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Congress' response to CEQ and the drafting of TSCA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress'_response_to_CEQ_and_the_drafting_of_TSCA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Implementation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation_of_existing_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_of_existing_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Regulation of existing chemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_of_existing_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation_of_new_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_of_new_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Regulation of new chemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_of_new_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_Substance_Inventory_(TSCA_Inventory)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_Substance_Inventory_(TSCA_Inventory)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Chemical Substance Inventory (TSCA Inventory) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_Substance_Inventory_(TSCA_Inventory)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_regulation_of_toxic_substances_and_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_regulation_of_toxic_substances_and_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 State regulation of toxic substances and chemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_regulation_of_toxic_substances_and_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_industry's_support_for_TSCA_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_industry's_support_for_TSCA_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Chemical industry's support for TSCA reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_industry's_support_for_TSCA_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumer_support_for_the_reform_of_TSCA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_support_for_the_reform_of_TSCA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Consumer support for the reform of TSCA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_support_for_the_reform_of_TSCA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technological_innovation_and_TSCA_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technological_innovation_and_TSCA_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Technological innovation and TSCA reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technological_innovation_and_TSCA_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TSCA_and_environmental_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TSCA_and_environmental_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 TSCA and environmental justice </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-TSCA_and_environmental_justice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle TSCA and environmental justice subsection </button> <ul id="toc-TSCA_and_environmental_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Populations_vulnerable_to_toxic_and_chemical_substances_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Populations_vulnerable_to_toxic_and_chemical_substances_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Populations vulnerable to toxic and chemical substances exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Populations_vulnerable_to_toxic_and_chemical_substances_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Children's_exposure_to_toxic_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_exposure_to_toxic_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Children's exposure to toxic chemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_exposure_to_toxic_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnant_women's_exposure_to_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnant_women's_exposure_to_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Pregnant women's exposure to chemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnant_women's_exposure_to_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_workers'_exposure_to_toxic_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_workers'_exposure_to_toxic_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Occupational workers' exposure to toxic chemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupational_workers'_exposure_to_toxic_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_support_for_mitigation_of_toxic_chemical_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_support_for_mitigation_of_toxic_chemical_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Corporate support for mitigation of toxic chemical exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_support_for_mitigation_of_toxic_chemical_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_bills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_bills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Reform bills </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reform_bills-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reform bills subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reform_bills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prior_to_2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prior_to_2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Prior to 2015 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prior_to_2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 2015 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_EU_chemical_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_EU_chemical_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Comparison with EU chemical regulation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_EU_chemical_regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Comparison with EU chemical regulation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_EU_chemical_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-REACH_vs._TSCA_requirements_on_developing_chemical_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#REACH_vs._TSCA_requirements_on_developing_chemical_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 REACH vs. TSCA requirements on developing chemical information </div> </a> <ul id="toc-REACH_vs._TSCA_requirements_on_developing_chemical_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TSCA_and_REACH_regulations_on_potential_chemical_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TSCA_and_REACH_regulations_on_potential_chemical_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 TSCA and REACH regulations on potential chemical risks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TSCA_and_REACH_regulations_on_potential_chemical_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TSCA_vs._REACH_disclosing_information_to_the_public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TSCA_vs._REACH_disclosing_information_to_the_public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 TSCA vs. REACH disclosing information to the public </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TSCA_vs._REACH_disclosing_information_to_the_public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_TSCA_and_REACH's_selected_provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_TSCA_and_REACH's_selected_provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Comparison of TSCA and REACH's selected provisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_TSCA_and_REACH's_selected_provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_chemicals_covered_in_the_inventory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_chemicals_covered_in_the_inventory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.1 Number of chemicals covered in the inventory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_chemicals_covered_in_the_inventory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complete_risk_assessment_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complete_risk_assessment_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.2 Complete risk assessment requirements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complete_risk_assessment_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_quantity_disclosure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_quantity_disclosure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.3 Production quantity disclosure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_quantity_disclosure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_of_chemical_inventories_in_various_countries_and_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_of_chemical_inventories_in_various_countries_and_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Example of chemical inventories in various countries and regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_of_chemical_inventories_in_various_countries_and_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 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For the opera, see <a href="/wiki/Tosca" title="Tosca">Tosca</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tosca_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tosca (disambiguation)">Tosca (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Toxic Substances Control Act</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">An Act to regulate commerce and protect human health and the environment by requiring testing and necessary use restrictions on certain chemical substances, and for other purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(colloquial)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">TSCA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/94th_United_States_Congress" title="94th United States Congress">94th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">October 11, 1976</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-90/pdf/STATUTE-90-Pg2003.pdf">94-469</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Statutes at Large</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">90 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-90-2003">2003</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Titles amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.: Commerce and Trade</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">U.S.C.</a> sections created</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/chapter-53/subchapter-I">ch. 53, subch. I</a> §§ 2601–2629</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d094:SN03149:@@@Z">Legislative history</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li>Introduced in the Senate as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/94th-congress/senate-bill/3149">S. 3149</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_V._Tunney" title="John V. Tunney">John V. Tunney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>–<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>) on March 16, 1976</li><li>Committee consideration by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce" title="United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce">House Commerce</a></li><li>Passed the Senate on March 26, 1976 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/94-1976/s714">60-13</a>)</li><li>Passed the House of Representatives on August 23, 1976 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/94-1976/h1099">319-45</a>, in lieu of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/94th-congress/house-bill/14032">H.R. 14032</a>)</li><li>Reported by the joint conference committee on August 23, 1976; agreed to by the House of Representatives on September 28, 1976 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/94-1976/h1240">360-35</a>) and by the Senate on September 28, 1976 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/94-1976/s1267">73-6</a>)</li><li>Signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> on October 11, 1976</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Major amendments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">P.L. 99-519 (1986); P.L. 100-551 (1988); P.L. 101-637 (1990); P.L. 102-550 (1992); <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a> of 2002; <a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/114/public/182?link-type=html">114–182 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/114/public/182?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a> (2016)</td></tr></tbody></table> The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) is a <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> law, passed by the <a href="/wiki/94th_United_States_Congress" title="94th United States Congress">94th</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in 1976 and administered by the United States <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA), that regulates chemicals not regulated by other U.S. federal statutes,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> including chemicals already in commerce and the introduction of new <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-hanson07-4">[4]</a> When the TSCA was put into place, all existing chemicals were considered to be safe for use and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandfather Clause">grandfathered</a> in.<a href="#cite_note-LT-5">[5]</a> Its three main objectives are to assess and regulate new commercial chemicals before they enter the market, to regulate chemicals already existing in 1976 that posed an "unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment", as for example <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a>, lead, mercury and <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>, and to regulate these chemicals' distribution and use.<a href="#cite_note-objectives-6">[6]</a> Contrary to what the name implies, TSCA does not separate chemicals into categories of toxic and non-toxic. Rather it prohibits the manufacture or importation of chemicals that are not on the TSCA Inventory or subject to one of many exemptions. Chemicals listed on the TSCA inventory are referred to as "existing chemicals", while chemicals not listed are referred to as new chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_TSCA_about-7">[7]</a> The TSCA defines the term "chemical substance" as "any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including any combination of these substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature, and any element or uncombined radical"<a href="#cite_note-Speight_2016-8">[8]</a> although TSCA excludes chemicals regulated by other federal statutes from the definition of a chemical substance.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Generally, manufacturers must submit premanufacturing notification to EPA prior to manufacturing or importing new chemicals for commerce. Exceptions include foods, food additives, drugs, cosmetics or devices regulated under the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act</a>, pesticides regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a>, tobacco and tobacco products regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a>, substances used only in small quantities for research and development under Section 5(h)(3),<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and radioactive materials and wastes regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a>. EPA reviews new chemical notifications and if it finds an "unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment," it may regulate the substance from limiting uses or production volume to outright banning it. In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act</a> was the first major overhaul in many years.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 mandated the EPA to protect the public from "unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment" by regulating the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, sale, and disposal of chemicals. This act does not address pollution, which is regulated through the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a>. Instead, like FIFRA (the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a>), TSCA regulates commercial products.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> The act gave the EPA the authority to gather information on and require manufacturers (and importers) to test products, required the EPA to create a listing of existing chemicals and the industry to notify EPA of new chemicals being produced, and gave the EPA the ability to regulate chemical production and use.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> For example, EPA banned the use of <a href="/wiki/Methylene_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylene chloride">methylene chloride</a> in consumer paint and coating removal products.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The types of chemicals regulated by the act fall into two broad categories: existing and new. The distinction is made because the act regulates the two categories of chemicals in different ways. Existing chemicals include any chemical currently listed on the TSCA Inventory under TSCA section 8(b). New chemicals are defined as "any chemical substance which is not included in the chemical substance list compiled and published under section 8(b)." This list included all chemical substances manufactured or imported into the United States prior to December 1979, which covered 99% of the EPA's mandate in the bill, including some 8,800 chemicals imported or produced at quantities above 10,000 pounds. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sections">Sections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sections">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PCB-labelling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/PCB-labelling.jpg/220px-PCB-labelling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/PCB-labelling.jpg/330px-PCB-labelling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/PCB-labelling.jpg/440px-PCB-labelling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption>Labeling PCB-containing transformers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:When_buying_a_home,_ask_about_lead_-_EPA_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/When_buying_a_home%2C_ask_about_lead_-_EPA_2017.jpg/220px-When_buying_a_home%2C_ask_about_lead_-_EPA_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/When_buying_a_home%2C_ask_about_lead_-_EPA_2017.jpg/330px-When_buying_a_home%2C_ask_about_lead_-_EPA_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/When_buying_a_home%2C_ask_about_lead_-_EPA_2017.jpg/440px-When_buying_a_home%2C_ask_about_lead_-_EPA_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>EPA flyer on lead-based paint disclosure</figcaption></figure> The TSCA is found in United States law at <a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">Title 15 of the United States Code</a>, Chapter 53,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and administered by EPA. <ul><li>Title of the TSCA, "Control of Toxic Substances," is the original substance of the 1976 act, establishes the core program, including regulation of <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyl</a> (PCB) products and bans certain activities with respect to elemental mercury.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li>Title II, "Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response," authorizes the EPA to set standards for <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> abatement in schools, and requires asbestos contractors to be trained and certified, enacted in 1986 under PL 99-519 and amended in 1990 under PL 101-637.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Title III, "Indoor Radon Abatement," requires the EPA to publish a guide about <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> health risks and to perform studies of radon levels in schools and federal buildings, enacted in 1988 under PL 100-551.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Title IV, "Lead Exposure Reduction" requires the EPA to identify sources of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> contamination in the environment to regulate amounts of lead allowed in products, including paint and toys, and to establish state programs that monitor and reduce lead exposures, enacted in 1992 under PL 102-550.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-LindaImplementation-19">[19]</a></li></ul> U.S. regulations implementing the TSCA are in 40 CFR Part 195 for radon,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and in 40 CFR Parts 700 through 766 for other matters.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Under 15 USC 2605(e) the TSCA specifically regulates PCBs.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Subsection (2)(A) provides that after January 1, 1978, "no person may manufacture, process or distribute in commerce or use any PCB in any manner other than in a totally enclosed manner." It also authorizes the EPA to regulate PCBs disposal. Acting under the TSCA and other laws, the EPA has set limits for PCB contamination of the environment. It has engaged in protracted negotiations with the U.S. <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> company and other firms for remediation of sites contaminated with PCBs such as the upper <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The TSCA was passed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> and signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> on October 11, 1976 after years of negotiation between factions of the government and chemical producers.<a href="#cite_note-Historical-23">[23]</a> It was first introduced to Congress in 1971, but it was opposed by industry and environmental groups, leading to the five-year stalemate.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> TSCA authorized the EPA to regulate new and existing chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-Historical-23">[23]</a> TSCA was in response to Congress' growing concerns about the unreasonable risks that chemicals pose to human health and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Historical-23">[23]</a> TSCA limits the manufacture, processing, commercial distribution, use, and disposal of chemical substances including PCBs, asbestos, radon and <a href="/wiki/Lead-based_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-based paint">lead-based paint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Historical-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1971_Council_on_Environmental_Quality_Report">The 1971 Council on Environmental Quality Report</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The 1971 Council on Environmental Quality Report">edit</a>]</div> In a 1971 report, the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a> (CEQ) urged the Federal government to regulate toxic substances in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-LindaImplementation-19">[19]</a> CEQ explained that existing regulations were insufficient to protect human health and the environment. For example, the existing law only took effect after the damages were done and did nothing to prevent future damage.<a href="#cite_note-David-24">[24]</a> As <a href="/wiki/John_R._Quarles_Jr." title="John R. Quarles Jr.">John R. Quarles Jr.</a>, the EPA Deputy Administrator, later explained during congressional testimony in 1975, "While some authority exists to control the production of certain categories of toxic substances, such as pesticides, drugs, and food additives, most existing Federal authorities are designed to prevent harmful exposure only after the substances have been introduced into production."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In order to adequately regulate what chemicals should enter the environment, CEQ recommended that the government create a more comprehensive chemical policy to identify and control the chemicals that are manufactured, produced, and used in the U.S economy.<a href="#cite_note-LindaImplementation-19">[19]</a> Specifically, CEQ recommended that TSCA strengthen government oversight by requiring the following measures: First, manufacturers should notify officials when they use or produce new chemicals, or plan to sell a significant volume of old chemicals. Second, producers should test their chemicals and report data to officials on the quantities, uses, physical and biological properties, and any other information is necessary for assessing hazardous materials. Lastly, with this information, the government should disclose any information about the health effects caused by dangerous chemicals to the public.<a href="#cite_note-David-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress'_response_to_CEQ_and_the_drafting_of_TSCA">Congress' response to CEQ and the drafting of TSCA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Congress' response to CEQ and the drafting of TSCA">edit</a>]</div> Congress agreed with CEQ that additional authority was required to test chemicals to determine their effect, and responded to CEQ's recommendation by proposing many House and Senate bills between 1972 and 1973.<a href="#cite_note-LindaImplementation-19">[19]</a> Policy makers were also aware that the cancer mortality rate had increased and recognized that the cause of the increase was related to the rise of industrial chemicals in consumer products and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-David-24">[24]</a> As a result of these concerns, Congress concluded the risk of chemical exposure to the public were serious enough to warrant swift legislative action.<a href="#cite_note-David-24">[24]</a> Three key assumptions informed Congress' approach to drafting a chemicals control policy. First, in order to limit the risks that chemicals pose to human health and the environment, it would be important to be proactive in understanding toxic substances and use preventive measures. Second, toxic risk should be approached in a "holistic rather than fragmented" manner. Third, it was important to collect as much information as possible about the toxicity of chemicals and the risks associated with them.<a href="#cite_note-David-24">[24]</a> Although there was much support for policy to address public health risks from chemical exposure, the law was stalled at the last minute because of disagreement over the proper scope of chemical screening prior to commercial production.<a href="#cite_note-LindaImplementation-19">[19]</a> However, a series of environmental disasters, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kepone_catastrophe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepone catastrophe">Kepone catastrophe</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Virginia" title="Hopewell, Virginia">Hopewell, Virginia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-foster05-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-hanson07-4">[4]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pollution_of_the_Hudson_River" title="Pollution of the Hudson River">pollution of the Hudson River</a> "and other waterways by PCBs, the threat of <a href="/wiki/Stratospheric" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratospheric">stratospheric</a> <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbon</a> (CFC) emissions, and contamination of agricultural products by <a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_biphenyls" class="mw-redirect" title="Polybrominated biphenyls">polybrominated biphenyls</a> (PBBs) in the State of Michigan" provided a clearer picture of the costs of weak regulation over toxic substances. Subsequently, the legislation passed in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-LindaImplementation-19">[19]</a> Congress designed TSCA to empower EPA to collect more information on chemicals and their potential dangerous effect on human health and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> As a result, TSCA's jurisdictional scope is extremely broad.<a href="#cite_note-David-24">[24]</a> Congress's definition of chemical substances includes "any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity," and "any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature" as well as "any element or uncombined radical."<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> These chemicals are found in children's products (e.g., toys) cleaning products, furniture, electronics, building materials, and car interiors. The law attempts to oversee the manufacture (including import), processing, distribution, use and or disposal of such chemical substances.<a href="#cite_note-David-24">[24]</a> Prior to the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act</a>, TSCA directed the EPA to use the least burdensome method to reduce chemical risk to reasonable levels while taking into consideration the benefits provided by the chemical product or process.<a href="#cite_note-LindaImplementation-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementation">Implementation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Implementation">edit</a>]</div> There have been many challenges in the implementation of TSCA. First, according to David Markell, Professor of Law at Florida State University, TSCA and preexisting regulations have "an ―after-the-fact focus" that fails to protect individuals before toxic substances are released in products and is media focused without addressing how to control pollution within communities.<a href="#cite_note-David-24">[24]</a> Second, TSCA implementation is difficult because of the number of chemicals in the US market and high costs associated with fully assessing the toxic impacts of so many chemicals on human health and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-David-24">[24]</a> 62,000 chemicals on the market at the time were listed on the original TSCA Inventory of Chemical Substances.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> TSCA "grandfathered" these 62,000 chemicals, allowing these substances to remain on the market without first assessing toxic impacts. New chemicals, however, would be subject to review for health and environmental risks. Since then number of chemicals listed on the TSCA Inventory has grown to roughly 84,000.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The EPA has only required approximately 200 of these 84,000 chemicals to be tested, and of the 22,000 chemicals introduced since 1976, chemical manufacturers have produced very little data for the EPA on potential health and/or environmental impacts.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Third, even though TSCA gives authority to the EPA to test the existing chemicals through the EPA's own rule making process, the EPA has difficulty obtaining the data needed to determine their risks. It is difficult to collect information from industries about the risks of chemicals and the EPA has concluded that conducting its own testing is too costly.<a href="#cite_note-David-24">[24]</a> The EPA is authorized to require industry to perform testing of chemicals being produced in substantial quantities or if the EPA finds that the manufacturing, production or use of a chemical "may present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment."<a href="#cite_note-15U.S.Code2603-32">[32]</a> The only information required from chemical producers is chemical identities, names, and molecular structures, categories of use, amount manufactured and processed for each category of use, descriptions of byproducts resulting from manufacture, processing, use, and disposal, environmental and health effects, number of individuals exposed, number of employees exposed and the duration of exposure, and manner or method of chemical disposal.<a href="#cite_note-LindaImplementation-19">[19]</a> In order to obtain more information related to chemical risks, the EPA must ask chemical companies to do testing. This occurs either by (1) mutual agreement, or (2) voluntary industry efforts under the <a href="/wiki/High_production_volume_chemicals" title="High production volume chemicals">HPV</a> Challenge Program.<a href="#cite_note-David-24">[24]</a> The EPA has also created the Sustainable Futures (SF) Initiative model, which allows companies to voluntarily screen their products that might pose risks to human health or the environment. Through this initiative, the EPA hopes to enable manufacturers to better predict hazards and exposures of their products. The program is designed to enable companies to bring safer chemicals to the market.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation_of_existing_chemicals">Regulation of existing chemicals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Regulation of existing chemicals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Existing_chemicals_review_-_TSCA_-_EPA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Existing_chemicals_review_-_TSCA_-_EPA.png/220px-Existing_chemicals_review_-_TSCA_-_EPA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Existing_chemicals_review_-_TSCA_-_EPA.png/330px-Existing_chemicals_review_-_TSCA_-_EPA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Existing_chemicals_review_-_TSCA_-_EPA.png/440px-Existing_chemicals_review_-_TSCA_-_EPA.png 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Existing Chemicals Review process</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asbestos_abatement_(5392910701).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Asbestos_abatement_%285392910701%29.jpg/200px-Asbestos_abatement_%285392910701%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Asbestos_abatement_%285392910701%29.jpg/300px-Asbestos_abatement_%285392910701%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Asbestos_abatement_%285392910701%29.jpg/400px-Asbestos_abatement_%285392910701%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Asbestos abatement</figcaption></figure> Currently existing chemicals on the market are listed in the TSCA Inventory.<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> Though tasked with protecting the public from dangerous and potentially carcinogenic substances, some 62,000 chemicals were never tested by the EPA because they were "grandfathered in and statutorily not considered an "unreasonable risk."<a href="#cite_note-blastmagazine1976-35">[35]</a> Without testing, TSCA grandfathered the use of these chemicals into TSCA's list of "existing" (as opposed to "new") chemicals. For existing chemicals, manufacturers need to generate and report data on risk, manufacturing and processing, adverse health effects, published and unpublished health and safety studies, and "substantial risks." to the EPA<a href="#cite_note-Applegate-36">[36]</a> Also, if a substance is subject of a Significant New Use Rule (SNUR), a company would have to submit and receive approval of a Significant New Use Notice (SNUN) prior to undertaking the significant new use(s) defined in the SNUR.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Under section 4, the EPA has the authority to require manufacturers to test existing chemicals, but in each case the EPA must make several formal findings, the first of which is subject to judicial review under the "substantial evidence" standard.<a href="#cite_note-Applegate-36">[36]</a> In particular, the requirement that the EPA determine that the chemical "may present an unreasonable risk" creates a regulatory "<a href="/wiki/Catch-22_(logic)" title="Catch-22 (logic)">Catch-22</a>" as such a determination requires much of the very data that the EPA cannot access or cause to be generated without first making the determination.<a href="#cite_note-Applegate-36">[36]</a> This burden was one of the drivers for changes to Section 4 during the negotiations to reform TSCA. In 1989, the EPA issued a final rule under section 6 to ban the manufacturing, importing, and processing of nearly all asbestos-containing products in the USA.<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> However, it had only limited success in using the authority granted under TSCA section 6 to control chemicals tested and deemed dangerous to public health.<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> The EPA's failure to adequately regulate these chemicals caused strong debates over the legal burden the EPA bears in banning chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> The EPA has been successful in restricting five chemicals using section 6 authority (PCBs, chlorofluorocarbons, dioxin, asbestos, and hexavalent chromium) in its 38-year history,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> with the ban on asbestos being partially overturned in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> EPA has restricting some existing chemicals using Section 5 SNURs.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit">[update]</a>, 250 of the more than 60,000 existing chemicals have been directly tested by the EPA.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> 140 of those chemicals were tested by regulatory order and 60 were tested after voluntary consent by the manufacturer.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-44">[44]</a> Additionally, there are 3,000 high production volume (HPV) chemicals, produced or imported in quantities exceeding one million pounds per year<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-44">[44]</a> These HPV chemicals only constitute one third of existing chemicals, but their high volumes raise concern about the lack of basic hazard information.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-44">[44]</a> Many environmental groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Natural Resources Defense Council">Natural Resources Defense Council</a>, complain that the EPA is nearly powerless to take regulatory action against dangerous chemicals, even those known to cause cancer or other serious health effects.<a href="#cite_note-blastmagazine1976-35">[35]</a> The HPV program lead to the generation of new or release of existing data on over 2,200 chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation_of_new_chemicals">Regulation of new chemicals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regulation of new chemicals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Chemicals_-_Active_Cases_Under_Review_-_EPA_11-01-2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/New_Chemicals_-_Active_Cases_Under_Review_-_EPA_11-01-2022.png/220px-New_Chemicals_-_Active_Cases_Under_Review_-_EPA_11-01-2022.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/New_Chemicals_-_Active_Cases_Under_Review_-_EPA_11-01-2022.png/330px-New_Chemicals_-_Active_Cases_Under_Review_-_EPA_11-01-2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/New_Chemicals_-_Active_Cases_Under_Review_-_EPA_11-01-2022.png/440px-New_Chemicals_-_Active_Cases_Under_Review_-_EPA_11-01-2022.png 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Status chart of new chemicals being reviewed by EPA, November 1, 2022</figcaption></figure> Companies must notify the EPA of their intention to manufacture (or import) a new chemical (one not listed on the TSCA Inventory) by submitting a PMN at least 90 days prior to the first manufacture or import for a non-exempt purpose. Section 5 of TSCA does not require any toxicity testing before submitting a PMN<a href="#cite_note-Wagner-46">[46]</a> No safety information is required to be included in the PMN, so the EPA must rely on computer modeling to determine whether the new chemical "may present an unreasonable risk."<a href="#cite_note-google1976-47">[47]</a> In order to regulate new chemicals, the EPA must determine that the chemical "...may present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment..." or show that the chemical "... is or will be produced in substantial quantities, and such substance either enters or may reasonably be anticipated to enter the environment in substantial quantities or there is or may be significant or substantial human exposure to the substance...."<a href="#cite_note-Wagner-46">[46]</a> If the EPA does not satisfy these requirements, it cannot act to block the manufacture of the new chemical. The EPA has only 90 days from receipt of a PMN to act before the new chemical may be legally marketed and included in products. In consequence, only 40 percent of acute toxicity and mutagenicity testing is ever completed, even less data on long-term effects or specific endpoints (including subchronic, neurotoxicological, developmental, reproductive, and chronic) is ever generated. Additionally, less than 5 percent of data on toxicity to aquatic organisms is submitted with a PMN. "<a href="#cite_note-Wagner-46">[46]</a> From 1979 to 1994 the EPA OPPT's new chemical program received over 24000 PMNs and sought to delay manufacture and require additional data for only 5000 of those submissions. Half of these nonetheless ultimately entered and are still on the market.<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> EPA evaluation found that 85 percent of PMN data on health effects is deficient, and 67 percent of PMNs contain deficiencies on health or environmental effects of any kind.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-44">[44]</a> In order to compensate for this deficiency of data, Section 5 of TSCA created The Structure Activity Team (SAT) along with structural-activity relations (SARs) to review PMN chemicals. SAT consists of a team of expert scientists and specialists who evaluate the potential environmental fate, and health and environmental hazards of new chemicals<a href="#cite_note-Wagner-46">[46]</a> Since there is little to no data received with the PMNs, hazard assessments for chemicals depend heavily on models, SARs based on analogous chemicals, or, in some cases, data on the subject chemical retrieved from public databases or reference material such as Beilstein.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner-46">[46]</a> However, it has been argued that SARs and SAT's review process do not adequately evaluate risks associated with new chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> For instance, there is no minimum data set beyond information already in possession at the time they file the PMN. The EPA may regulate chemicals that enter the market only under the standards of TSCA and also carries the burden of proving the safety of existing chemicals<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_Substance_Inventory_(TSCA_Inventory)">Chemical Substance Inventory (TSCA Inventory)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chemical Substance Inventory (TSCA Inventory)">edit</a>]</div> The TSCA Chemical Substance Inventory (TSCA Inventory) is EPA's comprehensive list of confidential and non-confidential chemical substances.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The non-confidential inventory is provided in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Access" title="Microsoft Access">Microsoft Access</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">CSV</a> formats within <a href="/wiki/ZIP_(file_format)" title="ZIP (file format)">ZIP files</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Inventory notification reporting is through an updated user interface in the Central Data Exchange (CDX) Chemical Safety and Pesticide Programs (CSPP) <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web application</a> for company-authorized officials and their support; there is no role for the public to access the CDX CSPP web app.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Toxics_Release_Inventory" title="Toxics Release Inventory">Toxics Release Inventory</a> (TRI) is a different inventory for Superfund reporting. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> TSCA had been severely criticized by non-governmental organizations, academics, scientists, and even government agencies for failing to regulate the safe use of chemicals affecting human health and environmental welfare effectively.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chemicals_2010-52">[52]</a> Prior to the TSCA amendments in 2016, "the act has not been substantially updated."<a href="#cite_note-Vogel-53">[53]</a> Organizations concerned about product safety, "including the chemical industry, environmental and public health advocates, and the EPA"<a href="#cite_note-Vogel-53">[53]</a> have attempted to mitigate the effects of weak regulation. They argue that "the inability to function as intended results from a series of legal, organizational, and political challenges."<a href="#cite_note-Vogel-53">[53]</a> According to Wilson and Schwarzman, there are three gaps in US chemicals policy: <ul><li>"Data gap: Producers are not required to investigate and disclose sufficient information on the hazard traits of chemicals to government, the public, or businesses that use chemicals.</li> <li>"Safety gap: Government lacks the legal tools it needs to efficiently identify, prioritize, and take action to mitigate the potential health and environmental effects of hazardous chemicals.</li> <li>"Technology gap: Industry and government have invested only marginally in green chemistry research, development, and education."<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-44">[44]</a></li></ul> The EPA Office of the Inspector General said in 2010 that implementation has been "inconsistent and presents a minimal presence."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-54">[54]</a> The report criticized the process by which the EPA handles new TSCA cases, claiming it is "predisposed to protect industry information rather than to provide public access to health and safety studies."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-54">[54]</a> GAO suggests that concern for trade secrets is preventing effective testing. In come cases, toxicity studies do not include the specific identity of the test substance and cannot report any problems because "health and safety data are of limited value if the chemical the data pertain to is unknown."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_regulation_of_toxic_substances_and_chemicals">State regulation of toxic substances and chemicals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: State regulation of toxic substances and chemicals">edit</a>]</div> Certain state governments have implemented "comprehensive regulatory programs"<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> for stricter control on toxic chemicals as a response to the failure of Congress to modernize TSCA.<a href="#cite_note-LindaImplementation-19">[19]</a> Some critics of TSCA note its inability to support meaningful action to prevent a patchwork of state policies as state lawmakers in 18 states have collectively passed 71 chemical laws since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In states such as California, Connecticut, and Michigan diverse chemical policy actions were introduced favoring tighter regulation to protect vulnerable populations and the environment from exposure to dangerous chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> Critics favoring a federal reform of TSCA argue that the patchwork of state chemical management laws create "tensions between federal and state powers."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Moreover, state law initiatives and rules to target chemicals have significant support from "the public demanding stricter chemical control."<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-44">[44]</a> Stringent state laws have successfully implemented more regulation on "BPA in plastic products and food beverage containers or flame retardants in furniture."<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-44">[44]</a> Campaigns focusing on increasing consumer awareness of chemicals in products have been able to educate the public about the potential risk of exposure to chemical products that can harm their health and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-44">[44]</a> According to a poll conducted by the Mellman Group, 78 percent of Americans are seriously concerned about the threat to children's health from toxic chemicals in day-to-day life. The same poll reported that 33 percent of the respondents answered that everyday exposure to toxic chemicals is a serious issue.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_industry's_support_for_TSCA_reform">Chemical industry's support for TSCA reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chemical industry's support for TSCA reform">edit</a>]</div> In 2009, chemical manufacturers stated that TSCA needs "modernizing"<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> to offer better regulation of current and future chemical products available in the market. The chemical industry is frustrated with state-level restrictions because state policies on chemical products create "market disruption and impose unnecessary regulatory burdens, without necessarily improving public health."<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> The chemical manufacturers "reluctantly" support a reform of TSCA, agreeing that it is necessary to avoid ambiguities. The chemical producers support implementation of more uniform and consistent regulations at the federal level that pre-empt state law.<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denison-59">[59]</a> The modernization of TSCA can give the chemical industry a standard to follow and allow them to market their products for domestic consumption or international sales without having to spend more money trying to comply with a myriad of individual state regulations.<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denison-59">[59]</a> Yet, environmental groups and state agencies argue that TSCA provisions "protect confidential business information" (CBI) preventing them from accessing information relevant to their task.<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> However, chemical manufacturers and their trade associations would prefer a weaker version of TSCA that pre-empts state law, due to the more than 40 different state government regulations on toxic chemicals. In addition, businesses would like a standard that can be applied uniformly, rather than having to report many different and overlapping sets of requirements to the individual states where the companies do business.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Chemical manufacturers have also automated quality processes by incorporating a quality management system in efforts to foster a better, safer industry.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer_support_for_the_reform_of_TSCA">Consumer support for the reform of TSCA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Consumer support for the reform of TSCA">edit</a>]</div> Growing public concern about exposure to dangerous chemicals in their everyday life has received attention from state and local agencies.<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> Redefining is needed to respond to the consumer demand: "public policies governing chemical design, production, and use need deep restructuring in light of new science on the health and environmental effects of anthropogenic chemicals"<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> For better management and control of chemicals "a string of high-profile campaigns focusing on chemicals in consumer products"<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> has made consumers aware of "chemical exposures to everyday life"<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> by releasing information on the hazards and outcome of chemical use. Labeling is an alternative solution to give the consumer the freedom to choose what products to buy "as a condition for entering or remaining on the market, using a standard that establishes a reasonable certainty of no harm."<a href="#cite_note-Denison-59">[59]</a> The private sector responded to the public concern of chemical exposure in everyday life by incorporating "screening mechanism(s) to diminish and/or prevent the marketing of products containing chemical substances that could potentially adversely affect human health and the environment."<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> The demand for sustainable products can force the market to adopt more green chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technological_innovation_and_TSCA_reform">Technological innovation and TSCA reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Technological innovation and TSCA reform">edit</a>]</div> Opponents to TSCA reform proposals argue that stringent legislation can be seen as "job-killing."<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> Nevertheless, the demand for sustainable products can increase innovation and investment in new products that can eventually replace toxic chemicals. Green chemistry is an innovative way to design chemicals to be less hazardous, with the goal of making chemicals and products "benign by design."<a href="/wiki/California_Green_Chemistry_Initiative" title="California Green Chemistry Initiative">see CGCI</a><a href="#cite_note-CGCI-62">[62]</a> According to the Safer Chemicals, Healthy Families Coalition, "18 states have collectively passed 71 chemical laws since 2003."<a href="#cite_note-Chemicals-63">[63]</a> Similarly, the state of California implemented the Green Chemistry Initiative (CGCI) in an effort to increase innovation and reduce or eliminate hazardous substances to human health and the environment. The CGCI responds to the demand by consumers and environmental groups advocating for greener products.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Green technology innovation introduced new products using nanotechnology available for consumption. The ultra fine nano particles can enter the human body via the skin, lungs or intestinal tract and may induce undesirable genetic changes as a side effect.<a href="#cite_note-Albrecht-65">[65]</a> The regulation of nano particles is another challenge for TSCA, "there are no specific regulations on nanoparticles except existing regulations covering the same material in bulk form."<a href="#cite_note-Albrecht-65">[65]</a> However, if the bulk form of the nanomaterial is not listed on the TSCA Inventory, the nanomaterial is a new chemical substance that is subject to pre-market review.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> There is not enough knowledge about the potential risk of exposure while new nano material created at a rapid rate is incorporated into consumer products without testing the toxicity risk of exposure to human health and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Technological creation of new chemicals is ahead of TSCA regulation for new chemicals. The U.S. chemical industry claims having tight regulations can interfere with their ability to compete.<a href="#cite_note-Chemicals-63">[63]</a> Nevertheless, in Europe new regulation motivated the chemical industry to innovate. For instance, the European parliament implemented a successful comprehensive reform of REACH by applying the "No data, no market" rule to pressure chemical manufacturers to submit safety data for both new and existing chemicals produced in or exported to Europe. This approach motivated the chemical industry in Europe to innovate, invest more in research & development and produce greener products.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Other groups concerned with TSCA's lack of efficacy include the <a href="/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility" title="Physicians for Social Responsibility">Physicians for Social Responsibility</a>, the U.S. Public Interest Research Group, the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Defense_Fund" title="Environmental Defense Fund">Environmental Defense Fund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lung_Cancer_Alliance" title="Lung Cancer Alliance">Lung Cancer Alliance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Asbestos_Disease_Awareness_Organization" title="Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization">Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization</a> representing more than 11 million people nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-blastmagazine1976-35">[35]</a> These diverse groups, under the umbrella of the National Resources Defense Council however are displeased with the new draft bill written by deceased Senator Lautenberg in May 2013. The group is calling for greater oversight and reporting of health hazards of chemicals contained in everyday products.<a href="#cite_note-blastmagazine1976-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TSCA_and_environmental_justice">TSCA and environmental justice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: TSCA and environmental justice">edit</a>]</div> TSCA can promote <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> in communities where minorities and low-income residents disproportionately bear great exposure to toxic chemicals increasing their risk to suffer from "chronic diseases and conditions such as prostate cancer, learning disabilities, asthma, infertility, and obesity."<a href="#cite_note-Chemicals-63">[63]</a> Public policy can transform and empower communities "fighting <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">environmental racism</a>"<a href="#cite_note-Mohai-71">[71]</a> associated with industrial facilities built near low-income neighborhoods. Communities from minority groups are disproportionately affected by "environmental threats from toxic contamination, <a href="/wiki/Locally_unwanted_land_use" title="Locally unwanted land use">locally unwanted land use</a> (LULUs) to unsafe and substandard housing and natural-resource extractions" cannot wait for years until bureaucratic processes demonstrate their health has been at risk from living under these conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Brulle-72">[72]</a> Studies have shown that "lower-income people were found to be significantly more likely than were higher income people to live near a polluting industrial facility."<a href="#cite_note-Mohai-71">[71]</a> The market dynamics responds to "the industry seeking to build their facilities where land is cheap and where industrial labor pools and sources of materials are nearby."<a href="#cite_note-Mohai-71">[71]</a> Eventually, industrial facilities may contribute to the depreciation of property in the neighboring areas affecting the value of housing because of noise, release of pollutants, and fear of health impact.<a href="#cite_note-Mohai-71">[71]</a> Wealthy communities will actively oppose the placing of industrial facilities near them but the low-income neighborhoods "and communities of color become an easier target"<a href="#cite_note-Mohai-71">[71]</a> as they are not well represented or well organized to fight against the industry and the government. Environmental disparities is a prevalent issue for low income-people as they become trapped in "housing discrimination"<a href="#cite_note-Mohai-71">[71]</a> living in polluted neighborhoods unable to relocate to a nicer area.<a href="#cite_note-Mohai-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Populations_vulnerable_to_toxic_and_chemical_substances_exposure">Populations vulnerable to toxic and chemical substances exposure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Populations vulnerable to toxic and chemical substances exposure">edit</a>]</div> Environmental justice groups can engage the community to impact local state and federal policy. TSCA regulation can protect public health by "limiting the market for hazardous chemicals and promote safe chemical production."<a href="#cite_note-Chemicals-63">[63]</a> Vulnerable population such as infants, pregnant women, the elderly and certain occupational workers bear a higher risk to diseases from exposure to toxic chemicals. The elderly are vulnerable from exposure to chemicals that may impair their weak immune system, and cause heart disease among other health issues from interactions with medication. Children are vulnerable to the health impacts of environmental injustice because their immune system is immature and they cannot handle the amount of chemicals in relation to the size of their body. To protect vulnerable groups the federal, state and local government could implement better policy to protect them from the increasing number of chemical exposure happening in daily basis.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> This concern is reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act</a>, which includes a requirement that EPA evaluate risk to "potentially exposed and susceptible subpopulations."<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Children's_exposure_to_toxic_chemicals">Children's exposure to toxic chemicals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Children's exposure to toxic chemicals">edit</a>]</div> Children are more susceptible to develop patterns of illness with longtime effect in their health for which chemical exposure can be contributing pediatric disease. The main health problems associated with environmental chemical pollutants are asthma, <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a> and obesity. It is estimated that "the annual costs of environmentally attributable diseases in American children due to lead poisoning amounts to $43.4 billion."<a href="#cite_note-Landrigan-77">[77]</a> Toxic chemicals "threaten the health of the developing fetus, babies, young children and teens."<a href="#cite_note-Chemicals-63">[63]</a> It is important to protect children from chemical exposures as they "are less able than adults to break down and excrete toxic compounds."<a href="#cite_note-Denison-59">[59]</a> Children are exposed to newly invented chemicals used for consumer products, and is also found in "air, food, water, homes, schools, and communities."<a href="#cite_note-Sinai-78">[78]</a> Communities living near hot spots present health problems "associated with both social and environmental stressors,"<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> this can put a disproportionately burden on families. Therefore, "information on potential toxicity" can help parents to make better decisions about the products they purchase for the use of the children. Information about the toxicity is only available for about "two-thirds of the 3000 high production volume (HPV) chemicals."<a href="#cite_note-Sinai-78">[78]</a> Policy and regulation to protect vulnerable groups can reduce the exposure of children to toxic substances. For instance, in 2008, the state of Maine implemented the Kid-Safe Act to protect children from exposure to lead in toys "and bisphenol A (better known as BPA) in baby bottles"<a href="#cite_note-Chemicals-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In January 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest" title="Center for Science in the Public Interest">Center for Science in the Public Interest</a> released a report entitled Seeing Red - Time for Action on Food Dyes which criticized the continued use of artificial food coloring in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] The report estimated that over half a million children in the United States suffer adverse behavioral reactions as a result of ingesting food dyes, with an estimated cost exceeding $5 billion per year, citing data from by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. The report urges the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> to take action to ban or curtail the use of such dyes.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Readers are reminded that baby bottles and artificial food coloring are not regulated under TSCA jurisdiction, rather they are regulated under the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act</a>. However, other toxic substances that may be found in baby food (e.g., bisphenol A), are under TSCA jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pregnant_women's_exposure_to_chemicals">Pregnant women's exposure to chemicals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pregnant women's exposure to chemicals">edit</a>]</div> Pregnant women exposure to toxic chemicals in daily basis "can impact the reproductive and developmental health" during critical windows of development, this may lead to a higher risk for birth defects and childhood illnesses and "disability across the entire span of human life."<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Health professionals can provide information to women planning to become pregnant or already pregnant to avoid potential hazards and exposure to environmental toxic chemicals. Eating healthy food can reduce the impact of toxic chemicals, for instance consuming organic food. Mothers who are breastfeeding can expose their child to toxic chemicals in their milk. When the diet of children is modified from "conventional to organic food, the levels of pesticides in their bodies decline," but low-income families have to prioritize their needs and buying organic food may not be possible because of a budget constraint<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Readers are reminded that pesticides are not regulated under TSCA jurisdiction, rather they are regulated under the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a>. However, other toxic substances that can be transmitted through breast milk (e.g., per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)) <a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> are under TSCA jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occupational_workers'_exposure_to_toxic_chemicals">Occupational workers' exposure to toxic chemicals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Occupational workers' exposure to toxic chemicals">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_%26_Health_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational Safety & Health Administration">Occupational Safety & Health Administration</a> (OSHA) workers have the right to a safe workplace that do not pose a risk of serious harm. Occupational exposure to chemicals can happen through direct skin contact, inhalation, ingestion or eye contact. People working under certain occupations are more exposed to toxic chemicals that can have a negative longtime effect in their health. If the rate of exposure exceeds the capacity of the body to detoxify and eliminate them, it can accumulate in the body and potentially harm it. Male and female fertility can be compromised from exposure to toxic chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Concerns for exposure to workers is reflected in the explicit inclusion of workers with the definition of "potentially exposed and susceptible subpopulations" in the <a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corporate_support_for_mitigation_of_toxic_chemical_exposure">Corporate support for mitigation of toxic chemical exposure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Corporate support for mitigation of toxic chemical exposure">edit</a>]</div> Corporations can show social responsibility by removing products from the market and introducing similar alternatives that can benefit vulnerable groups.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> For instance, "Kaiser Permanente, a major medical supply purchaser, has a policy to avoid chemicals associated with cancer, reproductive problems and genetic mutations."<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Corporation social responsibility (CSR) is the moral obligation of the firm "to create success in ways that honors ethical values and respect to communities while promoting sustainability and a good reputation."<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Corporations can innovate and improve their image by responding to the increasing demand of green chemicals by consumers seeking better options to reduce their exposure to toxic chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reform_bills">Reform bills</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reform bills">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_to_2015">Prior to 2015</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Prior to 2015">edit</a>]</div> On May 23, 2013, Senators <a href="/wiki/David_Vitter" title="David Vitter">David Vitter</a> (R-LA) and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Frank Lautenberg</a> (D-NJ), introduced a TSCA reform bill, co-sponsored by a number of other senators at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Energy_Subcommittee_on_Environment_and_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Energy Subcommittee on Environment and Economy">United States House Energy Subcommittee on Environment and Economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gov.S.1009-97">[97]</a> The main focus of this effort was to amend TSCA's subsection S.1009, the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Safety_Improvement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Safety Improvement Act">Chemical Safety Improvement Act</a> (CSIA). The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Defense_Fund" title="Environmental Defense Fund">Environmental Defense Fund</a>, felt it would have given the EPA many critical tools to strengthen the provisions on public health protection and improved TSCA.<a href="#cite_note-Chemicals_2014-98">[98]</a> The bill's key revision included "mandating safety evaluations for all chemicals in active commerce, requiring new chemicals to be deemed likely safe before entering the market, fixing the key flaws in TSCA's safety standard that led to the EPA's inability to ban asbestos, allowing the EPA to order testing without first having to show potential risk, and making more information about chemicals available to states, health professionals and the public by limiting current trade secret allowances."<a href="#cite_note-Chemicals-63">[63]</a> The CSIA would have required states to co-enforce any requirements laid out by the EPA, i.e. to have funding and man-power to enforce all regulations that the EPA decided on, and causing a disconnect in partnerships between the state, federal government, and communities.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2014_Elk_River_chemical_spill" title="2014 Elk River chemical spill">2014 West Virginia Chemical Spill</a> created many controversies regarding CSIA. no data on the spilled chemical were available, including data on repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, specific target organ toxicity, and repeated exposure.<a href="#cite_note-Achenbach-100">[100]</a> On February 4, 2014, the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works held hearings on the CSIA right after the incident.<a href="#cite_note-Gov.S.1009-97">[97]</a> In the aftermath of the spill, the House approved a bill 95-0 which provides safeguards for chemical storage tanks and public water supplies. It included new requirements on early detection technology and plans that protect against drinking water contamination.<a href="#cite_note-Stanton-101">[101]</a> The CSIA was supported by the National Hispanic Medical Association, the Environmental Defense Fund], the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Humane_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Humane Society">The Humane Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>, the American Alliance for Innovation,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Machinists_and_Aerospace_Workers" title="International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers">International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> North America's Building Trades Union<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> SMART-Transportation Division,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Bridge,_Structural,_Ornamental_and_Reinforcing_Iron_Workers" title="International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers">International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Occupational_and_Environmental_Medicine" title="American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine">American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine</a>],<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> the <a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers">International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thirdway-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-support-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015">2015</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2015">edit</a>]</div> In March 2015, Senator <a href="/wiki/Tom_Udall" title="Tom Udall">Tom Udall</a> (D, NM) sponsored Senate bill 697, to amend and reauthorize TSCA, called the "<a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act</a>".<a href="#cite_note-S697-112">[112]</a> Environmental, health and labor organizations and several states criticized it, because "it would gut state chemical regulations".,<a href="#cite_note-sf-113">[113]</a> but officials from the EPA and Administrator Gina McCarthy have testified that the bill meets all of the Obama Administration's principles for TSCA reform and that the Administrator was "encouraged" by the bipartisan progress.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Defense_Fund" title="Environmental Defense Fund">Environmental Defense Fund</a> supports S. 697, stating that it "will give [the] EPA the tools necessary to better ensure the safety of chemicals and significantly strengthen health protections for American families."<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Senate bill 725, introduced by Senator <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Boxer" title="Barbara Boxer">Barbara Boxer</a> (D-CA) and Senator <a href="/wiki/Edward_Markey" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Markey">Edward Markey </a>(D-MA), also called the "Alan Reinstein and Trevor Schaefer Toxic Chemical Protection Act", would enable the EPA to quickly assess the safety of more chemicals and allow new state policies.<a href="#cite_note-sf-113">[113]</a> In June 2015 the House passed H.R.2576, the TSCA Modernization Act of 2015, and was referred to the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-hr-116">[116]</a> On January 20, 2016, <a href="/wiki/Gina_McCarthy" title="Gina McCarthy">Gina McCarthy</a>, the EPA Administrator, sent a letter to Congress detailing the EPA's positions on S. 697 and H.R. 2576.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The letter points out support and concern for a number of topics related to TSCA reform, including: Deadlines for action, elimination of the "least burdensome" requirement for Section 6 regulation, a sustained source of funding, existing chemical review prioritization, consistent applicability of a new TSCA safety standard for both new and existing chemicals, transparency and confidential business information, chemicals contained in articles, and state preemption.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Congress passed a reconciled version of the reform bill, the <a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act</a>, with bipartisan support in early June 2016. On Wednesday, June 22, 2016, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> signed the bill into law, remarking that "even in the current polarized political process here in Washington, things can work." Lawmakers and industry groups were largely supportive of the new law, while environmental advocates offered more mixed reactions.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_EU_chemical_regulation">Comparison with EU chemical regulation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Comparison with EU chemical regulation">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) has enabled similar laws called <a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation_and_Authorization_of_Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals">Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals</a> (REACH) on June 1, 2007 to improve the former legislative framework on chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> There are three main points to emphasize on the comparisons of REACH and TSCA. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="REACH_vs._TSCA_requirements_on_developing_chemical_information">REACH vs. TSCA requirements on developing chemical information</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: REACH vs. TSCA requirements on developing chemical information">edit</a>]</div> Developing a sufficient information is important for risk management and for prevention from potential hazardous substances.<a href="#cite_note-Koch-120">[120]</a> Categories of information that are useful in risk management are first, scientific information including the composition of the chemical, secondly, technological information including monitoring, preventing or controlling, and finally, legal information including the rights and obligations of producers, consumers and general public .<a href="#cite_note-Koch-120">[120]</a> TSCA requires chemical companies to submit to the EPA any available human health and environmental data on the existing chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> TSCA does not require chemical companies to conduct toxicity tests for new chemicals on their effects on human health or the environment,<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> but the companies can perform test on voluntary base.<a href="#cite_note-Conrad-121">[121]</a> In TSCA's section 5, companies are required to submit such data if the effect already exists when they submit a premanufacture notice (PMN) to the EPA.<a href="#cite_note-Denison-59">[59]</a> In order to compensate the gap of actual test data in section 5, a process involving structure-activity relationship (SAR) was created to assess hazardous risks.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner-46">[46]</a> Consequently, and according to information dating from the 1980s, slightly less than 50% of new chemicals submitted for evaluation by the EPA are accompanied by toxicity data, which mainly consists of local irritation (skin and eyes) or acute toxicity tests in laboratory animals.<a href="#cite_note-Nabholz-122">[122]</a> <a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> TSCA also requires data on the physical and chemical properties, fate, health and environmental effects of the chemical (hazard information) that the companies possess or reasonably ascertainable when they submit the intent of manufacturing notice to the EPA. The EPA compares new and existing chemicals by their molecular structures in order to determine if any health and environmental effects are available.<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> Authorized by TSCA section 8(d), the EPA may require manufacturers and importers of a given chemical to submit copies of unpublished health and safety studies including the chemicals produced in the ten years before the effective date of the EPA rule.<a href="#cite_note-Conrad-121">[121]</a> In 2021, EPA issued a data call-in rule under Section 8(d) to help inform EPA's assessment of dozens of chemicals that were either under evaluation or that EPA was considering for prioritization.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Under REACH and <a href="/wiki/European_Chemicals_Agency" title="European Chemicals Agency">European Chemicals Agency</a> (ECHA) regulations, chemical companies are required to provide quantity of chemicals and depending on the quantity, the companies need to further develop data on human health and environment for both existing and new chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> For example, at the one or more tonnage, chemical companies are required to register and submit information including chemical identity,production process, instruction of usage, safety guidance, summaries of physical and chemical properties, exposure and effects on human health and environment.<a href="#cite_note-Ruden-125">[125]</a> At the 10 or more tonnage, the information for one or more tonnage must be included, additionally, chemical safety assessment, a physiochemical hazard, an environmental hazard, and chemical's persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic pollutant assessment information are required.<a href="#cite_note-Allanou-126">[126]</a> For 100 or more tonnage annually, <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a>, simulation testing, identification of degradation data, long term toxicity to fish and aquatic species, short term toxicity to terrestrial organisms and plants, two generation toxicity study, subchronic toxicity to mammals data are required.<a href="#cite_note-Ruden-125">[125]</a> Under TSCA, EPA will rely upon models or analogs to fill data gaps for properties, toxicity, and fate if EPA has data gaps for the substance.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner-46">[46]</a> Under REACH, ECHA requires that registrants fill data gaps, but registrants may do so with data on the substance or analogs, model output, or waivers (if justified). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TSCA_and_REACH_regulations_on_potential_chemical_risks">TSCA and REACH regulations on potential chemical risks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: TSCA and REACH regulations on potential chemical risks">edit</a>]</div> Under the TSCA, the EPA needs to collect data to assess the potential risks of chemicals and requires developing substantial evidence in order to withstand judicial review and policy making.<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> Due to the section 6(a) of TSCA, the EPA has difficulty proving that certain chemicals pose unreasonable risks.<a href="#cite_note-Denison-59">[59]</a> In order to regulate those chemicals, the EPA must find reasonable basis including the effects of substance on human and environment, magnitude of exposure, benefits and uses of the chemical, and availability of the substance.<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> The EPA also needs to determine the reasonably ascertainable economic consequences of the rule, after considering the effect to the national economy and businesses.<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> However, the section 6 is taken into consideration to amend in the 2013 reform.<a href="#cite_note-Gov.S.1009-97">[97]</a> Section 6 also limits or restricts the production of PCBs, fully halogenated chlorofluoroalkanes, dioxin, asbestos, nitrosating agents, and hexavalent chromium.<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> In addition for 160 existing chemicals, under Section 5a2, TSCA requires chemical companies to submit notices to the EPA prior to manufacturing, importing, or processing of the substance for new usage.<a href="#cite_note-Bergeson,_et_al.-38">[38]</a> TSCA also utilizes different models such as ecological risk assessment, quotient method for exceeding measurement endpoints,<a href="#cite_note-Nabholz-122">[122]</a> exposure assessment, PMN, assessment dose-response assessment, etc.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_2000-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">REACH</a> requires chemical manufacturers, importers, and downstream users to ensure that the chemicals do not negatively affect human health or the environment and they should request authorization to produce or import hazardous chemicals and the companies to search for safer alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> The authorization procedure involves first, the <a href="/wiki/European_Chemicals_Agency" title="European Chemicals Agency">European Chemicals Agency</a> to publish a candidate list of chemicals, secondly, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> to determine the authorizations or exempts from candidate lists, and finally, if a chemical is deemed to require authorization, a chemical company will have to apply to the European Commission for the authorization.<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> If the chemical company can demonstrate the social and economic benefits outweigh the risks, the harmful chemical may be able to get authorization.<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> Likewise TSCA, REACH restricts chemicals that pose an unacceptable risk to health or environment. In order to restrict, REACH must demonstrate the chemical's risk to human health or the environment that needs to be addressed at the community wide level and identify the most appropriate set of risk reduction measures and safer substitutes.<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TSCA_vs._REACH_disclosing_information_to_the_public">TSCA vs. REACH disclosing information to the public</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: TSCA vs. REACH disclosing information to the public">edit</a>]</div> Information disclosure gives an opportunity to the public to immediately react and avoid exposure to potential chemical hazards and risks for example by changing consumer behavior or applying pressure on the chemical firms etc. In the other hand, information disclosure also can motivate firms to search for safer alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-Koch-120">[120]</a> TSCA allows companies to claim their precise chemical volumes, components, chemical uses, and essentially any information provided to the EPA as business confidential except in the cases that chemical need health and safety studies.<a href="#cite_note-Conrad-121">[121]</a> In this extent of TSCA, the EPA' s ability is restricted to share information including the company's identities, the chemical's structures to any public groups except the designated contractors, or to law enforcement officials.<a href="#cite_note-Denison-59">[59]</a> It is important that the state and local environmental non-governmental agencies, environmental advocates and other public groups in obtaining chemical information in order to develop contingency plans and effective emergency responses in cases of highly toxic exposures. However, the EPA can only disclose confidential business information when it determines such disclosure is necessary to protect human health or the environment from an unreasonable risk.<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> Similar to TSCA, REACH mandates chemical companies to disclosure of health and safety information that allows public to have an access to the basic chemical information, including brief profiles of hazardous properties, authorized uses, and risk management measures.<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> Also one of the main strength of REACH is in the extent to which the government intends to make the public receive as much as information possible, including identification of substances of a very high concern that are subject to authorization.<a href="#cite_note-Denison-59">[59]</a> REACH considers the full chemical composition, the preparation, the precise use, the detailed function or application of the chemical, the precise tonnage or volume of the chemical manufactured or placed on the market and the relationships between manufacturers, importers and downstream users as confidential for the industry's economic purpose.<a href="#cite_note-Ruden-125">[125]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Persistent,_bioaccumulative_and_toxic_substances" title="Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances">persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances</a> (PBTs), very persistent and very bioaccumulative and toxic substances (vPvB), and other chemicals that are classified as dangerous, REACH requires firms to submit a safety data sheet<a href="#cite_note-Ruden-125">[125]</a> so that downstream users, manufacturers, retailers, and importers have the information required to safely use and handle the chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-Fuhr-128">[128]</a> Unlike TSCA, REACH can share the firm's chemical information with state, government authorities and EU organizations under an agreement between the firm and the other responsible parties.<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_TSCA_and_REACH's_selected_provisions">Comparison of TSCA and REACH's selected provisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Comparison of TSCA and REACH's selected provisions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number_of_chemicals_covered_in_the_inventory">Number of chemicals covered in the inventory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Number of chemicals covered in the inventory">edit</a>]</div> REACH: After enacting REACH in the European Union, the officials estimated approximately 30,000 cases that have produced or imported at a level of at least 1 metric ton chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> TSCA: Currently more than 82,000 chemicals are in the TSCA inventory and 20,000 of them were added after 1979 into the inventory after the EPA program started reviewing the existing chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Complete_risk_assessment_requirements">Complete risk assessment requirements</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Complete risk assessment requirements">edit</a>]</div> REACH requires chemical companies that produce at level of 1 metric tons per year to conduct risk assessment along with <a href="/wiki/European_Chemical_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Chemical Agency">European Chemical Agency</a>'s review and for the companies that produce more than 10 tons or more per years need to conduct chemical safety assessment for all the chemicals produced.<a href="#cite_note-Ruden-125">[125]</a> TSCA does not require chemical companies to perform risk assessments on new chemicals. However, it allows companies to perform voluntary risk assessments on their new chemicals. For existing chemicals, companies are required to notify the EPA immediately of new unpublished information on chemicals that have potential risks but are not required to conduct risk assessments.<a href="#cite_note-Conrad-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Production_quantity_disclosure">Production quantity disclosure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Production quantity disclosure">edit</a>]</div> REACH requires chemical companies to submit their registration yearly with the information on the overall quantity of production or importing of a chemical in metric tons per year in a technical dossier and immediately report if any significant changes occur in the quantity.<a href="#cite_note-Allanou-126">[126]</a> TSCA: Chemical companies must provide the EPA a reasonable third year estimate for their new chemicals in total production volume at the time a Premanufacture Notices is submitted. For every 5 years, the existing chemicals on the TSCA inventory and produced at quantities of 25,000 pounds or more must be reported.<a href="#cite_note-gao-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_of_chemical_inventories_in_various_countries_and_regions">Example of chemical inventories in various countries and regions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Example of chemical inventories in various countries and regions">edit</a>]</div> <a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">REACH - European Union Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006</a></li> <li>AICS - Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances</li> <li>DSL - Canadian Domestic Substances List</li> <li>NDSL - Canadian Non-Domestic Substances List</li> <li>KECL (Korean ECL) - Korean Existing Chemicals List</li> <li>ENCS (MITI) - Japanese Existing and New Chemical Substances</li> <li>PICCS - Philippine Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical Substances</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TSCA_Inventory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TSCA Inventory (page does not exist)">TSCA Inventory</a> - US Toxic Substances Control Act</li> <li>SWISS - Giftliste 1</li> <li>SWISS - Inventory of Notified New Substances</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals</a> (REACH) - EU legislation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_Substances_Directive_(67/548/EEC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC)">Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC)</a> - EU legislation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinhou" title="Kashinhou">Kashinhou</a> - Japanese legislation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Facility_Anti-Terrorism_Standards" title="Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards">Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards</a> (CFATS) - Homeland security laws for chemical storage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/a543211f64e4d1998525735900404442/c7860ed6d012f9df852576e7006365b0!OpenDocument">EPA Makes Chemical Information More Accessible to Public For the first time, TSCA chemical inventory free of charge online (March 15, 2010)</a></li> <li>For additional information on TSCA, see <a href="/wiki/NTIS" class="mw-redirect" title="NTIS">NTIS</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)(2020-09-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-toxic-substances-control-act">"Summary of the Toxic Substances Control Act."</a></li> <li>EPA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d10ed0d99d826b068525735900400c2a/db490ae06c402d7985257164005d4bcc!OpenDocument">"Announcement of agreement with General Electric to conduct Hudson River dredging"</a>, October 6, 2005.</li> <li>Schapiro, Mark, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20041227/schapiro">"New Power for 'Old Europe'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(U.S._periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nation (U.S. periodical)">The Nation</a>, December 27, 2004, 11-16.</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> 40 CFR 710.3(d) “Chemical substance” <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-R/part-710#p-710.3(d)(Chemical%20substance)">https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-R/part-710#p-710.3(d)(Chemical%20substance)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-895/">Toxic Substances Control Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Publishing Office</a></cite><span 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March 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-hanson07-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hanson07_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanson07_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hanson, David J. (January 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cen.acs.org/articles/85/i3/Those-Days.html">"Those Were The Days"</a>. Chemical & Engineering News. 85 (3). 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Six Further Steps to Improve the European Chemicals Legislation"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 118 (1): 6–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.0901157">10.1289/ehp.0901157</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30249899">30249899</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2831968">2831968</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20056573">20056573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Registration%2C+Evaluation%2C+and+Authorization+of+Chemicals+%28REACH%29+Is+but+the+First+Step%E2%80%94How+Far+Will+It+Take+Us%3F+Six+Further+Steps+to+Improve+the+European+Chemicals+Legislation&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-10&rft.date=2009-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2831968%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20056573&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30249899%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.0901157&rft.aulast=Rud%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Hansson%2C+Sven+Ove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2831968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxic+Substances+Control+Act+of+1976" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allanou-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allanou_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allanou_126-1">b</a> Allanou, Remi, Bjorn G. Hansen, and Yvonne Van der Bilt. Public availability of data on EU high production volume chemicals. European Commission, 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_2000-127"><a href="#cite_ref-EPA_2000_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/lead/hazard-standard-risk-analysis-supplement-tsca-section-403">"Hazard Standard Risk Analysis Supplement -- TSCA Section 403. Risk Analysis to Support Standards for Lead in Pait, Dust and Soil: Supplemental Report"</a>. EPA. December 2000. EPA 747-R-00-004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hazard+Standard+Risk+Analysis+Supplement+--+TSCA+Section+403.+Risk+Analysis+to+Support+Standards+for+Lead+in+Pait%2C+Dust+and+Soil%3A+Supplemental+Report&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Flead%2Fhazard-standard-risk-analysis-supplement-tsca-section-403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxic+Substances+Control+Act+of+1976" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuhr-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Fuhr_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFührBizer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Führ, Martin; Bizer, Kilian (January 2007). "REACh as a paradigm shift in chemical policy – responsive regulation and behavioural models". Journal of Cleaner Production. 15 (4): 327–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2005.10.003">10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.10.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=REACh+as+a+paradigm+shift+in+chemical+policy+%E2%80%93+responsive+regulation+and+behavioural+models&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=327-334&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2005.10.003&rft.aulast=F%C3%BChr&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Bizer%2C+Kilian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxic+Substances+Control+Act+of+1976" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cas.org/expertise/cascontent/regulated/substance.html">Regulated Chemicals Information - American Chemical Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310235625/http://www.cas.org/expertise/cascontent/regulated/substance.html">Archived</a> 2012-03-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Further reading</dt></dl> <ul><li>EPA Alumni Association (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/toxics.pdf">"Toxic Substances: A Half Century of Progress."</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/tsca">TSCA chemicals</a> from the EPA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-toxic-substances-control-act">TSCA summary</a> from the EPA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/chapter-53">15 USC chapter 53</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute" title="Legal Information Institute">LII</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title15/chapter53&edition=prelim">15 USC chapter 53</a> of the United States Code from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">US House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-895/uslm/COMPS-895.xml">Toxic Substances Control Act</a> as amended (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-895/pdf/COMPS-895.pdf">PDF</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-895/">details</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">GPO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps">Statute Compilations collection</a></li> <li>40 CFR <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-R">chapter I → subchapter R</a> (parts 700–799) in the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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States">40th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 5th congressional district">MI–5</a> (1949–1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Inauguration of Gerald Ford">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Gerald_Ford_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Gerald Ford administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Amendments_of_1974" title="Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974">Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act" title="Equal Credit Opportunity Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_Retirement_Income_Security_Act_of_1974" title="Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974">Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Mortgage_Disclosure_Act" title="Home Mortgage Disclosure Act">Home Mortgage Disclosure Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_for_All_Handicapped_Children_Act" title="Education for All Handicapped Children Act">Education for All Handicapped Children Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladivostok_Summit_Meeting_on_Arms_Control" title="Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control">Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords#Ford_Administration" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Study_Memorandum_200" title="National Security Study Memorandum 200">National Security Study Memorandum 200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Nixon pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_inflation_now" class="mw-redirect" title="Whip inflation now">Whip inflation now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Gerald_Ford_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Gerald Ford administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_desk" title="Wilson desk">Wilson desk</a></li> <li>Assassination attempts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Gerald_Ford_in_Sacramento" title="Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in Sacramento">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Gerald_Ford_in_San_Francisco" title="Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1975 State of the Union Address">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1976 State of the Union Address">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1977 State of the Union Address">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Gerald_Ford" title="List of federal judges appointed by Gerald Ford">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Gerald Ford Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Gerald Ford judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Gerald_Rudolph_Ford/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Gerald Rudolph Ford/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Gerald_Rudolph_Ford/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Gerald Rudolph Ford/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2741" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Birthsite_and_Gardens" title="Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens">Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Gerald_R._Ford_Jr._Boyhood_Home" title="President Gerald R. Ford Jr. Boyhood Home">President Gerald R. Ford Jr. Boyhood Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Jr._House" title="Gerald R. Ford Jr. House">Gerald R. Ford Jr. House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1973 United States vice presidential confirmation">Confirmation as Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEI_World_Forum" title="AEI World Forum">AEI World Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">Death and state funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Museum" title="Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum">Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Library" title="Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library">Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Electoral history of Gerald Ford">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States House of Representatives elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1952 United States House of Representatives elections">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1954 United States House of Representatives elections">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1956 United States House of Representatives elections">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1958 United States House of Representatives elections">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1960 United States House of Representatives elections">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1962 United States House of Representatives elections">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1964 United States House of Representatives elections">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1970 United States House of Representatives elections">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1972 United States House of Representatives elections">1972</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter">Carter transition</a></li></ul></li> <li>Republican Party presidential primaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li>1976 Republican National Convention <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pink_Panther_Strikes_Again" title="The Pink Panther Strikes Again">The Pink Panther Strikes Again</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superman_vs._Muhammad_Ali" title="Superman vs. Muhammad Ali">Superman vs. Muhammad Ali</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_(1981_TV_series)" title="Dynasty (1981 TV series)">Dynasty</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Betty_Ford_Story" title="The Betty Ford Story">The Betty Ford Story</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassins_(musical)" title="Assassins (musical)">Assassins</a> (1990)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Two_Bad_Neighbors" title="Two Bad Neighbors">Two Bad Neighbors</a>" (1996)</li> <li>Saturday Night Live parodies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_X-Presidents" title="The X-Presidents">The X-Presidents</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Reunion" title="Presidential Reunion">Presidential Reunion</a> (2010)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Machine" title="The Political Machine">The Political Machine</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Butler" title="The Butler">The Butler</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)">The First Lady</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_International_Airport" title="Gerald R. Ford International Airport">Gerald R. Ford International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Gerald_R._Ford_Award" title="NCAA Gerald R. Ford Award">Gerald R. Ford Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_School_of_Public_Policy" title="Ford School of Public Policy">Ford School of Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford House Office Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Gerald_R._Ford" title="USS Gerald R. Ford">USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Freeway" title="Gerald R. Ford Freeway">Gerald R. Ford Freeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Gerald_Ford" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Statue of Gerald Ford">Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_King" title="Charles Henry King">Charles Henry King</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Lynch_King_Sr." title="Leslie Lynch King Sr.">Leslie Lynch King Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ayer_Gardner_Ford" title="Dorothy Ayer Gardner Ford">Dorothy Gardner Ford</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Rudolff_Ford" title="Gerald Rudolff Ford">Gerald Rudolff Ford</a> (stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gardner_Ford" title="Thomas Gardner Ford">Thomas Gardner Ford</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gerald_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Gerald Ford">Michael Gerald Ford</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gardner_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gardner Ford">John Gardner Ford</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ford" title="Steven Ford">Steven Meigs Ford</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Ford_Bales" title="Susan Ford Bales">Susan Ford Bales</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(dog)" title="Liberty (dog)">Liberty</a> (family dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">← Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">← Spiro Agnew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gerald_Ford" title="Category:Gerald Ford">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_environmental_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#BBDDCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_environmental_law" title="Template:United States environmental law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_environmental_law" title="Template talk:United States environmental law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_environmental_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States environmental law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_environmental_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_environmental_law" title="United States environmental law">United States environmental law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> decisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Holland" title="Missouri v. Holland">Missouri v. Holland</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Morton" title="Sierra Club v. Morton">Sierra Club v. Morton</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Corp._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Vermont Yankee v. NRDC</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_v._Oklahoma" title="Hughes v. Oklahoma">Hughes v. Oklahoma</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lujan_v._National_Wildlife_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation (page does not exist)">Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth,_Inc._v._Laidlaw_Environmental_Services,_Inc." title="Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.">Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP_P.L.C._v._Mayor_and_City_Council_of_Baltimore" title="BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore">BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">NEPA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Students_Challenging_Regulatory_Agency_Procedures" title="United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures">United States v. SCRAP</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Edison_Co._v._People_Against_Nuclear_Energy" title="Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy">Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_v._Public_Citizen" title="Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen">Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_v._Southern_Utah_Wilderness_Alliance" title="Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance">Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Co._v._Geertson_Seed_Farms" title="Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms">Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">CAA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Train_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_U.S.A.,_Inc._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitman_v._American_Trucking_Ass%27ns,_Inc." title="Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc.">Whitman v. American Trucking Associations</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation_v._EPA" title="Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA">Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_v._Public_Citizen" title="Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen">Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._EPA" title="Massachusetts v. EPA">Massachusetts v. EPA</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Defense_v._Duke_Energy_Corp." title="Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.">Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Electric_Power_Co._v._Connecticut" title="American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut">American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_Air_Regulatory_Group_v._EPA" title="Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA">Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._EPA" title="Michigan v. EPA">Michigan v. EPA</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HollyFrontier_Cheyenne_Refining,_LLC_v._Renewable_Fuels_Assn." title="HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining, LLC v. Renewable Fuels Assn.">HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_v._EPA" title="West Virginia v. EPA">West Virginia v. EPA</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">RCRA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Philadelphia_v._New_Jersey" title="City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey">City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Union_Co._v._United_States" title="Southern Union Co. v. United States">Southern Union Co. v. United States</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">ESA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority_v._Hill" title="Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill">Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lujan_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife">Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbitt_v._Sweet_Home_Chapter_of_Communities_for_a_Great_Oregon" title="Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon">Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ass%27n_of_Home_Builders_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife">National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyerhaeuser_Company_v._United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_v._Sierra_Club" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club">United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">CWA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Riverside_Bayview" title="United States v. Riverside Bayview">United States v. Riverside Bayview</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Agency_of_Northern_Cook_County_v._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers">SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Florida_Water_Management_District_v._Miccosukee_Tribe" title="South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe">South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._D._Warren_Co._v._Maine_Board_of_Environmental_Protection" title="S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection">S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapanos_v._United_States" title="Rapanos v. United States">Rapanos v. United States</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ass%27n_of_Home_Builders_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife">National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entergy_Corp._v._Riverkeeper_Inc." title="Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.">Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_Alaska,_Inc._v._Southeast_Alaska_Conservation_Council" title="Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council">Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2012)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2012)">Sackett v. EPA I</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Flood_Control_District_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Corps_of_Engineers_v._Hawkes_Co." title="Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.">Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Manufacturers_v._Department_of_Defense" title="National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense">National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Maui_v._Hawaii_Wildlife_Fund" title="County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund">County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2023)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2023)">Sackett v. EPA II</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">CERCLA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bestfoods" title="United States v. Bestfoods">United States v. Bestfoods</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam_v._United_States" title="Guam v. United States">Guam v. United States</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">federal legislation</a>, treaties, and lower court decisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park_Protection_Act" title="Yellowstone National Park Protection Act">Yellowstone National Park Protection Act</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Act_of_1897" title="Organic Act of 1897">Forest Service Organic Administration Act</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act_of_1899" title="Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899">Rivers and Harbors Act</a> (1899) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuse_Act" title="Refuse Act">Refuse Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacey_Act_of_1900" title="Lacey Act of 1900">Lacey Act</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks_Act" title="Weeks Act">Weeks Act</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Fur_Seal_Convention_of_1911" title="North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911">North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks%E2%80%93McLean_Act" title="Weeks–McLean Act">Weeks–McLean Act</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act_of_1918" title="Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918">Migratory Bird Treaty Act</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke%E2%80%93McNary_Act" title="Clarke–McNary Act">Clarke–McNary Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1924" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1924">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McSweeney-McNary_Act_of_1928" title="McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928">McSweeney-McNary Act</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Coordination_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act">Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watershed_Protection_and_Flood_Prevention_Act_of_1954" title="Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954">Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Pollution_Control_Act_of_1955" title="Air Pollution Control Act of 1955">Air Pollution Control Act</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Act">Fish and Wildlife Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> (1963, 1970, 1977, 1990) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Rain_Program" title="Acid Rain Program">Acid Rain Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_Hudson_Preservation_Conference_v._Federal_Power_Commission" title="Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission">Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission</a> (2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Disposal_Act_of_1965" title="Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965">Solid Waste Disposal Act</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1969" title="Endangered Species Act of 1969">Endangered Species Act</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Quality_Improvement_Act" title="Environmental Quality Improvement Act">Environmental Quality Improvement Act</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> (1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Management_Act" title="Coastal Zone Management Act">Coastal Zone Management Act</a> (1972) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Management_Program" title="Coastal Zone Management Program">Coastal Zone Management Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Protection,_Research,_and_Sanctuaries_Act_of_1972" title="Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972">Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_Control_Act" title="Noise Control Act">Noise Control Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1973" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1973">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a> (1974, 1986, 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act" title="Water Resources Development Act">Water Resources Development Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1974" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1974">1974</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1976" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1976">1976</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1986" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1988" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1988">1988</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1990" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1990">1990</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1992" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1992">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1996" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1996">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1999" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1999">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2000" title="Water Resources Development Act of 2000">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2007" title="Water Resources Development Act of 2007">2007</a>, 2014, 2016, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Noxious_Weed_Act_of_1974" title="Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974">Federal Noxious Weed Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Materials_Transportation_Act" title="Hazardous Materials Transportation Act">Hazardous Materials Transportation Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" title="Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">Magnuson–Stevens Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toxic Substances Control Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977" title="Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977">Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Mill_Tailings_Radiation_Control_Act" title="Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act">Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">CERCLA (Superfund)</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act" title="Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act">Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Wetlands_Resources_Act" title="Emergency Wetlands Resources Act">Emergency Wetlands Resources Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Change_Research_Act_of_1990" title="Global Change Research Act of 1990">Global Change Research Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Education_Act" title="National Environmental Education Act">National Environmental Education Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1990" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1990">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Species_Prevention_and_Enforcement_Act_of_1992" title="Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992">Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Quality_Protection_Act" title="Food Quality Protection Act">Food Quality Protection Act</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007" title="Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007">Energy Independence and Security Act</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA</a> (D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Water_Infrastructure_Act_of_2018" title="America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018">America's Water Infrastructure Act</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Louisiana v. Biden</a> (5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act" title="CHIPS and Science Act">CHIPS and Science Act</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act" title="Inflation Reduction Act">Inflation Reduction Act</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">Federal agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Surface_Mining_Reclamation_and_Enforcement" title="Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement">Office of Surface Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Regulations</a> and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_available_technology" title="Best available technology">Best available technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_suit" title="Citizen suit">Citizen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_average_fuel_economy" title="Corporate average fuel economy">Corporate average fuel economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_Monitoring_Report" title="Discharge Monitoring Report">Discharge Monitoring Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effluent_guidelines" title="Effluent guidelines">Effluent guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">Environmental impact statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Executive Order 13432</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Executive Order 13990</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">LDV Rule</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_contaminant_level" title="Maximum contaminant level">Maximum contaminant level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Climate_Assessment" title="National Climate Assessment">National Climate Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emissions_Standards_for_Hazardous_Air_Pollutants" title="National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants">National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Priorities_List" title="National Priorities List">National Priorities List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Source_Performance_Standards" title="New Source Performance Standards">New Source Performance Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Source_Review" title="New Source Review">New Source Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not-To-Exceed" title="Not-To-Exceed">Not-To-Exceed (NTE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PACE_financing" title="PACE financing">PACE financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Climate_Action_Plan" title="Presidential Climate Action Plan">Presidential Climate Action Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuel_Standard_(United_States)" title="Renewable Fuel Standard (United States)">Renewable Fuel Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_know" title="Right to know">Right to know</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_608" title="Section 608">Section 608 Certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_New_Alternatives_Policy" title="Significant New Alternatives Policy">Significant New Alternatives Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Climate" title="State of the Climate">State of the Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Tailoring Rule</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_maximum_daily_load" title="Total maximum daily load">Total maximum daily load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity_category_rating" title="Toxicity category rating">Toxicity category rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Mill_Tailings_Remedial_Action" title="Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action">Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template talk:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate" title="Diisobutyl phthalate">DIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_butyl_phthalate" title="Benzyl butyl phthalate">BBP</a> (BBzP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisoheptyl_phthalate" title="Diisoheptyl phthalate">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DEHP</a> (DOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">DIDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">DINP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_adipate" title="Dioctyl adipate">DOA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorinated_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorinated compounds">PFCs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">Teratogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_fume_fever" title="Polymer fume fever">Polymer fume fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pollution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li> <li><a 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