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<ul id="toc-Causes_and_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Axial_parallelism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axial_parallelism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Axial parallelism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axial_parallelism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axial_tilt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axial_tilt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Axial tilt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axial_tilt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elliptical_Earth_orbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elliptical_Earth_orbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Elliptical Earth orbit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elliptical_Earth_orbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_and_hemispheric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_and_hemispheric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Maritime and hemispheric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_and_hemispheric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tropics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tropics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Tropics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tropics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-latitude_thermal_lag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-latitude_thermal_lag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Mid-latitude thermal lag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-latitude_thermal_lag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four-season_reckoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four-season_reckoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Four-season reckoning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Four-season_reckoning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Four-season reckoning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Four-season_reckoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Official</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meteorological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meteorological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Meteorological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meteorological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Astronomical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variation_due_to_calendar_misalignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation_due_to_calendar_misalignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Variation due to calendar misalignment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation_due_to_calendar_misalignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_over_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_over_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Change over time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_over_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Solar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solar_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Solar terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Six-season_reckoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Six-season_reckoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Six-season reckoning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Six-season_reckoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-calendar-based_reckoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-calendar-based_reckoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Non-calendar-based reckoning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-calendar-based_reckoning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-calendar-based reckoning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-calendar-based_reckoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_mid-latitude_ecological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_mid-latitude_ecological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Modern mid-latitude ecological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_mid-latitude_ecological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_ecological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_ecological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Indigenous ecological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_ecological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tropical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tropical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tropical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tropical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Two_seasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_seasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Two seasons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_seasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_seasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_seasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Three seasons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_seasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Polar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_campaigning_seasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_campaigning_seasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Military campaigning seasons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_campaigning_seasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Season</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 152 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-152" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">152 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seisoen" title="Seisoen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Seisoen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9" title="فصول السنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فصول السنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%98%DC%9A%DC%A0%DC%A6%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܫܢܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܫܢܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAson" title="Sêson – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sêson" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="ঋতু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ঋতু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaci%C3%B3n_del_a%C3%B1u" title="Estación del añu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estación del añu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arajere" title="Arajere – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arajere" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="ЛъагӀалил заманаби – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЛъагӀалил заманаби" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99sil" title="Fəsil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fəsil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%84" title="فصل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فصل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="ঋতু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঋতু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9i-chiat" title="Kùi-chiat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kùi-chiat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пара года – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пара года" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="सीजन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सीजन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Сезон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сезон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ནམ་དུས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནམ་དུས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godi%C5%A1nje_doba" title="Godišnje doba – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Godišnje doba" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rannvloaz" title="Rannvloaz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rannvloaz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaci%C3%B3_de_l%27any" title="Estació de l'any – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estació de l'any" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%85%C4%83%D1%80%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Çулталăк тапхăрĕсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çулталăк тапхăрĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_obdob%C3%AD" title="Roční období – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roční období" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwaka" title="Mwaka – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mwaka" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staghjone" title="Staghjone – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Staghjone" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymor" title="Tymor – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tymor" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rstid" title="Årstid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Årstid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahreszeit" title="Jahreszeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jahreszeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="ऋतु – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ऋतु" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BE%B3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ནམ་ཟླ་དུས་བཞི། – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ནམ་ཟླ་དུས་བཞི།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aastaajad" title="Aastaajad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aastaajad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Εποχές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εποχές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaciones_del_a%C3%B1o" title="Estaciones del año – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estaciones del año" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezono" title="Sezono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sezono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtaro" title="Urtaro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urtaro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%84" title="فصل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فصل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saison" title="Saison – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saison" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiertiid" title="Jiertiid – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jiertiid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagjon" title="Stagjon – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Stagjon" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADonna_na_s%C3%A9as%C3%BAir" title="Míonna na séasúir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Míonna na séasúir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaci%C3%B3ns_do_ano" title="Estacións do ano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estacións do ano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Шера ханаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Шера ханаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kui-chiet" title="Kui-chiet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kui-chiet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%88" title="계절 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계절" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1_%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Տարվա եղանակներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տարվա եղանակներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="ऋतु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऋतु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godi%C5%A1nja_doba" title="Godišnja doba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Godišnja doba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezono" title="Sezono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sezono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim" title="Musim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_del_anno" title="Station del anno – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Station del anno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seson" title="Seson – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Seson" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rst%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Árstíð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Árstíð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagione" title="Stagione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stagione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94" title="עונות השנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עונות השנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8B%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81" title="ಋತು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಋತು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Джылны чакълары – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джылны чакълары" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="წელიწადის დროები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წელიწადის დროები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Жыл мезгілдері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жыл мезгілдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majira" title="Majira – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Majira" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezon" title="Sezon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sezon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demsal" title="Demsal – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Demsal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kj mw-list-item"><a href="https://kj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omafimbo_odula" title="Omafimbo odula – Kuanyama" lang="kj" hreflang="kj" data-title="Omafimbo odula" data-language-autonym="Kwanyama" data-language-local-name="Kuanyama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kwanyama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Жыл мезгилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жыл мезгилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajon" title="Sajon – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sajon" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%87%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Шинал чӀун – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Шинал чӀун" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B9" title="ລະດູ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລະດູ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempora_anni" title="Tempora anni – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tempora anni" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadalaiks" title="Gadalaiks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gadalaiks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Йисан вахтар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Йисан вахтар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met%C5%B3_laikai" title="Metų laikai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metų laikai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezoen" title="Sezoen – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sezoen" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleko" title="Eleko – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Eleko" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seson" title="Seson – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Seson" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vszak" title="Évszak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Évszak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="ऋतु – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ऋतु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Годишно време – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Годишно време" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizar%C3%A0n-taona" title="Fizaràn-taona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fizaràn-taona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81" title="ഋതു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഋതു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="ऋतू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऋतू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="წანმოწანაშ ბორჯეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="წანმოწანაშ ბორჯეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85" title="مسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim" title="Musim – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Musim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A9-c%C3%A1ik" title="Gié-cáik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gié-cáik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Улирал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улирал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE" title="ရာသီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရာသီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauna_(draki)" title="Gauna (draki) – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Gauna (draki)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizoen" title="Seizoen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Seizoen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2-isiwepahki" title="Kâ-isiwepahki – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Kâ-isiwepahki" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="ऋतु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ऋतु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="ऋतु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ऋतु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E7%AF%80" title="季節 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="季節" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staggione_%27e_l%27anno" title="Staggione 'e l'anno – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Staggione 'e l'anno" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Шеран заманаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шеран заманаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juarstidj" title="Juarstidj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Juarstidj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rstid" title="Årstid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Årstid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rstid" title="Årstid – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Årstid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AEson" title="Saîson – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Saîson" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sason" title="Sason – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sason" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4" title="ਰੁੱਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੁੱਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season" title="Season – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Season" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85" title="موسم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="موسم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajon" title="Sajon – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Sajon" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pora_roku" title="Pora roku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pora roku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_ano" title="Estação do ano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estação do ano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joohreszitt" title="Joohreszitt – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Joohreszitt" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anotimp" title="Anotimp – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anotimp" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit%27a" title="Mit'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mit'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Времена года – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Времена года" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Дьыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/sepat_a_puu%27" title="sepat a puu' – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="sepat a puu'" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="ऋतुः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ऋतुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱨᱤᱛᱩ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱤᱛᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istajone" title="Istajone – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istajone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saison" title="Saison – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saison" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehla" title="Sehla – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sehla" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stina" title="Stina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staciuna" title="Staciuna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Staciuna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8D%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94" title="ඍතු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඍතු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season" title="Season – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Season" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_obdobie" title="Ročné obdobie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ročné obdobie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letni_%C4%8Dasi" title="Letni časi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Letni časi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afarta_xilli" title="Afarta xilli – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Afarta xilli" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="وەرز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەرز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Годишње доба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Годишње доба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godi%C5%A1nje_doba" title="Godišnje doba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Godišnje doba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usum" title="Usum – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Usum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuodenaika" title="Vuodenaika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vuodenaika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rstid" title="Årstid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Årstid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapanahunan" title="Kapanahunan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapanahunan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பருவ காலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பருவ காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaz" title="Annaz – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Annaz" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazunt" title="Tazunt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tazunt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ел фасыллары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ел фасыллары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/binkgan_kayan" title="binkgan kayan – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="binkgan kayan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="ฤดูกาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฤดูกาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevsim" title="Mevsim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mevsim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasyl" title="Pasyl – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Pasyl" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1cak" title="A̱cak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱cak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%91%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Арлэн вакытъёсыз – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Арлэн вакытъёсыз" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Пора року – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пора року" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84" title="فصول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فصول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%84" title="پەسىل – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پەسىل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cawz" title="Cawz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cawz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stajon" title="Stajon – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Stajon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9a" title="Mùa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mùa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5jhon" title="Såjhon – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Såjhon" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahon_katima" title="Panahon katima – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panahon katima" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E7%AF%80" title="季節 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="季節" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A3" title="季 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="季" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mews%C4%B1m" title="Mewsım – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mewsım" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metu_laik%C4%81" title="Metu laikā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Metu laikā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E8%8A%82" title="季节 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="季节" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usum" title="Usum – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Usum" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3" title="ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q24384#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Season" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Season" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subdivision of the year based on orbit and axial tilt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Season_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Season (disambiguation)">Season (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Weather" title="Category:Weather">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Temperate and polar seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Tropical seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">Dry season</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">Harmattan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">Wet season</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">Storms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">Cumulonimbus cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_cloud" title="Arcus cloud">Arcus cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">Downburst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Microburst">Microburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_burst" title="Heat burst">Heat burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_lightning" title="Volcanic lightning">Volcanic lightning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm" title="Air-mass thunderstorm">Air-mass thunderstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundersnow" title="Thundersnow">Thundersnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_thunderstorm" title="Dry thunderstorm">Dry thunderstorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">Mesocyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">Supercell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_tornado" title="Anticyclonic tornado">Anticyclonic tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landspout" title="Landspout">Landspout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">Waterspout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">Dust devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticyclone">Anticyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Polar low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">Nor'easter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Atlantic hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">Dust storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simoom" title="Simoom">Simoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haboob" title="Haboob">Haboob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amihan" title="Amihan">Amihan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">Sirocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_storm" title="Winter storm">Winter storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_blizzard" title="Ground blizzard">Ground blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drizzle" title="Drizzle">Drizzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_drizzle" title="Freezing drizzle">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">Graupel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megacryometeor" title="Megacryometeor">Megacryometeor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">Ice pellets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_dust" title="Diamond dust">Diamond dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_rain" title="Freezing rain">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudburst" title="Cloudburst">Cloudburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed" title="Rain and snow mixed">Rain and snow mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_grains" title="Snow grains">Snow grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_roller" title="Snow roller">Snow roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush" title="Slush">Slush</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_meteorology_articles" title="Index of meteorology articles">Topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_physics" title="Atmospheric physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_river" title="Atmospheric river">River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_physics" title="Cloud physics">Physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mist" title="Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_season" title="Fog season">Season</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">Jet stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">Severe weather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_severe_weather_phenomena" title="List of severe weather phenomena">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme</a></li> <li>Severe weather terminology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Canada)" title="Severe weather terminology (Canada)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Japan)" title="Severe weather terminology (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_modification" title="Weather modification">Weather modification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tornado_terms" title="Glossary of tornado terms">Tornado terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tropical_cyclone_terms" title="Glossary of tropical cyclone terms">Tropical cyclone terms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid; border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/16px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/24px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weather" title="Template:Weather"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weather" title="Template talk:Weather"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weather" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weather"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>season</b> is a division of the year<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on changes in <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, and the number of <a href="/wiki/Daylight" title="Daylight">daylight</a> hours in a given region. On <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, seasons are the result of the <a href="/wiki/Axial_parallelism" title="Axial parallelism">axial parallelism</a> of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">tilted orbit</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SunModel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunModel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SunModel2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunModel2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lerner_and_Lerner_2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lerner_and_Lerner_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In temperate and polar regions, the seasons are marked by changes in the intensity of <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> that reaches the Earth's surface, variations of which may cause animals to undergo <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Migration_(ecology)" title="Migration (ecology)">migrate</a>, and plants to be dormant. Various cultures define the number and nature of seasons based on regional variations, and as such there are a number of both modern and historical definitions of the seasons. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> experiences most direct sunlight during May, June, and July (thus the traditional celebration of <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a> in June), as the hemisphere faces the Sun. For the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> it is instead in November, December, and January. It is Earth's axial tilt that causes the Sun to be higher in the sky during the summer <a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">months</a>, which increases the <a href="/wiki/Solar_flux" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar flux">solar flux</a>. Because of <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_lag" title="Seasonal lag">seasonal lag</a>, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subpolar_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpolar climate">sub-polar</a> regions, four seasons based on the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> are generally recognized: <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a></i> (<i>fall</i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winter</a></i>. Ecologists often use a six-season model for temperate <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> regions which are not tied to any fixed calendar dates: <i>prevernal</i>, <i>vernal</i>, <i>estival</i>, <i>serotinal</i>, <i>autumnal</i>, and <i>hibernal</i>. Many tropical regions have two seasons: the <i><a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">rainy</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a></i>. Some have a third <i>cool</i>, <i>mild</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">harmattan</a> season</i>. "Seasons" can also be dictated by the timing of important ecological events such as <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="Atlantic hurricane season">hurricane season</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tornado_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornado season">tornado season</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfire</a> season</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This content does not appear anywhere in the article body. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some examples of historical importance are the ancient Egyptian seasons—<i><a href="/wiki/Akhet_(season)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhet (season)">flood</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Emergence" title="Season of the Emergence">growth</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Shemu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemu">low water</a></i>—which were previously defined by the <a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">former annual flooding</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop.jpg/288px-MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop.jpg/432px-MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop.jpg/576px-MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7569" data-file-height="1947" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop.jpg/288px-MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop.jpg/432px-MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop.jpg/576px-MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7424" data-file-height="1928" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Tropical dry season and wet season/<a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, India</div></div></div></div> <p>Seasons often hold special significance for agrarian societies, whose lives revolve around <a href="/wiki/Planting" class="mw-redirect" title="Planting">planting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a> times, and the change of seasons is often attended by <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a>. The definition of seasons is also cultural. In India, from ancient times to the present day, six seasons or <a href="/wiki/Ritu_(Indian_season)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritu (Indian season)">Ritu</a> based on south Asian religious or cultural calendars are recognised and identified for purposes such as agriculture and trade. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_and_effects">Causes and effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes and effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_sun_angle_on_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Effect of sun angle on climate">Effect of sun angle on climate</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axial_parallelism">Axial parallelism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Axial parallelism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_season.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/North_season.jpg/297px-North_season.jpg" decoding="async" width="297" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/North_season.jpg/446px-North_season.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/North_season.jpg/594px-North_season.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption>Axial parallelism is a characteristic of the Earth (and most other orbiting bodies in space) in which the direction of the axis remains parallel to itself throughout its orbit.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Earth's orbit exhibits approximate <a href="/wiki/Axial_parallelism" title="Axial parallelism">axial parallelism</a>, maintaining its direction toward <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a> (the "North Star") year-round. This is one of the primary reasons for the Earth's seasons, as illustrated by the diagram to the right.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen_Sack_Gabler_2014_p._18_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen_Sack_Gabler_2014_p._18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Popular_Educator_1856_p._89_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Popular_Educator_1856_p._89-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oliver_2008_p._651_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliver_2008_p._651-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rohli_Vega_2011_p._30_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rohli_Vega_2011_p._30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor variation in the direction of the axis, known as <a href="/wiki/Axial_precession" title="Axial precession">axial precession</a>, takes place over the course of 26,000 years, and therefore is not noticeable to modern human civilization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axial_tilt">Axial tilt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Axial tilt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm/299px-seek%3D51-Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" loop="" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="299" height="150" data-durationhint="60" data-mwtitle="Earth's_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm/Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="428" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm/Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="640" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="av1"" data-width="1920" data-height="960" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm/Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="960" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm/Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="128" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm/Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="214" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm/Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="320" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm/Earth%27s_axial_tilt_and_seasons.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="320" /></video></span><figcaption>Due to the Earth’s tilt relative to the Sun, the <a href="/wiki/Position_of_the_Sun#Declination_of_the_Sun_as_seen_from_Earth" title="Position of the Sun">solar declination</a> line oscillates between the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> (located at latitude 23.4° North) and the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a> (located at latitude 23.4° South).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seasons.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Seasons.svg/297px-Seasons.svg.png" decoding="async" width="297" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Seasons.svg/446px-Seasons.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Seasons.svg/594px-Seasons.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>This diagram shows how the tilt of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's axis">Earth's axis</a> aligns with incoming <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>. Regardless of the time of day (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a> on its axis), the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> will be dark and the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> will be illuminated; see also <a href="/wiki/Arctic_winter" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic winter">arctic winter</a>. In addition to the density of <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics)" title="Angle of incidence (optics)">incident</a> light, the <a href="/wiki/Dissipation" title="Dissipation">dissipation</a> of light in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a> is greater when it falls at a shallow angle.</figcaption></figure> <p>The seasons result from the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis of rotation">axis of rotation</a> being <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt#Earth" title="Axial tilt">tilted</a> with respect to its <a href="/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital plane (astronomy)">orbital plane</a> by an angle of approximately 23.4 <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This tilt is also known as "obliquity of the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>".) </p><p>Regardless of the time of year, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern hemisphere">southern hemispheres</a> always experience opposite seasons. This is because during <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winter</a>, one part of the planet is more directly exposed to the rays of the Sun than the other, and this exposure alternates as the Earth revolves in its orbit. </p><p>For approximately half of the year (from around March<span class="nowrap"> </span>20 to around September<span class="nowrap"> </span>22), the Northern Hemisphere tips toward the Sun, with the maximum amount occurring on about June<span class="nowrap"> </span>21. For the other half of the year, the same happens, but in the Southern Hemisphere instead of the Northern, with the maximum around December<span class="nowrap"> </span>21. The two instants when the Sun is directly overhead at the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>. Also at that moment, both the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> of the Earth are just on the <a href="/wiki/Terminator_(solar)" title="Terminator (solar)">terminator</a>, and hence day and night are equally divided between the two hemispheres. Around the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">March equinox</a>, the Northern Hemisphere will be experiencing <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a> as the hours of <a href="/wiki/Daylight" title="Daylight">daylight</a> increase, and the Southern Hemisphere is experiencing <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a> as daylight hours shorten. </p><p>The effect of axial tilt is observable as the change in <a href="/wiki/Day_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Day length">day length</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Altitude_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altitude (astronomy)">altitude</a> of the Sun at solar <a href="/wiki/Noon" title="Noon">noon</a> (the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Culmination" title="Culmination">culmination</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">year</a>. The low angle of the Sun during the winter months means that incoming rays of solar radiation are <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_sun_angle_on_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Effect of sun angle on climate">spread over a larger area</a> of the Earth's surface, so the light received is more indirect and of lower intensity. Between this effect and the shorter daylight hours, the axial tilt of the Earth accounts for most of the seasonal variation in climate in both hemispheres. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 489px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth-lighting-summer-solstice_EN_-_corrected.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illumination of Earth by Sun at the northern solstice."><img alt="Illumination of Earth by Sun at the northern solstice." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Earth-lighting-summer-solstice_EN_-_corrected.png/120px-Earth-lighting-summer-solstice_EN_-_corrected.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Earth-lighting-summer-solstice_EN_-_corrected.png/180px-Earth-lighting-summer-solstice_EN_-_corrected.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Earth-lighting-summer-solstice_EN_-_corrected.png/240px-Earth-lighting-summer-solstice_EN_-_corrected.png 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illumination of Earth by Sun at the northern solstice.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth-lighting-winter-solstice_EN.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illumination of Earth by Sun at the southern solstice."><img alt="Illumination of Earth by Sun at the southern solstice." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Earth-lighting-winter-solstice_EN.png/120px-Earth-lighting-winter-solstice_EN.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Earth-lighting-winter-solstice_EN.png/180px-Earth-lighting-winter-solstice_EN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Earth-lighting-winter-solstice_EN.png/240px-Earth-lighting-winter-solstice_EN.png 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illumination of Earth by Sun at the southern solstice.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_seasons_2021-2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illumination of Earth at each change of astronomical season"><img alt="Illumination of Earth at each change of astronomical season" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Earth_seasons_2021-2022.jpg/120px-Earth_seasons_2021-2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Earth_seasons_2021-2022.jpg/180px-Earth_seasons_2021-2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Earth_seasons_2021-2022.jpg/240px-Earth_seasons_2021-2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11000" data-file-height="11000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illumination of Earth at each change of astronomical season</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Earth_seen_from_the_sun.ogv/120px--Earth_seen_from_the_sun.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Earth_seen_from_the_sun.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Earth_seen_from_the_sun.ogv/Earth_seen_from_the_sun.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Earth_seen_from_the_sun.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Earth_seen_from_the_sun.ogv/Earth_seen_from_the_sun.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Earth_seen_from_the_sun.ogv/Earth_seen_from_the_sun.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Earth_seen_from_the_sun.ogv/Earth_seen_from_the_sun.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Earth_seen_from_the_sun.ogv/Earth_seen_from_the_sun.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animation of Earth as seen daily from the Sun looking at <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a>, showing the solstice and changing seasons.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ReflectedSolarRadiation_Solstices.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two images showing the amount of reflected sunlight at southern and northern summer solstices respectively (watts / m2)."><img alt="Two images showing the amount of reflected sunlight at southern and northern summer solstices respectively (watts / m2)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/ReflectedSolarRadiation_Solstices.jpg/102px-ReflectedSolarRadiation_Solstices.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/ReflectedSolarRadiation_Solstices.jpg/153px-ReflectedSolarRadiation_Solstices.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/ReflectedSolarRadiation_Solstices.jpg/204px-ReflectedSolarRadiation_Solstices.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="635" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two images showing the amount of reflected sunlight at southern and northern summer solstices respectively (watts / m<sup>2</sup>).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elliptical_Earth_orbit">Elliptical Earth orbit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elliptical Earth orbit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to axial parallelism and axial tilt, other factors contribute little to seasonal temperature changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Lerner_and_Lerner_2003_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lerner_and_Lerner_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seasons are not the result of the variation in Earth's distance to the Sun because of its <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical orbit">elliptical orbit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Earth reaches <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> (the point in its orbit closest to the Sun) in January, and it reaches <a href="/wiki/Aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelion">aphelion</a> (the point farthest from the Sun) in July, so the slight contribution of <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a> opposes the temperature trends of the seasons in the Northern Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Science@NASA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science@NASA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the effect of orbital eccentricity on Earth's seasons is a 7% variation in sunlight received. </p><p>Orbital eccentricity can influence temperatures, but on Earth, this effect is small and is more than counteracted by other factors; research shows that the Earth as a whole is actually slightly warmer when <i>farther</i> from the sun. This is because the Northern Hemisphere has more land than the Southern, and land warms more readily than sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Science@NASA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science@NASA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any noticeable intensification of southern winters and summers due to Earth's elliptical orbit is mitigated by the abundance of water in the Southern Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_and_hemispheric">Maritime and hemispheric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Maritime and hemispheric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seasonal weather fluctuations (changes) also depend on factors such as proximity to <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a> or other large bodies of water, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">currents</a> in those oceans, <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño-Southern Oscillation">El Niño</a>/ENSO and other oceanic cycles, and prevailing <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">winds</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar regions</a>, seasons are marked by changes in the amount of <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>, which in turn often causes <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">cycles</a> of dormancy in plants and <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a> in animals. These effects vary with <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and with proximity to bodies of water. For example, the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> is in the middle of the continent of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and therefore a considerable distance from the moderating influence of the southern oceans. The <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> is in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, and thus its temperature extremes are buffered by the water. The result is that the South Pole is consistently colder during the southern winter than the North Pole during the northern winter. </p><p>The seasonal cycle in the polar and temperate zones of one hemisphere is opposite to that of the other. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern, and vice versa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tropics">Tropics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tropics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlueMarble_monthlies_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/BlueMarble_monthlies_animation.gif/220px-BlueMarble_monthlies_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/BlueMarble_monthlies_animation.gif/330px-BlueMarble_monthlies_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/BlueMarble_monthlies_animation.gif/440px-BlueMarble_monthlies_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Animation of seasonal differences especially <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> cover through the year</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> and (to a lesser degree) <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> regions see little annual fluctuation of sunlight and temperature due to Earth's moderate 23.4-degree tilt being insufficient to appreciably affect the strength of the sun's rays annually. The slight differences between the solstices and the equinoxes cause seasonal shifts along a rainy low-pressure belt called the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> (ICZ). As a result, the amount of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> tends to vary more dramatically than the average temperature. When the ICZ is north of the Equator, the northern tropics experience their wet season while the southern tropics have their dry season. This pattern reverses when the ICZ migrates to a position south of the Equator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-latitude_thermal_lag">Mid-latitude thermal lag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mid-latitude thermal lag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In meteorological terms, the <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstices</a> (the maximum and minimum <a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">insolation</a>) do not fall in the middles of summer and winter. The heights of these seasons occur up to 7 weeks later because of <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_lag" title="Seasonal lag">seasonal lag</a>. Seasons, though, are not always defined in meteorological terms. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomical</a> reckoning by hours of <a href="/wiki/Daylight" title="Daylight">daylight</a> alone, the solstices and <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a> are in the <i>middle</i> of the respective seasons. Because of seasonal lag due to thermal absorption and release by the oceans, regions with a <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a>, which predominate in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, often consider these four dates to be the <i>start</i> of the seasons as in the diagram, with the <a href="/wiki/Cross-quarter_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-quarter day">cross-quarter days</a> considered seasonal midpoints. The length of these seasons is not uniform because of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical orbit">elliptical orbit</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">different speeds along that orbit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Four-season_reckoning"><span class="anchor" id="Reckoning"></span>Four-season reckoning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Four-season reckoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_Seasons_by_Alfons_Mucha,_circa_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Four_Seasons_by_Alfons_Mucha%2C_circa_1897.jpg/220px-Four_Seasons_by_Alfons_Mucha%2C_circa_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Four_Seasons_by_Alfons_Mucha%2C_circa_1897.jpg/330px-Four_Seasons_by_Alfons_Mucha%2C_circa_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Four_Seasons_by_Alfons_Mucha%2C_circa_1897.jpg/440px-Four_Seasons_by_Alfons_Mucha%2C_circa_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3572" data-file-height="1934" /></a><figcaption>Four Seasons by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha" title="Alphonse Mucha">Alphonse Mucha</a> (1897)</figcaption></figure> <p>Most calendar-based partitions use a four-season model to demarcate the warmest and coldest seasons, which are further separated by two intermediate seasons. Calendar-based reckoning defines the seasons in relative rather than absolute terms, so the coldest quarter-year is considered winter even if floral activity is regularly observed during it, despite the traditional association of flowers with spring and summer. The major exception is in the tropics where, as already noted, the winter season is not observed. </p><p>The four seasons have been in use since at least Roman times, as in <a href="/wiki/Rerum_rusticarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rerum rusticarum">Rerum rusticarum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a><sup id="cite_ref-Varro_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varro-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varro says that spring, summer, autumn, and winter start on the 23rd day of the sun's passage through Aquarius, Taurus, Leo, and Scorpio, respectively. Nine years before he wrote, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> had reformed the calendar, so Varro was able to assign the dates of February 7, May 9, August 11, and November 10 to the start of spring, summer, autumn, and winter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official">Official</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Official"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As noted, a variety of dates and even exact times are used in different countries or regions to mark changes of the calendar seasons. These observances are often declared "official" within their respective areas by the local or national media, even when the weather or climate is contradictory.<sup id="cite_ref-official_spring_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official_spring-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are mainly a matter of custom and not generally proclaimed by governments north or south of the equator for civil purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-official_seasons_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official_seasons-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meteorological"><span class="anchor" id="Meteorological"></span>Meteorological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Meteorological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring (season)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A4ume_Jahreszeit_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/B%C3%A4ume_Jahreszeit_2013.jpg/260px-B%C3%A4ume_Jahreszeit_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/B%C3%A4ume_Jahreszeit_2013.jpg/390px-B%C3%A4ume_Jahreszeit_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/B%C3%A4ume_Jahreszeit_2013.jpg/520px-B%C3%A4ume_Jahreszeit_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3620" /></a><figcaption>Four temperate and subpolar seasons: (above) winter, spring, (below) summer, autumn</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Meteorological seasons</b> are reckoned by temperature, with summer being the hottest quarter of the year and winter the coldest quarter of the year. In 1780 the Societas Meteorologica Palatina (which became defunct in 1795), an early international organization for meteorology, defined seasons as groupings of three whole months as identified by the Gregorian calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this definition, for temperate areas in the northern hemisphere, spring begins on 1 March, summer on 1 June, autumn on 1 September, and winter on 1 December. For the southern hemisphere temperate zone, spring begins on 1 September, summer on 1 December, autumn on 1 March, and winter on 1 June.<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_weather_and_the_seasons_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_weather_and_the_seasons-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> the meteorological terms for seasons apply to the temperate zone that occupies all of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, the south-eastern corner of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and the south-west of Western Australia, and the south east <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> areas south of <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Meteorological temperate seasons </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Northern hemisphere</th> <th>Southern hemisphere</th> <th>Start date</th> <th>End date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a></td> <td>1 March</td> <td>31 May </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a></td> <td>1 June</td> <td>31 August </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a></td> <td>1 September</td> <td>30 November </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a></td> <td>1 December</td> <td>28 February (29th if leap year)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Sweden and Finland, meteorologists and news outlets use the concept of thermal seasons, which are defined based on mean daily temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beginning of spring is defined as when the mean daily temperature permanently rises above 0 °C. The beginning of summer is defined as when the temperature permanently rises above +10 °C, autumn as when the temperature permanently falls below +10 °C, and winter as when the temperature permanently falls below 0 °C. In Finland, "permanently" is defined as when the mean daily averaged temperature remains above or below the defined limit for seven consecutive days. (In Sweden the number of days ranges from 5 to 7 depending on the season.) This implies two things: </p> <ul><li>the seasons do not begin on fixed dates and must be determined by observation and are known only after the fact,</li> <li>the seasons begin on different dates in different parts of the country.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:800px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Surface_air_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface air temperature">Surface air temperature</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Surface_air_temperature_global.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Surface_air_temperature_global.jpg/400px-Surface_air_temperature_global.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Surface_air_temperature_global.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jones_et_al._Surface_air_temperature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jones_et_al._Surface_air_temperature.jpg/400px-Jones_et_al._Surface_air_temperature.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Jones_et_al._Surface_air_temperature.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a> was calculated (<a href="/wiki/Abscisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Abscisse">abscisse</a>: the 21st of each month).<br />Calculation based on <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> published by Jones et al.<sup id="cite_ref-SAT_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAT-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The picture shows <i>Figure 7</i> as published by Jones et al.<sup id="cite_ref-SAT_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAT-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a> (IMD) designates four climatological seasons:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Winter</b>, occurring from December to February. The year's coldest months are December and January, when temperatures average around 10–15 °C (50–59 °F) in the northwest; temperatures rise as one proceeds toward the equator, peaking around 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) in mainland India's southeast.</li> <li><b>Summer</b> or <b>pre-monsoon</b> season, lasting from March to May. In western and southern regions, the hottest month is April; for northern regions of India, May is the hottest month. Temperatures average around 32–40 °C (90–104 °F) in most of the interior.</li> <li><b>Monsoon</b> or <b>rainy</b> season, lasting from June to September. The season is dominated by the humid southwest summer monsoon, which slowly sweeps across the country beginning in late May or early June. Monsoon rains begin to recede from North India at the beginning of October. South India typically receives more rainfall.</li> <li><b>Post-monsoon</b> or <b>autumn</b> season, lasting from October to November. In the northwest of India, October and November are usually cloudless. Tamil Nadu receives most of its annual precipitation in the northeast monsoon season.</li></ul> <p>In China, a common temperature-based reckoning holds that it is winter for the period when temperatures are below 10°C on average and summer for the period when temperatures are above 22°C on average. This means that areas with relatively extreme climates (such as the <a href="/wiki/Paracel_Islands" title="Paracel Islands">Paracel Islands</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan plateau">Tibetan plateau</a>) may be said to have summer all year round or winter all year round.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomical">Astronomical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Astronomical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center; float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <caption><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a> date and time of <br /><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstices</a> on Earth<sup id="cite_ref-USNO_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNO-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">event </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">equinox</a> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/June_solstice" title="June solstice">solstice</a> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">equinox</a> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/December_solstice" title="December solstice">solstice</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">month </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">March<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">June<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">September<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">December<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">year </th> <th scope="col">day</th> <th scope="col">time </th> <th scope="col">day</th> <th scope="col">time </th> <th scope="col">day</th> <th scope="col">time </th> <th scope="col">day</th> <th scope="col">time </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2020 </th> <td>20</td> <td>03:50</td> <td>20</td> <td>21:43</td> <td>22</td> <td>13:31</td> <td>21</td> <td>10:03 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2021 </th> <td>20</td> <td>09:37</td> <td>21</td> <td>03:32</td> <td>22</td> <td>19:21</td> <td>21</td> <td>15:59 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2022 </th> <td>20</td> <td>15:33</td> <td>21</td> <td>09:14</td> <td>23</td> <td>01:04</td> <td>21</td> <td>21:48 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2023 </th> <td>20</td> <td>21:25</td> <td>21</td> <td>14:58</td> <td>23</td> <td>06:50</td> <td>22</td> <td>03:28 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2024 </th> <td>20</td> <td>03:07</td> <td>20</td> <td>20:51</td> <td>22</td> <td>12:44</td> <td>21</td> <td>09:20 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:gold;"> <th scope="row" style="background-color:gold;">2025 </th> <td>20</td> <td>09:02</td> <td>21</td> <td>02:42</td> <td>22</td> <td>18:20</td> <td>21</td> <td>15:03 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2026 </th> <td>20</td> <td>14:46</td> <td>21</td> <td>08:25</td> <td>23</td> <td>00:06</td> <td>21</td> <td>20:50 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2027 </th> <td>20</td> <td>20:25</td> <td>21</td> <td>14:11</td> <td>23</td> <td>06:02</td> <td>22</td> <td>02:43 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2028 </th> <td>20</td> <td>02:17</td> <td>20</td> <td>20:02</td> <td>22</td> <td>11:45</td> <td>21</td> <td>08:20 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2029 </th> <td>20</td> <td>08:01</td> <td>21</td> <td>01:48</td> <td>22</td> <td>17:37</td> <td>21</td> <td>14:14 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2030 </th> <td>20</td> <td>13:51</td> <td>21</td> <td>07:31</td> <td>22</td> <td>23:27</td> <td>21</td> <td>20:09 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Astronomical timing as the basis for designating the temperate seasons dates back at least to the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Calendar">Julian Calendar</a> used by the ancient Romans. As mentioned above, <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a> wrote that spring, summer, autumn, and winter start on the 23rd day of the sun's passage through Aquarius, Taurus, Leo, and Scorpio, respectively, and that (in the Julian Calendar) these days were February 7, May 9, August 11, and November 10. He points out that the lengths are not equal, being 91 (in non-leap years), 94, 91, and 89 days for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Varro_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varro-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The midpoints of these seasons were March 24 or 25, June 25, September 25 or 26, and December 24 or 25, which are near to the equinoxes and solstices of his day. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>, mentions the two equinoxes and the two solstices and gives the lengths of the intervals (values which were fairly correct in his day but are no longer very correct because the <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> has moved from December into January). He then defines the seasons of autumn, winter, spring, and summer as starting half-way through these intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gives "the eighth day to the Kalends of January" (December 25) as the date of the winter solstice, though actually it occurred on the 22nd or 23rd at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the present time, the astronomical timing has winter starting at the winter solstice, spring at the spring equinox, and so on. This is used worldwide, although some countries like Australia, New Zealand,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan and Russia prefer to use meteorological reckoning. The precise timing of the seasons is determined by the exact times of the sun reaching the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn for the <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstices</a> and the times of the sun's transit over the equator for the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>, or a traditional date close to these times.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following diagram shows the relation between the line of solstice and the line of <a href="/wiki/Apsides" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsides">apsides</a> of Earth's elliptical orbit. The orbital ellipse (with eccentricity exaggerated for effect) goes through each of the six Earth images, which are sequentially the <a href="/wiki/Apsis#Earth's_perihelion_and_aphelion" title="Apsis">perihelion</a> (periapsis—nearest point to the sun) on anywhere from 2 January to 5 January, the point of March equinox on 19, 20 or 21 March, the point of June solstice on 20 or 21 June, the <a href="/wiki/Apsis#Earth's_perihelion_and_aphelion" title="Apsis">aphelion</a> (apoapsis—farthest point from the sun) on anywhere from 3 July to 6 July, the September equinox on 22 or 23 September, and the December solstice on 21 or 22 December. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seasons1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seasons1.svg/510px-Seasons1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="510" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seasons1.svg/765px-Seasons1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seasons1.svg/1020px-Seasons1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>Exaggerated illustration of Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun, marking that the orbital extreme points (<a href="/wiki/Apoapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoapsis">apoapsis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">periapsis</a>) are not the same as the four seasonal extreme points (<a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>These "astronomical" seasons are not of equal length, because of the <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">elliptical nature</a> of the orbit of the Earth, as discovered by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>. From the March equinox it currently takes 92.75 days until the June solstice, then 93.65 days until the September equinox, 89.85 days until the December solstice and finally 88.99 days until the March equinox. Thus the time from the March equinox to the September equinox is 7.56 days longer than from the September equinox to the March equinox. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variation_due_to_calendar_misalignment">Variation due to calendar misalignment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Variation due to calendar misalignment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar#Calendar_seasonal_error" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar § Calendar seasonal error</a></div> <p>The times of the equinoxes and solstices are not fixed with respect to the modern Gregorian calendar, but fall about six hours later every year, amounting to one full day in four years. They are reset by the occurrence of a leap year. The Gregorian calendar is designed to keep the March equinox no later than 21 March as accurately as is practical. </p><p>The calendar equinox (used in the calculation of Easter) is 21 March, the same date as in the Easter tables current at the time of the Council of Nicaea in AD 325. The calendar is therefore framed to prevent the astronomical equinox wandering onto 22 March. From Nicaea to the date of the reform, the years 500, 600, 700, 900, 1000, 1100, 1300, 1400, and 1500, which would not have been leap years in the Gregorian calendar, amount to nine extra days, but astronomers directed that ten days be removed. Because of this, the (<a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">proleptic</a>) Gregorian calendar agrees with the Julian calendar in the <a href="/wiki/Third_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Third century">third century</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian era">Christian era</a>, rather than in the fourth. </p><p>Currently, the most common equinox and solstice dates are March 20, June 21, September 22 or 23, and December 21; the four-year average slowly shifts to earlier times as a century progresses. This shift is a full day in about 128 years (compensated mainly by the century "leap year" rules of the Gregorian calendar); as 2000 was a leap year, the current shift has been progressing since the beginning of the last century, when equinoxes and solstices were relatively late. This also means that in many years of the twentieth century, the dates March 21, June 22, September 23, and December 22 were much more common, so older books teach (and older people may still remember) these dates. </p><p>All the times are given in <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> (roughly speaking, the time at <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a>, ignoring <a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">British Summer Time</a>). People living farther to the east (Asia and Australia), whose local times are in advance, see the astronomical seasons apparently start later; for example, in <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> (UTC+13), an equinox occurred on September 24, 1999, a date on which the equinox will not fall again until 2103. On the other hand, people living far to the west (America), whose clocks run behind UTC, may experience an equinox as early as March 19. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Change_over_time">Change over time</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Change over time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over thousands of years, the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a> and orbital eccentricity vary (see <a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a>). The equinoxes and solstices move westward relative to the stars while the perihelion and aphelion move eastward. Thus, ten thousand years from now Earth's northern winter will occur at aphelion and northern summer at perihelion. The severity of seasonal change — the average temperature difference between summer and winter in location — will also change over time because the Earth's axial tilt fluctuates between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees. </p><p>Smaller irregularities in the times are caused by perturbations of the Moon and the other planets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar">Solar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Solar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phases_of_the_Sun_(NHemi).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Phases_of_the_Sun_%28NHemi%29.png/220px-Phases_of_the_Sun_%28NHemi%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Phases_of_the_Sun_%28NHemi%29.png/330px-Phases_of_the_Sun_%28NHemi%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Phases_of_the_Sun_%28NHemi%29.png/440px-Phases_of_the_Sun_%28NHemi%29.png 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>The annual cycle of insolation (Sun energy, shown in blue) with key points for seasons (middle), <a href="/wiki/Quarter_days" title="Quarter days">quarter days</a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/Cross-quarter_days" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-quarter days">cross-quarter days</a> (bottom) along with months (lower) and Zodiac houses (upper). The cycle of temperature (shown in pink) is delayed by <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_lag" title="Seasonal lag">seasonal lag</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Solar timing is based on insolation in which the solstices and equinoxes are seen as the midpoints of the seasons. This was the case with the seasons described by the Roman scholar <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a> (see above). It was the method for reckoning seasons in medieval Europe, especially by the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, and is still ceremonially observed in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> and some East Asian countries. Summer is defined as the quarter of the year with the greatest insolation and winter as the quarter with the least. </p><p>The solar seasons change at the cross-quarter days, which are about 3–4 weeks earlier than the meteorological seasons and 6–7 weeks earlier than seasons starting at equinoxes and solstices. Thus, the day of greatest insolation is designated "midsummer" as noted in <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i>, which is set on the summer solstice. On the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a>, the start of the seasons corresponds to four <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">Pagan</a> agricultural festivals - the traditional first day of winter is 1 November (<a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>, the Celtic origin of <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a>); spring starts 1 February (Celtic <a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>); summer begins 1 May (<a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>, the Celtic origin of <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a>); the first day of autumn is 1 August (Celtic <a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Irish seasons </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Season</th> <th>Start date</th> <th>End date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a></td> <td>1 November (<a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a>)</td> <td>31 January </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a></td> <td>1 February (<a href="/wiki/St._Brigid%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Brigid's Day">St. Brigid's Day</a>)</td> <td>30 April </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a></td> <td>1 May (<a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a>)</td> <td>31 July </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a></td> <td>1 August (<a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>)</td> <td>31 October (<a href="/wiki/Hallowe%27en" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallowe'en">Hallowe'en</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solar_terms">Solar terms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Solar terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="China"></span><span class="anchor" id="Japan"></span><span class="anchor" id="East_Asia"></span> </p><p>The traditional calendar in China has 4 seasons based on 24 periods, twelve of which are called <i>zhōngqi</i> and twelve of which are known as <i>jiéqi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dershowitz_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dershowitz-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These periods are collectively known in English as "solar terms" or "solar breaths".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four seasons <i>chūn</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:春">春</a></span></span>), <i>xià</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:夏">夏</a></span></span>), <i>qiū</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:秋">秋</a></span></span>), and <i>dōng</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%86%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:冬">冬</a></span></span>)—translated as "spring", "summer", "autumn", and "winter"<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—each center on the respective solstice or equinox.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronomically, the seasons are said to begin on <a href="/wiki/Lichun" title="Lichun">Lichun</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%98%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:立春">立春</a></span></span>, "the start of spring") on about 4 February, <a href="/wiki/Lixia" title="Lixia">Lixia</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:立夏">立夏</a></span></span>) on about 6 May, <a href="/wiki/Liqiu" title="Liqiu">Liqiu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E7%A7%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:立秋">立秋</a></span></span>) on about 8 August, and <a href="/wiki/Lidong" title="Lidong">Lidong</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E5%86%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:立冬">立冬</a></span></span>) on about 8 November. This system forms the basis of other such systems in East Asian lunisolar calendars.<sup id="cite_ref-Dershowitz_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dershowitz-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Six-season_reckoning">Six-season reckoning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Six-season reckoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some calendars in south Asia use a six-season partition where the number of seasons between summer and winter can number from one to three. The dates are fixed at even intervals of months. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> of tropical and subtropical India, there are six seasons or <a href="/wiki/Ritu_(Indian_season)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritu (Indian season)">Ritu</a> that are calendar-based in the sense of having fixed dates: <a href="/wiki/Vasanta_(season)" title="Vasanta (season)">Vasanta</a> (spring), <a href="/wiki/Grishma" title="Grishma">Grishma</a> (summer), <a href="/wiki/Varsha_(season)" title="Varsha (season)">Varsha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sharada_(season)" title="Sharada (season)">Sharada</a> (autumn), <a href="/wiki/Hemanta_(season)" title="Hemanta (season)">Hemanta</a> (early winter), and <a href="/wiki/Shishira_(season)" title="Shishira (season)">Shishira</a> (prevernal or late winter). The six seasons are ascribed to two months each of the twelve months in the Hindu calendar. The rough correspondences are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hindu season </th> <th>Start </th> <th>End </th> <th>Hindu months </th> <th>Mapping to English names </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasanta_(season)" title="Vasanta (season)">Vasanta</a> </td> <td>Mid-March </td> <td>Mid-May </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishakha" title="Vaishakha">Vaishakha</a> </td> <td>spring </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grishma" title="Grishma">Grishma</a> </td> <td>Mid-May </td> <td>Mid-July </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jyeshtha_(month)" title="Jyeshtha (month)">Jyeshtha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashadha" title="Ashadha">Ashadha</a> </td> <td>summer </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Varsha_(season)" title="Varsha (season)">Varshā</a> </td> <td>Mid-July </td> <td>Mid-September </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shravana_(month)" title="Shravana (month)">Shravana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhadrapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrapada">Bhadrapada</a> </td> <td>monsoon </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sharada_(season)" title="Sharada (season)">Sharada</a> </td> <td>Mid-September </td> <td>Mid-November </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashvin_(month)" title="Ashvin (month)">Ashvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartika_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartika (month)">Kartika</a> </td> <td>autumn </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemanta_(season)" title="Hemanta (season)">Hemanta</a> </td> <td>Mid-November </td> <td>Mid-January </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agrahayana" title="Agrahayana">Agrahayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pausha" title="Pausha">Pausha</a> </td> <td>early winter or late autumn </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shishira_(season)" title="Shishira (season)">Shishira</a> </td> <td>Mid-January </td> <td>Mid-March </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magha_(month)" title="Magha (month)">Magha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phalguna" title="Phalguna">Phalguna</a> </td> <td>prevernal or late winter </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Calendar">Bengali Calendar</a> is similar but differs in start and end times. It has the following seasons or ritu: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Bengali season (ঋতু) </th> <th>Start </th> <th>End </th> <th>Bengali months </th> <th>Mapping to English names </th></tr> <tr> <td>Grīshmo (গ্রীষ্ম)(summer) </td> <td>Mid-April </td> <td>Mid-June </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boishakh" title="Boishakh">Boishakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joishtho" title="Joishtho">Joishtho</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bôrsha (বর্ষা) (monsoon) </td> <td>Mid-June </td> <td>Mid-August </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asharh" title="Asharh">Asharh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srabon" title="Srabon">Srabon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shôrôt (শরৎ) (autumn/ fall) </td> <td>Mid-August </td> <td>Mid-October </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhadro" title="Bhadro">Bhadro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashwin">Ashwin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hemônto (হেমন্ত) (frost/ late autumn) </td> <td>Mid-October </td> <td>Mid-December </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kartika_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartika (month)">Kartik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogrohayon" title="Ogrohayon">Ogrohayon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">Late Autumn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shīto (শীত) (winter) </td> <td>Mid-December </td> <td>Mid-February </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poush" title="Poush">Poush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magh_(Bengali_calendar)" title="Magh (Bengali calendar)">Magh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bôsônto বসন্ত(spring) </td> <td>Mid-February </td> <td>Mid-April </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Falgun" title="Falgun">Falgun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choitro" title="Choitro">Choitro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spring_(Season)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (Season)">Spring</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia Calendar</a> is similar but differs in start and end times. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Odia Season<br />(ଋତୁ)</th> <th>Season</th> <th>Odia months</th> <th>Gregorian </th></tr> <tr> <td>ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ<br />Grīṣmå</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a></td> <td>Båiśākhå–Jyeṣṭhå</td> <td>April–June </td></tr> <tr> <td>ବର୍ଷା<br />Bårṣā</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a></td> <td>Āṣāṛhå–Śrābåṇ</td> <td>June–August </td></tr> <tr> <td>ଶରତ<br />Śåråt</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a></td> <td>Bhādråb–Āświn</td> <td>August–October </td></tr> <tr> <td>ହେମନ୍ତ<br />Hemåntå</td> <td>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a></td> <td>Kārtik–Mārgåśir</td> <td>October–December </td></tr> <tr> <td>ଶୀତ<br />Śīt</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a></td> <td>Pouṣå–Māghå</td> <td>December–February </td></tr> <tr> <td>ବସନ୍ତ<br />Båsåntå</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a></td> <td>Fālgun–Chåitrå</td> <td>February–April </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil calendar</a> follows a similar pattern of six seasons </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tamil season </th> <th>Gregorian months </th> <th>Tamil months </th></tr> <tr> <td>MuthuVenil (summer) </td> <td>April 15 to June 14 </td> <td>Chithirai and Vaikasi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaar (monsoon) </td> <td>June 15 to August 14 </td> <td>Aani and Aadi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kulir (autumn) </td> <td>August 15 to October 14 </td> <td>Avani and Purattasi </td></tr> <tr> <td>MunPani (winter) </td> <td>October 15 to December 14 </td> <td>Aipasi and Karthikai </td></tr> <tr> <td>PinPani (prevernal) </td> <td>December 15 to February 14 </td> <td>Margazhi and Thai </td></tr> <tr> <td>IlaVenil (spring) </td> <td>February 15 to April 14 </td> <td>Maasi and Panguni </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-calendar-based_reckoning">Non-calendar-based reckoning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Non-calendar-based reckoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahreszeiten_Jahresringe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jahreszeiten_Jahresringe.jpg/220px-Jahreszeiten_Jahresringe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jahreszeiten_Jahresringe.jpg/330px-Jahreszeiten_Jahresringe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jahreszeiten_Jahresringe.jpg/440px-Jahreszeiten_Jahresringe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="2497" /></a><figcaption>The six modern mid-latitude ecological seasons.<br /> From bottom, clockwise:<br /> prevernal, vernal, estival, serotinal, autumnal, hibernal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/365_days_tree.ogv/200px--365_days_tree.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="288" data-durationhint="19" data-mwtitle="365_days_tree.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:365_days_tree.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/365_days_tree.ogv/365_days_tree.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="200" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/365_days_tree.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="200" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/365_days_tree.ogv/365_days_tree.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="100" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/365_days_tree.ogv/365_days_tree.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="166" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Seasonal changes of a tree over a year</figcaption></figure> <p>Ecologically speaking, a season is a period of the year in which only certain types of floral and animal events happen (e.g.: flowers bloom—spring; <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog">hedgehogs</a> hibernate—winter). So, if a change in daily floral and animal events can be observed, the season is changing. In this sense, ecological seasons are defined in absolute terms, unlike calendar-based methods in which the seasons are relative. If specific conditions associated with a particular ecological season do not normally occur in a particular region, then that area cannot be said to experience that season on a regular basis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_mid-latitude_ecological">Modern mid-latitude ecological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern mid-latitude ecological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Six ecological seasons can be distinguished without fixed calendar-based dates like the meteorological and astronomical seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic</a> regions tend to experience the beginning of the hibernal season up to a month later than <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#Group_D:_Continental/microthermal_climates" title="Köppen climate classification">continental climates</a>. Conversely, prevernal and vernal seasons begin up to a month earlier near oceanic and coastal areas. For example, prevernal <a href="/wiki/Crocus" title="Crocus">crocus</a> blooms typically appear as early as February in coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, but generally do not appear until March or April in locations like the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a> and parts of eastern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The actual dates for each season vary by climate region and can shift from one year to the next. Average dates listed here are for mild and cool temperate climate zones in the Northern Hemisphere: </p> <ul><li><b>Prevernal</b> (early or pre-spring): Begins February (mild temperate), to March (cool temperate). Deciduous tree buds begin to swell. Some types of migrating birds fly from winter to summer habitats.</li> <li><b>Vernal</b> (spring): Begins mid March (mild temperate), to late April (cool temperate). Tree buds burst into leaves. Birds establish territories and begin mating and nesting.</li> <li><b>Estival</b> (high summer): Begins June in most temperate climates. Trees in full leaf. Birds hatch and raise offspring.</li> <li><b>Serotinal</b> (late summer): Generally begins mid to late August. Deciduous leaves begin to change color in higher latitude locations (above 45 north). Young birds reach maturity and join other adult birds preparing for autumn migration. The traditional "harvest season" begins by early September.</li> <li><b>Autumnal</b> (autumn): Generally begins mid to late September. Tree leaves in full color then turn brown and fall to the ground. Birds migrate back to wintering areas.</li> <li><b>Hibernal</b> (winter): Begins December (mild temperate), November (cool temperate). Deciduous trees are bare and fallen leaves begin to decay. Migrating birds settled in winter habitats.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_ecological">Indigenous ecological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Indigenous ecological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_seasons" title="Indigenous Australian seasons">Indigenous Australian seasons</a></div> <p>Indigenous people in polar, temperate and tropical climates of northern Eurasia, the Americas, Africa, Oceania, and Australia have traditionally defined the seasons ecologically by observing the activity of the plants, animals and weather around them. Each separate tribal group traditionally observes different seasons determined according to local criteria that can vary from the hibernation of polar bears on the arctic tundras to the <a href="/wiki/Growing_season" title="Growing season">growing seasons</a> of plants in the tropical rainforests. In Australia, some tribes have up to eight seasons in a year,<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_weather_and_the_seasons_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_weather_and_the_seasons-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as do the Sami people in Scandinavia. Many indigenous people who no longer live directly off the land in traditional often nomadic styles, now observe modern methods of seasonal reckoning according to what is customary in their particular country or region. </p><p>The North American <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> and possibly other <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> speaking peoples used or still use a 6-season system. The extra two seasons denoting the freezing and breaking up of the ice on rivers and lakes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cree season </th> <th>Approximate months </th> <th>English translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Pipon </td> <td>Jan/Feb </td> <td>Winter </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sekwun </td> <td>Mar/Apr </td> <td>Break-up </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mithoskumin </td> <td>May/Jun </td> <td>Spring </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nepin </td> <td>Jul/Aug </td> <td>Summer </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tukwakin </td> <td>Sep/Oct </td> <td>Autumn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mikiskaw </td> <td>Nov/Dec </td> <td>Freeze-up </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Noongar" title="Noongar">Noongar</a> people of South-West Western Australia recognise maar-keyen bonar,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or six seasons. Each season's arrival is heralded not by a calendar date, but by environmental factors<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as changing winds, flowering plants, temperature and migration patterns and lasts approximately two standard calendar months. The seasons also correlate to aspects of the human condition, intrinsically linking the lives of the people to the world that surrounds them and also dictating their movements, as with each season, various parts of country would be visited which were particularly abundant or safe from the elements.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Noongar season </th> <th>Approximate months </th> <th>Cultural parallel </th></tr> <tr> <td>Birak (first summer) </td> <td>December to January </td> <td>Season of the young </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bunuru (second summer) </td> <td>February to March </td> <td>Season of adolescence </td></tr> <tr> <td>Djeran (autumn) </td> <td>April to May </td> <td>Season of adulthood </td></tr> <tr> <td>Makuru (the first rains) </td> <td>June to July </td> <td>Fertility season </td></tr> <tr> <td>Djilba (the second rains) </td> <td>August to September </td> <td>Season of conception </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kambarang (wildflower season) </td> <td>October to November </td> <td>Season of birth </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tropical">Tropical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tropical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_Head_Hike_-_Wet_%26_Dry_Seasons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Diamond_Head_Hike_-_Wet_%26_Dry_Seasons.jpg/350px-Diamond_Head_Hike_-_Wet_%26_Dry_Seasons.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Diamond_Head_Hike_-_Wet_%26_Dry_Seasons.jpg/525px-Diamond_Head_Hike_-_Wet_%26_Dry_Seasons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Diamond_Head_Hike_-_Wet_%26_Dry_Seasons.jpg/700px-Diamond_Head_Hike_-_Wet_%26_Dry_Seasons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7424" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption>Wet and dry seasons</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Two_seasons">Two seasons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Two seasons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the tropics, where seasonal dates also vary, it is more common to speak of the <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">rainy</a> (or wet, or <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>) season versus the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> the dry season (November to April) is called "summer" and the rainy season (May to October) is called "winter", even though it is located in the northern hemisphere. There is no noticeable change in the amount of sunlight at different times of the year. Instead, many regions (such as the northern <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>) have varying <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a> and wind cycles. </p><p>Floral and animal activity variation near the equator depends more on wet/dry cycles than seasonal temperature variations, with different species flowering (or emerging from cocoons) at specific times before, during, or after the monsoon season. Thus, the tropics are characterized by numerous "mini-seasons" within the larger seasonal blocks of time. </p><p>In the tropical parts of Australia in the northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, wet and dry seasons are observed in addition to or in place of temperate season names.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Meteorological Tropical seasons </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Northern Hemisphere</th> <th>Southern Hemisphere</th> <th>Start date</th> <th>End date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">Dry season</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">Wet season</a></td> <td>1 November</td> <td>30 April </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">Wet season</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">Dry season</a></td> <td>1 May</td> <td>31 October </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Three_seasons">Three seasons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Three seasons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most historically important of these are the three seasons—<i><a href="/wiki/Akhet_(season)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhet (season)">flood</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Emergence" title="Season of the Emergence">growth</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Shemu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemu">low water</a></i>—which were previously defined by the <a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">former annual flooding</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. In some tropical areas a three-way division into hot, rainy, and cool season is used. In Thailand three seasons are recognised <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Thai season </th> <th>Months </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ruedu nao (cold season) </td> <td>mid October to mid February </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ruedu ron (hot season) </td> <td>mid February to mid May </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ruedu fon (rainy season) </td> <td>mid May to mid October </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polar">Polar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Polar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any point north of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> or south of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a> will have one period in the summer called "polar day" when the sun does not set, and one period in the winter called 'polar night' when the sun does not rise. At progressively higher latitudes, the maximum periods of "<a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">midnight sun</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">polar night</a>" are progressively longer. </p><p>For example, at the military and weather station <a href="/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut" title="Alert, Nunavut">Alert</a> located at 82°30′05″N and 62°20′20″W, on the northern tip of <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (about 450 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> or 830 km from the North Pole), the sun begins to peek above the horizon for minutes per day at the end of February and each day it climbs higher and stays up longer; by 21 March, the sun is up for over 12 hours. On 6 April the sun rises at 0522 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> and remains above the horizon until it sets below the horizon again on 6 September at 0335 UTC. By October 13 the sun is above the horizon for only 1 hour 30 minutes, and on October 14 it does not rise above the horizon at all and remains below the horizon until it rises again on 27 February.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First light comes in late January because the sky has <a href="/wiki/Twilight" title="Twilight">twilight</a>, being a glow on the horizon, for increasing hours each day, for more than a month before the sun first appears with its disc above the horizon. From mid-November to mid-January, there is no twilight. </p><p>In the weeks surrounding 21 June, in the northern polar region, the sun is at its highest elevation, appearing to circle the sky there without going below the horizon. Eventually, it does go below the horizon, for progressively longer periods each day until around the middle of October, when it disappears for the last time until the following February. For a few more weeks, "day" is marked by decreasing periods of twilight. Eventually, from mid-November to mid-January, there is no twilight and it is continuously dark. In mid January the first faint wash of twilight briefly touches the horizon (for just minutes per day), and then twilight increases in duration with increasing brightness each day until sunrise at end of February, then on 6 April the sun remains above the horizon until mid October. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_campaigning_seasons">Military campaigning seasons<span class="anchor" id="Military_campaigning_seasons"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Military campaigning seasons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seasonal weather and climate conditions can become important in the context of military operations. Seasonal reckoning in the military of any country or region tends to be very fluid and based mainly on short to medium term weather conditions that are independent of the calendar. </p><p>For navies, the presence of accessible ports and bases can allow naval operations during certain (variable) seasons of the year. The availability of <a href="/wiki/Ice-free_harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice-free harbor">ice-free</a> or <a href="/wiki/Warm-water_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-water port">warm-water ports</a> can make navies much more effective. Thus <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, historically navally constrained when confined to using <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a> (before the 18th century) and even <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, has particular interests in maintaining and in preserving access to <a href="/wiki/Baltiysk" title="Baltiysk">Baltiysk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Storm seasons or polar winter-weather conditions can inhibit surface warships at sea. </p><p>Pre-modern armies, especially in Europe, tended to campaign in the summer months - peasant <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripts</a> tended to melt away at <a href="/wiki/Harvest_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvest time">harvest time</a>, nor did it make economic sense in an agricultural society to neglect the <a href="/wiki/Sowing" title="Sowing">sowing</a> season.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any modern <a href="/wiki/Manoeuvre_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Manoeuvre warfare">war of manoeuvre</a> profits from firm ground - summer can provide dry conditions suitable for marching and transport, frozen snow in winter can also offer a reliable surface for a period, but <a href="/wiki/Rasputitsa" title="Rasputitsa">spring thaws or autumn rains</a> can inhibit campaigning. Rainy-season floods may make rivers temporarily impassable, and winter snow tends to block mountain passes. Taliban offensives are usually confined to the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_fighting_season" title="Afghanistan fighting season">Afghanistan fighting season</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a>, Greek goddesses of seasons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_summer" title="Indian summer">Indian summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>, Greek mythological figure associated with the rebirth of vegetation in the spring</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_path" title="Sun path">Sun path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertumnus" title="Vertumnus">Vertumnus</a>, Roman god of the seasons</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/season">"Definition of SEASON"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+SEASON&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fseason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SunModel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SunModel_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhavrusShelevytsky2010" class="citation journal cs1">Khavrus, V.; Shelevytsky, I. 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/khavrus/public-activities/seasons">"Geometry and the physics of seasons"</a>. <i>Physics Education</i>. <b>47</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">680–</span>692. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F47%2F6%2F680">10.1088/0031-9120/47/6/680</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121230141">121230141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Education&rft.atitle=Geometry+and+the+physics+of+seasons&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E680-%3C%2Fspan%3E692&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F47%2F6%2F680&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121230141%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Khavrus&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Shelevytsky%2C+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fkhavrus%2Fpublic-activities%2Fseasons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerner_and_Lerner_2003-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lerner_and_Lerner_2003_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lerner_and_Lerner_2003_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLernerLerner2003" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, K. Lee; Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth (2003). <i>World of earth science</i>. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson-Gale. p. 487. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-9332-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-9332-4"><bdi>0-7876-9332-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60695883">60695883</a>. <q>Although these distances seem counterintuitive to residents of the Northern Hemisphere who experience summer in July and winter in January — the seasons are not nearly as greatly affected by distance as they are by changes in solar illumination caused by the fact that Earth's polar axis is inclined 23.5 degrees from the perpendicular to the ecliptic (the plane of the solar system through or near which most of the planet's orbits travel) and because the Earth exhibits parallelism (currently toward Polaris, the North Star) as it revolves about the Sun.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+of+earth+science&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI&rft.pages=487&rft.pub=Thomson-Gale&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60695883&rft.isbn=0-7876-9332-4&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=K.+Lee&rft.au=Lerner%2C+Brenda+Wilmoth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen_Sack_Gabler_2014_p._18-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petersen_Sack_Gabler_2014_p._18_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersenSackGabler2014" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, J.; Sack, D.; Gabler, R.E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUrAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>Fundamentals of Physical Geography</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-96971-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-96971-8"><bdi>978-1-285-96971-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Physical+Geography&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-285-96971-8&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Sack%2C+D.&rft.au=Gabler%2C+R.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsUrAAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Popular_Educator_1856_p._89-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Popular_Educator_1856_p._89_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x3BMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA89"><i>The Popular Educator</i></a>. John Cassell. 1856. p. 89<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popular+Educator&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=John+Cassell&rft.date=1856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx3BMAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliver_2008_p._651-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oliver_2008_p._651_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2008" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, J.E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mwbAsxpRr0C&pg=PA651"><i>Encyclopedia of World Climatology</i></a>. Springer Netherlands. p. 651. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3264-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3264-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-3264-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Climatology&rft.pages=651&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3264-6&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-mwbAsxpRr0C%26pg%3DPA651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rohli_Vega_2011_p._30-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rohli_Vega_2011_p._30_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohliVega2011" class="citation book cs1">Rohli, R.V.; Vega, A.J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WvuCyjEPxr4C&pg=PA30"><i>Climatology</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-5591-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-5591-4"><bdi>978-1-4496-5591-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climatology&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning%2C+LLC&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-5591-4&rft.aulast=Rohli&rft.aufirst=R.V.&rft.au=Vega%2C+A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWvuCyjEPxr4C%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCain" class="citation web cs1">Cain, Fraiser. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/26778/tilt-of-the-earth/">"Tilt of the Earth"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tilt+of+the+Earth&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=Fraiser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F26778%2Ftilt-of-the-earth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Fundamentals of physical geography", <i>PhysicalGeography.net</i>, Ch. 6: Energy and Matter:(h) Earth-Sun Geometry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/6h.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060706012616/http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/6h.html">Archived</a> 2006-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science@NASA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Science@NASA_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science@NASA_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2003" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, Tony (July 4, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/02jul_aphelion">"The Distant Sun"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=The+Distant+Sun&rft.date=2003-07-04&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fscience-news%2Fscience-at-nasa%2F2002%2F02jul_aphelion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast04jan_1/">"Earth at Perihelion"</a>. <i>Science News</i>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=Earth+at+Perihelion&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fscience-news%2Fscience-at-nasa%2F2001%2Fast04jan_1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.uu.nl/~strous/AA/en/antwoorden/seizoenen.html#v466">Astronomy Answers AstronomyAnswerBook: Seasons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20040623091239/http://www.astro.uu.nl/~strous/AA/en/antwoorden/seizoenen.html#v466">Archived</a> 2004-06-23 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>," Astronomical Institute, Utrecht University, downloaded 1 August 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varro-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Varro_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varro_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Varro/de_Re_Rustica/1*.html#28">De Re Rustica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221228075437/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Varro/de_Re_Rustica/1%2A.html#28">Archived</a> 2022-12-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Varro/de_Re_Rustica/1*.html">Latin original</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221228075440/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Varro/de_Re_Rustica/1%2A.html">Archived</a> 2022-12-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-official_spring-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-official_spring_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC_News_Canada2013" class="citation news cs1">CBC News Canada (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canadians-brace-for-a-cold-spring-start-coast-to-coast-1.1363821">"Canadians brace for a cold spring start"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canadians+brace+for+a+cold+spring+start&rft.date=2013&rft.au=CBC+News+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcanadians-brace-for-a-cold-spring-start-coast-to-coast-1.1363821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-official_seasons-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-official_seasons_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/science-technology/time-frequency/time/faqs/when-do-the-four-seasons-officially-begin-(faq-time)">"When do the four seasons officially begin?"</a>. National Physical Laboratory. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+do+the+four+seasons+officially+begin%3F&rft.pub=National+Physical+Laboratory&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npl.co.uk%2Fscience-technology%2Ftime-frequency%2Ftime%2Ffaqs%2Fwhen-do-the-four-seasons-officially-begin-%28faq-time%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103102127/http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/weather-questions/82-how-are-the-dates-of-the-four-seasons-worked-out">"How are the dates of the four seasons worked out?"</a>. South African Weather Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/weather-questions/82-how-are-the-dates-of-the-four-seasons-worked-out">the original</a> on 3 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+are+the+dates+of+the+four+seasons+worked+out%3F&rft.pub=South+African+Weather+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weathersa.co.za%2Flearning%2Fweather-questions%2F82-how-are-the-dates-of-the-four-seasons-worked-out&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327085605/http://www.knmi.nl/cms/content/22141/begin_van_de_lente"><i>Begin van de lente (Start of Spring)</i></a>, KNMI (Royal Dutch Meteorology Institute), 2009-03-20, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knmi.nl/cms/content/22141/begin_van_de_lente">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Dutch)</span> on 2009-03-27<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Begin+van+de+lente+%28Start+of+Spring%29&rft.pub=KNMI+%28Royal+Dutch+Meteorology+Institute%29&rft.date=2009-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knmi.nl%2Fcms%2Fcontent%2F22141%2Fbegin_van_de_lente&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Australian_weather_and_the_seasons-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_weather_and_the_seasons_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_weather_and_the_seasons_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021091448/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-weather-and-the-seasons">"Australian weather and the seasons"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-weather-and-the-seasons">the original</a> on 2012-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+weather+and+the+seasons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustralia.gov.au%2Fabout-australia%2Faustralian-story%2Faustn-weather-and-the-seasons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildland.com/destinations/south-america/argentina/seasonsclimate.aspx">"Details - Argentina - Seasons & Climate"</a>. <i>www.wildland.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wildland.com&rft.atitle=Details+-+Argentina+-+Seasons+%26+Climate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildland.com%2Fdestinations%2Fsouth-america%2Fargentina%2Fseasonsclimate.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/seasons/winter/when-does-winter-start">[2]</a>, UK Met Office</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903170055/https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/weather/climate_2.html">The onsets of the thermal seasons</a>, Finnish Meteorological Institute</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAT-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAT_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. D. Jones et al.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seaice.apl.washington.edu/Papers/JonesEtal99-SAT150.pdf">Surface Air Temperature and its Changes Over the Past 150 Years, Figure 7 (Seite 24 von 28 der PDF-Datei)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100716200522/http://seaice.apl.washington.edu/Papers/JonesEtal99-SAT150.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231045616/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/wxfaq.pdf">"FAQ"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>India Meteorological Department</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/wxfaq.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-12-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Meteorological+Department&rft.atitle=FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimd.gov.in%2Fsection%2Fnhac%2Fwxfaq.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cma.gov.cn/kppd/kppdqxyr/kppdjsqx/201212/t20121208_194908.html">"中国的气温和四季"</a>. 中国气象局<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%94%E6%B8%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%A3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cma.gov.cn%2Fkppd%2Fkppdqxyr%2Fkppdjsqx%2F201212%2Ft20121208_194908.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USNO-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USNO_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstronomical_Applications_Department_of_USNO" class="citation web cs1">Astronomical Applications Department of <a href="/wiki/USNO" class="mw-redirect" title="USNO">USNO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/Earth_Seasons">"Earth's Seasons - Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earth%27s+Seasons+-+Equinoxes%2C+Solstices%2C+Perihelion%2C+and+Aphelion&rft.au=Astronomical+Applications+Department+of+USNO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faa.usno.navy.mil%2Fdata%2FEarth_Seasons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astropixels.com/ephemeris/soleq2001.html">"Solstices and Equinoxes: 2001 to 2100"</a>. <i>AstroPixels.com</i>. 20 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AstroPixels.com&rft.atitle=Solstices+and+Equinoxes%3A+2001+to+2100&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astropixels.com%2Fephemeris%2Fsoleq2001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcce.fr/newsletter/docs/Equinoxe_printemps_1583_2999.pdf">Équinoxe de printemps entre 1583 et 2999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcce.fr/newsletter/docs/Solstice_ete_1583_2999.pdf">Solstice d’été de 1583 à 2999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcce.fr/newsletter/docs/Equinoxe_automne_1583_2999.pdf">Équinoxe d’automne de 1583 à 2999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcce.fr/newsletter/docs/Solstice_hiver_1583_2999.pdf">Solstice d’hiver</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D18%3Achapter%3D59">18:59</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616051931/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D18%3Achapter%3D59">Archived</a> 2022-06-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (paragraphs 220-2 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.r-site.org/f_lat/plinius_senior/plinius_senior_nh_5.pdf">this Latin edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504211717/http://www.r-site.org/f_lat/plinius_senior/plinius_senior_nh_5.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a space of four years, the solstice occurs latest in the Julian Calendar in the year before a leap year. In 2019, it occurred on the 22nd in the Gregorian Calendar, or December 9 in the Julian, at 4:19 AM, according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/EarthSeasons.php">Earth's Seasons Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013000301/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/EarthSeasons.php">Archived</a> 2007-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The number of days between successive winter solstices varied from 365.242883 to 365.242740 between the year 1 BC and AD 2000, according to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeeusSavoie1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meeus" title="Jean Meeus">Meeus, J.</a>; Savoie, D. (1992). "The history of the tropical year". <i>Journal of the British Astronomical Association</i>. <b>102</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JBAA..102...40M">1992JBAA..102...40M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+tropical+year&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992JBAA..102...40M&rft.aulast=Meeus&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Savoie%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span>. Therefore, the average value over the last 2000 years has been 365.24281 days, 0.00719 days less than an average Julian year. This means the solstice was 2000×0.00719=14.38 days later, that is, on December 23 in the middle of the day.A hundred years earlier it would have been on the 24th.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeguara2019" class="citation news cs1">Deguara, Brittney (27 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/113038178/when-does-winter-officially-start-in-new-zealand">"When does winter officially start in New Zealand?"</a>. <i>Stuff</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-weather-and-the-seasons">the original</a> on 2015-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Thai+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.orst.go.th%2F%3Fknowledges%3D%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25B3%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25B7%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A4%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B9%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2587-%25E0%25B9%2586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530180900/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/">"U.S. Naval Observatory"</a>. 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(1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Barents region: cooperation in Arctic Europe</i></a>. International Peace Research Institute, Oslo Prio Series. Vol. 10 (reprint ed.). SAGE. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803978973" title="Special:BookSources/9780803978973"><bdi>9780803978973</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2019</span>. <q>Witte wanted the main base of the Russian Navy to be situated at a location where waters were ice-free the whole year round [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barents+region%3A+cooperation+in+Arctic+Europe&rft.series=International+Peace+Research+Institute%2C+Oslo+Prio+Series&rft.pages=98&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780803978973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZ9mAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornellAllen2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cornell" title="Tim Cornell">Cornell, Tim J.</a>; Allen, Thomas B., eds. (2002). "Games and war in Ancient Greece: Discussion". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQAXzSJsqKcC"><i>War and Games</i></a>. Studies on the nature of war. Vol. 3. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851158709" title="Special:BookSources/9780851158709"><bdi>9780851158709</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2019</span>. <q>The warriors are farmers and the farmers are warriors, so you have to time your war in relation to the harvest and to other agricultural events. [...] Spring and autumn marked the beginning and end of the campaign season, and the rest of the year was closed for war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Games+and+war+in+Ancient+Greece%3A+Discussion&rft.btitle=War+and+Games&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.series=Studies+on+the+nature+of+war&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780851158709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQAXzSJsqKcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Maris, Mihaela, St. Luchian School, Bacau, Romania, <i>Seasonal Variations of the Bird Species</i>, ref. ecological seasons pp. 195–196 incl. and pp. 207–209 incl.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seasons" title="Template:Seasons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seasons" title="Template talk:Seasons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seasons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seasons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seasons95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seasons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">Temperate seasons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/48px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/64px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">Tropical seasons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">Wet season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">Dry season</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Cyclone season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_season" title="Fog season">Fog season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">Harmattan</a> (West Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_season" title="Mud season">Mud / breakup / <i>minoskamin</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rasputitsa" title="Rasputitsa"><i>bezdorizhzhia / rasputitsa</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_rainy_season" title="East Asian rainy season">Rainy season</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time758" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_topics" title="Template:Time topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_topics" title="Template talk:Time topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time758" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Measurement</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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