.9783 150.099 17.905C150.222 17.2303 150.352 16.5863 150.49 15.973C150.628 15.3443 150.782 14.6927 150.95 14.018C151.456 11.8867 152.346 10.2997 153.618 9.257C154.906 8.199 156.516 7.67 158.448 7.67C159.368 7.67 160.189 7.80033 160.909 8.061C161.645 8.32167 162.251 8.72033 162.726 9.257C163.217 9.79367 163.547 10.453 163.715 11.235C163.884 12.017 163.876 12.9447 163.692 14.018C163.57 14.6927 163.439 15.3443 163.301 15.973C163.163 16.5863 163.018 17.2303 162.864 17.905C162.343 20.067 161.438 21.6617 160.15 22.689C158.878 23.7163 157.275 24.23 155.343 24.23ZM155.435 22.275C156.647 22.275 157.712 21.9223 158.632 21.217C159.552 20.5117 160.204 19.3693 160.587 17.79C160.756 17.1 160.894 16.4867 161.001 15.95C161.124 15.398 161.247 14.7847 161.369 14.11C161.661 12.5307 161.538 11.3883 161.001 10.683C160.48 9.97767 159.598 9.625 158.356 9.625C157.13 9.625 156.064 9.97767 155.159 10.683C154.255 11.3883 153.611 12.5307 153.227 14.11C153.059 14.7847 152.913 15.398 152.79 15.95C152.668 16.4867 152.545 17.1 152.422 17.79C152.146 19.3693 152.261 20.5117 152.767 21.217C153.289 21.9223 154.178 22.275 155.435 22.275ZM170.955 24.23C169.912 24.23 169.015 24.0843 168.264 23.793C167.528 23.5017 166.938 23.08 166.493 22.528C166.064 21.9607 165.772 21.3013 165.619 20.55C165.481 19.7833 165.496 18.9323 165.665 17.997C165.772 17.3683 165.903 16.6937 166.056 15.973C166.225 15.2523 166.386 14.5623 166.539 13.903C166.846 12.661 167.313 11.5723 167.942 10.637C168.571 9.70167 169.391 8.97333 170.403 8.452C171.415 7.93067 172.626 7.67 174.037 7.67C175.095 7.67 176 7.808 176.751 8.084C177.518 8.36 178.131 8.74333 178.591 9.234C179.051 9.72467 179.365 10.2767 179.534 10.89C179.703 11.5033 179.726 12.1397 179.603 12.799C179.588 12.937 179.542 13.052 179.465 13.144C179.388 13.236 179.281 13.282 179.143 13.282H177.832C177.679 13.282 177.548 13.2437 177.441 13.167C177.349 13.0903 177.303 12.9523 177.303 12.753C177.395 11.603 177.127 10.798 176.498 10.338C175.869 9.86267 175.018 9.625 173.945 9.625C172.718 9.625 171.645 9.97767 170.725 10.683C169.82 11.373 169.176 12.4847 168.793 14.018C168.471 15.2753 168.195 16.5633 167.965 17.882C167.704 19.4153 167.842 20.5347 168.379 21.24C168.931 21.93 169.82 22.275 171.047 22.275C172.12 22.275 173.071 22.0527 173.899 21.608C174.727 21.1633 175.402 20.343 175.923 19.147C176.015 18.9477 176.107 18.8097 176.199 18.733C176.306 18.6563 176.429 18.618 176.567 18.618H177.878C178.016 18.618 178.123 18.664 178.2 18.756C178.277 18.848 178.292 18.963 178.246 19.101C178.077 19.7297 177.809 20.3507 177.441 20.964C177.073 21.5773 176.598 22.1293 176.015 22.62C175.432 23.1107 174.727 23.5017 173.899 23.793C173.071 24.0843 172.09 24.23 170.955 24.23ZM185.584 24.23C184.25 24.23 183.161 24.0307 182.318 23.632C181.474 23.2333 180.861 22.7043 180.478 22.045C180.11 21.3857 179.979 20.688 180.087 19.952C180.102 19.8293 180.156 19.722 180.248 19.63C180.34 19.5227 180.455 19.469 180.593 19.469H181.858C182.026 19.469 182.141 19.515 182.203 19.607C182.279 19.699 182.333 19.8063 182.364 19.929C182.364 20.297 182.471 20.665 182.686 21.033C182.916 21.3857 183.268 21.6847 183.744 21.93C184.234 22.16 184.878 22.275 185.676 22.275C186.994 22.275 188.029 22.045 188.781 21.585C189.532 21.1097 189.992 20.481 190.161 19.699C190.283 19.1623 190.214 18.733 189.954 18.411C189.693 18.0737 189.248 17.7747 188.62 17.514C188.006 17.2533 187.194 16.9697 186.182 16.663C185.139 16.341 184.296 15.973 183.652 15.559C183.008 15.145 182.571 14.639 182.341 14.041C182.111 13.4277 182.088 12.684 182.272 11.81C182.548 10.568 183.222 9.57133 184.296 8.82C185.369 8.05333 186.787 7.67 188.551 7.67C189.486 7.67 190.291 7.80033 190.966 8.061C191.64 8.30633 192.192 8.64367 192.622 9.073C193.051 9.487 193.342 9.93933 193.496 10.43C193.664 10.9053 193.71 11.373 193.634 11.833C193.618 11.9403 193.572 12.0477 193.496 12.155C193.419 12.247 193.296 12.293 193.128 12.293H191.817C191.725 12.293 191.625 12.2623 191.518 12.201C191.41 12.1397 191.349 12.0247 191.334 11.856C191.38 11.2273 191.134 10.6983 190.598 10.269C190.061 9.83967 189.348 9.625 188.459 9.625C187.462 9.625 186.596 9.81667 185.86 10.2C185.139 10.5833 184.687 11.1813 184.503 11.994C184.395 12.5153 184.449 12.9523 184.664 13.305C184.878 13.6423 185.269 13.9413 185.837 14.202C186.404 14.4627 187.171 14.7387 188.137 15.03C189.287 15.3673 190.207 15.743 190.897 16.157C191.587 16.571 192.062 17.077 192.323 17.675C192.583 18.2577 192.614 18.986 192.415 19.86C192.123 21.3013 191.38 22.39 190.184 23.126C189.003 23.862 187.47 24.23 185.584 24.23Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a><a class="nx-text-sm contrast-more:nx-text-gray-700 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-100 nx-relative -nx-ml-2 nx-hidden nx-whitespace-nowrap nx-p-2 md:nx-inline-block nx-font-medium nx-subpixel-antialiased" aria-current="true" href="/get-started/superchain"><span class="nx-absolute nx-inset-x-0 nx-text-center">Get started</span><span class="nx-invisible nx-font-medium">Get started</span></a><a class="nx-text-sm contrast-more:nx-text-gray-700 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-100 nx-relative -nx-ml-2 nx-hidden nx-whitespace-nowrap nx-p-2 md:nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-600 hover:nx-text-gray-800 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-200" aria-current="false" href="/superchain/superchain-explainer"><span class="nx-absolute nx-inset-x-0 nx-text-center">Superchain</span><span class="nx-invisible nx-font-medium">Superchain</span></a><a class="nx-text-sm contrast-more:nx-text-gray-700 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-100 nx-relative -nx-ml-2 nx-hidden nx-whitespace-nowrap nx-p-2 md:nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-600 hover:nx-text-gray-800 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-200" aria-current="false" href="/app-developers/get-started"><span class="nx-absolute nx-inset-x-0 nx-text-center">App Devs</span><span class="nx-invisible nx-font-medium">App Devs</span></a><a class="nx-text-sm contrast-more:nx-text-gray-700 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-100 nx-relative -nx-ml-2 nx-hidden nx-whitespace-nowrap nx-p-2 md:nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-600 hover:nx-text-gray-800 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-200" aria-current="false" href="/operators/chain-operators/architecture"><span class="nx-absolute nx-inset-x-0 nx-text-center">Operators</span><span class="nx-invisible nx-font-medium">Operators</span></a><a class="nx-text-sm contrast-more:nx-text-gray-700 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-100 nx-relative -nx-ml-2 nx-hidden nx-whitespace-nowrap nx-p-2 md:nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-600 hover:nx-text-gray-800 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-200" aria-current="false" href="/stack/getting-started"><span class="nx-absolute nx-inset-x-0 nx-text-center">OP Stack</span><span class="nx-invisible nx-font-medium">OP Stack</span></a><div class="nextra-search nx-relative md:nx-w-64 nx-hidden md:nx-inline-block mx-min-w-[200px]"><div class="nx-relative nx-flex nx-items-center nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-800 dark:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-300"><input spellcheck="false" class="nx-block nx-w-full nx-appearance-none nx-rounded-lg nx-px-3 nx-py-2 nx-transition-colors nx-text-base nx-leading-tight md:nx-text-sm nx-bg-black/[.05] dark:nx-bg-gray-50/10 focus:nx-bg-white dark:focus:nx-bg-dark placeholder:nx-text-gray-500 dark:placeholder:nx-text-gray-400 contrast-more:nx-border contrast-more:nx-border-current" type="search" placeholder="Search" value=""/></div></div><button type="button" aria-label="Menu" class="nextra-hamburger -nx-mr-2 nx-rounded nx-p-2 active:nx-bg-gray-400/20 md:nx-hidden"><svg fill="none" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class=""><g><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M4 6h16"></path></g><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M4 12h16"></path><g><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M4 18h16"></path></g></svg></button></nav></div><div class="nx-mx-auto nx-flex nx-max-w-[90rem]"><div class="motion-reduce:nx-transition-none [transition:background-color_1.5s_ease] nx-bg-transparent"></div><aside class="nextra-sidebar-container nx-flex nx-flex-col md:nx-top-16 md:nx-shrink-0 motion-reduce:nx-transform-none nx-transform-gpu nx-transition-all nx-ease-in-out print:nx-hidden md:nx-w-64 md:nx-sticky md:nx-self-start max-md:[transform:translate3d(0,-100%,0)]"><div class="nx-px-4 nx-pt-4 md:nx-hidden"><div class="nextra-search nx-relative md:nx-w-64"><div class="nx-relative nx-flex nx-items-center nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-800 dark:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-300"><input spellcheck="false" class="nx-block nx-w-full nx-appearance-none nx-rounded-lg nx-px-3 nx-py-2 nx-transition-colors nx-text-base nx-leading-tight md:nx-text-sm nx-bg-black/[.05] dark:nx-bg-gray-50/10 focus:nx-bg-white dark:focus:nx-bg-dark placeholder:nx-text-gray-500 dark:placeholder:nx-text-gray-400 contrast-more:nx-border contrast-more:nx-border-current" type="search" placeholder="Search" value=""/></div></div></div><div class="nx-overflow-y-auto nx-overflow-x-hidden nx-p-4 nx-grow md:nx-h-[calc(100vh-var(--nextra-navbar-height)-var(--nextra-menu-height))] nextra-scrollbar"><div class="nx-transform-gpu nx-overflow-hidden nx-transition-all nx-ease-in-out motion-reduce:nx-transition-none"><div class="nx-transition-opacity nx-duration-500 nx-ease-in-out motion-reduce:nx-transition-none nx-opacity-100"><ul class="nx-flex nx-flex-col nx-gap-1 nextra-menu-desktop max-md:nx-hidden"><li class=""><button class="nx-items-center nx-justify-between nx-gap-2 nx-text-left nx-w-full nx-flex nx-rounded nx-px-2 nx-py-1.5 nx-text-sm nx-transition-colors [word-break:break-word] nx-cursor-pointer [-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent] [-webkit-touch-callout:none] contrast-more:nx-border nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-bg-gray-100 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-neutral-400 dark:hover:nx-bg-primary-100/5 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-border-transparent contrast-more:hover:nx-border-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:hover:nx-border-gray-50">Notices (README)<svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="nx-h-[18px] nx-min-w-[18px] nx-rounded-sm nx-p-0.5 hover:nx-bg-gray-800/5 dark:hover:nx-bg-gray-100/5"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M9 5l7 7-7 7" class="nx-origin-center nx-transition-transform rtl:-nx-rotate-180"></path></svg></button><div class="nx-transform-gpu nx-overflow-hidden nx-transition-all nx-ease-in-out motion-reduce:nx-transition-none" style="height:0"><div class="nx-transition-opacity nx-duration-500 nx-ease-in-out motion-reduce:nx-transition-none nx-opacity-0 ltr:nx-pr-0 rtl:nx-pl-0 nx-pt-1"><ul class="nx-flex nx-flex-col nx-gap-1 nx-relative before:nx-absolute before:nx-inset-y-1 before:nx-w-px before:nx-bg-gray-200 before:nx-content-[""] dark:before:nx-bg-neutral-800 ltr:nx-pl-3 ltr:before:nx-left-0 rtl:nx-pr-3 rtl:before:nx-right-0 ltr:nx-ml-3 rtl:nx-mr-3"><li class="nx-flex nx-flex-col nx-gap-1"><a class="nx-flex nx-rounded nx-px-2 nx-py-1.5 nx-text-sm nx-transition-colors [word-break:break-word] nx-cursor-pointer [-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent] [-webkit-touch-callout:none] contrast-more:nx-border nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-bg-gray-100 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-neutral-400 dark:hover:nx-bg-primary-100/5 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-border-transparent contrast-more:hover:nx-border-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:hover:nx-border-gray-50" href="/notices/pectra-changes">Preparing for Pectra breaking changes</a></li><li class="nx-flex nx-flex-col nx-gap-1"><a class="nx-flex nx-rounded nx-px-2 nx-py-1.5 nx-text-sm nx-transition-colors [word-break:break-word] nx-cursor-pointer [-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent] [-webkit-touch-callout:none] contrast-more:nx-border nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-bg-gray-100 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-neutral-400 dark:hover:nx-bg-primary-100/5 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-border-transparent contrast-more:hover:nx-border-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:hover:nx-border-gray-50" href="/notices/holocene-changes">Preparing for Holocene breaking changes</a></li><li class="nx-flex nx-flex-col nx-gap-1"><a class="nx-flex nx-rounded nx-px-2 nx-py-1.5 nx-text-sm nx-transition-colors [word-break:break-word] nx-cursor-pointer [-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent] [-webkit-touch-callout:none] contrast-more:nx-border nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-bg-gray-100 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-neutral-400 dark:hover:nx-bg-primary-100/5 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-border-transparent contrast-more:hover:nx-border-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:hover:nx-border-gray-50" href="/notices/sdk-deprecation">Preparing for Optimism SDK deprecation</a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="[word-break:break-word] nx-my-4"><hr class="nx-mx-2 nx-border-t nx-border-gray-200 dark:nx-border-primary-100/10"/></li><li class="[word-break:break-word] nx-mt-5 nx-mb-2 nx-px-2 nx-py-1.5 nx-text-sm nx-font-semibold nx-text-gray-900 first:nx-mt-0 dark:nx-text-gray-100">Get Started</li><li class="nx-flex nx-flex-col nx-gap-1 active"><a class="nx-flex nx-rounded nx-px-2 nx-py-1.5 nx-text-sm nx-transition-colors [word-break:break-word] nx-cursor-pointer [-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent] [-webkit-touch-callout:none] contrast-more:nx-border nx-bg-primary-100 nx-font-semibold nx-text-primary-800 dark:nx-bg-primary-400/10 dark:nx-text-primary-600 contrast-more:nx-border-primary-500 contrast-more:dark:nx-border-primary-500" href="/get-started/superchain">Superchain</a></li><li class="nx-flex nx-flex-col nx-gap-1"><a class="nx-flex nx-rounded nx-px-2 nx-py-1.5 nx-text-sm nx-transition-colors [word-break:break-word] nx-cursor-pointer [-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent] [-webkit-touch-callout:none] contrast-more:nx-border nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-bg-gray-100 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-neutral-400 dark:hover:nx-bg-primary-100/5 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-border-transparent contrast-more:hover:nx-border-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:hover:nx-border-gray-50" href="/get-started/op-stack">OP Stack</a></li><li class="nx-flex nx-flex-col nx-gap-1"><a class="nx-flex nx-rounded nx-px-2 nx-py-1.5 nx-text-sm nx-transition-colors [word-break:break-word] nx-cursor-pointer [-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent] [-webkit-touch-callout:none] contrast-more:nx-border nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-bg-gray-100 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-neutral-400 dark:hover:nx-bg-primary-100/5 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-border-transparent contrast-more:hover:nx-border-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:hover:nx-border-gray-50" href="/get-started/interop">Superchain interoperability</a></li><li class="nx-flex nx-flex-col nx-gap-1"><a href="https://community.optimism.io/docs/governance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-flex nx-rounded nx-px-2 nx-py-1.5 nx-text-sm nx-transition-colors [word-break:break-word] nx-cursor-pointer [-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent] [-webkit-touch-callout:none] contrast-more:nx-border nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-bg-gray-100 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-neutral-400 dark:hover:nx-bg-primary-100/5 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-border-transparent contrast-more:hover:nx-border-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:hover:nx-border-gray-50">Optimism Governance<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a></li><li class="[word-break:break-word] nx-my-4"><hr class="nx-mx-2 nx-border-t nx-border-gray-200 dark:nx-border-primary-100/10"/></li><li class="[word-break:break-word] nx-mt-5 nx-mb-2 nx-px-2 nx-py-1.5 nx-text-sm nx-font-semibold nx-text-gray-900 first:nx-mt-0 dark:nx-text-gray-100">Builder Guides</li><li class="nx-flex nx-flex-col nx-gap-1"><a class="nx-flex nx-rounded nx-px-2 nx-py-1.5 nx-text-sm nx-transition-colors [word-break:break-word] nx-cursor-pointer [-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent] [-webkit-touch-callout:none] contrast-more:nx-border nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-bg-gray-100 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-neutral-400 dark:hover:nx-bg-primary-100/5 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-border-transparent contrast-more:hover:nx-border-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:hover:nx-border-gray-50" href="/app-developers/get-started">App Developers</a></li><li class="nx-flex nx-flex-col nx-gap-1"><a class="nx-flex nx-rounded nx-px-2 nx-py-1.5 nx-text-sm nx-transition-colors [word-break:break-word] nx-cursor-pointer [-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent] [-webkit-touch-callout:none] contrast-more:nx-border nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-bg-gray-100 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-neutral-400 dark:hover:nx-bg-primary-100/5 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-border-transparent contrast-more:hover:nx-border-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:hover:nx-border-gray-50" href="/operators/chain-operators/architecture">Chain Operators</a></li><li class="nx-flex nx-flex-col nx-gap-1"><a class="nx-flex nx-rounded nx-px-2 nx-py-1.5 nx-text-sm nx-transition-colors [word-break:break-word] nx-cursor-pointer [-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent] [-webkit-touch-callout:none] contrast-more:nx-border nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-bg-gray-100 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-neutral-400 dark:hover:nx-bg-primary-100/5 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 contrast-more:nx-border-transparent contrast-more:hover:nx-border-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:hover:nx-border-gray-50" href="/operators/node-operators/architecture">Node Operators</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="nx-sticky nx-bottom-0 nx-bg-white dark:nx-bg-dark nx-mx-4 nx-py-4 nx-shadow-[0_-12px_16px_#fff] nx-flex nx-items-center nx-gap-2 dark:nx-border-neutral-800 dark:nx-shadow-[0_-12px_16px_#111] contrast-more:nx-border-neutral-400 contrast-more:nx-shadow-none contrast-more:dark:nx-shadow-none nx-border-t" data-toggle-animation="off"><div class="nx-grow nx-flex nx-flex-col"><button title="Change theme" class="nx-h-7 nx-rounded-md nx-px-2 nx-text-left nx-text-xs nx-font-medium nx-text-gray-600 nx-transition-colors dark:nx-text-gray-400 hover:nx-bg-gray-100 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:hover:nx-bg-primary-100/5 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-50" id="headlessui-listbox-button-:Rlsr6:" type="button" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-expanded="false" data-headlessui-state=""><div class="nx-flex nx-items-center nx-gap-2 nx-capitalize"><svg fill="none" viewBox="3 3 18 18" width="12" height="12" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" fill="currentColor" d="M12 3v1m0 16v1m9-9h-1M4 12H3m15.364 6.364l-.707-.707M6.343 6.343l-.707-.707m12.728 0l-.707.707M6.343 17.657l-.707.707M16 12a4 4 0 11-8 0 4 4 0 018 0z"></path></svg><span class="">Light</span></div></button></div></div></aside><nav class="nextra-toc nx-order-last nx-hidden nx-w-64 nx-shrink-0 xl:nx-block print:nx-hidden nx-px-4" aria-label="table of contents"><div class="nextra-scrollbar nx-sticky nx-top-16 nx-overflow-y-auto nx-pr-4 nx-pt-6 nx-text-sm [hyphens:auto] nx-max-h-[calc(100vh-var(--nextra-navbar-height)-env(safe-area-inset-bottom))] ltr:-nx-mr-4 rtl:-nx-ml-4"><p class="nx-mb-4 nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight">On This Page</p><ul><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#the-scalability-vision" class="nx-font-semibold nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">The scalability vision</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#blockchain-tech-today-is-insufficient-for-the-decentralized-web" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Blockchain tech today is insufficient for the decentralized web</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#the-value-of-scalable-decentralized-compute-is-immense" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">The value of scalable decentralized compute is immense…</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#and-the-decentralized-web-can-still-be-realized" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">…and the decentralized web can still be realized</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#foundational-superchain-concepts" class="nx-font-semibold nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Foundational Superchain concepts</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#horizontal-scalability-requires-multiple-chains" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Horizontal scalability requires multiple chains…</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#but-traditional-multi-chain-architectures-are-insufficient" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">…but traditional multi-chain architectures are insufficient</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#not-multi-chain-not-mono-chain-superchain" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Not multi-chain, not mono-chain… Superchain</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#superchain-overview" class="nx-font-semibold nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Superchain overview</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#the-superchain-at-a-glance" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">The Superchain at a glance</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#properties-of-the-superchain" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Properties of the Superchain</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#upgrading-optimism-to-become-a-superchain" class="nx-font-semibold nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Upgrading Optimism to become a Superchain</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#upgrade-the-bedrock-bridge-to-be-a-chain-factory" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Upgrade the Bedrock bridge to be a chain factory</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#derive-op-chain-data-using-the-chain-factory" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Derive OP Chain data using the chain factory</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#permissionless-proof-system-to-enable-withdrawals" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Permissionless proof system to enable withdrawals</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#configurable-sequencer-per-op-chain" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Configurable sequencer per OP Chain</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#one-shared-upgrade-path-for-all-op-chains" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">One shared upgrade path for all OP Chains</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#unfreezing-the-bridge-via-l1-soft-fork" class="ltr:nx-pl-8 rtl:nx-pr-8 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Unfreezing the bridge via L1 soft fork</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#the-combination-of-these-features-results-in-a-system-satisfying-the-core-superchain-properties" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">The combination of these features results in a system satisfying the core Superchain properties</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#extending-the-superchain-enhancements-to-realize-the-vision" class="nx-font-semibold nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Extending the Superchain-enhancements to realize the vision</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#multi-proof-security" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Multi-proof security</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#pain-point" class="ltr:nx-pl-8 rtl:nx-pr-8 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Pain point:</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#proposed-solution" class="ltr:nx-pl-8 rtl:nx-pr-8 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Proposed Solution:</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#low-latency-l2-to-l2-message-passing" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Low latency L2 to L2 message passing</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#pain-point-1" class="ltr:nx-pl-8 rtl:nx-pr-8 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Pain point:</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#proposed-solution-1" class="ltr:nx-pl-8 rtl:nx-pr-8 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Proposed solution:</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#synchronous-cross-chain-transactions" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Synchronous cross-chain transactions</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#pain-point-2" class="ltr:nx-pl-8 rtl:nx-pr-8 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Pain point:</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#proposed-solution-2" class="ltr:nx-pl-8 rtl:nx-pr-8 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Proposed solution:</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#alt-data-availability-layer--alt-da-protocol" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Alt-Data availability layer — Alt-DA Protocol</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#pain-point-3" class="ltr:nx-pl-8 rtl:nx-pr-8 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Pain point:</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#proposed-solution-3" class="ltr:nx-pl-8 rtl:nx-pr-8 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Proposed solution:</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#multi-chain-app-frameworks" class="ltr:nx-pl-4 rtl:nx-pr-4 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Multi-chain app frameworks</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#pain-points" class="ltr:nx-pl-8 rtl:nx-pr-8 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Pain points:</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#proposed-solution-sketch" class="ltr:nx-pl-8 rtl:nx-pr-8 nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Proposed solution (Sketch):</a></li><li class="nx-my-2 nx-scroll-my-6 nx-scroll-py-6"><a href="#get-involved" class="nx-font-semibold nx-inline-block nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-300 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-900 contrast-more:nx-underline contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50 nx-w-full nx-break-words">Get involved</a></li></ul><div class="nx-mt-8 nx-border-t nx-bg-white nx-pt-8 nx-shadow-[0_-12px_16px_white] dark:nx-bg-dark dark:nx-shadow-[0_-12px_16px_#111] nx-sticky nx-bottom-0 nx-flex nx-flex-col nx-items-start nx-gap-2 nx-pb-8 dark:nx-border-neutral-800 contrast-more:nx-border-t contrast-more:nx-border-neutral-400 contrast-more:nx-shadow-none contrast-more:dark:nx-border-neutral-400"><a href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/docs/issues/new?title=Feedback%20for%20%E2%80%9CSuperchain%20explainer%E2%80%9D&labels=user-feedback" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-xs nx-font-medium nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-100 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-800 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50">❤️ Share general feedback<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a><a class="nx-text-xs nx-font-medium nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-100 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-800 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50" href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/docs/blob/main/pages/get-started/superchain.mdx">✏️ Edit this page on GitHub</a><hr class="divider top-divider"/><div class="feelback-container feelback-yesno"><div class="feelback-q"><span class="feelback-text">Is this page useful?</span><div class="feelback-buttons"><button title="Like" class="feelback-btn "><span class="feelback-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 500 500" fill="currentColor" width="1em" height="1em"><g><path d="M172.7,309.1c0-7.4-3-14.6-8.3-19.9s-12.4-8.3-19.9-8.3H74.4c-10.1,0-19.3,5.4-24.4,14.1c-5.1,8.7-5,19.5,0,28.1 s14.3,14.1,24.4,14.1h70.2c7.4,0,14.6-3,19.9-8.3S172.7,316.5,172.7,309.1L172.7,309.1z"></path><path d="M102.5,449.5h70.2c10.1,0,19.3-5.4,24.4-14.1c5-8.6,5-19.5,0-28.1s-14.3-14.1-24.4-14.1h-70.2c-10.1,0-19.3,5.4-24.4,14.1 c-5,8.6-5,19.5,0,28.1C83.2,444.1,92.5,449.5,102.5,449.5z"></path><path d="M53.2,224.9h83.3c18.8,0,36.4-9.4,46.8-24.9l95.7-143.6h5c11.6,0,22.5,5.7,29.2,15.1s8.6,21.6,5,32.5l-25.4,76.5 c-1.3,3.7-0.6,7.9,1.8,11.2c2.3,3.2,6.2,5.2,10.1,5.2h65.6c14.7-0.3,28.8,6.3,37.9,17.7c5.3,6.6,8.6,14.3,9.8,22.6 c1.3,8.3,0.3,16.7-2.7,24.5l-47.6,118.7c-1.5,3.9-4.3,7.2-7.6,9.5c-3.5,2.3-7.5,3.6-11.6,3.6h-61.8l0,0c-7.1-0.3-14.2,2.2-19.7,7 c-5.4,4.6-8.9,11.2-9.9,18.4c-0.8,7.9,1.9,15.8,7.1,21.7c5.4,5.9,12.9,9.2,20.9,9.2h63.3c15.5,0,30.5-4.6,43.2-13.3 c12.8-8.6,22.7-20.9,28.5-35.2l47.6-118.8c12.8-32.1,8.8-68.5-11-97c-19.7-28.5-52.1-45.3-86.8-44.6h-4.6l5.7-17 c5.2-14.8,6.7-30.6,4.3-46.2c-3.6-21.6-14.8-41.3-31.5-55.5s-37.9-22.1-60-22h-20c-9.4,0-18.2,4.6-23.3,12.5l-104,156H54.5 c-7.1-0.1-14.1,2.3-19.6,7c-5.5,4.7-8.9,11.2-9.8,18.3c-0.8,7.9,1.9,15.8,7.1,21.7C37.8,221.4,45.2,224.9,53.2,224.9L53.2,224.9z"></path></g></svg></span></button><button title="Dislike" class="feelback-btn "><span class="feelback-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 500 500" fill="currentColor" width="1em" height="1em"><g><path d="M327.3,190.8c0,7.3,2.9,14.6,8.3,19.8c5.3,5.3,12.4,8.3,19.8,8.3h70.2c10.1,0,19.4-5.4,24.4-14c5-8.6,5-19.5,0-28.1 c-5-8.6-14.3-14-24.4-14h-70.2c-7.3,0-14.6,2.9-19.8,8.3C330.3,176.3,327.3,183.4,327.3,190.8L327.3,190.8z"></path><path d="M397.5,50.4h-70.2c-10.1,0-19.4,5.4-24.4,14c-5,8.6-5,19.5,0,28.1c5,8.6,14.3,14,24.4,14h70.2c10.1,0,19.4-5.4,24.4-14 s5-19.5,0-28.1S407.6,50.4,397.5,50.4z"></path><path d="M446.8,275.1h-83.3c-18.8,0-36.3,9.5-46.8,25l-95.7,143.6h-5c-11.6,0-22.5-5.7-29.3-15.1c-6.8-9.4-8.6-21.6-5-32.5 l25.4-76.5c1.3-3.8,0.6-7.9-1.8-11.2c-2.3-3.2-6.2-5.1-10.1-5.1h-65.5c-14.7,0.3-28.7-6.3-38.1-17.7c-5.3-6.6-8.6-14.3-9.8-22.6 c-1.3-8.3-0.3-16.6,2.7-24.5l47.6-118.8c1.6-3.9,4.2-7.2,7.6-9.5c3.5-2.3,7.5-3.6,11.6-3.6h61.8l0,0c7.1,0.3,14.2-2.3,19.7-7 c5.4-4.7,8.9-11.3,9.9-18.4c0.7-7.9-1.9-15.8-7.1-21.7c-5.4-6-12.9-9.2-20.9-9.2h-63.3c-15.5,0-30.5,4.7-43.2,13.3 C95.7,72.4,85.8,84.7,80,99L32.4,217.8c-12.8,32.1-8.8,68.5,10.9,97.1c19.7,28.6,52.1,45.2,86.8,44.7h4.7l-5.7,17.1 c-5.1,14.9-6.7,30.6-4.2,46.2c3.6,21.6,14.9,41.3,31.5,55.4s37.9,21.8,59.8,21.7h20c9.5,0,18.2-4.7,23.3-12.5l104.1-156h82.1 c7.1,0.1,14-2.3,19.6-7c5.5-4.7,8.9-11.2,9.8-18.4c0.7-7.9-1.9-15.8-7.1-21.7C462.4,278.5,454.8,275.1,446.8,275.1L446.8,275.1z"></path></g></svg></span></button></div></div></div><hr class="divider"/><button aria-hidden="true" class="nx-flex nx-items-center nx-gap-1.5 nx-transition nx-opacity-0 nx-text-xs nx-font-medium nx-text-gray-500 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:nx-text-gray-400 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-100 contrast-more:nx-text-gray-800 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-gray-50">Scroll to top<svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="-nx-rotate-90 nx-w-3.5 nx-h-3.5 nx-border nx-rounded-full nx-border-current"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M9 5l7 7-7 7"></path></svg></button></div></div></nav><div id="reach-skip-nav"></div><article class="nx-w-full nx-break-words nextra-content nx-flex nx-min-h-[calc(100vh-var(--nextra-navbar-height))] nx-min-w-0 nx-justify-center nx-pb-8 nx-pr-[calc(env(safe-area-inset-right)-1.5rem)]"><main class="nx-w-full nx-min-w-0 nx-max-w-6xl nx-px-6 nx-pt-4 md:nx-px-12"><div class="nextra-breadcrumb nx-mt-1.5 nx-flex nx-items-center nx-gap-1 nx-overflow-hidden nx-text-sm nx-text-gray-500 dark:nx-text-gray-400 contrast-more:nx-text-current"><div class="nx-whitespace-nowrap nx-transition-colors nx-min-w-[24px] nx-overflow-hidden nx-text-ellipsis" title="Get started">Get started</div><svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="nx-w-3.5 nx-shrink-0"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M9 5l7 7-7 7"></path></svg><div class="nx-whitespace-nowrap nx-transition-colors nx-font-medium nx-text-gray-700 contrast-more:nx-font-bold contrast-more:nx-text-current dark:nx-text-gray-100 contrast-more:dark:nx-text-current" title="Superchain">Superchain</div></div><h1 class="nx-mt-2 nx-text-4xl nx-font-bold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100">Superchain explainer</h1> <div class="nextra-callout nx-overflow-x-auto nx-mt-6 nx-flex nx-rounded-lg nx-border nx-py-2 ltr:nx-pr-4 rtl:nx-pl-4 contrast-more:nx-border-current contrast-more:dark:nx-border-current nx-border-blue-200 nx-bg-blue-100 nx-text-blue-900 dark:nx-border-blue-200/30 dark:nx-bg-blue-900/30 dark:nx-text-blue-200"><div class="nx-select-none nx-text-xl ltr:nx-pl-3 ltr:nx-pr-2 rtl:nx-pr-3 rtl:nx-pl-2" style="font-family:"Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol""><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" class="nx-mt-1"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18 10a8 8 0 11-16 0 8 8 0 0116 0zm-7-4a1 1 0 11-2 0 1 1 0 012 0zM9 9a1 1 0 000 2v3a1 1 0 001 1h1a1 1 0 100-2v-3a1 1 0 00-1-1H9z"></path></svg></div><div class="nx-w-full nx-min-w-0 nx-leading-7"><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Stay up to date on the Superchain and the OP Stack by subscribing to the <a href="https://blog.oplabs.co/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Optimism Developer Blog<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a></p></div></div> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">The next major scalability improvement to the OP Stack after Bedrock is to introduce the concept of <em>a Superchain</em>: a network of chains that share bridging, decentralized governance, upgrades, a communication layer and more—all built on the OP Stack.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">The launch of the Superchain would merge OP Mainnet and other chains into a single unified network of OP Chains (i.e., chains within the Superchain), and mark a major step towards bringing scalable and decentralized compute to the world. The goal of this document is to describe the scalability vision, the Superchain concept, and some changes to the OP Stack required to make this vision a reality.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">This is the detailed explanation. <a href="https://www.superchain.eco/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Click here for a less technical introduction<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a>.</p> <div class="nextra-callout nx-overflow-x-auto nx-mt-6 nx-flex nx-rounded-lg nx-border nx-py-2 ltr:nx-pr-4 rtl:nx-pl-4 contrast-more:nx-border-current contrast-more:dark:nx-border-current nx-border-blue-200 nx-bg-blue-100 nx-text-blue-900 dark:nx-border-blue-200/30 dark:nx-bg-blue-900/30 dark:nx-text-blue-200"><div class="nx-select-none nx-text-xl ltr:nx-pl-3 ltr:nx-pr-2 rtl:nx-pr-3 rtl:nx-pl-2" style="font-family:"Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol""><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" class="nx-mt-1"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18 10a8 8 0 11-16 0 8 8 0 0116 0zm-7-4a1 1 0 11-2 0 1 1 0 012 0zM9 9a1 1 0 000 2v3a1 1 0 001 1h1a1 1 0 100-2v-3a1 1 0 00-1-1H9z"></path></svg></div><div class="nx-w-full nx-min-w-0 nx-leading-7"><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Today, the Superchain is a concept and in-flight project, not a concrete reality. This documentation represents our best current guess as to what the Superchain's components, features, and roadmap will be. Ultimately, its actualization will depend on (and change alongside) contributions from across the entire Optimism Collective. We cannot wait to see where it goes.</p></div></div> <h2 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-10 nx-border-b nx-pb-1 nx-text-3xl nx-border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:nx-border-neutral-400 dark:nx-border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:nx-border-neutral-400">The scalability vision<a href="#the-scalability-vision" id="the-scalability-vision" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">Blockchain tech today is insufficient for the decentralized web<a href="#blockchain-tech-today-is-insufficient-for-the-decentralized-web" id="blockchain-tech-today-is-insufficient-for-the-decentralized-web" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">The unfortunate truth is that the blockchain ecosystem has not realized the potential of creating the decentralized web, a re-architected internet where trusted entities are replaced by permissionless protocols. This is largely due to the fact that a majority of web applications are unable to be run onchain due to scalability constraints inherent to the current state of blockchain technology—a problem which has plagued the industry since its inception.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">In fact, in a display of remarkable foresight, the very first response to the Bitcoin whitepaper was:</p> <blockquote class="nx-mt-6 nx-border-gray-300 nx-italic nx-text-gray-700 dark:nx-border-gray-700 dark:nx-text-gray-400 first:nx-mt-0 ltr:nx-border-l-2 ltr:nx-pl-6 rtl:nx-border-r-2 rtl:nx-pr-6"> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0"><strong>We very, very much need such a system, but the way I understand your proposal, it does not seem to scale to the required size.</strong></p> </blockquote> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">More than a decade later, this has not changed.</p> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">The value of scalable decentralized compute is immense…<a href="#the-value-of-scalable-decentralized-compute-is-immense" id="the-value-of-scalable-decentralized-compute-is-immense" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Imagine a world where we solved the blockchain scalability problem. Imagine if transacting onchain would be as cheap as interacting with centralized backends. In this world, what would be possible?</p> <ul class="nx-mt-6 nx-list-disc first:nx-mt-0 ltr:nx-ml-6 rtl:nx-mr-6"> <li class="nx-my-2">Developers wouldn't need to worry about the backend infrastructure their app exists on because the chain guarantees correct execution, uptime, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalability#Horizontal_(scale_out)_and_vertical_scaling_(scale_up)" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">horizontal scalability<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a> of their app.</li> <li class="nx-my-2">Due to the shared smart contract execution environment, composability would be supercharged far beyond the capabilities of traditional REST APIs.</li> <li class="nx-my-2">With standardized gas markets, developers are not required to front all infrastructure costs for their users. Paying for a viral application would no longer be a barrier to entry for app developers, and more monetization strategies would be unlocked.</li> </ul> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">The combination of these features would make it possible to program highly scalable web applications without having to touch the traditional backend software stack. Removing the need to worry about backends is a value proposition which extends beyond decentralization enthusiasts into regular application developers who just want to ship a product. With scalability, blockchains can go from a niche interest to becoming a core component of every developer's toolkit.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Additionally, in this world where most applications go onchain more data becomes cryptographically verifiable. This cryptographic verifiability enables users to build reputations which transfer across all of their applications. The reputation can then be used for voting, loans, and collateral—facilitating trust on the internet. Plus, there is no risk of losing access because users retain ownership of their data, applications, and reputation.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">There is no doubt that the promise of blockchains could change the internet as we know it.</p> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">…and the decentralized web can still be realized<a href="#and-the-decentralized-web-can-still-be-realized" id="and-the-decentralized-web-can-still-be-realized" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">This hypothetical isn't a dream, it's a tangible vision for the future which has motivated many—including Optimism—to dedicate their lives to its pursuit. Due to these collective contributions, every year we learn more about the blockchain technology stack and get closer to realizing the vision.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">With the support of the industry, we think a clear picture for how to architect a truly scalable blockchain is beginning to come into view. We call it the "Superchain". This document lays out the core technical principles underlying the Superchain architecture, as well as a set of tangible projects which, when complete, we believe will finally realize the blockchain scalability vision. It will be a multi-year (if not decade) journey. However, if we know roughly where we're going, we'll get there a little faster.</p> <h2 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-10 nx-border-b nx-pb-1 nx-text-3xl nx-border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:nx-border-neutral-400 dark:nx-border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:nx-border-neutral-400">Foundational Superchain concepts<a href="#foundational-superchain-concepts" id="foundational-superchain-concepts" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">Horizontal scalability requires multiple chains…<a href="#horizontal-scalability-requires-multiple-chains" id="horizontal-scalability-requires-multiple-chains" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Horizontal blockchain scalability fundamentally requires multiple chains. This is because the hardware requirements to sync a chain increase linearly with the amount of compute the chain performs. Therefore, to achieve horizontal scalability, we must run chains in parallel.</p> <div class="nextra-callout nx-overflow-x-auto nx-mt-6 nx-flex nx-rounded-lg nx-border nx-py-2 ltr:nx-pr-4 rtl:nx-pl-4 contrast-more:nx-border-current contrast-more:dark:nx-border-current nx-border-blue-200 nx-bg-blue-100 nx-text-blue-900 dark:nx-border-blue-200/30 dark:nx-bg-blue-900/30 dark:nx-text-blue-200"><div class="nx-select-none nx-text-xl ltr:nx-pl-3 ltr:nx-pr-2 rtl:nx-pr-3 rtl:nx-pl-2" style="font-family:"Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol""><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" class="nx-mt-1"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18 10a8 8 0 11-16 0 8 8 0 0116 0zm-7-4a1 1 0 11-2 0 1 1 0 012 0zM9 9a1 1 0 000 2v3a1 1 0 001 1h1a1 1 0 100-2v-3a1 1 0 00-1-1H9z"></path></svg></div><div class="nx-w-full nx-min-w-0 nx-leading-7"><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Chain</p><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">A state <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_system" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">transition system<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a>—consisting of an initial state, a state transition function, and a list of inputs (transactions)—which is cryptographically committed to and can be independently replicated with commodity computer hardware and internet connection.</p></div></div> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">…but traditional multi-chain architectures are insufficient<a href="#but-traditional-multi-chain-architectures-are-insufficient" id="but-traditional-multi-chain-architectures-are-insufficient" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Traditional approaches to 'multi-chain' architectures suffer from two fundamental problems:</p> <ol class="nx-mt-6 nx-list-decimal first:nx-mt-0 ltr:nx-ml-6 rtl:nx-mr-6"> <li class="nx-my-2">Each chain introduces a new security model, resulting in compounding systemic risk as new chains are introduced into the ecosystem. (related <a href="https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1479501366192132099?s=20" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">link<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a>)</li> <li class="nx-my-2">New chains are costly to spin up because they require new validator sets & block producers.</li> </ol> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">These issues come from a lack of a single shared blockchain (an "L1"chain) which serves as a shared source of truth for all the chains ("L2"chains) within the multi-chain system. By using the shared source of truth it is possible to: a) enforce standard security models across all chains; and b) remove the requirement that chain deployments require a new set of validators because each L2 chain uses L1 consensus.</p> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">Not multi-chain, not mono-chain… Superchain<a href="#not-multi-chain-not-mono-chain-superchain" id="not-multi-chain-not-mono-chain-superchain" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">By using L2 chains to comprise the multi-chain ecosystem, it becomes possible to begin to treat chains as commodities—interchangeable compute resources. This commodification of chains enables developers to build cross-chain applications without introducing systemic risk and without incurring large overhead as new chains are deployed for their application. The concept of a chain itself can become abstracted, and at this point it will become possible to treat this network of interoperable chains as a single unit: the Superchain.</p> <div class="nextra-callout nx-overflow-x-auto nx-mt-6 nx-flex nx-rounded-lg nx-border nx-py-2 ltr:nx-pr-4 rtl:nx-pl-4 contrast-more:nx-border-current contrast-more:dark:nx-border-current nx-border-blue-200 nx-bg-blue-100 nx-text-blue-900 dark:nx-border-blue-200/30 dark:nx-bg-blue-900/30 dark:nx-text-blue-200"><div class="nx-select-none nx-text-xl ltr:nx-pl-3 ltr:nx-pr-2 rtl:nx-pr-3 rtl:nx-pl-2" style="font-family:"Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol""><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" class="nx-mt-1"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18 10a8 8 0 11-16 0 8 8 0 0116 0zm-7-4a1 1 0 11-2 0 1 1 0 012 0zM9 9a1 1 0 000 2v3a1 1 0 001 1h1a1 1 0 100-2v-3a1 1 0 00-1-1H9z"></path></svg></div><div class="nx-w-full nx-min-w-0 nx-leading-7"><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Superchain</p><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">A decentralized blockchain platform which consists of many chains that share security and a technology stack (OP Stack). The interoperability and standardization enables individual chains to be treated identically by tools and wallets.</p></div></div> <h2 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-10 nx-border-b nx-pb-1 nx-text-3xl nx-border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:nx-border-neutral-400 dark:nx-border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:nx-border-neutral-400">Superchain overview<a href="#superchain-overview" id="superchain-overview" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">The Superchain at a glance<a href="#the-superchain-at-a-glance" id="the-superchain-at-a-glance" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">The Superchain is a network of L2 chains, known as OP Chains, which share security, a communication layer, and an open-source technology stack. However, unlike multi-chain designs, these chains are standardized and intended to be used as interchangeable resources. This enables developers to build applications which target the Superchain as a whole, and abstract away the underlying chains the apps are running on.</p> <div class="nextra-callout nx-overflow-x-auto nx-mt-6 nx-flex nx-rounded-lg nx-border nx-py-2 ltr:nx-pr-4 rtl:nx-pl-4 contrast-more:nx-border-current contrast-more:dark:nx-border-current nx-border-blue-200 nx-bg-blue-100 nx-text-blue-900 dark:nx-border-blue-200/30 dark:nx-bg-blue-900/30 dark:nx-text-blue-200"><div class="nx-select-none nx-text-xl ltr:nx-pl-3 ltr:nx-pr-2 rtl:nx-pr-3 rtl:nx-pl-2" style="font-family:"Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol""><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" class="nx-mt-1"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18 10a8 8 0 11-16 0 8 8 0 0116 0zm-7-4a1 1 0 11-2 0 1 1 0 012 0zM9 9a1 1 0 000 2v3a1 1 0 001 1h1a1 1 0 100-2v-3a1 1 0 00-1-1H9z"></path></svg></div><div class="nx-w-full nx-min-w-0 nx-leading-7"><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">OP Chain</p><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">An individual chain within the Optimism Superchain. All chains, regardless of their specific properties are considered OP Chains if they are officially governed by the Optimism Collective, and therefore part of the Superchain.</p></div></div> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0"><img alt="Superchain Explainer Diagram." loading="lazy" width="1432" height="1116" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 320 240'%3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAgAAAAGCAIAAABxZ0isAAAAbklEQVR42g2MSwrCUBAEq1+GBAU9g+D9TyTkBG4UieYzr51aFTRdes65rJuk4ziAiLB9nkb1ff3ND6BnIrUhcJ9u91Dn9FnAIFqDjZ6kw6VlgI0bEpkjBOD1KzWgHlLFd7Cc6fcri56goaj5cv0De1w7hIjaY14AAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" srcSet="/_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Fsuperchain-diag.7fc0979f.png&w=1920&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Fsuperchain-diag.7fc0979f.png&w=3840&q=75 2x" src="/_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Fsuperchain-diag.7fc0979f.png&w=3840&q=75"/></p> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">Properties of the Superchain<a href="#properties-of-the-superchain" id="properties-of-the-superchain" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">In order for Optimism to upgrade to a Superchain, it must have the following properties:</p> <table class="nx-block nx-overflow-x-scroll nextra-scrollbar nx-mt-6 nx-p-0 first:nx-mt-0"><thead><tr class="nx-m-0 nx-border-t nx-border-gray-300 nx-p-0 dark:nx-border-gray-600 even:nx-bg-gray-100 even:dark:nx-bg-gray-600/20"><th class="nx-m-0 nx-border nx-border-gray-300 nx-px-4 nx-py-2 nx-font-semibold dark:nx-border-gray-600">Property</th><th class="nx-m-0 nx-border nx-border-gray-300 nx-px-4 nx-py-2 nx-font-semibold dark:nx-border-gray-600">Purpose</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="nx-m-0 nx-border-t nx-border-gray-300 nx-p-0 dark:nx-border-gray-600 even:nx-bg-gray-100 even:dark:nx-bg-gray-600/20"><td class="nx-m-0 nx-border nx-border-gray-300 nx-px-4 nx-py-2 dark:nx-border-gray-600">Shared L1 blockchain</td><td class="nx-m-0 nx-border nx-border-gray-300 nx-px-4 nx-py-2 dark:nx-border-gray-600">Provides a total ordering of transactions across all OP Chains.</td></tr><tr class="nx-m-0 nx-border-t nx-border-gray-300 nx-p-0 dark:nx-border-gray-600 even:nx-bg-gray-100 even:dark:nx-bg-gray-600/20"><td class="nx-m-0 nx-border nx-border-gray-300 nx-px-4 nx-py-2 dark:nx-border-gray-600">Shared bridge for all OP Chains</td><td class="nx-m-0 nx-border nx-border-gray-300 nx-px-4 nx-py-2 dark:nx-border-gray-600">Enables OP Chains to have standardized security properties.</td></tr><tr class="nx-m-0 nx-border-t nx-border-gray-300 nx-p-0 dark:nx-border-gray-600 even:nx-bg-gray-100 even:dark:nx-bg-gray-600/20"><td class="nx-m-0 nx-border nx-border-gray-300 nx-px-4 nx-py-2 dark:nx-border-gray-600">Cheap OP Chain deployment</td><td class="nx-m-0 nx-border nx-border-gray-300 nx-px-4 nx-py-2 dark:nx-border-gray-600">Enables deploying and transacting on OP Chains without the high fees of transacting on L1.</td></tr><tr class="nx-m-0 nx-border-t nx-border-gray-300 nx-p-0 dark:nx-border-gray-600 even:nx-bg-gray-100 even:dark:nx-bg-gray-600/20"><td class="nx-m-0 nx-border nx-border-gray-300 nx-px-4 nx-py-2 dark:nx-border-gray-600">Configuration options for OP Chains</td><td class="nx-m-0 nx-border nx-border-gray-300 nx-px-4 nx-py-2 dark:nx-border-gray-600">Enables OP Chains to configure their data availability provider, sequencer address, etc.</td></tr><tr class="nx-m-0 nx-border-t nx-border-gray-300 nx-p-0 dark:nx-border-gray-600 even:nx-bg-gray-100 even:dark:nx-bg-gray-600/20"><td class="nx-m-0 nx-border nx-border-gray-300 nx-px-4 nx-py-2 dark:nx-border-gray-600">Secure transactions and cross-chain messages</td><td class="nx-m-0 nx-border nx-border-gray-300 nx-px-4 nx-py-2 dark:nx-border-gray-600">Enables users to safely migrate state between OP Chains.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Once Optimism has satisfied these properties, it may be considered a Superchain.</p> <h2 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-10 nx-border-b nx-pb-1 nx-text-3xl nx-border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:nx-border-neutral-400 dark:nx-border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:nx-border-neutral-400">Upgrading Optimism to become a Superchain<a href="#upgrading-optimism-to-become-a-superchain" id="upgrading-optimism-to-become-a-superchain" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">We believe the following changes (after the Bedrock release) are required to create an initial Superchain that makes it possible to deploy and upgrade many chains with the same bridge:</p> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">Upgrade the Bedrock bridge to be a chain factory<a href="#upgrade-the-bedrock-bridge-to-be-a-chain-factory" id="upgrade-the-bedrock-bridge-to-be-a-chain-factory" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Bedrock introduced the <a href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/74a63c94d881442b4edd4df6492513e0113eb064/packages/contracts-bedrock/contracts/L1/SystemConfig.sol" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">SystemConfig contract<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a> which began to define some of the L2 chain directly with L1 smart contracts. This can be extended to put <em>all information</em> defining the L2 onchain on L1. Including generating a unique chain ID, key configuration values such as block gas limit, etc.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Once the chain data is entirely onchain, we can create a factory which deploys the configuration and all other required contracts for each chain. This can be extended further by making the contract addresses deterministic with CREATE2, meaning that given a chain config it is possible to determine all bridge addresses associated with that chain. This also enables chains to be interacted with without having to deploy their bridge contracts, making (counterfactual) chain deployment virtually free, and allowing chains to inherit standard security properties.</p> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">Derive OP Chain data using the chain factory<a href="#derive-op-chain-data-using-the-chain-factory" id="derive-op-chain-data-using-the-chain-factory" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Bedrock introduced L2 chain derivation from an L1 chain, where all chain data can be synced based on L1 blocks. With the L1 chain factory extending this to put all configuration onchain, it should become possible for Optimism nodes to sync <em>any</em> OP Chain deterministically given a single L1 address plus a connection to L1.</p> <div class="nextra-callout nx-overflow-x-auto nx-mt-6 nx-flex nx-rounded-lg nx-border nx-py-2 ltr:nx-pr-4 rtl:nx-pl-4 contrast-more:nx-border-current contrast-more:dark:nx-border-current nx-border-blue-200 nx-bg-blue-100 nx-text-blue-900 dark:nx-border-blue-200/30 dark:nx-bg-blue-900/30 dark:nx-text-blue-200"><div class="nx-select-none nx-text-xl ltr:nx-pl-3 ltr:nx-pr-2 rtl:nx-pr-3 rtl:nx-pl-2" style="font-family:"Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol""><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" class="nx-mt-1"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18 10a8 8 0 11-16 0 8 8 0 0116 0zm-7-4a1 1 0 11-2 0 1 1 0 012 0zM9 9a1 1 0 000 2v3a1 1 0 001 1h1a1 1 0 100-2v-3a1 1 0 00-1-1H9z"></path></svg></div><div class="nx-w-full nx-min-w-0 nx-leading-7"><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">When the OP Chain is synced, the chain state is locally computed. This means determining the state of the OP Chain is fully permissionless & secure. No proof system is required for chain derivation because all invalid transactions are simply ignored by the local computation process performed by the node. A proof system is, however, still required to enable Superchain withdrawals.</p></div></div> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">Permissionless proof system to enable withdrawals<a href="#permissionless-proof-system-to-enable-withdrawals" id="permissionless-proof-system-to-enable-withdrawals" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">In Bedrock, there is a permissioned role (the "proposer" role) that is required for users to submit withdrawals. Additionally, proposers must submit proposals to L1 at a set interval. This introduces linear overhead as the number of chains in the Superchain increases, and even introduces an upper bound on the number of chains due to the limited L1 resources.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">In order to address these issues, we can introduce two features:</p> <ol class="nx-mt-6 nx-list-decimal first:nx-mt-0 ltr:nx-ml-6 rtl:nx-mr-6"> <li class="nx-my-2">Withdrawal claims (a.k.a. Permissionless proposals) — allow anyone to submit a withdrawal (a.k.a. a proposal), not just a designated proposer. This removes the permissioned role from the system, enabling users to submit their own withdrawal messages.</li> <li class="nx-my-2">On-demand proposals without submission intervals — enable withdrawal claims to be made <em>only</em> when a user needs to withdraw. This removes the overhead incurred when deploying a new OP Chain.</li> </ol> <div class="nextra-callout nx-overflow-x-auto nx-mt-6 nx-flex nx-rounded-lg nx-border nx-py-2 ltr:nx-pr-4 rtl:nx-pl-4 contrast-more:nx-border-current contrast-more:dark:nx-border-current nx-border-blue-200 nx-bg-blue-100 nx-text-blue-900 dark:nx-border-blue-200/30 dark:nx-bg-blue-900/30 dark:nx-text-blue-200"><div class="nx-select-none nx-text-xl ltr:nx-pl-3 ltr:nx-pr-2 rtl:nx-pr-3 rtl:nx-pl-2" style="font-family:"Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol""><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" class="nx-mt-1"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18 10a8 8 0 11-16 0 8 8 0 0116 0zm-7-4a1 1 0 11-2 0 1 1 0 012 0zM9 9a1 1 0 000 2v3a1 1 0 001 1h1a1 1 0 100-2v-3a1 1 0 00-1-1H9z"></path></svg></div><div class="nx-w-full nx-min-w-0 nx-leading-7"><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Withdrawal claims</p><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">A claim about the state of one chain made on another chain. For instance, I can claim that in OP Mainnet I have burned my tokens with the intent to withdraw those tokens back to L1.</p></div></div> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">We can enable these two features first by introducing a permissionless proof system to the Optimism bridge contracts. With the modular proof design introduced in Bedrock, proofs may come in the form of fault proofs or validity proofs (e.g. zero knowledge proofs). However, until validity proofs are productionized, we assume withdrawals will use a Fault Proof System.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">In the envisioned Fault Proof System, anyone can submit a withdrawal claim, and these withdrawal claims can be submitted at any time. Submitting withdrawal claims can be permissionless when claims come with bonds attached to them, as these bonds act as collateral if the claim is proven to be invalid. If a challenger successfully challenges the claim, the bond is paid out to the challenger for their participation in securing the system, thereby preventing spam even within this permissionless system. Additionally, there is no need to submit them at a regular interval because the fault proof game can efficiently prove the entire history of the chain since genesis.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">The fault proof implementation may initially rely on a trusted set of chain attestors to be the final arbiter of disputes. Challengers must request attestations from a large number of chain attestors and combine these attestations into a single transaction called an attestation proof. The attestation proof is then used to challenge invalid claims.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">The attestation-based fault proof should be designed to prefer safety over liveness. That means that if these chain attestors are malicious they cannot alone break the safety of withdrawals. The worst failure they can cause is preventing withdrawals from being processed until the next upgrade—a liveness failure.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">In the future, the attestation proof will be incrementally phased out and replaced with trust-minimized proofs such as the <a href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/tree/develop/cannon" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Cannon proof system<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a>.</p> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">Configurable sequencer per OP Chain<a href="#configurable-sequencer-per-op-chain" id="configurable-sequencer-per-op-chain" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Bedrock introduced the ability to set the sequencer address in the SystemConfig contract. As we introduce multiple chains with their own SystemConfig contracts, we can enable the sequencer address to be configured by the OP Chain deployer. We call this configurable sequencer design modular sequencing. This enables OP Chains to be sequenced by different entities while retaining the standard [Superchain bridge] security model—a critical step towards sequencer decentralization.</p> <div class="nextra-callout nx-overflow-x-auto nx-mt-6 nx-flex nx-rounded-lg nx-border nx-py-2 ltr:nx-pr-4 rtl:nx-pl-4 contrast-more:nx-border-current contrast-more:dark:nx-border-current nx-border-blue-200 nx-bg-blue-100 nx-text-blue-900 dark:nx-border-blue-200/30 dark:nx-bg-blue-900/30 dark:nx-text-blue-200"><div class="nx-select-none nx-text-xl ltr:nx-pl-3 ltr:nx-pr-2 rtl:nx-pr-3 rtl:nx-pl-2" style="font-family:"Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol""><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" class="nx-mt-1"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18 10a8 8 0 11-16 0 8 8 0 0116 0zm-7-4a1 1 0 11-2 0 1 1 0 012 0zM9 9a1 1 0 000 2v3a1 1 0 001 1h1a1 1 0 100-2v-3a1 1 0 00-1-1H9z"></path></svg></div><div class="nx-w-full nx-min-w-0 nx-leading-7"><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Modular sequencing</p><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">The ability to configure the sequencer address during OP Chain deployment. This value can be configured by the OP Chain deployer.</p></div></div> <div class="nextra-callout nx-overflow-x-auto nx-mt-6 nx-flex nx-rounded-lg nx-border nx-py-2 ltr:nx-pr-4 rtl:nx-pl-4 contrast-more:nx-border-current contrast-more:dark:nx-border-current nx-border-blue-200 nx-bg-blue-100 nx-text-blue-900 dark:nx-border-blue-200/30 dark:nx-bg-blue-900/30 dark:nx-text-blue-200"><div class="nx-select-none nx-text-xl ltr:nx-pl-3 ltr:nx-pr-2 rtl:nx-pr-3 rtl:nx-pl-2" style="font-family:"Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol""><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" class="nx-mt-1"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18 10a8 8 0 11-16 0 8 8 0 0116 0zm-7-4a1 1 0 11-2 0 1 1 0 012 0zM9 9a1 1 0 000 2v3a1 1 0 001 1h1a1 1 0 100-2v-3a1 1 0 00-1-1H9z"></path></svg></div><div class="nx-w-full nx-min-w-0 nx-leading-7"><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Superchain bridge</p><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">The L1 bridge contracts which govern all OP Chains in the Superchain. This bridge can be upgraded by the Optimism Collective.</p></div></div> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Within the Superchain bridge security model, chain safety (i.e. validity) as well as chain liveness (i.e. censorship resistance) is guaranteed. Safety is guaranteed by the proof system, and liveness is guaranteed by the ability to submit transactions directly to L1. The combination of safety and liveness means that if an OP Chain sequencer were to misbehave, users can always submit transactions to L1 that migrates their usage to a new OP Chain with a correctly functioning sequencer.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Modular sequencing also enables permissionless experimentation with different sequencing models. Developers can envision implementing sequencing protocols such as: round robin sequencing, sequencer consensus protocols, PGA ordering, or FIFO ordering. We can expect that over time user friendly sequencing standards will emerge from the competition between competing sequencing protocols.</p> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">One shared upgrade path for all OP Chains<a href="#one-shared-upgrade-path-for-all-op-chains" id="one-shared-upgrade-path-for-all-op-chains" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">To ship the initial Superchain with high confidence in security and decentralization, a decentralized security council should be introduced to govern upgrades. The security council should be able to update the set of chain attestors, initiate contract upgrades with a delay, and hit an emergency bridge pause button which also cancels pending upgrades.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">The ability to pause the bridge in case of emergency means that in the worst case, where the requisite threshold of the security council participants had their private keys leaked, the result would be that withdrawals are indefinitely paused and bridge upgrades would be perpetually canceled. In other words, the L1 bridge would be frozen. This follows the design principle of safety over liveness—the principle that one should always prevent the loss of ETH or tokens (i.e. enforce safety) even if it means the ETH or tokens get locked (i.e. sacrifice liveness).</p> <h4 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-xl">Unfreezing the bridge via L1 soft fork<a href="#unfreezing-the-bridge-via-l1-soft-fork" id="unfreezing-the-bridge-via-l1-soft-fork" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h4> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">In order to address the frozen bridge, there is a potential final recovery mechanism which has been discussed by the L2 community, which we call the "L1 Soft Fork Upgrade Recovery" mechanism. This mechanism enables L1 to initiate a bridge upgrade with a soft fork, bypassing all other permissions within the Superchain bridge contracts.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">The mechanism is as follows:</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0"><em>Anyone</em> may propose an upgrade by submitting a transaction to a special bridge contract, along with a very large bond. This begins a two week challenge period. During this challenge period, anyone may submit a challenge which immediately cancels the upgrade and claims the bond. Under normal circumstances, it is impossible that an upgrade would go uncancelled for the required two weeks, due to the large incentive provided for anyone to cancel the upgrade. However, if the upgrade is accompanied by a modification to Ethereum L1 validator software (the L1 soft fork), which ignores blocks that contain the cancellation transaction, then it may succeed.</p> <div class="nextra-callout nx-overflow-x-auto nx-mt-6 nx-flex nx-rounded-lg nx-border nx-py-2 ltr:nx-pr-4 rtl:nx-pl-4 contrast-more:nx-border-current contrast-more:dark:nx-border-current nx-border-yellow-100 nx-bg-yellow-50 nx-text-yellow-900 dark:nx-border-yellow-200/30 dark:nx-bg-yellow-700/30 dark:nx-text-yellow-200"><div class="nx-select-none nx-text-xl ltr:nx-pl-3 ltr:nx-pr-2 rtl:nx-pr-3 rtl:nx-pl-2" style="font-family:"Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"">⚠️</div><div class="nx-w-full nx-min-w-0 nx-leading-7"><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">This mechanism may <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102063913/https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/05/21/dont_overload.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">introduce systemic risk<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a> to Ethereum and requires research and community buy-in before implementation. It is not required for implementing the Superchain and is being documented for research completeness. Without further research into the implications and safety, it is not an approach the team currently endorses.</p></div></div> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">While a successful upgrade of this type would represent a soft fork of Ethereum L1, it would not incur long term technical debt to the Ethereum codebase because the soft fork logic can be removed once the upgrade has completed.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">We expect this escape hatch will never be used, but its very existence could deter malicious behavior.</p> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">The combination of these features results in a system satisfying the core Superchain properties<a href="#the-combination-of-these-features-results-in-a-system-satisfying-the-core-superchain-properties" id="the-combination-of-these-features-results-in-a-system-satisfying-the-core-superchain-properties" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">We believe these upgrades can provide a shared bridge for all OP Chains, cheap OP Chain deployment, important configuration options for the OP Chains, as well as secure transactions and cross-chain messages. Because the Bedrock release already provides the property of a shared L1 blockchain, after these changes we will have achieved all the core properties required for the Superchain.</p> <h2 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-10 nx-border-b nx-pb-1 nx-text-3xl nx-border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:nx-border-neutral-400 dark:nx-border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:nx-border-neutral-400">Extending the Superchain-enhancements to realize the vision<a href="#extending-the-superchain-enhancements-to-realize-the-vision" id="extending-the-superchain-enhancements-to-realize-the-vision" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">We expect that, if successful, the post-Bedrock Superchain release will mark a major milestone in the scalability and decentralization of Optimism. However, there will still be significant pain points which must be addressed before the full scalable blockchain vision has been realized. Anticipated pain points include:</p> <ol class="nx-mt-6 nx-list-decimal first:nx-mt-0 ltr:nx-ml-6 rtl:nx-mr-6"> <li class="nx-my-2">Withdrawal claims rely on a trusted set of chain attestors.</li> <li class="nx-my-2">Cross-chain transactions are slow because they require waiting a challenge period.</li> <li class="nx-my-2">Cross-chain transactions are asynchronous, breaking the ability to perform atomic cross-chain transactions (like flash loans).</li> <li class="nx-my-2">Posting transactions to the Superchain is not-scalable because the transaction data must be submitted to L1 which has limited capacity.</li> <li class="nx-my-2">There are no easy-to-use frameworks for building scalable apps which utilize many OP Chains.</li> <li class="nx-my-2">There is no easy-to-use wallet for managing tokens and apps across many OP Chains.</li> </ol> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">If each one of these pain points were addressed, it could be possible to build decentralized alternatives to even the most complex web2 applications.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">The following is an overview of potential future enhancements, which when combined, addresses each one of these pain points.</p> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">Multi-proof security<a href="#multi-proof-security" id="multi-proof-security" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <h4 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-xl">Pain point:<a href="#pain-point" id="pain-point" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h4> <ol class="nx-mt-6 nx-list-decimal first:nx-mt-0 ltr:nx-ml-6 rtl:nx-mr-6"> <li class="nx-my-2">Withdrawal claims rely on a trusted set of chain attestors.</li> </ol> <h4 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-xl">Proposed Solution:<a href="#proposed-solution" id="proposed-solution" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h4> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">It is possible to replace the trusted set of chain attestors by introducing permissionless proofs—such as Cannon—where dispute resolution is entirely onchain. However, the challenge with entirely onchain proofs is there is no fallback mechanism if they were to break. To ensure that they will never fail, it is possible to introduce a multi-proof system which provides safety through redundancy. For more information on the multi-proof design click <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331065342/https://medium.com/ethereum-optimism/our-pragmatic-path-to-decentralization-cb5805ca43c1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">here<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a>.</p> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">Low latency L2 to L2 message passing<a href="#low-latency-l2-to-l2-message-passing" id="low-latency-l2-to-l2-message-passing" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <h4 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-xl">Pain point:<a href="#pain-point-1" id="pain-point-1" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h4> <ol class="nx-mt-6 nx-list-decimal first:nx-mt-0 ltr:nx-ml-6 rtl:nx-mr-6" start="2"> <li class="nx-my-2">Cross-chain transactions are slow because they require waiting a challenge period.</li> </ol> <h4 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-xl">Proposed solution:<a href="#proposed-solution-1" id="proposed-solution-1" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h4> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Fault proofs introduce a UX burden because they require waiting a challenge period in order to safely finalize. This means that, depending on the length of your challenge period, users may need to wait a long time before their ETH and tokens are migrated from one OP Chain to the next.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">On the other hand, validity proofs do not have this problem. Validity proofs don't have a challenge period and therefore provide instant withdrawals from one OP Chain to the next. This is extremely important if users are expected to migrate between chains frequently, even during normal app execution. However, validity proofs are commonly implemented using zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), which are expensive and bug-prone. It will likely take years to truly productionize ZKPs enough such that they can be the primary cross-chain communication protocol.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">While ZKPs are being productionized, it is possible to achieve low-latency L2 to L2 message passing using OP Stack's modular proof system. With modular proofs, it is possible to use two proof systems for the same chain. This opens up the possibility to use one proof system to provide low-latency bridging (which trades off security) while <em>also</em> using the other proof system to provide high-security, high-latency bridging.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">This heterogeneous bridging system means that developers can build their applications using one of many bridge types, such as:</p> <ol class="nx-mt-6 nx-list-decimal first:nx-mt-0 ltr:nx-ml-6 rtl:nx-mr-6"> <li class="nx-my-2">High-security, high-latency fault proof (standard high-security bridge)</li> <li class="nx-my-2">Low-security, low-latency fault proof (a short challenge period to achieve low-latency)</li> <li class="nx-my-2">Low-security, low-latency validity proof (using trusted chain attestors in place of a ZKP)</li> <li class="nx-my-2">High-security, low-latency validity proof (once ZKPs are ready)</li> </ol> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Mixing multiple proof systems enables developers to provide low-latency bridging for low value state and high-latency for high value state. It is even possible to turn low-security state which was instantly bridged into high-security state by proving the state's validity using a high-security high-latency bridge. This building block enables developers to make interesting security tradeoffs such as using a high threshold attestation proof with a high-security, high-latency fault proof fallback.</p> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">Synchronous cross-chain transactions<a href="#synchronous-cross-chain-transactions" id="synchronous-cross-chain-transactions" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <h4 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-xl">Pain point:<a href="#pain-point-2" id="pain-point-2" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h4> <ol class="nx-mt-6 nx-list-decimal first:nx-mt-0 ltr:nx-ml-6 rtl:nx-mr-6" start="3"> <li class="nx-my-2">Cross-chain transactions are asynchronous, breaking the ability to perform atomic cross-chain transactions (like flash loans).</li> </ol> <h4 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-xl">Proposed solution:<a href="#proposed-solution-2" id="proposed-solution-2" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h4> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Traditional cross-chain messaging is done asynchronously, which means that cross-chain transactions are <em>not</em> atomic. For example, if a user would like to execute a cross-chain arbitrage transaction—buying token A on chain A, and selling token B on chain B—there is no guarantee that their transaction executes in its entirety. The user might end up buying token A without having sold token B.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">It is possible to introduce synchronous cross-chain messaging and enable atomic cross-chain interactions by using a shared sequencing protocol on both OP Chains. In our example, the sequencers on chain A and chain B would each receive the arbitrage transaction, come to consensus on when they will include it, and then atomically include each transaction in the linked block. Fees would only be paid if the transaction was indeed included on each chain, meaning the sequencers take the synchronization risk as opposed to the user in our initial example. These shared sequencing protocols can be implemented permissionlessly on top of the modular sequencing layer of the post-Bedrock Superchain.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">With the combination of low-latency L2 to L2 message passing as well as shared sequencing, it is possible to perform complex transactions such as cross-chain flash loans. It is even possible to go further and create an EVM abstraction where individual smart contracts (or even individual storage slots) exist on different chains.</p> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">Alt-Data availability layer — Alt-DA Protocol<a href="#alt-data-availability-layer--alt-da-protocol" id="alt-data-availability-layer--alt-da-protocol" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <h4 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-xl">Pain point:<a href="#pain-point-3" id="pain-point-3" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h4> <ol class="nx-mt-6 nx-list-decimal first:nx-mt-0 ltr:nx-ml-6 rtl:nx-mr-6" start="4"> <li class="nx-my-2">Posting transactions to the Superchain is not-scalable because the transaction data must be submitted to L1 which has limited capacity.</li> </ol> <h4 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-xl">Proposed solution:<a href="#proposed-solution-3" id="proposed-solution-3" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h4> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Today L1 data availability (DA) does not scale nearly enough to be able to support internet-level scale. However, it is possible to extend the amount of data availability accessible to OP Chains by using a Alt-DA protocol which enables alternative DA providers to supplement the more limited L1 DA.</p> <div class="nextra-callout nx-overflow-x-auto nx-mt-6 nx-flex nx-rounded-lg nx-border nx-py-2 ltr:nx-pr-4 rtl:nx-pl-4 contrast-more:nx-border-current contrast-more:dark:nx-border-current nx-border-blue-200 nx-bg-blue-100 nx-text-blue-900 dark:nx-border-blue-200/30 dark:nx-bg-blue-900/30 dark:nx-text-blue-200"><div class="nx-select-none nx-text-xl ltr:nx-pl-3 ltr:nx-pr-2 rtl:nx-pr-3 rtl:nx-pl-2" style="font-family:"Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol""><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" class="nx-mt-1"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18 10a8 8 0 11-16 0 8 8 0 0116 0zm-7-4a1 1 0 11-2 0 1 1 0 012 0zM9 9a1 1 0 000 2v3a1 1 0 001 1h1a1 1 0 100-2v-3a1 1 0 00-1-1H9z"></path></svg></div><div class="nx-w-full nx-min-w-0 nx-leading-7"><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Alt-DA chain</p><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">A chain where transaction data is committed to on L1 but not supplied to L1 directly, with a data availability challenge fallback.</p></div></div> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">A generic Alt-DA protocol is able to scale beyond what is possible on L1 because only the users who are interested in the transaction data will download the Alt-DA data, whereas on L1 every Ethereum node downloads all of the transaction data on L1. This means that Alt-DA data is extremely cheap. However, Alt-DA has a worse security model than L1 — it is possible for Alt-DA chain data to temporarily become unavailable, meaning users must withdraw from the chain. Note, this security model still guarantees safety of the Alt-DA chains, just not liveness.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0"><strong>Alt-DA protocol overview:</strong></p> <ul class="nx-mt-6 nx-list-disc first:nx-mt-0 ltr:nx-ml-6 rtl:nx-mr-6"> <li class="nx-my-2">Data Availability (DA) Providers receive transaction data from users.</li> <li class="nx-my-2">DA Providers then hash the transaction data and submit the hash to the Alt-DA Contract.</li> <li class="nx-my-2">Once the hash has been submitted, the DA Provider sends a proof to the user which proves inclusion of their transaction data in the hash. The DA Provider can misbehave by withholding the proof, i.e., not sending it to the user.</li> <li class="nx-my-2">If the DA Provider does not send the proof to the user, the user may submit a DA challenge. This forces the DA Provider to post the transaction data onchain. If the DA Provider does not submit the proof onchain, the hash is deleted. This ensures the user can always (after the challenge period) sync the Alt-DA chain. <ul class="nx-mt-6 nx-list-disc first:nx-mt-0 ltr:nx-ml-6 rtl:nx-mr-6"> <li class="nx-my-2">DA challenge periods may be extended in case of heavy L1 congestion.</li> </ul> </li> <li class="nx-my-2">The user may also submit an L1 transaction to withdraw from the Alt-DA chain in order to switch their DA Provider.</li> <li class="nx-my-2">Settlement of Alt-DA chains use a near identical Fault Proof System to Rollup chains with the only difference being that additional data is derived from the chain using the hashes that are finalized in the Alt-DA Contract.</li> </ul> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Because of the ability for hashes to reduce arbitrary size data into a constant size commitment, and the ability to parallelize transaction data hashing, it is possible to achieve near-perfect horizontal scalability of data commitments using Alt-DA DA. This means that it is possible to put massively scalable applications such as games or social media on Alt-DA chains.</p> <h3 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-2xl">Multi-chain app frameworks<a href="#multi-chain-app-frameworks" id="multi-chain-app-frameworks" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <h4 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-xl">Pain points:<a href="#pain-points" id="pain-points" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h4> <ol class="nx-mt-6 nx-list-decimal first:nx-mt-0 ltr:nx-ml-6 rtl:nx-mr-6" start="5"> <li class="nx-my-2"> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">There are no easy-to-use frameworks for building scalable apps which utilize many OP Chains.</p> </li> <li class="nx-my-2"> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">There is no easy-to-use wallet for managing ETH and tokens and apps across many OP Chains.</p> </li> </ol> <h4 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-8 nx-text-xl">Proposed solution (Sketch):<a href="#proposed-solution-sketch" id="proposed-solution-sketch" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h4> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">This is not a core protocol change, but instead tooling which can be built on top of the core Superchain protocols. The suggestions here are intended to give rough intuitions for how to build tools which improve the experience of deploying to the Superchain.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">These are some tools which could make developing on the Superchain a better experience:</p> <ol class="nx-mt-6 nx-list-decimal first:nx-mt-0 ltr:nx-ml-6 rtl:nx-mr-6"> <li class="nx-my-2"> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Content-addressable smart contracts — this enables contracts to have the same address on all chains. This way developers can write smart contracts which are counterfactually deployed to all OP Chains at the same address. If a user on an OP Chain would like to use the smart contract that is not yet available on their chain, they can independently deploy the code.</p> </li> <li class="nx-my-2"> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Cross-chain contract state management standards — creating standards for how smart contract state can migrate from one chain to the next enables developers to shard their applications on many chains. Additionally, this logic can be used in wallets to display user state as if it is all on the same chain. For instance, if a user has tokens split across many chains, the wallet can use the cross-chain state management logic to know that it should display the user balance as a sum of all of their token balances across all chains.</p> <div class="nextra-callout nx-overflow-x-auto nx-mt-6 nx-flex nx-rounded-lg nx-border nx-py-2 ltr:nx-pr-4 rtl:nx-pl-4 contrast-more:nx-border-current contrast-more:dark:nx-border-current nx-border-blue-200 nx-bg-blue-100 nx-text-blue-900 dark:nx-border-blue-200/30 dark:nx-bg-blue-900/30 dark:nx-text-blue-200"><div class="nx-select-none nx-text-xl ltr:nx-pl-3 ltr:nx-pr-2 rtl:nx-pr-3 rtl:nx-pl-2" style="font-family:"Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol""><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" class="nx-mt-1"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18 10a8 8 0 11-16 0 8 8 0 0116 0zm-7-4a1 1 0 11-2 0 1 1 0 012 0zM9 9a1 1 0 000 2v3a1 1 0 001 1h1a1 1 0 100-2v-3a1 1 0 00-1-1H9z"></path></svg></div><div class="nx-w-full nx-min-w-0 nx-leading-7"><p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">For the Ethereum scalability nerds: the state growth problem can be addressed in these frameworks by making it easy to migrate user state from bloated chains into fresh chains. Old bloated chains can be maintained with a low gas limit or deprecated entirely.</p></div></div> </li> <li class="nx-my-2"> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Superchain RPC endpoint — creating a single RPC endpoint where users can send their Superchain transactions regardless of which OP Chain they are intended to enables users to avoid constantly switching their network.</p> </li> </ol> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">With robust multi-chain app frameworks, it may become as easy to deploy cross-chain apps as it is to deploy apps which target a single chain.</p> <h2 class="nx-font-semibold nx-tracking-tight nx-text-slate-900 dark:nx-text-slate-100 nx-mt-10 nx-border-b nx-pb-1 nx-text-3xl nx-border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:nx-border-neutral-400 dark:nx-border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:nx-border-neutral-400">Get involved<a href="#get-involved" id="get-involved" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">We believe scaling blockchains will radically decentralize the internet and make it easy to create horizontally scalable, secure, and decentralized web applications. We think the Superchain release of the OP Stack could mark a major step towards realizing this vision. However, after the release, it will still take an enormous amount of work to realize the scalability vision.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">However, with great challenge comes great opportunity! The work needed to arrive at the initial Superchain release of the OP stack, as well as the resulting ecosystem should create exciting greenfield opportunities for developers who want to contribute. There will be an enormous amount of low-hanging fruit contributions unlocked. We can't pick it alone! The only way we can hope to achieve it is through open-source contributions from folks like you! And with <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217000541/https://medium.com/ethereum-optimism/retroactive-public-goods-funding-33c9b7d00f0c" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">retroactive public goods funding<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a>, your open source contributions may be rewarded too!</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Exciting times ahead.</p> <p class="nx-mt-6 nx-leading-7 first:nx-mt-0">Stay Optimistic 🔴✨</p><div class="nx-mt-16"></div></main></article></div><footer class="nx-bg-gray-100 nx-pb-[env(safe-area-inset-bottom)] dark:nx-bg-neutral-900 print:nx-bg-transparent"><div class="nx-mx-auto nx-flex nx-max-w-[90rem] nx-gap-2 nx-py-2 nx-px-4 nx-hidden"><button title="Change theme" class="nx-h-7 nx-rounded-md nx-px-2 nx-text-left nx-text-xs nx-font-medium nx-text-gray-600 nx-transition-colors dark:nx-text-gray-400 hover:nx-bg-gray-100 hover:nx-text-gray-900 dark:hover:nx-bg-primary-100/5 dark:hover:nx-text-gray-50" id="headlessui-listbox-button-:Rkt6:" type="button" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-expanded="false" data-headlessui-state=""><div class="nx-flex nx-items-center nx-gap-2 nx-capitalize"><svg fill="none" viewBox="3 3 18 18" width="12" height="12" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" fill="currentColor" d="M12 3v1m0 16v1m9-9h-1M4 12H3m15.364 6.364l-.707-.707M6.343 6.343l-.707-.707m12.728 0l-.707.707M6.343 17.657l-.707.707M16 12a4 4 0 11-8 0 4 4 0 018 0z"></path></svg><span class="">Light</span></div></button></div><hr class="dark:nx-border-neutral-800"/><div class="nx-mx-auto nx-flex nx-max-w-[90rem] nx-justify-center nx-py-12 nx-text-gray-600 dark:nx-text-gray-400 md:nx-justify-start nx-pl-[max(env(safe-area-inset-left),1.5rem)] nx-pr-[max(env(safe-area-inset-right),1.5rem)]"><footer class="footer-root"><div class="footer-container"><div class="footer-top"><div class="footer-content"><div class="logo"><div class="logo"><svg width="194" height="32" viewBox="0 0 194 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M7.038 24.23C6.072 24.23 5.175 24.0997 4.347 23.839C3.519 23.5783 2.82133 23.1873 2.254 22.666C1.68667 22.1447 1.28033 21.493 1.035 20.711C0.805 19.929 0.774333 19.0167 0.943 17.974C1.06567 17.3147 1.196 16.6553 1.334 15.996C1.48733 15.3367 1.64067 14.6697 1.794 13.995C2.3 11.925 3.21233 10.3533 4.531 9.28C5.84967 8.20667 7.62833 7.67 9.867 7.67C10.833 7.67 11.7223 7.808 12.535 8.084C13.363 8.34467 14.0607 8.74333 14.628 9.28C15.2107 9.81667 15.617 10.476 15.847 11.258C16.0923 12.04 16.123 12.9523 15.939 13.995C15.8317 14.6697 15.7013 15.3367 15.548 15.996C15.41 16.6553 15.2643 17.3147 15.111 17.974C14.5897 20.0747 13.6697 21.6463 12.351 22.689C11.0323 23.7163 9.26133 24.23 7.038 24.23ZM7.337 20.918C8.165 20.918 8.89333 20.6727 9.522 20.182C10.1507 19.6913 10.5953 18.9093 10.856 17.836C11.0247 17.1613 11.1703 16.525 11.293 15.927C11.431 15.329 11.5537 14.708 11.661 14.064C11.8603 12.9907 11.7683 12.2087 11.385 11.718C11.0017 11.2273 10.396 10.982 9.568 10.982C8.74 10.982 8.01167 11.2273 7.383 11.718C6.76967 12.2087 6.33267 12.9907 6.072 14.064C5.90333 14.708 5.75 15.329 5.612 15.927C5.48933 16.525 5.36667 17.1613 5.244 17.836C5.06 18.9093 5.152 19.6913 5.52 20.182C5.888 20.6727 6.49367 20.918 7.337 20.918ZM18.421 24C18.2677 24 18.145 23.9463 18.053 23.839C17.961 23.7317 17.9304 23.5937 17.961 23.425L21.135 8.475C21.1657 8.30633 21.25 8.16833 21.388 8.061C21.526 7.95367 21.6717 7.9 21.825 7.9H27.943C28.8784 7.9 29.7217 8.00733 30.473 8.222C31.2397 8.43667 31.876 8.76633 32.382 9.211C32.888 9.65567 33.2407 10.2153 33.44 10.89C33.6394 11.5493 33.647 12.3237 33.463 13.213C33.0797 14.9763 32.2977 16.2797 31.117 17.123C29.9517 17.9663 28.38 18.388 26.402 18.388H23.297L22.239 23.425C22.2084 23.5937 22.124 23.7317 21.986 23.839C21.8634 23.9463 21.7177 24 21.549 24H18.421ZM23.895 15.214H26.54C27.1687 15.214 27.7284 15.0453 28.219 14.708C28.725 14.3707 29.0547 13.857 29.208 13.167C29.2847 12.7683 29.3 12.4157 29.254 12.109C29.208 11.8023 29.047 11.557 28.771 11.373C28.5104 11.189 28.104 11.097 27.552 11.097H24.792L23.895 15.214ZM38.794 24C38.6253 24 38.495 23.9463 38.403 23.839C38.311 23.7317 38.2803 23.5937 38.311 23.425L40.864 11.511H36.77C36.6167 11.511 36.494 11.4573 36.402 11.35C36.31 11.2273 36.2793 11.0893 36.31 10.936L36.839 8.475C36.8697 8.30633 36.9463 8.16833 37.069 8.061C37.207 7.95367 37.3603 7.9 37.529 7.9H49.903C50.0717 7.9 50.1943 7.95367 50.271 8.061C50.363 8.16833 50.3937 8.30633 50.363 8.475L49.834 10.936C49.8033 11.0893 49.719 11.2273 49.581 11.35C49.4583 11.4573 49.3127 11.511 49.144 11.511H45.05L42.52 23.425C42.4893 23.5937 42.405 23.7317 42.267 23.839C42.1443 23.9463 41.9987 24 41.83 24H38.794ZM51.0059 24C50.8372 24 50.7069 23.9463 50.6149 23.839C50.5229 23.7317 50.4922 23.5937 50.5229 23.425L53.7199 8.475C53.7506 8.30633 53.8349 8.16833 53.9729 8.061C54.1109 7.95367 54.2566 7.9 54.4099 7.9H57.5149C57.6682 7.9 57.7909 7.95367 57.8829 8.061C57.9749 8.16833 58.0056 8.30633 57.9749 8.475L54.7779 23.425C54.7472 23.5937 54.6629 23.7317 54.5249 23.839C54.4022 23.9463 54.2642 24 54.1109 24H51.0059ZM59.7969 24C59.6283 24 59.4979 23.9463 59.4059 23.839C59.3139 23.7317 59.2833 23.5937 59.3139 23.425L62.4879 8.475C62.5186 8.30633 62.6029 8.16833 62.7409 8.061C62.8789 7.95367 63.0323 7.9 63.2009 7.9H65.6849C65.9303 7.9 66.0989 7.969 66.1909 8.107C66.2983 8.22967 66.3673 8.32933 66.3979 8.406L68.8819 15.674L74.4939 8.406C74.5399 8.32933 74.6319 8.22967 74.7699 8.107C74.9233 7.969 75.1226 7.9 75.3679 7.9H77.8519C78.0206 7.9 78.1509 7.95367 78.2429 8.061C78.3349 8.16833 78.3656 8.30633 78.3349 8.475L75.1609 23.425C75.1303 23.5937 75.0459 23.7317 74.9079 23.839C74.7699 23.9463 74.6166 24 74.4479 24H71.6879C71.5346 24 71.4119 23.9463 71.3199 23.839C71.2279 23.7317 71.1973 23.5937 71.2279 23.425L73.0219 14.938L69.5029 19.607C69.3956 19.7297 69.2653 19.8523 69.1119 19.975C68.9739 20.0823 68.7976 20.136 68.5829 20.136H67.3869C67.1723 20.136 67.0189 20.0823 66.9269 19.975C66.8349 19.8677 66.7659 19.745 66.7199 19.607L65.0869 14.731L63.2239 23.425C63.1933 23.5937 63.1089 23.7317 62.9709 23.839C62.8483 23.9463 62.7103 24 62.5569 24H59.7969ZM80.1318 24C79.9632 24 79.8328 23.9463 79.7408 23.839C79.6488 23.7317 79.6182 23.5937 79.6488 23.425L82.8458 8.475C82.8765 8.30633 82.9608 8.16833 83.0988 8.061C83.2368 7.95367 83.3825 7.9 83.5358 7.9H86.6408C86.7942 7.9 86.9168 7.95367 87.0088 8.061C87.1008 8.16833 87.1315 8.30633 87.1008 8.475L83.9038 23.425C83.8732 23.5937 83.7888 23.7317 83.6508 23.839C83.5282 23.9463 83.3902 24 83.2368 24H80.1318ZM94.6038 24.23C93.0705 24.23 91.8132 24.0153 90.8318 23.586C89.8658 23.1567 89.1682 22.5893 88.7388 21.884C88.3248 21.1633 88.1792 20.4043 88.3018 19.607C88.3325 19.4843 88.3938 19.377 88.4858 19.285C88.5932 19.1777 88.7158 19.124 88.8538 19.124H91.7978C92.0125 19.124 92.1658 19.1623 92.2578 19.239C92.3498 19.3157 92.4418 19.4153 92.5338 19.538C92.5952 19.768 92.7178 19.9903 92.9018 20.205C93.0858 20.4197 93.3388 20.596 93.6608 20.734C93.9982 20.8567 94.4122 20.918 94.9028 20.918C95.7922 20.918 96.5052 20.78 97.0418 20.504C97.5785 20.228 97.8928 19.8523 97.9848 19.377C98.0768 19.0397 98.0155 18.7637 97.8008 18.549C97.6015 18.319 97.2412 18.1197 96.7198 17.951C96.2138 17.767 95.5315 17.583 94.6728 17.399C93.5535 17.1537 92.6335 16.8163 91.9128 16.387C91.1922 15.9423 90.6862 15.3827 90.3948 14.708C90.1188 14.018 90.0805 13.1977 90.2798 12.247C90.5865 10.8363 91.3455 9.72467 92.5568 8.912C93.7682 8.084 95.3398 7.67 97.2718 7.67C98.2685 7.67 99.1502 7.808 99.9168 8.084C100.699 8.36 101.351 8.728 101.872 9.188C102.393 9.648 102.769 10.1387 102.999 10.66C103.229 11.166 103.306 11.6643 103.229 12.155C103.214 12.2777 103.152 12.3927 103.045 12.5C102.938 12.592 102.815 12.638 102.677 12.638H99.5948C99.4415 12.638 99.3035 12.6073 99.1808 12.546C99.0735 12.4847 98.9815 12.385 98.9048 12.247C98.9048 11.9097 98.7285 11.6183 98.3758 11.373C98.0232 11.1123 97.5555 10.982 96.9728 10.982C96.3135 10.982 95.7615 11.1047 95.3168 11.35C94.8722 11.58 94.5962 11.9403 94.4888 12.431C94.4122 12.7377 94.4505 13.006 94.6038 13.236C94.7725 13.466 95.0792 13.6653 95.5238 13.834C95.9838 14.0027 96.6125 14.179 97.4098 14.363C98.7592 14.6237 99.8172 14.9763 100.584 15.421C101.351 15.8503 101.864 16.3947 102.125 17.054C102.401 17.7133 102.439 18.5183 102.24 19.469C101.903 21.033 101.082 22.2213 99.7788 23.034C98.4908 23.8313 96.7658 24.23 94.6038 24.23ZM105.462 24C105.294 24 105.163 23.9463 105.071 23.839C104.979 23.7317 104.949 23.5937 104.979 23.425L108.153 8.475C108.184 8.30633 108.268 8.16833 108.406 8.061C108.544 7.95367 108.698 7.9 108.866 7.9H111.35C111.596 7.9 111.764 7.969 111.856 8.107C111.964 8.22967 112.033 8.32933 112.063 8.406L114.547 15.674L120.159 8.406C120.205 8.32933 120.297 8.22967 120.435 8.107C120.589 7.969 120.788 7.9 121.033 7.9H123.517C123.686 7.9 123.816 7.95367 123.908 8.061C124 8.16833 124.031 8.30633 124 8.475L120.826 23.425C120.796 23.5937 120.711 23.7317 120.573 23.839C120.435 23.9463 120.282 24 120.113 24H117.353C117.2 24 117.077 23.9463 116.985 23.839C116.893 23.7317 116.863 23.5937 116.893 23.425L118.687 14.938L115.168 19.607C115.061 19.7297 114.931 19.8523 114.777 19.975C114.639 20.0823 114.463 20.136 114.248 20.136H113.052C112.838 20.136 112.684 20.0823 112.592 19.975C112.5 19.8677 112.431 19.745 112.385 19.607L110.752 14.731L108.889 23.425C108.859 23.5937 108.774 23.7317 108.636 23.839C108.514 23.9463 108.376 24 108.222 24H105.462Z" fill="#FF0420"></path><path d="M134.081 24C133.928 24 133.813 23.954 133.736 23.862C133.659 23.7547 133.636 23.6243 133.667 23.471L136.864 8.452C136.895 8.28333 136.964 8.153 137.071 8.061C137.194 7.95367 137.332 7.9 137.485 7.9H142.453C143.48 7.9 144.385 8.038 145.167 8.314C145.949 8.57467 146.585 8.97333 147.076 9.51C147.567 10.0313 147.896 10.683 148.065 11.465C148.249 12.247 148.241 13.1363 148.042 14.133C147.904 14.823 147.781 15.4287 147.674 15.95C147.567 16.4713 147.429 17.0693 147.26 17.744C146.938 19.1547 146.478 20.3277 145.88 21.263C145.282 22.183 144.485 22.873 143.488 23.333C142.507 23.7777 141.242 24 139.693 24H134.081ZM136.22 22.045H139.716C140.774 22.045 141.648 21.8993 142.338 21.608C143.028 21.3167 143.58 20.849 143.994 20.205C144.423 19.561 144.761 18.71 145.006 17.652C145.113 17.192 145.205 16.7933 145.282 16.456C145.374 16.1033 145.451 15.7583 145.512 15.421C145.589 15.0683 145.665 14.6697 145.742 14.225C146.033 12.7377 145.911 11.6413 145.374 10.936C144.853 10.2153 143.795 9.855 142.2 9.855H138.819L136.22 22.045ZM155.343 24.23C154.439 24.23 153.618 24.1073 152.882 23.862C152.146 23.6013 151.541 23.2103 151.065 22.689C150.59 22.1677 150.26 21.5083 150.076 20.711C149.908 19.9137 149.915 18.9783 150.099 17.905C150.222 17.2303 150.352 16.5863 150.49 15.973C150.628 15.3443 150.782 14.6927 150.95 14.018C151.456 11.8867 152.346 10.2997 153.618 9.257C154.906 8.199 156.516 7.67 158.448 7.67C159.368 7.67 160.189 7.80033 160.909 8.061C161.645 8.32167 162.251 8.72033 162.726 9.257C163.217 9.79367 163.547 10.453 163.715 11.235C163.884 12.017 163.876 12.9447 163.692 14.018C163.57 14.6927 163.439 15.3443 163.301 15.973C163.163 16.5863 163.018 17.2303 162.864 17.905C162.343 20.067 161.438 21.6617 160.15 22.689C158.878 23.7163 157.275 24.23 155.343 24.23ZM155.435 22.275C156.647 22.275 157.712 21.9223 158.632 21.217C159.552 20.5117 160.204 19.3693 160.587 17.79C160.756 17.1 160.894 16.4867 161.001 15.95C161.124 15.398 161.247 14.7847 161.369 14.11C161.661 12.5307 161.538 11.3883 161.001 10.683C160.48 9.97767 159.598 9.625 158.356 9.625C157.13 9.625 156.064 9.97767 155.159 10.683C154.255 11.3883 153.611 12.5307 153.227 14.11C153.059 14.7847 152.913 15.398 152.79 15.95C152.668 16.4867 152.545 17.1 152.422 17.79C152.146 19.3693 152.261 20.5117 152.767 21.217C153.289 21.9223 154.178 22.275 155.435 22.275ZM170.955 24.23C169.912 24.23 169.015 24.0843 168.264 23.793C167.528 23.5017 166.938 23.08 166.493 22.528C166.064 21.9607 165.772 21.3013 165.619 20.55C165.481 19.7833 165.496 18.9323 165.665 17.997C165.772 17.3683 165.903 16.6937 166.056 15.973C166.225 15.2523 166.386 14.5623 166.539 13.903C166.846 12.661 167.313 11.5723 167.942 10.637C168.571 9.70167 169.391 8.97333 170.403 8.452C171.415 7.93067 172.626 7.67 174.037 7.67C175.095 7.67 176 7.808 176.751 8.084C177.518 8.36 178.131 8.74333 178.591 9.234C179.051 9.72467 179.365 10.2767 179.534 10.89C179.703 11.5033 179.726 12.1397 179.603 12.799C179.588 12.937 179.542 13.052 179.465 13.144C179.388 13.236 179.281 13.282 179.143 13.282H177.832C177.679 13.282 177.548 13.2437 177.441 13.167C177.349 13.0903 177.303 12.9523 177.303 12.753C177.395 11.603 177.127 10.798 176.498 10.338C175.869 9.86267 175.018 9.625 173.945 9.625C172.718 9.625 171.645 9.97767 170.725 10.683C169.82 11.373 169.176 12.4847 168.793 14.018C168.471 15.2753 168.195 16.5633 167.965 17.882C167.704 19.4153 167.842 20.5347 168.379 21.24C168.931 21.93 169.82 22.275 171.047 22.275C172.12 22.275 173.071 22.0527 173.899 21.608C174.727 21.1633 175.402 20.343 175.923 19.147C176.015 18.9477 176.107 18.8097 176.199 18.733C176.306 18.6563 176.429 18.618 176.567 18.618H177.878C178.016 18.618 178.123 18.664 178.2 18.756C178.277 18.848 178.292 18.963 178.246 19.101C178.077 19.7297 177.809 20.3507 177.441 20.964C177.073 21.5773 176.598 22.1293 176.015 22.62C175.432 23.1107 174.727 23.5017 173.899 23.793C173.071 24.0843 172.09 24.23 170.955 24.23ZM185.584 24.23C184.25 24.23 183.161 24.0307 182.318 23.632C181.474 23.2333 180.861 22.7043 180.478 22.045C180.11 21.3857 179.979 20.688 180.087 19.952C180.102 19.8293 180.156 19.722 180.248 19.63C180.34 19.5227 180.455 19.469 180.593 19.469H181.858C182.026 19.469 182.141 19.515 182.203 19.607C182.279 19.699 182.333 19.8063 182.364 19.929C182.364 20.297 182.471 20.665 182.686 21.033C182.916 21.3857 183.268 21.6847 183.744 21.93C184.234 22.16 184.878 22.275 185.676 22.275C186.994 22.275 188.029 22.045 188.781 21.585C189.532 21.1097 189.992 20.481 190.161 19.699C190.283 19.1623 190.214 18.733 189.954 18.411C189.693 18.0737 189.248 17.7747 188.62 17.514C188.006 17.2533 187.194 16.9697 186.182 16.663C185.139 16.341 184.296 15.973 183.652 15.559C183.008 15.145 182.571 14.639 182.341 14.041C182.111 13.4277 182.088 12.684 182.272 11.81C182.548 10.568 183.222 9.57133 184.296 8.82C185.369 8.05333 186.787 7.67 188.551 7.67C189.486 7.67 190.291 7.80033 190.966 8.061C191.64 8.30633 192.192 8.64367 192.622 9.073C193.051 9.487 193.342 9.93933 193.496 10.43C193.664 10.9053 193.71 11.373 193.634 11.833C193.618 11.9403 193.572 12.0477 193.496 12.155C193.419 12.247 193.296 12.293 193.128 12.293H191.817C191.725 12.293 191.625 12.2623 191.518 12.201C191.41 12.1397 191.349 12.0247 191.334 11.856C191.38 11.2273 191.134 10.6983 190.598 10.269C190.061 9.83967 189.348 9.625 188.459 9.625C187.462 9.625 186.596 9.81667 185.86 10.2C185.139 10.5833 184.687 11.1813 184.503 11.994C184.395 12.5153 184.449 12.9523 184.664 13.305C184.878 13.6423 185.269 13.9413 185.837 14.202C186.404 14.4627 187.171 14.7387 188.137 15.03C189.287 15.3673 190.207 15.743 190.897 16.157C191.587 16.571 192.062 17.077 192.323 17.675C192.583 18.2577 192.614 18.986 192.415 19.86C192.123 21.3013 191.38 22.39 190.184 23.126C189.003 23.862 187.47 24.23 185.584 24.23Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></div></div><section><h3>Tools</h3><ul><li><a href="https://console.optimism.io/faucet?utm_source=docs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Superchain Faucet<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a></li><li><a href="https://optimistic.grafana.net/public-dashboards/c84a5a9924fe4e14b270a42a8651ceb8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Gas Tracker<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a></li><li><a href="https://status.optimism.io/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Service Status<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/releases" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Changelog<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a></li><li><a href="https://devnets.optimism.io" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Devnets<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a></li></ul></section><section><h3>Resources</h3><ul><li><a href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/developers/discussions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Developer Support<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a></li><li><a href="https://share.hsforms.com/1yENj8CV9TzGYBASD0JC8_gqoshb" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Get Launch Support<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a></li><li><a class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/connect/resources/glossary">Glossary</a></li><li><a class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/connect/contribute/stack-contribute">Contribute to the OP Stack</a></li><li><a href="https://specs.optimism.io/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Protocol Specs<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a></li></ul></section><section><h3>Ecosystem</h3><ul><li><a href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/ecosystem" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Ecosystem Packages<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/ecosystem-contributions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Ecosystem Contributions<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/superchain-registry" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Superchain Registry<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a></li></ul></section></div><div class="footer-side"><section><h3>Follow Us</h3><div class="social-icons"><a href="https://discord.gg/optimism" style="color:#666"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><path d="M19.27 5.33C17.94 4.71 16.5 4.26 15 4a.09.09 0 0 0-.07.03c-.18.33-.39.76-.53 1.09a16.09 16.09 0 0 0-4.8 0c-.14-.34-.35-.76-.54-1.09-.01-.02-.04-.03-.07-.03-1.5.26-2.93.71-4.27 1.33-.01 0-.02.01-.03.02-2.72 4.07-3.47 8.03-3.1 11.95 0 .02.01.04.03.05 1.8 1.32 3.53 2.12 5.24 2.65.03.01.06 0 .07-.02.4-.55.76-1.13 1.07-1.74.02-.04 0-.08-.04-.09-.57-.22-1.11-.48-1.64-.78-.04-.02-.04-.08-.01-.11.11-.08.22-.17.33-.25.02-.02.05-.02.07-.01 3.44 1.57 7.15 1.57 10.55 0 .02-.01.05-.01.07.01.11.09.22.17.33.26.04.03.04.09-.01.11-.52.31-1.07.56-1.64.78-.04.01-.05.06-.04.09.32.61.68 1.19 1.07 1.74.03.02.06.03.09.02 1.72-.53 3.45-1.33 5.25-2.65.02-.01.03-.03.03-.05.44-4.53-.73-8.46-3.1-11.95-.01-.01-.02-.02-.04-.02zM8.52 14.91c-1.03 0-1.89-.95-1.89-2.12s.84-2.12 1.89-2.12c1.06 0 1.9.96 1.89 2.12 0 1.17-.84 2.12-1.89 2.12zm6.97 0c-1.03 0-1.89-.95-1.89-2.12s.84-2.12 1.89-2.12c1.06 0 1.9.96 1.89 2.12 0 1.17-.83 2.12-1.89 2.12z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://twitter.com/optimism" style="color:#666"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><path d="M18.244 2.25h3.308l-7.227 8.26 8.502 11.24H16.17l-5.214-6.817L4.99 21.75H1.68l7.73-8.835L1.254 2.25H8.08l4.713 6.231zm-1.161 17.52h1.833L7.084 4.126H5.117z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/docs/" style="color:#666"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 .297c-6.63 0-12 5.373-12 12 0 5.303 3.438 9.8 8.205 11.385.6.113.82-.258.82-.577 0-.285-.01-1.04-.015-2.04-3.338.724-4.042-1.61-4.042-1.61C4.422 18.07 3.633 17.7 3.633 17.7c-1.087-.744.084-.729.084-.729 1.205.084 1.838 1.236 1.838 1.236 1.07 1.835 2.809 1.305 3.495.998.108-.776.417-1.305.76-1.605-2.665-.3-5.466-1.332-5.466-5.93 0-1.31.465-2.38 1.235-3.22-.135-.303-.54-1.523.105-3.176 0 0 1.005-.322 3.3 1.23.96-.267 1.98-.399 3-.405 1.02.006 2.04.138 3 .405 2.28-1.552 3.285-1.23 3.285-1.23.645 1.653.24 2.873.12 3.176.765.84 1.23 1.91 1.23 3.22 0 4.61-2.805 5.625-5.475 5.92.42.36.81 1.096.81 2.22 0 1.606-.015 2.896-.015 3.286 0 .315.21.69.825.57C20.565 22.092 24 17.592 24 12.297c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12"></path></svg></a></div></section></div></div><div class="footer-bottom"><div class="policy-links"><a href="https://optimism.io/community-agreement" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Community Agreement<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a><a href="https://optimism.io/terms" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Terms of Service<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a><a href="https://optimism.io/data-privacy-policy" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Privacy Policy<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a><a href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/docs?tab=coc-ov-file#readme" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">Code of Conduct<span class="nx-sr-only nx-select-none"> (opens in a new tab)</span></a></div><div class="copyright">© 2025 <a class="nx-text-primary-600 nx-underline nx-decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/">Optimism Foundation. All rights reserved.</a></div></div></div></footer></div></footer></div></div></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{}},"page":"/get-started/superchain","query":{},"buildId":"MtUjIsC233qAzOQtsRcHY","nextExport":true,"autoExport":true,"isFallback":false,"scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>