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atrocities in World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_atrocities_in_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>After 1989</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_polemic_device" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_polemic_device"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>As a polemic device</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_polemic_device-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Caucasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Caucasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>South Caucasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Caucasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Azerbaijan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rest_of_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rest_of_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rest of Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rest_of_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baltics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Baltics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.2</span> <span>Latvia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.3</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.1</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.2</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Central Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.1</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.2</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.3</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Northern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4.1</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4.2</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Western Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pacific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Asia and Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-16th-18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th-18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1.1</span> <span>16th-18th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th-18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th-21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1.2</span> <span>19th-21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazakhstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakhstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>Kazakhstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakhstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.6</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.7</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_centuries_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>18th and 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century,_Soviet_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century,_Soviet_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>20th century, Soviet period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century,_Soviet_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rest_of_Europe_and_USA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rest_of_Europe_and_USA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>Rest of Europe and USA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rest_of_Europe_and_USA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Historical by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="معاداة الروس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاداة الروس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Русафобія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Русафобія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Русафобія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Русафобія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Русофобия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Русофобия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusofobie" title="Rusofobie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rusofobie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russofobi" title="Russofobi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Russofobi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russophobie" title="Russophobie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russophobie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russofoobia" title="Russofoobia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Russofoobia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusofobia" title="Rusofobia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rusofobia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusofobia" title="Errusofobia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusofobia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="روس‌هراسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روس‌هراسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russophobie" title="Russophobie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Russophobie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%9F%AC_%EA%B0%90%EC%A0%95" title="반러 감정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반러 감정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ռուսատյացություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուսատյացություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusofobija" title="Rusofobija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rusofobija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimen_anti-Rusia" title="Sentimen anti-Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sentimen anti-Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russofobia" title="Russofobia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Russofobia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="רוסופוביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוסופוביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რუსოფობია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსოფობია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Русофобия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Русофобия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusofobija" title="Rusofobija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rusofobija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusofobija" title="Rusofobija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusofobija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusofobia" title="Rusofobia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rusofobia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russofobie" title="Russofobie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russofobie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9C%B2" title="反露 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反露" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russofobi" title="Russofobi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Russofobi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russofobia" title="Russofobia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Russofobia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusofobie" title="Rusofobie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rusofobie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Русофобия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русофобия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Русофобиа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Русофобиа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusofobija" title="Rusofobija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rusofobija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Русофобија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Русофобија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusofobija" title="Rusofobija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rusofobija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4l%C3%A4isvastaisuus" title="Venäläisvastaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäläisvastaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russofobi" title="Russofobi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Russofobi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_kar%C5%9F%C4%B1tl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Rus karşıtlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rus karşıtlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Русофобія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Русофобія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusofobii" title="Rusofobii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rusofobii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0i_Nga" title="Bài Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bài Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E4%BF%84" title="反俄 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="反俄" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q512990#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dislike or fear of Russia, its people or its culture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For opposition towards the current government of Russia, see <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Vladimir_Putin_in_Russia" title="Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia">Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia</a>.</div> <p> <b>Anti-Russian sentiment</b> or <b>Russophobia</b> is dislike or fear or hatred of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian people</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russian culture</a>. The opposite of Russophobia is <a href="/wiki/Russophilia" title="Russophilia">Russophilia</a>. </p><p>Historically, Russophobia has included state-sponsored and grassroots mistreatment and discrimination, as well as <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> containing anti-Russian sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, Russophobia was based on various more or less fantastic fears of Russian conquest of Europe, such as those based on <a href="/wiki/The_Will_of_Peter_the_Great" title="The Will of Peter the Great">The Will of Peter the Great</a> forgery documented in France in the 19th century and later resurfacing in Britain as a result of fears of a Russian attack on <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British-colonized India</a> in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a>. Pre-existing anti-Russian sentiment in Germany is considered to be one of the factors influencing treatment of Russian population under <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German occupation</a> during World War II. </p><p>Nowadays, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">clichés</a> and negative <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Russians" title="Stereotypes of Russians">stereotypes about Russians</a> still exist, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some individuals may have prejudice or hatred against Russians due to history, racism, propaganda, or ingrained stereotypes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negative views of Russia are widespread, but most prevalent in Western liberal democracies.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some analysts have argued that official Western rhetoric and journalism about Russian actions abroad have contributed to the resurgence of anti-Russian sentiment, besides disapproval of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a>, Russian reaction to <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations#Opposition_to_NATO's_enlargement" title="Russia–NATO relations">NATO enlargement</a>, the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Georgian war">Russo-Georgian war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States election">Russian interference in the 2016 United States election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carnegie2001_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carnegie2001-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poznerydn_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poznerydn-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2008georgiausrussia_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008georgiausrussia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-Russian sentiment rose considerably after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Ukrainian war">Russian war against Ukraine</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-pew-attitudes-2014_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-attitudes-2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the summer of 2020, majority of Western nations had unfavorable views of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-pew202014nations_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew202014nations-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Russian-speaking immigrants experienced harassment, open hostility and discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters2022attacks_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters2022attacks-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wapo2022childrenenemies_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo2022childrenenemies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wapo2022hostility_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo2022hostility-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some researchers have described use of "Russophobia" narratives to be a tactic used by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>. These narratives emphasizes the belief that Russia faces an existential threat from the Western powers and must take drastic measures to ensure domestic stability including support for the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">war in Ukraine</a>. Such narratives have been described as <a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Russian imperialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcfaul15_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcfaul15-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wapo2206_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo2206-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jdpz_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdpz-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_in_Europe">History in Europe</h2></div> <p>Anti-Russian sentiment in Europe has a long history, dating back several centuries. Initially, it was largely driven by religious and cultural differences, as well as Russia's expansionist policies.<sup id="cite_ref-mpaul2001_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpaul2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 114–115">: 114–115 </span></sup> This sentiment has evolved over time, but the underlying themes of perceived barbarism, imperialism, and cultural inferiority have remained constant.<sup id="cite_ref-mpaul2001_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpaul2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104–105">: 104–105 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th_to_17th_century">15th to 17th century</h3></div> <p>Negative views of Russia in Europe began to take shape in the 15th century during the period of Russian expansion into non-Russian lands under <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a>. Russia's campaigns against Poland-Lithuania, Livonian cities, and Swedish-held Finland marked the beginning of a perception of Russia as a threat. During this era, Russia was often portrayed as a barbaric, un-Christian, and imperialistic nation by its European adversaries.<sup id="cite_ref-mpaul2001_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpaul2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104–105">: 104–105 </span></sup> Michael C. Paul argued that <a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Novgorodian_Wars" title="Swedish–Novgorodian Wars">the crusades of the 13th century</a> against Russian Christian cities like Novgorod and Pskov may highlight even more deeply rooted religious and cultural animosity.<sup id="cite_ref-mpaul2001_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpaul2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106">: 106 </span></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a> (1558–83), European powers, particularly Poland-Lithuania and the Livonian German cities, intensified their negative perception of Russia. They imposed embargoes on war supplies to Russia, fearing the possibility of it receiving military supplies from England, which had an <a href="/wiki/Muscovy_Company" title="Muscovy Company">active trade mission in Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I#Russia" title="Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth</a> denied the accusations.<sup id="cite_ref-mpaul2001_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpaul2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106–107">: 106–107 </span></sup> </p><p>Contemporaries described <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> as a barbaric enemy of Christianity. Accounts by Western travelers like Austrian Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_von_Herberstein" title="Sigismund von Herberstein">Sigismund von Herberstein</a> and English Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Giles_Fletcher,_the_Elder" title="Giles Fletcher, the Elder">Giles Fletcher</a> in the 16th century portrayed Russia in a negative light, focusing on aspects like superstition, brutality, and backwardness. Negative views persisted into the 17th and 18th centuries, with Western observers continuing to highlight aspects like superstition, drunkenness, and barbaric practices in Russian society. Notable figures like Captain John Perry and French travelers <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Margeret" title="Jacques Margeret">Jacques Margeret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Chappe_d%27Auteroche" title="Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche">Jean Chappe d'Auteroche</a> contributed to these perceptions, often comparing Russian society unfavorably with Western standards.<sup id="cite_ref-mpaul2001_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpaul2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 107–109">: 107–109 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Barbarie_et_Le_Chol%C3%A9ra-Morbus_Entrant_en_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/La_Barbarie_et_Le_Chol%C3%A9ra-Morbus_Entrant_en_Europe.png/300px-La_Barbarie_et_Le_Chol%C3%A9ra-Morbus_Entrant_en_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/La_Barbarie_et_Le_Chol%C3%A9ra-Morbus_Entrant_en_Europe.png/450px-La_Barbarie_et_Le_Chol%C3%A9ra-Morbus_Entrant_en_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/La_Barbarie_et_Le_Chol%C3%A9ra-Morbus_Entrant_en_Europe.png/600px-La_Barbarie_et_Le_Chol%C3%A9ra-Morbus_Entrant_en_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption>1831 French engraving "Barbarism and Cholera enter Europe. Polish people fight, the powers make the protocols and France..." by <a href="/wiki/Denis_Auguste_Marie_Raffet" class="mw-redirect" title="Denis Auguste Marie Raffet">Denis Auguste Marie Raffet</a>, depicting Russian suppression of <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> in Poland in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puck_magazine,_1903_April_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Puck_magazine%2C_1903_April_22.jpg/180px-Puck_magazine%2C_1903_April_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Puck_magazine%2C_1903_April_22.jpg/270px-Puck_magazine%2C_1903_April_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Puck_magazine%2C_1903_April_22.jpg/360px-Puck_magazine%2C_1903_April_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption>A 1903 <a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a> llustration depicting a large bear wearing a crown labeled "Russia" clutching a diminutive <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Émile Loubet</a> labeled "France" as an explosion sends clouds of smoke labeled "Balkan Trouble" billowing skyward</figcaption></figure> <p>On 19 October 1797, the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">French Directory</a> received a document from a Polish general, <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Sokolnicki" title="Michał Sokolnicki">Michał Sokolnicki</a>, entitled "Aperçu sur la Russie". This forgery is known as the so-called "<a href="/wiki/The_Will_of_Peter_the_Great" title="The Will of Peter the Great">The Will of Peter the Great</a>" and was first published in October 1812, during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a>, in Charles Louis-Lesur's much-read <i>Des progrès de la puissance russe</i>: this was at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a>, who ordered a series of articles to be published showing that "Europe is inevitably in the process of becoming booty for Russia".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcnally_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcnally-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent to the Napoleonic wars, propaganda against Russia was continued by Napoleon's former confessor, <a href="/wiki/Dominique-Georges-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Dufour_de_Pradt" title="Dominique-Georges-Frédéric Dufour de Pradt">Dominique Georges-Frédéric de Pradt</a>, who in a series of books portrayed Russia as a power-grasping "barbaric" power hungry to conquer Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann2002133_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann2002133-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With reference to Russia's new constitutional laws in 1811 the <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoyard</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a> wrote the now famous statement: "Every nation gets the government it deserves" ("Toute nation a le gouvernement qu'elle mérite").<sup id="cite_ref-Latham1906_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latham1906-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning from 1815 and lasting roughly until 1840, British commentators began criticizing the perceived conservatism of the Russian state and its resistance to reform efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-RussophobiaInGB_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RussophobiaInGB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1836, <a href="/wiki/The_Westminster_Review" title="The Westminster Review">The Westminster Review</a> attributed growth of British navy to "Ministers [that] are smitten with the epidemic disease of Russo-phobia".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Russophobia in Britain for the rest of the 19th century was primarily related to British fears that the <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> was a precursor to an attack on <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British-colonized India</a>. These fears led to the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a>", a series of political and diplomatic confrontations between Britain and Russia during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1843 the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Custine" title="Marquis de Custine">Marquis de Custine</a> published his hugely successful 1800-page, four-volume travelogue <i><a href="/wiki/La_Russie_en_1839" title="La Russie en 1839">La Russie en 1839</a></i>. Custine's scathing narrative reran what were by now clichés which presented Russia as a place where "the veneer of European civilization was too thin to be credible". Such was its huge success that several official and pirated editions quickly followed, as well as condensed versions and translations in German, Dutch, and English. By 1846 approximately 200 thousand copies had been sold.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1867, <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Fyodor Tyutchev</a>, a Russian poet, diplomat and member of <a href="/wiki/His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery" title="His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery">His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery</a>, introduced the actual term of "russophobia" in a letter to his daughter Anna Aksakova on 20 September 1867,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Claims that the term was introduced three decades after its use been documented in The Westminster Review. Might be referring to use in Russian – a source needed. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> where he applied it to a number of pro-Western <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russian liberals</a> who, pretending that they were merely following their <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> principles, developed a negative attitude towards their own country and always stood on a pro-Western and anti-Russian position, regardless of any changes in the Russian society and having a blind eye on any violations of these principles in the West, "violations in the sphere of justice, morality, and even civilization". He put the emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Irrationality" title="Irrationality">irrationality</a> of this sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-Shirinyants_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirinyants-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyutchev saw Western anti-Russian sentiment as the result of misunderstanding caused by <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_dichotomy" title="East–West dichotomy">civilizational differences between East and West</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_atrocities_in_World_War_II">German atrocities in World War II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_Nazism" title="Consequences of Nazism">Consequences of Nazism</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes_against_Soviet_civilians" class="mw-redirect" title="German war crimes against Soviet civilians">German war crimes against Soviet civilians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">World War II casualties of the Soviet Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B01718,_Ausstellung_%22Planung_und_Aufbau_im_Osten%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B01718%2C_Ausstellung_%22Planung_und_Aufbau_im_Osten%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B01718%2C_Ausstellung_%22Planung_und_Aufbau_im_Osten%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B01718%2C_Ausstellung_%22Planung_und_Aufbau_im_Osten%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B01718%2C_Ausstellung_%22Planung_und_Aufbau_im_Osten%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B01718%2C_Ausstellung_%22Planung_und_Aufbau_im_Osten%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B01718%2C_Ausstellung_%22Planung_und_Aufbau_im_Osten%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> listening to <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Meyer" title="Konrad Meyer">Konrad Meyer</a> at a <i><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i> exhibition, 20 March 1941.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> regarded <a href="/wiki/Slavic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic people">Slavic peoples</a> (especially Poles and <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a>) as non-Aryan <i><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></i> (subhumans).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1925, Hitler suggested in <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> that the German people needed <i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i> ("living space") to achieve German expansion eastwards (<i><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i>) at the expense of the inferior Slavs. Hitler believed that "the organization of a Russian state formation was not the result of the political abilities of the Slavs in Russia, but only a wonderful example of the state-forming efficacity of the German element in an inferior race."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of the Soviet Union">invasion of the Soviet Union</a>, Hitler expressed his plans for the Slavs: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As for the ridiculous hundred million Slavs, we will mold the best of them as we see fit, and we will isolate the rest of them in their pig-styes; and anyone who talks about cherishing the local inhabitants and civilizing them, goes straight off into a concentration camp!<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Plans to eliminate Russians and other Slavs from Soviet territory to allow German settlement included starvation. American historian <a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Timothy D. Snyder</a> maintains that there were 4.2 million victims of the German <a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a> in the Soviet Union, "largely Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians," including 3.1 million <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs">Soviet POWs</a> and 1.0 million civilian deaths in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder_2010_p._411_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder_2010_p._411-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Snyder, Hitler intended eventually to exterminate up to 45 million Slavs by planned famine as part of <i><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Influenced by the guidelines, in a directive sent out to the troops under his command, General <a href="/wiki/Erich_Hoepner" title="Erich Hoepner">Erich Hoepner</a> of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Panzer_Army" title="4th Panzer Army">4th Panzer Army</a> stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The war against Russia is an important chapter in the German nation's struggle for existence. It is the old battle of the Germanic against the Slavic people, of the defense of European culture against Muscovite-Asiatic inundation and the repulse of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>. The objective of this battle must be the demolition of present-day Russia and must, therefore, be conducted with unprecedented severity. Every military action must be guided in planning and execution by an iron resolution to exterminate the enemy remorselessly and totally. In particular, no adherents of the contemporary Russian Bolshevik system are to be spared.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></div> <p>Russophobic stereotypes of an illiberal tradition were also favored by Cold War historiographers, even as scholars of early Russia debunked such essentialist notions.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Widely criticized for being antisemitic and extremist nationalistic, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Shafarevich" title="Igor Shafarevich">Igor Shafarevich's</a> 1981 work <i>Russophobia</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> blamed "Jews seeking world rule" for alleged "vast conspiracy against Russia and all mankind" and seeking destruction of Russia through adoption of a Western-style democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1989">After 1989</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on Russia-United States relations: <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations#The_dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union_through_Yeltsin's_terms_(1991–99)" title="Russia–United States relations">during 1991–1999</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Putin_and_George_W._Bush:_2001–2009" title="Russia–United States relations">during 2001–2009</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#United_States">§ United States</a></div> <p>Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the collapse of Communism, anti-Russian sentiment in the United States was at an all-time low. However, it has experienced a resurgence during the late 1990s due to Russia's opposition to the enlargement of NATO. According to a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> poll, 59% of surveyed Americans viewed Russia negatively in 1999, compared to 25% in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-gallupht2022_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallupht2022-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Lieven" title="Anatol Lieven">Anatol Lieven</a> considered the Western commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a> and a Russian reaction to <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations#Opposition_to_NATO's_enlargement" title="Russia–NATO relations">eastward NATO enlargement</a> to be the main cause of growing Russophobia in the 90s. Condemning the brutality of the Russian army and an exaggerated fear of NATO, he argued that the influence of the <a href="#Cold_War">§ Cold War</a> elites and ethnic lobbies, coupled with <a href="#18th_and_19th_centuries">19th century stereotypes about Russian expansionism</a> led Western journalists and intellectuals to drop professional standards and engage in propaganda, spreading Russophobia and national hatred.<sup id="cite_ref-carnegie2001_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carnegie2001-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2007, David Johnson, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Johnson%27s_Russia_List" title="Johnson's Russia List">Johnson's Russia List</a>, said in interview to the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow News">Moscow News</a>: "I am sympathetic to the view that these days Putin and Russia are perhaps getting too dark a portrayal in most Western media. Or at least that critical views need to be supplemented with other kinds of information and analysis. An openness to different views is still warranted."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>-based <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tsygankov" title="Andrei Tsygankov">Andrei Tsygankov</a> has remarked that anti-Russian political rhetoric coming from <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> circles has received wide echo in American mainstream media, asserting that "Russophobia's revival is indicative of the fear shared by some U.S. and European politicians that their grand plans to control the world's most precious resources and geostrategic sites may not succeed if Russia's economic and political recovery continues."<sup id="cite_ref-Tsygankov_—_May_2008_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsygankov_—_May_2008-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Krystyna_Kurczab-Redlich" title="Krystyna Kurczab-Redlich">Krystyna Kurczab-Redlich</a> and some other reporters active in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> alarmed already in early 2000s that Putin's true nature and intentions have been exposed by the Russian atrocities during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a> as by no means resembling those of a Western democrat. It was, however, convenient for the Western elites to brand these reports as Russophobic and disregard them, in spite of such reports being delivered also by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya" title="Anna Politkovskaya">Anna Politkovskaya</a>, a Russian journalist and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights activist">human rights activist</a>, later assassinated.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anna_Politkovskaya_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anna_Politkovskaya-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first among these views has ultimately suffered utter discreditation in a humiliating manner after 2014, primarily because it was inherently flawed as it focused exclusively on the fantastic motivations behind anti-Russian sentiment in Western Europe, while entirely disregarding the precisely specified reasons of negative views of Russia in Central and Eastern Europe which stem in turn from real experience and knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Poll">International Gallup Organization</a> announced that according to its poll, anti-Russia sentiment remained fairly strong throughout Europe and the West in general. It found that Russia was the least popular <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G-8</a> country globally. Overall, the percentage of respondents with a positive view of Russia was only 31%.<sup id="cite_ref-HelsSan_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelsSan-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-Russian sentiment in the United States and Western European countries <a href="/wiki/Russian_reset" title="Russian reset">decreased</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Presidency of Dmitry Medvedev">presidency of Dmitry Medvedev</a>, with about half of respondents in US, UK, Germany, Spain and France having positive views of Russia in 2011. It began to increase again after 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-pew202014nations_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew202014nations-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Transatlantic Trends 2012 Report indicated that "views of Russia turned from favorable to unfavorable on both sides of the Atlantic", noting that most Americans and Europeans, as well as many Russians, said that they were not confident that the election results expressed the will of voters.<sup id="cite_ref-gmfus.org_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gmfus.org-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attitudes towards Russia in most countries worsened considerably following Russia's <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a>, the subsequent fomenting of the <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine</a> and its intervention in the resulting <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">War in Donbas</a>. From 2013 to 2014, the median negative attitudes in Europe rose from 54% to 75%, and from 43% to 72% in the United States. Negative attitudes also rose compared to 2013 throughout the Middle East, Latin America, Asia and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-pew-attitudes-2014_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-attitudes-2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to political scientist Peter Schulze, the accusations of collusion with Trump campaign, coupled with the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_case_of_Lisa_F." title="Criminal case of Lisa F.">criminal case of Lisa F.</a>, which was reported in Germany as an instance of Russia's <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid war">hybrid war</a>, sparked fears that the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> could meddle in German campaigns as well, resulting in growth of anti-Russian sentiment in Germany after 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the summer of 2020, majority of Western nations had unfavorable views of Russia, with an exception of Italy, which was attributed by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> to a delivery of medical aid by Moscow early during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pew202014nations_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew202014nations-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>85% of Americans polled by Gallup between 1 and 17 February 2022 had unfavorable view of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-gallupht2022_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallupht2022-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3></div> <p>There was a sharp uptick in manifestations of anti-Russian sentiment after the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following the start of the invasion, anti-Russian sentiment soared across the Western world.<sup id="cite_ref-gmfus.org_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gmfus.org-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the invasion commenced, ethnic Russians and Russian-speaking immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> are globally reporting rising instances of open hostility and discrimination towards them.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo2022hostility_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo2022hostility-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wapo2022childrenenemies_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo2022childrenenemies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hostility is not just towards Russian people; it has also been seen directed towards businesses as well.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "pervasive climate of distrust" towards Russian passport holders in Europe and rejections of bank account applications because of nationality were reported.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters22ruistoxic_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters22ruistoxic-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United Kingdom limited how much Russian nationals are allowed to save on bank accounts. The banking industry considered the restriction to violate UK equality laws, which forbid discrimination by nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-tg22bottarodepositsban_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tg22bottarodepositsban-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Gozman" title="Leonid Gozman">Leonid Gozman</a> called European restrictions discriminatory and said that they harmed dissidents who were forced to leave Russia, leaving them without means to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-fp22gozmanrestrictions_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fp22gozmanrestrictions-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outrage was caused by pro-war demonstrations held in Athens, Berlin, Dublin, Hanover, Frankfurt and Limassol, consisting of "vehicles emblazoned with the pro-war <a href="/wiki/Z_(military_symbol)" title="Z (military symbol)">Z symbol</a> and marches attended by hundreds of flag-waving nationalists". Experts surveyed by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> said that the rallies were likely coordinated by the Kremlin via the soft power <a href="/wiki/Rossotrudnichestvo" title="Rossotrudnichestvo">Rossotrudnichestvo</a> agency, stressing that a "bottom-up element" of support for Russia also exists.<sup id="cite_ref-times22eudemos_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times22eudemos-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2023, the most negative perception of Russia was in Ukraine (net negative 79%), followed by Portugal with 69%, Japan with 68%, and Poland with 68%, according to the 2023 Democracy Perception Index.<sup id="cite_ref-DPI_2023_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPI_2023-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_polemic_device">As a polemic device</h2></div> <p>The Kremlin and its supporters are sometimes criticised for using allegations of "Russophobia" as a form of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> to counter criticism of government policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Umland_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umland-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jdpz_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdpz-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources critical of the Russian government claim that it is Russian state-owned media and administration who attempt to discredit the "neutral" criticism by generalizing it into indiscriminate accusations of the whole Russian population – or Russophobia.<sup id="cite_ref-jdpz_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdpz-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, poet and essayist <a href="/wiki/Lev_Rubinstein" title="Lev Rubinstein">Lev Rubinstein</a> wrote that similarly to the term "<a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>", the term "Russophobia" has become a political sticker slapped onto people who disagree with words or actions of people or organizations who position themselves as "Russian ones" in the ideological, rather than an ethnic or geographical sense.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian responses to outside anti-Russian criticism has intensified the growth of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalist</a> ideology, which in many ways mirrors its predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet nationalism">Soviet nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jdpz_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdpz-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horvath_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horvath-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Khazanov" title="Anatoly Khazanov">Anatoly Khazanov</a> states that there's a national-patriotic movement which believes that there's a "<a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">clash of civilizations</a>, a global struggle between the materialistic, individualistic, consumerist, cosmopolitan, corrupt, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decadent_West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decadent West (page does not exist)">decadent West</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="ru:Гнилой Запад">ru</a>]</span> led by the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">idealist, collectivist, morally and spiritually superior Eurasia led by Russia</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their view, the United States wants to break up Russia and turn it into a source of raw materials. The West being accused of Russophobia is a major part of their beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> wrote that these attitudes are reinforced by the failure of the post-Soviet liberal economic reforms, which are perceived to have been influenced by the US Treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mismatch between U.S. rhetoric about promoting democratic reforms in Russia and actual U.S. actions and policy has been said to cause deep resentment among Russians, helping Russian propaganda to construct a narrative of U.S. malign interference.<sup id="cite_ref-carnegie19thirtyyears_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carnegie19thirtyyears-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Russia">sanctions</a>, there was a rapid growth of charges of Russophobia in the official discourse. Use of the term on the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs website rose dramatically during the period between 2014 and 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> compared Russophobia to <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic <a href="/wiki/Jade_McGlynn" title="Jade McGlynn">Jade McGlynn</a> considered conflation of modern Russophobia and Nazi antisemitism to be a part of propaganda strategy that uses historical framing to create a flattering narrative that the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> is a restaging of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcglynn22bisa_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcglynn22bisa-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcglynn22spectator_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcglynn22spectator-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kathryn Stoner and <a href="/wiki/Michael_McFaul" title="Michael McFaul">Michael McFaul</a> explained the turn to radical nationalism as a strategy to preserve the regime within domestic economical and political pressures, claiming that "To maintain his argument for legitimacy at home, Putin needs... constant confrontation that supports the narrative that Russia is under siege from the West, that Russia is at war with the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-mcfaul15_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcfaul15-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Russian political scientist and a senior visiting fellow at the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> Institute for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies <a href="/wiki/Maria_Lipman" title="Maria Lipman">Maria Lipman</a> said that this narrative was made more convincing by imposing sanctions on Russia and supporting Ukraine with weapons, as well as by statements about weakening Russia made by American establishment, amplified on Russian television.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> reported effectiveness of using the label of "Russophobia" by Russian propaganda to sustain support for the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a> by presenting it as an existential confrontation with the West. According to an independent polling agency, "people explain that a significant part of the world is against us and it's only Putin who hopes to hold onto Russia, otherwise we would be eaten up completely. To them it is Russia that is defending itself".<sup id="cite_ref-wapo2206_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo2206-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright plainrowheaders" style="border:1px black; float:right; margin-left:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Democracy Perception Index 2024<sup id="cite_ref-DPI_2024_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPI_2024-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Summary_Tables_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summary_Tables-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"What is your overall perception of Russia?"<br />(default-sorted by decreasing negativity of each country) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">Country polled </th> <th scope="col"><small>Positive</small> </th> <th scope="col"><small>Negative</small> </th> <th scope="col"><small>Neutral</small> </th> <th scope="col"><small>Difference</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Ukraine"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span> </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238854847">.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar{position:relative;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#fff;width:100px;max-width:100%;height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-fill{position:absolute;background-color:#dbdbdb;height:1.5em;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-text{position:absolute;width:100%;height:1.5em;text-align:center;color:#000}</style><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 89%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">89%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 9%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">9%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-87</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Japan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 77%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">77%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 21%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">21%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-75</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Poland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 8%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">8%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 78%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">78%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 14%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">14%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-71</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Portugal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 7%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">7%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 77%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">77%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 16%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">16%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-70</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Sweden"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 8%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">8%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 77%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">77%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 15%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">15%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-68</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Denmark"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 10%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">10%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 73%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">73%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 17%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">17%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-63</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 8%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">8%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 69%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">69%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 23%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">23%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-61</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Netherlands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 10%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">10%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 66%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">66%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 24%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">24%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-56</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 11%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">11%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 67%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">67%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 22%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">22%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-55</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 12%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">12%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 67%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">67%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 21%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">21%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-55</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Belgium"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 12%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">12%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 65%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">65%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 23%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">23%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-53</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 12%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">12%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 65%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">65%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 23%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">23%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-52</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Spain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 66%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">66%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 21%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">21%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-52</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Canada"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 63%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">63%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 24%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">24%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-51</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Ireland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 14%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">14%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 64%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">64%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 22%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">22%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-50</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 10%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">10%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 60%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">60%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 30%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">30%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-50</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Australia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 60%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">60%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 27%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">27%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-47</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Switzerland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 14%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">14%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 60%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">60%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 26%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">26%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-45</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Brazil"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 17%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">17%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 56%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">56%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 27%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">27%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-39</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Norway"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 21%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">21%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 58%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">58%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 21%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">21%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-37</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 16%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">16%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 53%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">53%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 31%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">31%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-36</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 17%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">17%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 50%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">50%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 33%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">33%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-33</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Iran"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 16%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">16%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 48%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">48%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 36%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">36%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-32</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="South Korea"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 22%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">22%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 52%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">52%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 26%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">26%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-30</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Hungary"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 17%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">17%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 45%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">45%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 38%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">38%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-28</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Israel"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 27%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">27%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 50%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">50%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 23%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">23%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-23</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Chile"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 22%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">22%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 41%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">41%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 37%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">37%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-19</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Argentina"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 21%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">21%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 39%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">39%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 40%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">40%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-18</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 25%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">25%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 41%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">41%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 34%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">34%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-16</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Colombia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 22%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">22%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 37%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">37%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 41%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">41%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-14</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Taiwan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 25%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">25%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 36%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">36%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 39%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">39%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-11</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Singapore"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 31%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">31%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 33%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">33%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 36%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">36%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:red;">-2</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Venezuela"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 27%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">27%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 26%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">26%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 47%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">47%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+1</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="South Africa"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 34%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">34%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 32%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">32%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 34%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">34%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+1</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Thailand"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 28%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">28%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 23%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">23%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 49%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">49%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+5</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Turkey"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 34%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">34%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 27%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">27%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 39%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">39%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+7</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Kenya"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 40%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">40%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 27%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">27%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 33%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">33%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+13</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Philippines"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 36%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">36%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 22%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">22%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 42%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">42%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+14</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Mexico"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 38%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">38%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 22%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">22%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 40%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">40%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+16</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Peru"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 41%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">41%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 25%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">25%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 34%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">34%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+16</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Malaysia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 37%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">37%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 19%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">19%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 44%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">44%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+18</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Indonesia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 39%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">39%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 11%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">11%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 50%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">50%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+28</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Saudi Arabia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 45%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">45%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 15%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">15%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 40%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">40%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+29</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Morocco"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 44%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">44%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 15%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">15%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 41%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">41%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+30</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Hong Kong"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 54%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">54%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 21%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">21%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 25%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">25%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+33</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Nigeria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 55%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">55%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 20%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">20%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 25%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">25%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+35</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Egypt"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 57%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">57%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 11%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">11%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 32%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">32%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+45</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Pakistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 59%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">59%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 11%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">11%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 30%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">30%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+48</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="China"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 56%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">56%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 7%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">7%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 37%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">37%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+48</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Algeria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 60%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">60%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 6%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">6%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 34%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">34%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+53</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 64%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">64%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 11%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">11%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 25%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">25%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+53</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Vietnam"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 66%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">66%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 8%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">8%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 26%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">26%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+58</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#80FF80; width: 84%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">84%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF8080; width: 6%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">6%</div></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; width: 10%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">10%</div></div></td> <td><span style="color:green;">+78</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Caucasus">South Caucasus</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenia">Armenia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Armenia–Russia relations">Armenia–Russia relations</a></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> intensified <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">russification</a> policies and did not provide significant opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">massacres against Armenians</a>, anti-Russian sentiment among Armenian nationalist groups rose. After the Russian government confiscated Armenian Church lands in 1903, this led to attacks on Russian authorities and Armenians who cooperated with them by Armenians mobilised by the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">ARF</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1988, during the <a href="/wiki/Karabakh_movement" title="Karabakh movement">Karabakh movement</a>, the killing of an Armenian man and the injury of tens of others by the Soviet army in a violent <a href="/wiki/Zvartnots_Airport_clash" title="Zvartnots Airport clash">clash at Zvartnots Airport</a> near <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> sparked anti-Russian and anti-Soviet demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, relations between Armenia and Russia were strained after the <a href="/wiki/Gyumri_massacre" title="Gyumri massacre">massacre of an Armenian family of 7</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a> by a Russian serviceman, stationed at the <a href="/wiki/Russian_102nd_Military_Base" title="Russian 102nd Military Base">Russian base</a> there.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations between Armenia and Russia have worsened in recent years, due to Russia's refusal to help Armenia in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war">2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war</a> and the <a href="/wiki/September_2022_Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_clashes" title="September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes">September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as due to statements perceived to be anti-Armenian made by figures close to Russian President Vladimir Putin.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has resulted in anti-Russian sentiment rising sharply in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Russia relations">Azerbaijan–Russia relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></div> <p>The 1990 <a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a> massacre prior to Azerbaijani independence and Russia's complicated role in the <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> between Azerbaijan and Armenia increased the negative perception of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a>'s presidency in 1992–93, relations between Russia and Azerbaijan were damaged due to his anti-Russian policies,<sup id="cite_ref-Svante_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svante-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however under <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a>, relations instead improved.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Georgia">Georgia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Georgia–Russia relations">Georgia–Russia relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Georgian war">Russo-Georgian war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Georgia" title="Russians in Georgia">Russians in Georgia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F**k_Putin_sign_in_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/F%2A%2Ak_Putin_sign_in_Georgia.jpg/102px-F%2A%2Ak_Putin_sign_in_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/F%2A%2Ak_Putin_sign_in_Georgia.jpg/153px-F%2A%2Ak_Putin_sign_in_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/F%2A%2Ak_Putin_sign_in_Georgia.jpg/204px-F%2A%2Ak_Putin_sign_in_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Explicit_message_%22Fuck_Russia%22._Tbilisi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Explicit_message_%22Fuck_Russia%22._Tbilisi.jpg/182px-Explicit_message_%22Fuck_Russia%22._Tbilisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Explicit_message_%22Fuck_Russia%22._Tbilisi.jpg/273px-Explicit_message_%22Fuck_Russia%22._Tbilisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Explicit_message_%22Fuck_Russia%22._Tbilisi.jpg/364px-Explicit_message_%22Fuck_Russia%22._Tbilisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="1935" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Anti-Russian signs in Georgia.</div></div></div></div> <p>There has been increased animosity towards Russians in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> after the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, which has also been directed towards exiled Russians who recently fled their home country. It has included signs from businesses and posts from Airbnb hosts declaring “Russians not welcome”, anti-Russian graffiti found on many central streets, the famous <a href="/wiki/Bassiani" title="Bassiani">Bassiani</a> nightclub banning anyone with a Russian passport, and an <a href="/wiki/Online_petition" title="Online petition">online petition</a> signed by thousands of locals demanding tougher immigration rules for Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accordingly, in March 2022 a strong majority of 84% of respondents to a Georgian poll said Russia is the enemy of Georgia,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a sharp uptick compared with a decade earlier. According to a 2012 poll, 35% of Georgians perceived Russia as Georgia's biggest enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-css.ethz.ch_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-css.ethz.ch-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in a February 2013 poll a majority of 63% said Russia is Georgia's biggest political and economic threat as opposed to 35% of those who looked at Russia as the most important partner for Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2023, 11% preferred closer ties with Russia, while abandoning western ties, and 25% wanted to deepen ties with Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The root of the Georgian anti-Russian sentiment lies in the history of Russian colonialism of Transcaucasia. For Georgians, the country was twice occupied and annexed by Russia. First in 1801 under the Tsarist regime, and then, after a short interlude of independence of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a> (1918–1921), a 70-year period of forceful Soviet occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sentiment was further fed by the events of the 1990s, when Russia supported the independence of <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>, two historically inalienable parts of Georgia, causing the <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz–Georgian conflict">Abkhaz–Georgian conflict</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">Georgian–Ossetian conflict</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">war with Russia</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also followed by Georgian sympathy to the <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a> of the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rest_of_Europe">Rest of Europe</h3></div> <p>In a 2012 survey, the percentage of Russian immigrants in the EU that indicated that they had experienced racially motivated <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crimes</a> was 5%, which is less than the average of 10% reported by several groups of immigrants and ethnic minorities in the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-hatecrime_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hatecrime-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 17% of Russian immigrants in the EU said that they had been victims of crimes in the preceding 12 months, as compared to an average of 24% among several groups of immigrants and ethnic minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baltics">Baltics</h4></div> <p>In 2015, the chairman of the Russian <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a>'s Foreign Affairs Committee <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Pushkov" title="Aleksey Pushkov">Aleksey Pushkov</a> alleged that Russophobia had become the state policy in the Baltic states<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2021 <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> accused the Baltic states of being "the leaders of the Russophobic minority" in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Estonia">Estonia</h5></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unbalanced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DUE">unbalanced</a> towards certain viewpoints</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Russian_sentiment&action=edit">improve the article</a> or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Talk:Anti-Russian sentiment">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Estonia–Russia relations">Estonia–Russia relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Estonia" title="Russians in Estonia">Russians in Estonia</a></div> <p>A poll conducted by Gallup International suggested that 34% Estonians have a positive attitude towards Russia, but it is supposed that survey results were likely impacted by a large ethnic Russian minority in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-HelsSan_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelsSan-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in a 2012 poll only 3% of the Russian minority in Estonia reported that they had experienced a hate crime (as compared to an average of 10% among ethnic minorities and immigrants in EU).<sup id="cite_ref-hatecrime_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hatecrime-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Estonian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jaan_Kaplinski" title="Jaan Kaplinski">Jaan Kaplinski</a>, the birth of anti-Russian sentiment in Estonia dates back to 1940, as there was little or none during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">czarist</a> and first independence period, when <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">anti-German sentiment</a> predominated. Kaplinski states the imposition of Soviet rule under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in 1940 and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">actions by Soviet authorities</a> led to the replacement of anti-German sentiment with anti-Russian sentiment within just one year, and characterized it as "one of the greatest achievements of the Soviet authorities".<sup id="cite_ref-Subrenat2004_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subrenat2004-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaplinski supposes that anti-Russian sentiment could disappear as quickly as anti-German sentiment did in 1940, however he believes the prevailing sentiment in Estonia is sustained by Estonia's politicians who employ "the use of anti-Russian sentiments in political combat," together with the "tendentious attitude of the [Estonian] media."<sup id="cite_ref-Subrenat2004_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subrenat2004-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaplinski says that a "rigid East-West attitude is to be found to some degree in Estonia when it comes to Russia, in the form that everything good comes from the West and everything bad from the East";<sup id="cite_ref-Subrenat2004_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subrenat2004-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this attitude, in Kaplinski's view, "probably does not date back further than 1940 and presumably originates from Nazi propaganda."<sup id="cite_ref-Subrenat2004_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subrenat2004-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Latvia">Latvia</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Latvia–Russia relations">Latvia–Russia relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Latvia" title="Russians in Latvia">Russians in Latvia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Non-citizens_(Latvia)" title="Non-citizens (Latvia)">Non-citizens (Latvia)</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a>, Latvia's fears of Russia are rooted in recent history, including conflicting views on whether Latvia and other <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> were <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">occupied by the USSR</a> or <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states#Position_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">joined it voluntarily</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/June_deportation" title="June deportation">1940–1941 June</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">1949 March deportations</a> that followed and more recently the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a> that fueled a fear that Latvia could also be annexed by Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Moscow_Times_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Moscow_Times-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian-American</a> journalist and broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Pozner_Jr." title="Vladimir Pozner Jr.">Vladimir Pozner</a> believed the fact that many Russian migrants in the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian SSR</a> did not learn <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> and expected the local population to speak Russian also contributed to an accumulation of anti-Russian sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No Russians have ever been killed or even wounded for political, nationalistic or racist reasons in Latvia ever since it regained its independence<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a 2012 poll only 2% of the <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Latvia" title="Russians in Latvia">Russian minority in Latvia</a> reported having experienced a 'racially' motivated <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crime</a> (as compared to an average of 10% among immigrants and minorities in EU).<sup id="cite_ref-hatecrime_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hatecrime-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An earlier 2004 research "Ethnic tolerance and integration of the Latvian society" by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Institute_of_Social_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltic Institute of Social Sciences (page does not exist)">Baltic Institute of Social Sciences</a> found that Latvian respondents on average rated their relations with Russians 7.8 out of 10, whereas non-Latvian respondents rated their relationship with Latvians 8.4 out of 10. Both groups believed that the ties between them were satisfactory, had not changed in the last five years and were to either remain the same or improve in the next five years. 66% of non-Russian respondents said they would also support their son or daughter marrying an ethnic Russian. Respondents did mention some <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflicts</a>, but all of them were classified as psycholinguistic such as verbal confrontations.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occasionally, Russians in Latvia have been targeted by anti-Russian rhetoric from some of the more radical members of both the mainstream and radical right parties in Latvia. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Civic_Union_(Latvia)" title="Civic Union (Latvia)">Civic Union</a>'s internal e-mail correspondence between <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_for_Foreign_Affairs_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Latvia">Minister for Foreign Affairs of Latvia</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%A2irts_Valdis_Kristovskis" title="Ģirts Valdis Kristovskis">Ģirts Valdis Kristovskis</a> and Latvian American doctor and party member Aivars Slucis was leaked.<sup id="cite_ref-Wodak,_Mral,_Khosravinik_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wodak,_Mral,_Khosravinik-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one of the e-mails titled "Do Latvians Surrender?"<sup id="cite_ref-Baltic_times_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltic_times-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slucis complained of the current situation in Latvia and being unable to return and work in Latvia, because he would not be able to treat Russians in the same way as Latvians.<sup id="cite_ref-Baltic_times_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltic_times-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Slucis_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slucis-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kristovskis agreed with his opinion and evaluation,<sup id="cite_ref-Baltic_times_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltic_times-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but warned against hysterical responses, cautioning party members to avoid discussions counterproductive to the party's political goals. After the leak the Civic Union ousted Slucis from the party for views unacceptable to the party and returned his financial contributions, while the opposition parties <a href="/wiki/Harmony_Centre" title="Harmony Centre">Harmony Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/For_a_Good_Latvia" title="For a Good Latvia">For a Good Latvia</a> initiated an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a> against Kristovskis.<sup id="cite_ref-Slucis_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slucis-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baltic_times_117-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltic_times-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, the results of a yearly poll by the research agency "SKDS" showed that the population of Latvia was more split on its attitude towards the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>. In 2008, 47 percent of respondents had a positive view of Russia and 33% had a negative one, while the remaining 20 percent found it hard to define their opinion. It peaked in 2010 when 64 percent of respondents felt positive towards Russia, in comparison with the 25 percent that felt negative. In 2015, following the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a>, however, it dropped to the lowest level since 2008 and for the first time, the people with a negative attitude towards Russia (46%) surpassed people with a positive attitude (41%).<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 43.5 percent also believed Russia posed a military threat to Latvia and even in 2019 that number had decreased only slightly and stood at 37.3 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lithuania–Russia relations">Lithuania–Russia relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Lithuania" title="Russians in Lithuania">Russians in Lithuania</a></div> <p>Due to historical experiences, there is a fear prevailed in Lithuania that Russia has never stopped wanting to consolidate power over the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltics</a>, including fears of Russian plans for an eventual annexation of Lithuania as was seen in <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Crimea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also concerns over Russia's increasing military deployment, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russian region of</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, an exclave of Russia bordering Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Romania">Romania</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Romania–Russia relations">Romania–Russia relations</a></div> <p>Anti-Russian sentiment dates back to the conflict between the Russian and Ottoman empires in the 18th and early 19th centuries and the ceding of part of the <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Moldavian principality</a> to Russia by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1812 after its <i>de facto</i> annexation, and to the annexations during World War II and after by the Soviet Union of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bukovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Bukovina">Northern Bukovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> and the policies of ethnic cleansing, <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> and deportations that have taken place in those territories against ethnic Romanians. Following WWII, Romania, a former ally of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, was occupied by Soviet forces. Soviet dominance over the Romanian economy was manifested through the so-called <a href="/wiki/Sovroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovroms">Sovroms</a>, exacting a tremendous economic toll ostensibly as war-time reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of anti-Russian sentiment in the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a>, the precursors to unified Romania which became independent of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> with the 1829 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Treaty of Adrianople</a> concluding the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%9329)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)">1828–1829 Russo-Turkish War</a>, arose from the post-1829 relationship of the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> to Russia, and was caused by mutually economic and political grievances of two influential classes that were often odds also with each other. As per the 1829 treaty, Russia was named the protector of the two principalities, allowed to occupy them, and also drafted a quasi-constitution known as the <a href="/wiki/Organic_Regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic Regulations">Organic Regulations</a> which formed a powerful assembly of 800 <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyars</a> (the local landowning economic elite) nominally under the authority of the less nominal prince, the document crafted with strong support from the boyars. The boyars, a "reactionary oligarchy" as described by Misha Glenny, stopped short any hint of liberal reform, and the growing urban elite began to associate Russia with the slow progress of reform and the obstacles they faced in building an industrial base. On the other hand, the boyars themselves began to sour on Russia during the 1830s and 1840s due to their economic conflict of interest with Russia. After the Ottomans withdrew from the three forts along the Danube basin, the boyars exploited the highly fertile land to drastically increase Romanian wheat production, such that eventually future Romania consisting of Wallachia unified with Moldavia would become the fourth-largest wheat producer in the world. Whereas before 1829 Wallachian and Moldavian wheat had been limited to Ottoman markets, Russia increasingly felt threatened by growing competition in its jurisdiction that it feared could drive down the price of Russian wheat. Accordingly, Russia exploited its role as protector of the Principalities to let the Danube silt up, sabotaging the possible market competitor. As a result of this as well as "Russian foot-dragging on the economy", the boyars too became increasingly resentful of Russian domination. The rapid erosion of public relations with Russia led to a revolution in 1848, in which the newly emerging Romanian intellectual and political class sought the help of the Ottomans, their old hegemon, to drive out Russian influence—although, after pressure applied by Russia, the Russian and Ottoman armies joined forces to squash the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Russia–Ukraine relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Ukraine" title="Russians in Ukraine">Russians in Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boycott_Russian_Films" title="Boycott Russian Films">Boycott Russian Films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Do_not_buy_Russian_goods!" title="Do not buy Russian goods!">Do not buy Russian goods!</a>, <a href="/wiki/De-Russification#Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="De-Russification">De-Russification § Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism</a></div> <p>In 2004, the leader of the marginal Svoboda party <a href="/wiki/Oleh_Tyahnybok" title="Oleh Tyahnybok">Oleh Tyahnybok</a> urged his party to fight "the Moscow-Jewish mafia" ruling Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these remarks Tyahnybok was expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Our_Ukraine%E2%80%93People%27s_Self-Defense_Bloc" title="Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc">Our Ukraine</a> parliamentary faction in July 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former coordinator of <a href="/wiki/Right_Sector" title="Right Sector">Right Sector</a> in West Ukraine, <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Muzychko" title="Oleksandr Muzychko">Oleksandr Muzychko</a> talked about fighting "communists, Jews and Russians for as long as blood flows in my veins."<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2009, a poll held by the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_International_Institute_of_Sociology" title="Kyiv International Institute of Sociology">Kyiv International Institute of Sociology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> said that 96% of respondents were positive about <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> as an ethnic group, 93% respected the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> and 76% respected the Russian establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-Levada_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levada-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2010, statistics by the Institute of Sociology of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Science_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academy of Science of Ukraine">National Academy of Science of Ukraine</a> said that positive attitudes towards Russians have been decreasing since 1994. In response to a question gauging tolerance of Russians, 15% of Western Ukrainians responded positively. In Central Ukraine, 30% responded positively (from 60% in 1994); 60% responded positively in Southern Ukraine (from 70% in 1994); and 64% responded positively in Eastern Ukraine (from 75% in 1994). Furthermore, 6–7% of Western Ukrainians would banish Russians entirely from Ukraine, and 7–8% in Central Ukraine responded similarly. This level of sentiment was not found in Southern or Eastern Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-zikios_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zikios-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ultranationalist party <a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(political_party)" title="Svoboda (political party)">Svoboda</a> (once prominent, but now marginal),<sup id="cite_ref-cs_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kyivpost_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kyivpost-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has invoked radical anti-Russian rhetoric<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has electoral support enough to garner majority support in local councils,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as seen in the <a href="/wiki/2009_Ternopil_Oblast_local_election" title="2009 Ternopil Oblast local election">Ternopil regional council</a> in Western Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-TernopileleSvo_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TernopileleSvo-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysts explained Svoboda's victory in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Galicia" title="Eastern Galicia">Eastern Galicia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2010_Ukrainian_local_elections" title="2010 Ukrainian local elections">2010 Ukrainian local elections</a> as a result of the policies of the <a href="/wiki/First_Azarov_government" title="First Azarov government">Azarov Government</a> who were seen as too <a href="/wiki/Pro-Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Russian">pro-Russian</a> by the voters of "Svoboda".<sup id="cite_ref-Svovic2010_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svovic2010-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Umland" title="Andreas Umland">Andreas Umland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senior_Lecturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Lecturer">Senior Lecturer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Science">Political Science</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Kyiv-Mohyla_Academy" title="National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy">National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Svoboda's increasing exposure in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian media">Ukrainian media</a> has contributed to these successes.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to British academic <a href="/wiki/Taras_Kuzio" title="Taras Kuzio">Taras Kuzio</a> the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Yanukovich">Viktor Yanukovich</a> (2010–2014) fabricated this exposure in order to discredit the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuzio2015_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuzio2015-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> revolution, the Svoboda party lost a lot of its support. In the <a href="/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election" title="2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election">2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election</a> Svoboda formed a united party list with the <a href="/wiki/Governmental_Initiative_of_Yarosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Governmental Initiative of Yarosh">Governmental Initiative of Yarosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_Sector" title="Right Sector">Right Sector</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Corps" title="National Corps">National Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vibori-600508_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vibori-600508-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The united list received only 2.15% of the votes, less than half of the 5% election threshold, and thus no parliamentary seats via the national party list.<sup id="cite_ref-formerMP2748306_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formerMP2748306-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Brookings Institution after Ukraine regained its independence, only a small minority of nationalists expressed strong anti-Russian views; the majority hoped to have good relations with Russia. In 2014, after the Russian annexation of Crimea, the attitude to Russia changed sharply. In April 2017, a poll by <a href="/wiki/Sociological_group_%22RATING%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological group "RATING"">Sociological group "RATING"</a> found that 57% of respondents expressed a "very cold" or "cold" attitude toward Russia while 17% expressed a "very warm" or "warm" attitude.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2019, 77% of Ukrainians had a positive attitude towards <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, 57% of Ukrainians had a positive view of Russia, but only 13% of Ukrainians had positive attitude towards the Russian government.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sentiments due to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 war</a> have declined enormously. In March 2022, 97% of Ukrainians said they had an unfavourable view of Russian President Putin, with a further 81% saying they had a very unfavourable or somewhat unfavourable view of the Russian people. However, 65% of Ukrainians agreed that "despite our differences there is more that unites ethnic Russians living in Ukraine and Ukrainians than divides us."<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukrainian officials are working to rid the country's cities of streets named after Russian historical figures like <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GoodbyeTchaikovsky_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoodbyeTchaikovsky-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian at the <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko_National_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Franko National University">Ivan Franko National University</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasyl_Kmet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasyl Kmet (page does not exist)">Vasyl Kmet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Кметь Василь Федорович">uk</a>]</span>, this is being done to undo the <a href="/wiki/Russian_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian propaganda">Russian propaganda</a> "of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Russkiy_Mir" class="mw-redirect" title="Russkiy Mir">Russkiy Mir</a> — the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Russian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Russian speakers">Russian-speaking world</a>" by creating "a powerful alternative, a modern Ukrainian national discourse.”<sup id="cite_ref-GoodbyeTchaikovsky_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoodbyeTchaikovsky-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Europe">Central Europe</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_communism_in_prague_2008-08-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Museum_of_communism_in_prague_2008-08-06.jpg/180px-Museum_of_communism_in_prague_2008-08-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Museum_of_communism_in_prague_2008-08-06.jpg/270px-Museum_of_communism_in_prague_2008-08-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Museum_of_communism_in_prague_2008-08-06.jpg/360px-Museum_of_communism_in_prague_2008-08-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="3739" /></a><figcaption>A caricature of a Russian traditional <a href="/wiki/Matryoshka_doll" title="Matryoshka doll">matryoshka doll</a> as a negative symbol of communism; <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Czech Republic–Russia relations">Czech Republic–Russia relations</a></div> <p>Russia remains continuously among the most negatively perceived countries among Czechs in polls conducted since 1991, and just 26% of Czechs responded that they had a positive opinion about Russia in November 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to writer Tim Nollen in 2008, Russians in Czechia were almost universally disliked as a people due in part to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Russian_mafia" title="Russian mafia">Russian mafiosi</a>, as well as the "arrogant hordes of Russian visitors that descend upon <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> and the Spas in <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary_Region" title="Karlovy Vary Region">Karlovy Vary</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, anti-Russian tensions rose in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martin Dlouhý, a professor at the <a href="/wiki/Prague_University_of_Economics_and_Business" title="Prague University of Economics and Business">Prague University of Economics and Business</a>, wrote on Facebook on February 24 that he would not conduct, test, or correct the final thesis of Russian students “due to conscience and moral principles”; but deleted the post after a strong backlash.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violence in elementary schools prompted attack by students on their ethnic Russian classmates, prompting a condemnation by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Petr_Fiala" title="Petr Fiala">Petr Fiala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Czech shops and restaurants put up signs saying that Russians and Belarusians were not allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Poland">Poland</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Poland–Russia relations">Poland–Russia relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Russian Wars">Polish–Russian Wars</a></div> <p>In 2005, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported after the Polish daily <i><a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza" title="Gazeta Wyborcza">Gazeta Wyborcza</a></i> that "relations between the nations are as bad as they have been since the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989."<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jakub Boratyński, the director of international programs at the independent Polish <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Batory_Foundation" title="Stefan Batory Foundation">Stefan Batory Foundation</a>, said in 2005 that anti-Russian feelings have substantially decreased since Poland joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and that Poles feel more secure than before, but he also admitted that many people in Poland still look suspiciously at Russian foreign-policy moves and are afraid Russia is seeking to "recreate an empire in a different form."<sup id="cite_ref-RFE_Warsaw_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFE_Warsaw-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Boris Makarenko, deputy director of the Moscow-based think tank Center for Political Technologies, much of the modern anti-Russian feelings in Poland is caused by grievances of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-RFE_Warsaw_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFE_Warsaw-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One contentious issue is the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a> in 1940 as well as the Stalinist-era ethnic-cleansing operations including the deportation of hundreds of thousands of ethnic Poles, even though the Russian government has officially acknowledged and apologized for the atrocity.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2013 <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> poll, 19% of Poles viewed Russia's influence positively, with 49% expressing a negative view.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a <i><a href="/wiki/Gazeta.pl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazeta.pl">Gazeta.pl</a></i> report in 2019, some Polish hoteliers disliked Russian guests,<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the vice president of Poland's Chamber of Tourism admitted back in 2014 that some private guesthouses were rejecting Russian tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hungary">Hungary</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Hungary–Russia relations">Hungary–Russia relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></div> <p>Hungary's relations with Russia are shadowed by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a> which was crushed with the help of Russian troops<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> which was brutally crushed by the Red Army and was followed by the mass arrest and imprisonment of Hungarians.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current government of <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> is seen as friendlier toward Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2019 survey by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a>, 3% of Hungarian respondents had a favourable opinion of Russia, 32% had a somewhat favourable opinion, 31% had a somewhat unfavourable opinion and 16% had a very unfavourable opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Europe">Northern Europe</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Norway">Norway</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Norway–Russia relations">Norway–Russia relations</a></div> <p>Norway's diplomatic and cultural ties with the West have complicated continuing relations with Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 poll of Norwegians found that 58% believe that Vladimir Putin and Russia pose a security threat.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nordic_Page_2017_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nordic_Page_2017-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian officials escalated the tensions. A Russian deputy foreign minister stated in Oslo that Russia views the October <a href="/wiki/Exercise_Trident_Juncture_2018" title="Exercise Trident Juncture 2018">2018 Trident Juncture NATO military exercises</a> in Norway to be "anti-Russian" in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Wapo_Trident_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wapo_Trident-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trident_Juncture_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trident_Juncture-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian expansion in the Arctic has contributed to increasing mutual distrust between Russia and Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway's perceptions of Russian militarism and regional antagonism, as well as Norway's hosting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">US Marine Corps</a> in the country, have contributed to the deterioration of relations between Norway and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Trident_Juncture_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trident_Juncture-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Finland">Finland</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Finland#Manifestations_of_intolerance" title="Russians in Finland">Russians in Finland § Manifestations of intolerance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Finland–Russia relations">Finland–Russia relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suomineito_(Isto).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Suomineito_%28Isto%29.jpg/180px-Suomineito_%28Isto%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Suomineito_%28Isto%29.jpg/270px-Suomineito_%28Isto%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Suomineito_%28Isto%29.jpg/360px-Suomineito_%28Isto%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Isto" title="Edvard Isto">Edvard Isto</a>'s painting <i>Attack</i> (1899) symbolizes the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Finland's Russification</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Two-headed_eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-headed eagle">two-headed eagle</a> of Russia is tearing away the law book from the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Maiden" title="Finnish Maiden">Finnish Maiden</a>'s arms.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Finland, anti-Russian sentiment has been studied since the 1970s. The history of anti-Russian sentiment has two main theories. One of them claims that Finns and Russians have been archenemies throughout history. The position is considered to have been dominated at least the 1700s since the days of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Wrath" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Wrath">Greater Wrath</a>. This view largely assumes that through the centuries, "Russia is a violent slayer and Finland is an innocent, virginal victim". Another, perhaps a more plausible view, holds that idea of Russia as the archenemy was only invented during the early years of independence for the purposes of building the national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> in 1918 between the Reds and the Whites—won by the Whites—left behind a popular wave of anti-Russian and anti-Communist feelings in Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vyborg_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyborg massacre">Hundreds of ethnic Russians were executed in 1918</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to polls in 2004, 62% of Finnish citizens had a negative view of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-HelsSan_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelsSan-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2012 poll, 12% of Russian immigrants in Finland reported that they had experienced a racially motivated hate crime (as compared to an average of 10% of immigrants in the EU).<sup id="cite_ref-hatecrime_105-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hatecrime-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2012 report by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Employment_and_the_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Employment and the Economy">Ministry of Employment and the Economy</a> said that job applicants with Russian or Russian-sounding names tended to have to send in twice the amount of applications as an applicant with a Finnish name.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="France">France</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="France–Russia relations">France–Russia relations</a></div> <p>In the mid 18th century <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> gave French intellectuals a positive image, portraying Russia as an opportunity society, in which an all-powerful leaders such as Peter the Great could create a rational and enlightened society by decree. On the other hand, equally influential French enlightenment writers especially <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a> portrayed Russia in dark colours, emphasizing the lack of an enlightenment tradition or a middle class, and a propensity toward harsh dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Relations between France and Russian during the 19th century oscillated between one of relative friendship to open conflict. French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">military alliance</a> with Russia, before <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">unsuccessfully launching an invasion of the country</a> in 1812 over Russia's refusal to abide by the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a>. Russophobia in France grew during the 1830s over Russia's suppression of the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> in <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Poland</a>, with the French public fearing the expansion of a militarily strong "<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asiatic</a>" power into Europe. This national mood of Russophobia created support in France for <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">going to war with Russia in 1854</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a> noted in <i>A Writer's Diary</i> (1873–1876):</p><blockquote><p>Europeans do not trust appearances: “<i>Grattez le russe et vous verrez le tartare</i>”, they say (scratch a Russian and you'll find a <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a>). That may be true, but this is what occurred to me: do the majority of Russians, in their dealings with Europe, join the extreme left because they are Tatars and have the savage's love of destruction, or are they, perhaps, moved by other reasons?"<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to a 2017 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Global_Attitudes_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Global Attitudes Project">Pew Global Attitudes Project</a> survey, 36% of French people have a favorable view of Russia, with 62% expressing an unfavorable view.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return numerous French scholars and politics argue that France had a longstanding positive opinion about Russia and regret that France from the late 2000s tends to follow American positions against Russia blindly.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (December 2020)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Russia–United Kingdom relations">Russia–United Kingdom relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_British_politics" title="Russian interference in British politics">Russian interference in British politics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satirical_map_of_Europe,_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Satirical_map_of_Europe%2C_1877.jpg/250px-Satirical_map_of_Europe%2C_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Satirical_map_of_Europe%2C_1877.jpg/375px-Satirical_map_of_Europe%2C_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Satirical_map_of_Europe%2C_1877.jpg/500px-Satirical_map_of_Europe%2C_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="5040" /></a><figcaption><i>The Russian menace</i>, a British cartoon from 1877 showing Russia as an <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopus</a> devouring neighboring lands, especially the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Russia–United Kingdom relations">Anglo-Russian relations</a> were traditionally warm from the 16th to the 18th century, by the beginning of the 19th century Russophobia started to appear in the media.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depictions of Russia by British travel writers and newspaper correspondents described the country "as a semi-barbaric and despotic country", an image which ingrained itself in the British public consciousness as such depictions were frequently published in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">British media</a>; these depictions had the effect of increasing Russophobia in Britain despite growing economic and political ties between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> was perceived in Britain as being a precursor to an attack on <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> and led to the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a>", while the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> between the two countries in 1853–1856 deepened Russophobia in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-cain_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cain-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1874, tension lessened as <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s second son <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Alfred</a> married <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Tsar Alexander II</a>'s only daughter <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna</a>, followed by a state visit to Britain by the tsar. The goodwill lasted no more than three years, when structural forces again pushed the two nations to the verge of war, leading to a re-emergence of Russophobia in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large outbursts of Russophobia in Britain typically occurred during periods of tense political standoffs, such as the 1904 <a href="/wiki/Dogger_Bank_incident" title="Dogger Bank incident">Dogger Bank incident</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Imperial Russian Navy</a> attacked a group of British <a href="/wiki/Fishing_trawler" title="Fishing trawler">fishing trawlers</a> in the mistaken belief they were <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Japanese warships</a>; outrage in Britain led to the Russian government paying compensation to the fishermen involved.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British Russophobia also manifested itself in popular literature of the period; <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a></i> has been seen by some historians as depicting an allegorical narrative in which the <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">eponymous character</a> (representing <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>) is "destroyed by warriors pledged to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-cain_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cain-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, by the tail end of the 19th century, Russophobia in Britain subsided somewhat as <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a>, including works written by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a> began to gain a level of popularity in Britain; positive views of the Russian peasantry also started to appear in British writing during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A May 2021 <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> poll had 73% of British respondents expressing an unfavourable view of Russia, with no other country more negatively viewed in the UK except for <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> at 74% unfavourability.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian people in the UK, however, generally didn't encounter harassment or infringement of their rights based on nationality or ethnicity until 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-mfa22rights_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfa22rights-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Russians in the UK have reported experiences of local hostility after Russia's invasion of Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Roger_Gale" title="Roger Gale">Roger Gale</a> called for all Russian nationals to be expelled from the country.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gale acknowledged that most Russians in the UK were not a threat to national security, he believed it was necessary to "send a very harsh message through the Russian people to Putin."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MP <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tugendhat" title="Tom Tugendhat">Tom Tugendhat</a> also suggested in one occasion that Russian citizens should be expelled from the country.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Lebedev" title="Evgeny Lebedev">Evgeny Lebedev</a>, a Russian-born British businessman, claimed that businesses and institutions declined to collaborate with the <a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a> newspaper, which he owns, amid the war in Ukraine, citing anti-Russian sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Poole" title="Poole">Poole</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Tolstoy" title="Alexandra Tolstoy">Alexandra Tolstoy</a> had her account closed by <a href="/wiki/NatWest" title="NatWest">NatWest</a>, which she suspected to have happened because of her Russian name.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> agent who works with most of the Russian and Belarusian players in the league has claimed that since the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, many of his clients have faced extreme harassment because of their nationality and high prominence, including <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> and death threats, as have those Russians and Belarusians who play in other professional North American leagues.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div> <p>In February 2022, a Russian Orthodox Church in <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> was vandalized with red paint.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 March 2022, a parish of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a> was painted <a href="/wiki/Blood_red" title="Blood red">blood red</a> by vandals, possibly in response to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, the colours of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian flag">Ukrainian flag</a> were spray painted on the doors of a <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> Russian Community Centre.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Police_Service" title="Calgary Police Service">Calgary Police Service</a> announced in March they were investigating reports of anti-Russia hate speech and harassment on social media.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ctvnews10142022_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctvnews10142022-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2022, numerous threats were made towards individuals affiliated with a Russian Orthodox Church in Calgary.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Police stated, <i>"As it is believed the church was targeted because of its Russian heritage, this incident has been deemed a hate-motivated crime"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-calgary101322_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calgary101322-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time Calgary police received several other reports related to threats and harassment of Russian Calgarians which they believe are related. An individual has been located and charged with multiple counts of hate-motivated criminal harassment. A representative of the Calgary police stated, <i>"We would like to make it clear that hate-motivated crimes of any kind will not be tolerated in our city."</i><sup id="cite_ref-calgary101322_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calgary101322-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ctvnews10142022_217-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctvnews10142022-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire–United States relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States relations</a></div> <p>After friendly relations from the United States' founding in 1776 to the mid-19th century, Americans' view of Russia gradually deteriorated by the 1880s because of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_administration#Pogroms_in_Russia" title="Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration">pogroms</a> as well as the monarchical system.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations with the Russian Communist government had been highly hostile ever since the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik coup</a> in 1917 and their subsequent crackdown on all opposition and the state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States recognized <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> only in 1933 under the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, and the countries were allies against Germany in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations quickly turned hostile again in 1945–1947, after the war ended, and remained so during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> years, 1947–1989. The Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">aggressive and increasingly militaristic foreign policy</a> that led to their takeover of Eastern Europe and establishment of a network of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as totalitarian rule at home that was accompanied <a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">by political repression</a> and persecution of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">dissidents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_222-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Americans often conflated the terms "Russians" and "Communists"/"Soviets". To stop that in 1973 a group of Russian immigrants in the US founded the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Russian_Americans" title="Congress of Russian Americans">Congress of Russian Americans</a> with the purpose of drawing a clear distinction between Russian national identity and Soviet ideology, and preventing the formation of anti-Russian sentiment on the basis of anti-communism.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the Congress see the conflation itself as Russophobic, believing "Russians were the first and foremost victim of Communism".<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the collapse of Communism, anti-Russian sentiment in the United States was at an all-time low. 62% of Americans expressed a positive view of Russia in 1991 and only 25% viewed the country negatively. In 1997, 66% of Americans indicated their friendliness to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Russophobia has experienced a resurgence during the late 1990s due to Russia's opposition to the enlargement of NATO. According to a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> poll, 59% of surveyed Americans viewed Russia negatively in 1999, compared to only 25% in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-gallupht2022_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallupht2022-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, as relations recovered after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, and Russia's support for the United States, favorability ratings of Russia again rose to 66% in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_227-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent events (since 2012) such as the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Magnitsky_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Magnitsky bill">Anti-Magnitsky bill</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon_bombing" title="Boston Marathon bombing">Boston Marathon bombing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pew-attitudes-2014_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-attitudes-2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">allegations of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Russia">mistreatment of LGBT people in Russia</a> following the passage of a 2013 anti-LGBT propaganda law in the country, and the seizure and destruction of banned Western food imports in Russia starting in August 2015<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are many examples of events which have been deemed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2022)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to have caused a rising negative attitude toward Russia in the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2013, the formerly majority positive view of Russia among American respondents critically declined and this perception was replaced by a majority negative view of 60% by 2014. By 2019, a record 73% of Americans had a negative opinion of Russia as a country, and formerly dominant positive opinions had fallen from 66% down to 24%. In 2019, the share of Americans considering Russia to be a "critical" threat to national security reached a majority of 52% for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-Saad_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saad-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>2001 to Russian reset</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_reset" title="Russian reset">Russian reset</a></div> <p>In 2005, scholars Ira Straus and Edward Lozansky described negative coverage of Russia in mainstream American media, contrasting sentiment in media coverage with largely positive sentiment of the American public and U.S. government.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2008 <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a> was one of the recent events that contributed to growth of the negative sentiment toward Russia by the U.S. government. However, in 2011 the majority of American respondents still viewed Russia favorably.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_227-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to researchers Oksan Bayulgen and Ekim Arbatli, whose content analysis of the coverage of the events in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> indicated presence of anti-Russian <a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">framing bias</a>, people who followed the news more closely had a more negative opinion of Russia than those who rarely followed the conflict. They describe the politicization of foreign policy in the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a> debates, concurrence of which with the Russo-Georgian War "made Russia a part of the national political conversation". They also suggest that the links between media, public opinion and foreign policy exist, where U.S. media had an important role in sustaining the Cold War mentality and anti-Russian public sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-2008georgiausrussia_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008georgiausrussia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>End of Russian reset to present</b> </p><p>According to surveys by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, favorable views of Russia in the United States started to decrease after reaching their peak in 2011, reducing from 51% to 37% by 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-pew202014nations_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew202014nations-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2013 survey, 60% of Americans said the United States could not trust Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, 59% of Americans had a negative view of Russia, 23% had a favorable opinion, and 18% were uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-WPO_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPO-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a survey by Pew Research Center, negative attitudes towards Russia in the United States rose from 43% to 72% from 2013 to 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-pew-attitudes-2014_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-attitudes-2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas in 2006 only 1% of Americans listed Russia as "America's worst enemy", by 2019 32% of Americans, including a plurality of 44% of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>, shared this view,<sup id="cite_ref-Saad_232-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saad-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a partisan split having emerged during the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential campaign</a>. The sharper distaste among the Democrat population stands in contrast to the prior history of American public opinion on Russia, as <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> were formerly more likely to view Russia as a greater threat.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2017, former <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Clapper" title="James Clapper">James Clapper</a> stated on <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a></i> that Russians are "almost genetically driven" to act deviously.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freelance journalist Michael Sainato criticized the remark as <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2017, Clapper said that "[t]he Russians are not our friends", because it is in their "genes to be opposed, diametrically opposed, to the United States and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Western democracies</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yuliya Komska in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> took note of a Russiagate-awareness media project featuring <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a> and James Clapper and wrote that its "hawkish tenor stokes blanket Russophobia that is as questionable as the Russian state media's all-out <a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">anti-Americanism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2020, Russian American professor <a href="/wiki/Nina_L._Khrushcheva" class="mw-redirect" title="Nina L. Khrushcheva">Nina L. Khrushcheva</a> wrote: "Normally, I would not side with the Kremlin. But I cannot help wondering whether the Russophobia found in some segments of America's political class and media has become pathological."<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2020, academic and former U.S. Ambassador to Russia <a href="/wiki/Michael_McFaul" title="Michael McFaul">Michael McFaul</a> spoke about "combatting Russophobia", appealing to U.S. officials and journalists to cease "demonizing" Russian people, and criticizing propagation of stereotypes about Russians, Russian culture and Russian national proclivities.<sup id="cite_ref-mcfaul20aareview_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcfaul20aareview-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He, and some other commentators, have argued that the U.S. media does not make enough distinction between Putin's government and Russia and the Russians, thus effectively vilifying the whole nation.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 2, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/The_Lincoln_Project" title="The Lincoln Project">Lincoln Project</a>, a group of anti-Trump Republicans,<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> released <i><a href="/wiki/Fellow_Traveler" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow Traveler">Fellow Traveler</a></i>, an ad saying in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> with English subtitles that "Comrade Trump" had been "chosen" by Vladimir Putin and had "accepted the help of <a href="/wiki/Mother_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Russia">Mother Russia</a>." The ad featured <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> imagery such as the hammer and sickle, as well as photographs and imagery of Bolshevik dictators <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Borenstein" title="Eliot Borenstein">Eliot Borenstein</a>, Professor of Russian and Slavic Studies at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">NYU</a>, criticized the Lincoln Project's "Russophobic" ad, saying: "How would we feel about a two-minute video filled with <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Stars of David</a>, men in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Orthodox garb</a>, sinister snapshots of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Bibi</a>, and soldiers in tanks, all to the tune of “<a href="/wiki/Hava_Nagila" title="Hava Nagila">Hava Nagila</a>”? If that doesn't make you uncomfortable, I'm not sure what to tell you."<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> argued in an editorial that the White House blamed Russia for the <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_inflation_surge" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2022 inflation surge">2021–2022 inflation surge</a> to deflect criticism of the domestic economic policies.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj22putinsinflation_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj22putinsinflation-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Hollywood and video games</b> </p><p>Russians and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a> are usually portrayed as ruthless agents, brutal mobsters, psychopaths, and villains in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> movies<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and video games. In a 2014 news story, <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></i> reported that "Russians may also be unimpressed with Hollywood's apparent negative stereotyping of [the Russian people] in movies. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)" title="The Avengers (2012 film)">The Avengers</a></i> featured a ruthless former <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> agent, <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Man_2" title="Iron Man 2">Iron Man 2</a></i> centers on a rogue Russian scientist with a vendetta, and action thriller <i><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ryan:_Shadow_Recruit" title="Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit">Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit</a></i> saw <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a> play an archetypal Russian bad guy, just to name a few. Some games in the critically-acclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto" title="Grand Theft Auto">Grand Theft Auto</a></i> series depict Russians and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mafia">Russian Mafia</a> they are supposedly part of as ruthless and heavily-armed enemies which the player has to fight against as part of the storyline, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_IV" title="Grand Theft Auto IV">Grand Theft Auto IV</a></i> which features a Russian mobster named Dimitri Rascalov as its primary antagonist.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The video game <i><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Modern_Warfare_2" title="Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2">Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2</a></i> portrays Russian soldiers as over-the-top villains and contains a controversial mission titled "<a href="/wiki/No_Russian" title="No Russian">No Russian</a>", which involves the player engaging in a mass shooting in a Russian airport. In Russia, the game sparked calls for boycotts and prompted live streamers to pull out of deals with publisher <a href="/wiki/Activision" title="Activision">Activision</a>, with Russians also flooding <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a> online to vote down the game's user score.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific">Pacific</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4></div> <p>Russophobia in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">colonial era</a>; early anti-Russian sentiment among New Zealanders was influenced by "the general <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> dislike of <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a>" and <a href="/wiki/British_diaspora" title="British diaspora">British immigrants</a> to the colony who brought "with them the high level of anti-Russian sentiment at home." Polish, Hungarian and Jewish refugees fleeing Russia's suppression of various rebellions and <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">outbreaks of anti-Jewish pogroms</a> also influenced Russophobia in New Zealand. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, suspicion of a possible Russian invasion of New Zealand led the colonial government to construct <a href="/wiki/Coastal_fortifications_of_New_Zealand#The_"Russian-scare"_forts_of_1885" title="Coastal fortifications of New Zealand">a series of "Russian-scare" coastal fortifications</a> along the coastline. However, during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, anti-Russian sentiment subsided as New Zealand and Russia found themselves fighting on <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">the same side</a> against <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Imperial Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">anti-German sentiment</a> grew in its place. By late 1920s pragmatism moderated anti-Russian sentiment in official circles, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. Influential visitors to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, provided a sympathetic view of what they experienced.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of Russophobia in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> was analyzed in Glynn Barratt's book <i>Russophobia in New Zealand, 1838–1908</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-barrat_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barrat-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expanded to cover the period up to 1939 in an article by Tony Wilson.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_259-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_Middle_East">Asia and Middle East</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Iran–Russia relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="16th-18th_centuries">16th-18th centuries</h5></div> <p>Anti-Russian sentiment in Iran dates back centuries. The modern historian <a href="/wiki/Rudi_Matthee" title="Rudi Matthee">Rudi Matthee</a> explains that already by the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> period (1501-1736), the Iranians "had long despised Russians for their uncouthness".<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russians enjoyed a bad reputation in Iran, where, by the 17th century, they were known as the Uzbegs of Europe, the worst of all Christians, unmannered, unintelligent and perpetually intoxicated.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthee350-351_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthee350-351-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perception can be traced back to ancient Greco-Roman cosmographical conceptions which had been conveyed to the Islamic world. According to this concept, the world was divided into seven climes; the farther away the concentric clime from the center, the more barbarian its inhabitants were deemed. The notion was also connected to the old concept of <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a> as found in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, according to which, beyond this boundary lay a murky land inhabited by dimwitted people.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthee350-351_262-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthee350-351-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, describing this stereotype, in written Safavid sources the denigratory adjective <i>rus-e manhus</i> ("inauspicious Russia" or "ominous Russia") was coined.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthee350-351_262-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthee350-351-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz49_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz49-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, it became a generic term for Iranians referring to Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthee350-351_262-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthee350-351-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-17th century, the term <i>rus-e manhus</i> designated <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> in particular who created havoc around the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> littoral, and whom the Iranians did not really distinguish from "real" Russians. By the 18th century, according to Matthee "stereotypes about a primitive people more given to act out of instinct than reason are also likely to have been reinforced by the fact that Iranians, in <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Hanway" title="Jonas Hanway">Jonas Hanway</a>’s words, probably did not see more of “Russians” than tribal, nomadic peoples living around the Caspian Sea, and of “real” Russians at most uncouth soldiers and illiterate fishermen."<sup id="cite_ref-Matthee350-351_262-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthee350-351-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, contemporaneous Iranians were probably no less prone to view Russians as primitive and uncivilized than contemporary English commentators were.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthee356_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthee356-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to said perceptions, 17th-century Russian envoys were treated with occasional rudeness by the Iranians. Most of the mistreatment of said envoys was however grounded in suspicion and resentment about possible hidden objectives and designs by the Russians. However this was a common global view at the time regarding envoys. Envoys and emissaries were basically invariably seen as having (secret) motives and being spies. In fact, it was this very view that prevented the establishment of permanent diplomatic missions in Europe in the early modern period.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthee356_264-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthee356-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iranian suspicions in the mid-17th century about Russian motives were nevertheless longstanding, ran deep amongst the populace, and were based on genuine concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthee357_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthee357-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, the Russians tried to present profitable commercial missions as diplomatic embassies, and covertly tried to support Cossack attacks on Iran. The construction of fortresses in the Caucasus however was the most important factor at the time (see also; <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651-1653)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1651-1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651-1653)</a>, with Iranian concerns about Russian plans to subjugate the Caucasus dating back to the mid-16th century. With the rise of the Tsarist realm of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> and his aggression against Iran in the first half of the 18th century, such concerns were quickly reinvigorated, and were ultimately prophetic in view of the later <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian annexation of the Caucasus</a> in the course of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthee357_265-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthee357-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the course of the 18th century Iranian views of Russians were somewhat adjusted, due to Peter the Great's modernization efforts and expansionism as initiated by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>. However, Iranian views of their northern neighbors as being somewhat bland and primitive were apparently never relinquished.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthee356_264-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthee356-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="19th-21st_centuries">19th-21st centuries</h5></div> <p>In his book <i>Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the Struggle with Imperial Russia</i>, focusing on the two <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Iranian Wars</a> of the first half of the 19th century (<a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804-1813)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)">1804-1813</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826-1828)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)">1826-1828</a>), the historian <a href="/wiki/Maziar_Behrooz" title="Maziar Behrooz">Maziar Behrooz</a> explains that Iranian and Russian elites held a demeaning view of each other prior to the reunification campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar" title="Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>1789–1797), as well as through the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz49_263-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz49-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They viewed each other as uncivilized and backwards, and thus held each other in contempt.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz49_263-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz49-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the most commonly used contemporaneous denigratory adjective in Iran for Russians was the aforementioned adjective <i>rus-e manhus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz49_263-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz49-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contemporaneous British diplomat, traveller and novelist <a href="/wiki/James_Justinian_Morier" title="James Justinian Morier">James Justinian Morier</a>, writing in 1808, noted that the Iranians spoke of Russians with the greatest disdain.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of aforementioned wars, Russia annexed large parts of Iranian territory in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>; With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a> (1813) and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a> (1828), Iran was forced to cede what is present-day <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fuelled anti-Russian sentiment which led to an angry mob storming the Russian embassy in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and killing everyone in 1829. Among those killed in the massacre was the newly appointed Russian ambassador to Iran, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Griboyedov" title="Alexander Griboyedov">Alexander Griboyedov</a>, a celebrated playwright. Griboyedov had previously played an active role in negotiating the terms of the treaty of 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Azerbaijani and Kurdish separatist movements</a> also fueled negative attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, negative attitudes to Russia among the Iranian opposition was also observed due to Russian support of the Iranian government.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A September 2021 poll done by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_International_and_Security_Studies_at_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland">Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland</a> had 42% of Iranian respondents holding an unfavourable view of Russia compared to 56% holding a favourable view.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4></div> <p>Russian visitors to <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> make up one of the largest groups in the state and according to Indian media, there has been tension between them and the locals due to violence and other illegal activities committed by some visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2012, Indian politician <a href="/wiki/Shantaram_Naik" title="Shantaram Naik">Shantaram Naik</a> accused Russians (as well as Israelis) of occupying certain coastal villages in Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2012, Indian politician <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Faleiro" title="Eduardo Faleiro">Eduardo Faleiro</a> rejected the Russian consul general's claim that there was no existence of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_mafia" title="Russian mafia">Russian mafia</a> there, alleging "a virtual cultural invasion" was occurring in <a href="/wiki/Morjim" title="Morjim">Morjim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Express">Indian Express</a></i> in 2013, Goan resentment of foreigners had been building, with anger particularly directed towards Russians and Nigerians.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, after Goan taxi drivers protested against Russian tour operators allegedly snatching tourist transport services from them, Goa's ministry of tourism cancelled an Indo-Russian music festival, sparking criticism from a few Russian diplomats.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the Russian information centre reportedly said India and Goa "were not considered as good destinations for Russian travellers".<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Japan–Russia relations">Japan–Russia relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Japan" title="Russians in Japan">Russians in Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuril_islands_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuril islands dispute">Kuril islands dispute</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kisabur%C5%8D_Ohara,_Europe_and_Asia_Octopus_Map,_1904_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1145_01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kisabur%C5%8D_Ohara%2C_Europe_and_Asia_Octopus_Map%2C_1904_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1145_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Kisabur%C5%8D_Ohara%2C_Europe_and_Asia_Octopus_Map%2C_1904_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1145_01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kisabur%C5%8D_Ohara%2C_Europe_and_Asia_Octopus_Map%2C_1904_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1145_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Kisabur%C5%8D_Ohara%2C_Europe_and_Asia_Octopus_Map%2C_1904_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1145_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kisabur%C5%8D_Ohara%2C_Europe_and_Asia_Octopus_Map%2C_1904_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1145_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Kisabur%C5%8D_Ohara%2C_Europe_and_Asia_Octopus_Map%2C_1904_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1145_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>An anti-Russian satirical map produced in Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Russo%E2%80%93Japanese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo–Japanese War">Russo–Japanese War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many Japanese interactions with Russians as of 2009 occurred with seamen and fishermen of the <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Russian fishing fleet</a>, therefore some Japanese carried negative <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> associated with sailors over to Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2012 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Global_Attitudes_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Global Attitudes Project">Pew Global Attitudes Project</a> survey, 72% of Japanese people view Russia unfavorably, compared with 22% who viewed it favorably, making Japan the most anti-Russian country surveyed.<sup id="cite_ref-PewAttitudesProject2012_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewAttitudesProject2012-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 poll from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Japanese government</a> found that 78.1% of Japanese said they felt little or no affinity to Russia, which was the second highest percentage out of 8 regions polled (behind China at 78.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2016, protesters gathered in Tokyo demanding the return of islands in the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands_dispute" title="Kuril Islands dispute">Kuril Islands dispute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instances of harassment, hate speech and discrimination targeting Russians living in Japan were reported after <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Yoshimasa_Hayashi" title="Yoshimasa Hayashi">Yoshimasa Hayashi</a> condemned human rights abuses against Russians that took place.<sup id="cite_ref-jptimes22discrimination_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jptimes22discrimination-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Russia relations">Kazakhstan–Russia relations</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a>, while previously not known for being anti-Russian, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> since independence has grown increasingly hostile to both Russia and China. Russian commentator Yaroslav Razumov alleges that "anti-Russian articles are a staple of the Kazakh media".<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, Kazakh nationalists have criticized people who prefer speaking in Russian than <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> despite being one of the two official languages in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, ethnic Kazakhs were enraged with the statement of Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> that "Kazakhs never had any statehood" before independence.<sup id="cite_ref-TRT_World_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRT_World-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino-Russian_relations" title="History of Sino-Russian relations">History of Sino-Russian relations</a></div> <p>Tensions between Russia and China began with the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a>, which began in 1652 and lasted until 1689.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 19th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> of China was distracted suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a> and fighting the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a>, the Russian government <a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">annexed</a> the region of <a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">Unequal Treaties</a> of late imperial China.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia would continue to sponsor various groups, both pro and anti-Chinese, helping to destabilize China with the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%9377)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–77)">Dungan rebellion</a> and Russian occupation of <a href="/wiki/Yining" title="Yining">Ili</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Russia <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">invaded Manchuria</a> and was among a major participant that crushed the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> against European powers.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the collapse of the Tsarist Empire in Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was founded. Nonetheless, tensions between the USSR and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> remained high. The Soviet Union waged the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">1929 war</a> against China, which ended in Soviet victory.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union would continue following Imperial Russia's expansion of influence by sponsoring a number of various militia groups destabilizing China, especially in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a> and followed by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Islamic rebellion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a> in 1937 and 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet invasion and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet occupation of Manchuria">occupation of Manchuria</a> in 1945 following Japanese control increased anti-Russian and anti-Soviet sentiment as a result of war crimes committed by Soviet troops, including rape and looting.<sup id="cite_ref-FCJones_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCJones-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CSM_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSM-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nowadays however, anti-Russian sentiment in China has greatly downgraded, due to perceived common anti-Western sentiment among Russian and Chinese nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Ethnic Russians</a> are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4></div> <p>A 2020 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_International_Association" title="Gallup International Association">Gallup International</a> poll had 75% of South Koreans viewing Russia's foreign policy as destabilizing to the world, which was the third highest percentage out of 44 countries surveyed.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Morning_Consult" title="Morning Consult">Morning Consult</a> poll finished on February 6, 2022, had South Korean respondents holding a more unfavorable than favorable impression of Russia by a difference of 25% (the second highest percentage in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-Russia protests against the country's invasion of Ukraine were held in Seoul and <a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one also planned in <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey">Turkey</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Russia–Turkey relations">Russia–Turkey relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">History of the Russo-Turkish wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></div> <p>According to a 2013 survey, 73% of Turks viewed Russia unfavorably against 16% with favorable views.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2011 <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Political,_Economic_and_Social_Research" title="Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research">SETA</a> poll had 51.7% of Turks expressing a negative opinion of Russians compared to 20.7% expressing a positive opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2012 report, hoteliers in <a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya</a> viewed Russian tourists more negatively than tourists from the West.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, Russia and Turkey fought several wars and had caused great devastation for each nation. During the old <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a>, the Ottomans often raided and attacked Russian villagers. With the transformation into <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, Russia started to expand and clashed heavily with the Turks; which Russia often won more than lost, and reduced the Ottoman Empire heavily. The series of wars had manifested the ideas among the Turks that Russia wanted to turn Turkey into a vassal state, leading to a high level of Russophobia in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, anti-Russian sentiment in Turkey was so great that the Russians refused to allow a Turkish military attache to accompany their armies.<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, both Ottoman and Russian Empires collapsed, and two nations went on plagued by their civil wars; during that time <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> (who would later become <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>) supported <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish Independence Movement</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a>, leading to a warmer relations between two states, as newly established Turkish Republic maintained a formal tie with the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But their warm relations didn't last long; after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Bosphorus crisis</a> occurred at 1946 due to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s demand for a complete Soviet control of the straits led to resurgence of Russophobia in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-Russian sentiment started to increase again since 2011, following the event of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>. Russia supports the Government of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>, while Turkey supports the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> and had many times announced their intentions to overthrow Assad, once again strained the relations.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations between the two went further downhill after a <a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian jet was shot down by a Turkish jet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> flaring that Russia wanted to invade Turkey over Assad's demand; and different interests in Syria. Turkish media have promoted Russophobic news about Russian ambitions in Syria, and this has been the turning point of remaining poor relations although two nations have tried to re-approach their differences. Turkish military operations in Syria against Russia and Assad-backed forces also damage the relations deeply.<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business">Business</h2></div> <p>On 27 July 2006, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> quoted the analysts as saying that many Western investors still think that anything to do with Russia is <i>"a little bit doubtful and dubious"</i> while others look at Russia in <i>"comic book terms, as mysterious and mafia-run."</i><sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Navalny" title="Alexei Navalny">Death of Alexei Navalny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_Donbas" title="Allegations of genocide in Donbas">Allegations of genocide in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_of_Ukrainians_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Anti-Sovietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crimes_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Atrocity crimes during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Atrocity crimes during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_chauvinism" title="Great Russian chauvinism">Great Russian chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_war_in_Donbas" title="International reactions to the war in Donbas">International reactions to the war in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashism">Rashism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_filtration_camps_for_Ukrainians" title="Russian filtration camps for Ukrainians">Russian filtration camps for Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_war_crimes" title="Russian war crimes">Russian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_repression_by_Russia" title="Transnational repression by Russia">Transnational repression by Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Vladimir Putin"</a>. <i>Washington Quarterly</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 167–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0163660X.2015.1064716">10.1080/0163660X.2015.1064716</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153400297">153400297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Who+Lost+Russia+%28This+Time%29%3F+Vladimir+Putin&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-187&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0163660X.2015.1064716&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153400297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stoner&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft.au=McFaul%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F0163660X.2015.1064716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo2206-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wapo2206_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo2206_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2022" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robyn_Dixon_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robyn Dixon (journalist)">Dixon, Robyn</a> (2022-06-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/06/05/russia-war-public-opinion/">"Russians weary of Ukraine war want return to normal life"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220607003142/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/06/05/russia-war-public-opinion/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russians+weary+of+Ukraine+war+want+return+to+normal+life&rft.date=2022-06-07&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F06%2F05%2Frussia-war-public-opinion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jdpz-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jdpz_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jdpz_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jdpz_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jdpz_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarczewskaŻochowsky2015" class="citation journal cs1">Darczewska, Jolanta; Żochowsky, Piotr (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/pw_56_ang_russophobia_net.pdf">"Russophobia in the Kremlin's strategy: A weapon of mass destruction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Point of View</i> (56). <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Eastern_Studies" title="Centre for Eastern Studies">OSW Centre for Eastern Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-62936-72-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-62936-72-4"><bdi>978-83-62936-72-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Point+of+View&rft.atitle=Russophobia+in+the+Kremlin%27s+strategy%3A+A+weapon+of+mass+destruction&rft.issue=56&rft.date=2015-10&rft.isbn=978-83-62936-72-4&rft.aulast=Darczewska&rft.aufirst=Jolanta&rft.au=%C5%BBochowsky%2C+Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osw.waw.pl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpw_56_ang_russophobia_net.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mpaul2001-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mpaul2001_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpaul2001_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpaul2001_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpaul2001_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpaul2001_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpaul2001_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2001" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, C. Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41887071">"Western Negative Perceptions of Russia: "The Cold War Mentality" Over Five Hundred Years"</a>. <i>International Social Science Review</i>. <b>76</b> (3/4): 103–121. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41887071">41887071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Social+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Western+Negative+Perceptions+of+Russia%3A+%22The+Cold+War+Mentality%22+Over+Five+Hundred+Years&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=103-121&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41887071%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=C.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41887071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd_S._Kramer2000" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd S. Kramer (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7uQ6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT283"><i>Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807862674" title="Special:BookSources/9780807862674"><bdi>9780807862674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lafayette+in+Two+Worlds%3A+Public+Cultures+and+Personal+Identities+in+an+Age+of+Revolutions&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780807862674&rft.au=Lloyd+S.+Kramer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7uQ6CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumann2002" class="citation book cs1">Neumann, Iver B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wOsSG0K8hCYC&pg=PA132">"Europe's post-Cold War memory of Russia: cui bono?"</a>. In Müller, Jan-Werner (ed.). <i>Memory and power in post-war Europe: studies in the presence of the past</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-0070-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-0070-3"><bdi>978-0-5210-0070-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+post-Cold+War+memory+of+Russia%3A+cui+bono%3F&rft.btitle=Memory+and+power+in+post-war+Europe%3A+studies+in+the+presence+of+the+past&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-5210-0070-3&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=Iver+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwOsSG0K8hCYC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcnally-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcnally_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNally1958" class="citation journal cs1">McNally, Raymond T. (April 1958). "The Origins of Russophobia in France: 1812-1830". <i>American Slavic and East European Review</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 173–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3004165">10.2307/3004165</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3004165">3004165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Slavic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Russophobia+in+France%3A+1812-1830&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-189&rft.date=1958-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3004165&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3004165%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=Raymond+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann2002133-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann2002133_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeumann2002">Neumann (2002)</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latham1906-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Latham1906_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatham1906" class="citation book cs1">Latham, Edward (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/famoussayingsan00lathgoog"><i>Famous Sayings and Their Authors: A Collection of Historical Sayings in English, French, German, Greek, Italian, and Latin</i></a>. Swan Sonnenschein. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/famoussayingsan00lathgoog/page/n200">181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Sayings+and+Their+Authors%3A+A+Collection+of+Historical+Sayings+in+English%2C+French%2C+German%2C+Greek%2C+Italian%2C+and+Latin&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Swan+Sonnenschein&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffamoussayingsan00lathgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D8yVAC8CtO4C"><i>Bartlett's Roget's Thesaurus</i></a>. Little Brown & Company. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316735872" title="Special:BookSources/9780316735872"><bdi>9780316735872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bartlett%27s+Roget%27s+Thesaurus&rft.pub=Little+Brown+%26+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780316735872&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD8yVAC8CtO4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RussophobiaInGB-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RussophobiaInGB_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Howes_Gleason1950" class="citation book cs1">John Howes Gleason (5 February 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.16696"><i>The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain: A Study of the Interaction of Policy and Opinion</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 16–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674281097" title="Special:BookSources/9780674281097"><bdi>9780674281097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+of+Russophobia+in+Great+Britain%3A+A+Study+of+the+Interaction+of+Policy+and+Opinion&rft.pages=16-56&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1950-02-05&rft.isbn=9780674281097&rft.au=John+Howes+Gleason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.16696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SOJMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA276">"Art. XII. State of politics in 1836."</a>. <i>The Westminster Review, Volume 25</i>. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. April–July 1836. p. 276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Art.+XII.+State+of+politics+in+1836.&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Review%2C+Volume+25&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Baldwin%2C+Cradock%2C+and+Joy&rft.date=1836-04%2F1836-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSOJMAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Jelavich, <i>St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974</i> (1974) p 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher, David C. "Russia and the Crystal Palace 1851" in <i>Britain, the Empire, and the World at the Great Exhibition of 1851</i> ed. Jeffery A. Auerbach & Peter H. Hoffenberg. Ashgate, 2008:pp. 123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shirinyants-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shirinyants_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ширинянц А.А., Мырикова А.В. «Внутренняя» русофобия и «польский вопрос» в России XIX в. Проблемный анализ и государственно-управленческое проектирование. № 1 (39) / том 8 / 2015. С. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ширинянц А.А., Мырикова А.В. «Внутренняя» русофобия и «польский вопрос» в России XIX в. Проблемный анализ и государственно-управленческое проектирование. № 1 (39) / том 8 / 2015. С. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2010" class="citation book cs1">Longerich, Peter (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocaustnaziper00long"><i>Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews</i></a></span>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocaustnaziper00long/page/n255">241</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280436-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+The+Nazi+Persecution+and+Murder+of+the+Jews&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280436-5&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholocaustnaziper00long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolf Hitler, <i>Mein Kampf</i>, 1925</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._R._Trevor-RoperGerhard_L._Weinberg2013" class="citation book cs1">H. R. Trevor-Roper; Gerhard L. Weinberg (18 October 2013). <i>Hitler's Table Talk 1941–1944: Secret Conversations</i>. Enigma Books. p. 466. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936274-93-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936274-93-2"><bdi>978-1-936274-93-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Table+Talk+1941%E2%80%931944%3A+Secret+Conversations&rft.pages=466&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft.isbn=978-1-936274-93-2&rft.au=H.+R.+Trevor-Roper&rft.au=Gerhard+L.+Weinberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder_2010_p._411-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_2010_p._411_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder (2010), <i>Bloodlands,</i>p. 411. Snyder states "4.2 million Soviet citizens starved by the German occupiers"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder (2010), <i>Bloodlands,</i> p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurleigh2001" class="citation book cs1">Burleigh, Michael (2001). <i>The Third Reich: A New History</i>. Pan Macmillan. p. 521. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-48757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-48757-3"><bdi>978-0-330-48757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=521&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-330-48757-3&rft.aulast=Burleigh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid-FoxHolquistPoe2001" class="citation journal cs1">David-Fox, Michael; Holquist, Peter.; Poe, Marshall. (2001). "Russophobia and the American Politics of Russian History". <i>Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 465–467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fkri.2008.0106">10.1353/kri.2008.0106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-5000">1538-5000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kritika%3A+Explorations+in+Russian+and+Eurasian+History&rft.atitle=Russophobia+and+the+American+Politics+of+Russian+History&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=465-467&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fkri.2008.0106&rft.issn=1538-5000&rft.aulast=David-Fox&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Holquist%2C+Peter.&rft.au=Poe%2C+Marshall.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafarevich,_Igor1990" class="citation book cs1">Shafarevich, Igor (Mar 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA335121.pdf"><i>Russophobia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Joint Publications Research Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207001755/http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA335121">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russophobia&rft.pub=Joint+Publications+Research+Service&rft.date=1990-03&rft.au=Shafarevich%2C+Igor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA335121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlop1994" class="citation journal cs1">Dunlop, John (1994). "The 'sad case' of Igor Shafarevich". <i>East European Jewish Affairs</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 19–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13501679408577760">10.1080/13501679408577760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Jewish+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+%27sad+case%27+of+Igor+Shafarevich&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-30&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13501679408577760&rft.aulast=Dunlop&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gallupht2022-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gallupht2022_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallupht2022_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallupht2022_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/1642/russia.aspx">"Russia – Gallup Historical Trends"</a>. <i>Gallup</i>. 21 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220402113813/https://news.gallup.com/poll/1642/russia.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup&rft.atitle=Russia+%E2%80%93+Gallup+Historical+Trends&rft.date=2007-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F1642%2Frussia.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/2007-93-1.cfm">Interview with David Johnson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211191502/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/2007-93-1.cfm">Archived</a> 11 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow News">Moscow News</a>, April 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsygankov_—_May_2008-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tsygankov_—_May_2008_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsygankov, Andrei. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlantic-community.org/index/Open_Think_Tank_Article/The_Russophobia_Card">"The Russophobia Card".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010224144/http://www.atlantic-community.org/index/Open_Think_Tank_Article/The_Russophobia_Card">Archived</a> 10 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Atlantic Community. 19 May 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/swiat/artykuly/8492369,kurczab-redlich-putin-rosja-wywiad.html.amp">"Krystyna Kurczab-Redlich: Przezywano mnie rusofobką, ale to minęło [WYWIAD RIGAMONTI] – GazetaPrawna.pl"</a>. 15 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krystyna+Kurczab-Redlich%3A+Przezywano+mnie+rusofobk%C4%85%2C+ale+to+min%C4%99%C5%82o+%26%2391%3BWYWIAD+RIGAMONTI%26%2393%3B+%E2%80%93+GazetaPrawna.pl&rft.date=2022-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazetaprawna.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2Fswiat%2Fartykuly%2F8492369%2Ckurczab-redlich-putin-rosja-wywiad.html.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anna_Politkovskaya-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anna_Politkovskaya_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1263184/Anna-Politkovskaya">Anna Politkovskaya</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/05/myths-and-misconceptions-debate-russia">"Myths and misconceptions in the debate on Russia"</a>. <i>Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank</i>. May 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chatham+House+%E2%80%93+International+Affairs+Think+Tank&rft.atitle=Myths+and+misconceptions+in+the+debate+on+Russia&rft.date=2021-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chathamhouse.org%2F2021%2F05%2Fmyths-and-misconceptions-debate-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/07/myths-and-misconceptions-around-russian-military-intent">"Myths and misconceptions around Russian military intent"</a>. <i>Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank</i>. July 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chatham+House+%E2%80%93+International+Affairs+Think+Tank&rft.atitle=Myths+and+misconceptions+around+Russian+military+intent&rft.date=2022-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chathamhouse.org%2F2022%2F07%2Fmyths-and-misconceptions-around-russian-military-intent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/western-europe-listen-to-the-baltic-countries-that-know-russia-best-ukraine-poland/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We told you so!' How the West didn't listen to the countries that know Russia best"</a>. March 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27We+told+you+so%21%27+How+the+West+didn%27t+listen+to+the+countries+that+know+Russia+best&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fwestern-europe-listen-to-the-baltic-countries-that-know-russia-best-ukraine-poland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HelsSan-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HelsSan_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HelsSan_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HelsSan_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a></i>, 11 October 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311034013/http://www.hs.fi/english/article/International%2Bpoll%2BAnti-Russian%2Bsentiment%2Bruns%2Bvery%2Bstrong%2Bin%2BFinland/1076154202275">International poll: Anti-Russian sentiment runs very strong in Finland. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Four+Types+of+Russian+Propaganda&rft.pub=Aspen+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspeninstitute.cz%2Fen%2Farticle%2F4-2015-four-types-of-russian-propaganda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://graniru.org/Politics/Russia/m.113864.html">Lev Rubuinstein, "РуСССкие на марше"</a> ("RuSSSians are Marching"), <i>Grani.ru</i>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horvath-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horvath_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorvath2005" class="citation book cs1">Horvath, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SwGor-EgxvsC&pg=PA130"><i>The legacy of Soviet dissent: dissidents, democratisation and radical nationalism in Russia</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33320-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33320-7"><bdi>978-0-415-33320-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+legacy+of+Soviet+dissent%3A+dissidents%2C+democratisation+and+radical+nationalism+in+Russia&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33320-7&rft.aulast=Horvath&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSwGor-EgxvsC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhazanov2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Khazanov" title="Anatoly Khazanov">Khazanov, Anatoly</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.at/transit-online/contemporary-russian-nationalism-between-east-and-west">"Contemporary Russian Nationalism between East and West"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_die_Wissenschaften_vom_Menschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen">Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224184503/https://www.iwm.at/transit-online/contemporary-russian-nationalism-between-east-and-west">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Russian+Nationalism+between+East+and+West&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+die+Wissenschaften+vom+Menschen&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Khazanov&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.at%2Ftransit-online%2Fcontemporary-russian-nationalism-between-east-and-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhazanov2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Khazanov" title="Anatoly Khazanov">Khazanov, Anatoly M.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8r_B_iU9qBQC&pg=PA79">"A State without a Nation? Russia after Empire"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/T._V._Paul" title="T. V. Paul">Paul, T.V.</a> (ed.). <i>The nation-state in question</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Ikenberry" title="John Ikenberry">G. John Ikenberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Hall" title="John A. Hall">John A. Hall</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691115092" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691115092"><bdi>978-0691115092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+State+without+a+Nation%3F+Russia+after+Empire&rft.btitle=The+nation-state+in+question&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0691115092&rft.aulast=Khazanov&rft.aufirst=Anatoly+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8r_B_iU9qBQC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiglitz2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz, Joseph</a> (3 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/apr/03/putins-illiberal-stagnation-in-russia-offers-valuable-lesson-joseph-stiglitz">"Putin's illiberal stagnation in Russia offers a valuable lesson"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210329025732/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/apr/03/putins-illiberal-stagnation-in-russia-offers-valuable-lesson-joseph-stiglitz">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+illiberal+stagnation+in+Russia+offers+a+valuable+lesson&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft.aulast=Stiglitz&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2017%2Fapr%2F03%2Fputins-illiberal-stagnation-in-russia-offers-valuable-lesson-joseph-stiglitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carnegie19thirtyyears-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carnegie19thirtyyears_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumerSokolsky,_Richard2019" class="citation web cs1">Rumer, Eugene; Sokolsky, Richard (20 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/06/20/thirty-years-of-u.s.-policy-toward-russia-can-vicious-circle-be-broken-pub-79323">"Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?"</a>. <i>Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601190455/https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/06/20/thirty-years-of-u.s.-policy-toward-russia-can-vicious-circle-be-broken-pub-79323">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DeEuropa&rft.atitle=%22Russophobia%22+in+Official+Russian+Political+Discourse&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fulir.ul.ie%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10344%2F8429%2FRobinson%252C%2520Russophobia.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/241841">"PA Chairman Abbas to meet Russia's President Putin"</a>. <i>Israel National News</i>. 12 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+National+News&rft.atitle=PA+Chairman+Abbas+to+meet+Russia%27s+President+Putin&rft.date=2018-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F241841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/netanyahu-lashes-out-at-iran-in-talks-with-putin-126528">"Netanyahu lashes out at Iran in talks with Putin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News" title="Hürriyet Daily News">Hürriyet Daily News</a></i>. 30 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Netanyahu+lashes+out+at+Iran+in+talks+with+Putin&rft.date=2018-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fnetanyahu-lashes-out-at-iran-in-talks-with-putin-126528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themoscowtimes.com/news/putin-speaks-against-holocaust-denial-and-anti-semitism-60326">"Putin Speaks Against Holocaust Denial and Anti-Semitism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a></i>. 30 January 2018.</cite><span 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id="CITEREFMcGlynn2022" class="citation web cs1">McGlynn, Jade (26 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/what-tv-is-telling-russians--and-why-they-believe-it">"What TV is telling Russians – and why they believe it"</a>. <i>The Spectator</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220324123857/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/what-tv-is-telling-russians--and-why-they-believe-it">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=What+TV+is+telling+Russians+%E2%80%93+and+why+they+believe+it&rft.date=2022-03-26&rft.aulast=McGlynn&rft.aufirst=Jade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fwhat-tv-is-telling-russians--and-why-they-believe-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li 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href="https://www.intellinews.com/pashinyan-refuses-to-sign-csto-declaration-after-bloc-s-failure-to-help-armenia-263492/">"Pashinyan refuses to sign CSTO declaration after bloc's failure to help Armenia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bne_IntelliNews" title="Bne IntelliNews">bne IntelliNews</a></i>. 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bne+IntelliNews&rft.atitle=Pashinyan+refuses+to+sign+CSTO+declaration+after+bloc%27s+failure+to+help+Armenia&rft.date=2022-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intellinews.com%2Fpashinyan-refuses-to-sign-csto-declaration-after-bloc-s-failure-to-help-armenia-263492%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDI+%2F+CRRC+Georgia&rft.atitle=Results+of+October-November+2023+Public+Opinion+Polls+in+Georgia&rft.pages=94-97&rft.date=2023-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndi.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FNDI%2520Georgia_GGF%2520poll_October_2023_Eng_VF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/08/ruzzki-not-welcome-the-russian-exiles-getting-a-hostile-reception-in-georgia">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ruzzki not welcome': the Russian exiles getting a hostile reception in Georgia"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2023-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Ruzzki+not+welcome%27%3A+the+Russian+exiles+getting+a+hostile+reception+in+Georgia&rft.date=2023-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Faug%2F08%2Fruzzki-not-welcome-the-russian-exiles-getting-a-hostile-reception-in-georgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2008" class="citation news cs1">Levy, Clifford J. (26 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/27/world/europe/27russia.html">"Russia Backs Independence of Georgian Enclaves"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+Backs+Independence+of+Georgian+Enclaves&rft.date=2008-08-26&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Clifford+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F08%2F27%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F27russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeuch2008" class="citation news cs1">Peuch, Jean-Christophe (9 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1100701.html">"Caucasus: Georgians, Chechens Take Stand Against Russia Over Pankisi"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Caucasus%3A+Georgians%2C+Chechens+Take+Stand+Against+Russia+Over+Pankisi&rft.date=2008-04-09&rft.aulast=Peuch&rft.aufirst=Jean-Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1100701.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hatecrime-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hatecrime_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatecrime_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatecrime_105-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatecrime_105-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fra.europa.eu/en/press-release/2012/hate-crime-reality-eu-two-new-fra-reports-show">Pressrelase</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/hate_crime_pr_en.pdf">Fact sheet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190621151517/https://fra.europa.eu/en/press-release/2012/hate-crime-reality-eu-two-new-fra-reports-show">Archived</a> 21 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for the study "Hate crime in the European Union" by EU <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a> November 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2012-eu-midis-dif6_0.pdf"><i>EU-MIDIS, European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey: Minorities as Victims of crime</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EU-MIDIS%2C+European+Union+Minorities+and+Discrimination+Survey%3A+Minorities+as+Victims+of+crime&rft.pub=European+Union+Agency+for+Fundamental+Rights&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffra.europa.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffra-2012-eu-midis-dif6_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltictimes.com/duma_committee_chairman_hits_out_at_baltic____russophobia___/">"Duma Committee Chairman hits out at Baltic "Russophobia"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Baltic_Times" title="The Baltic Times">The Baltic Times</a>. 10 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duma+Committee+Chairman+hits+out+at+Baltic+%22Russophobia%22&rft.pub=The+Baltic+Times&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltictimes.com%2Fduma_committee_chairman_hits_out_at_baltic____russophobia___%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/politics/1292403">"Russia will never turn the other cheek in foreign policy matters, top diplomat says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a>. 21 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+will+never+turn+the+other+cheek+in+foreign+policy+matters%2C+top+diplomat+says&rft.pub=TASS&rft.date=2021-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fpolitics%2F1292403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Subrenat2004-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Subrenat2004_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subrenat2004_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subrenat2004_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subrenat2004_109-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrenat,_Jean-Jacques2004" class="citation book cs1">Subrenat, Jean-Jacques, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBZlHdp7tdcC&pg=PA273"><i>Estonia: Identity and Independence</i></a>. Rodopi. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0890-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0890-8"><bdi>978-90-420-0890-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Identity+and+Independence&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-420-0890-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBZlHdp7tdcC%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Moscow_Times-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Moscow_Times_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/latvias-russia-fears-rooted-in-history-47372">"Latvia's Russia Fears Rooted in History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a>. 14 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latvia%27s+Russia+Fears+Rooted+in+History&rft.pub=The+Moscow+Times&rft.date=2015-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemoscowtimes.com%2Farticles%2Flatvias-russia-fears-rooted-in-history-47372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709010144/https://theqpost.com/posner-explained-the-anti-russian-sentiment-in-latvia/56936">"Posner explained the anti-Russian sentiment in Latvia"</a>. The Quebec Post. 8 July 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theqpost.com/posner-explained-the-anti-russian-sentiment-in-latvia/56936">the original</a> on 9 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Posner+explained+the+anti-Russian+sentiment+in+Latvia&rft.pub=The+Quebec+Post&rft.date=2018-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheqpost.com%2Fposner-explained-the-anti-russian-sentiment-in-latvia%2F56936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8UE_GDP2DbEC&pg=PA6"><i>Human Rights and Democratization in Latvia. Implementation of the Helsinki Accords</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. 1993. p. 6. <q>Russian officials, including Yeltsin and Kozyrev, have even used the term "ethnic cleansing" to describe Latvian and Estonian policies, despite the total absence of inter-ethnic bloodshed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+and+Democratization+in+Latvia.+Implementation+of+the+Helsinki+Accords&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=United+States+Congress%2C+Commission+on+Security+and+Cooperation+in+Europe&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8UE_GDP2DbEC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRislakki2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jukka_Rislakki" title="Jukka Rislakki">Rislakki, Jukka</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Latvia:_Disinformation_Campaigns_Against_a_Small_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Case for Latvia: Disinformation Campaigns Against a Small Nation"><i>The Case for Latvia: Disinformation Campaigns Against a Small Nation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rodopi_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodopi (publisher)">Rodopi</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yXANj6Y_7goC&pg=PA37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2424-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2424-3"><bdi>978-90-420-2424-3</bdi></a>. <q>Not a single Russian or Jew has <i>ever</i> been wounded or killed for political, nationalistic or racist reasons during the new independence of Latvia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Latvia%3A+Disinformation+Campaigns+Against+a+Small+Nation&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2424-3&rft.aulast=Rislakki&rft.aufirst=Jukka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemens2001" class="citation book cs1">Clemens, Walter C. Jr. (2001). <i>The Baltic Transformed: Complexity Theory and European Security</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers">Rowman & Littlefield Publishers</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yXANj6Y_7goC&pg=PA37">130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08-476-9858-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-08-476-9858-5"><bdi>978-08-476-9858-5</bdi></a>. <q>But no one died in the Baltics in the 1990s from ethnic or other political fighting, except for those killed by Soviet troops in 1990–1991.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+Transformed%3A+Complexity+Theory+and+European+Security&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-08-476-9858-5&rft.aulast=Clemens&rft.aufirst=Walter+C.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biss.soc.lv/downloads/resources/tolerance/tolerance_engl.pdf">"Ethnic tolerance and integration of the Latvian society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Baltic Institute of Social Sciences. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+tolerance+and+integration+of+the+Latvian+society&rft.pub=Baltic+Institute+of+Social+Sciences&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biss.soc.lv%2Fdownloads%2Fresources%2Ftolerance%2Ftolerance_engl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wodak,_Mral,_Khosravinik-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wodak,_Mral,_Khosravinik_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWodakMralKhosravinik2013" class="citation book cs1">Wodak, Ruth; Mral, Brigitte; Khosravinik, Majid (2013). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+orange-blue+divide&rft.date=2007-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2007%2F0928%2Fp04s02-woeu.html%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kyivpost-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kyivpost_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSewall2006" class="citation news cs1">Sewall, Elisabeth (16 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419120713/http://www.ncsj.org/AuxPages/030106JTA_MAUP.shtml">"David Duke makes repeat visit to controversial Kyiv university"</a>. Kyiv Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsj.org/AuxPages/030106JTA_MAUP.shtml">the original</a> on 19 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=David+Duke+makes+repeat+visit+to+controversial+Kyiv+university&rft.date=2006-11-16&rft.aulast=Sewall&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsj.org%2FAuxPages%2F030106JTA_MAUP.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Tiahnybok considers 'Svoboda' as the only right-wing party in Ukraine", <i>Hazeta po-ukrainsky</i>, 6 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gpu-ua.info/index.php?&id=176193&eid=422&lang=ru">Russian edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081118220110/http://www.gpu-ua.info/index.php">Archived</a> 18 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gazeta.ua/articles/politics-newspaper/_tyagnibok-vvazhaye-svobodu-yedinoyu-pravoyu-partiyeyu/176193">edition</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icare.to/article.php?id=29727&lang=en">UKRAINIAN Appeals to Anti-Semitism in Election Win</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190013/http://www.icare.to/article.php?id=29727&lang=en">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Internet Centre Anti-Racism Europe (4 November 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052245/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ukrainian/news/2010/11/101106_elex_sat_ok_is.shtml">Вибори: тотальне домінування Партії регіонів</a> [Elections: total dominance of the Party of Regions], <a href="/wiki/BBC_Ukrainian" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Ukrainian">BBC Ukrainian</a> (6 November 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TernopileleSvo-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TernopileleSvo_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umoloda.kiev.ua/number/1369/180/48272/">"МУКАЧІВСЬКИЙ СИНДРОМ"</a> [Mukachevo Syndrome]. <i><a href="/wiki/Ukrayina_Moloda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrayina Moloda">Ukrayina Moloda</a></i> (in Ukrainian). 2009-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrayina+Moloda&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%A7%D0%86%D0%92%D0%A1%D0%AC%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%99+%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%94%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9C&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umoloda.kiev.ua%2Fnumber%2F1369%2F180%2F48272%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Svovic2010-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Svovic2010_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101114061336/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/89664/">Nationalist Svoboda scores election victories in western Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a> (11 November 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101106125614/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ukrainian/news/2010/11/101104_svoboda_analysis_it.shtml">Підсилення "Свободи" загрозою несвободи</a> [Strengthening Svoboda with the threat of non-freedom], <a href="/wiki/BBC_Ukrainian" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Ukrainian">BBC Ukrainian</a> (4 November 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_move/detail/84549/">On the move: Andreas Umland, Kyiv – Mohyla Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a> (30 September 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/ukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle">Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014083516/http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/ukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle">Archived</a> 2017-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenDemocracy.net" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDemocracy.net">openDemocracy.net</a> (3 January 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuzio2015-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuzio2015_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzio2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taras_Kuzio" title="Taras Kuzio">Kuzio, Taras</a> (23 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CqXACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA183"><i>Ukraine: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3503-2"><bdi>978-1-4408-3503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+Democratization%2C+Corruption%2C+and+the+New+Russian+Imperialism%3A+Democratization%2C+Corruption%2C+and+the+New+Russian+Imperialism&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3503-2&rft.aulast=Kuzio&rft.aufirst=Taras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCqXACQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vibori-600508-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vibori-600508_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.glavcom.ua/country/politics/yarosh-tyagnibok-bileckiy-taki-sformuvali-jediniy-spisok-na-vibori-600508.html">Yarosh, Tyagnibok and Biletsky have all formed a single list for the elections (<i>Ярош, Тягнибок та Білецький таки сформували єдиний список на вибори</i>)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glavcom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glavcom (page does not exist)">Glavcom</a> (9 June 2019)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-formerMP2748306-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-formerMP2748306_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-elections/2748306-cec-counts-100-percent-of-vote-in-ukraines-parliamentary-elections.html">CEC counts 100 percent of vote in Ukraine's parliamentary elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a> (26 July 2019)<br /><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/articles/2019/07/21/7221526/">Results of the extraordinary elections of the People's Deputies of Ukraine 2019</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrayinska Pravda">Ukrayinska Pravda</a> (21 July 2019)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/10/18/how-ukraine-views-russia-and-the-west/">How Ukraine views Russia and the West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> (18 October 2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=1015&page=1">"Attitude of the population of Ukraine to Russia and the population of Russia to Ukraine, February 2021"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_International_Institute_of_Sociology" title="Kyiv International Institute of Sociology">Kyiv International Institute of Sociology</a></i>. 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+International+Institute+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Attitude+of+the+population+of+Ukraine+to+Russia+and+the+population+of+Russia+to+Ukraine%2C+February+2021&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkiis.com.ua%2F%3Flang%3Deng%26cat%3Dreports%26id%3D1015%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/commentary/ukrainians-want-to-stay-and-fight-but-dont-see-russian-people-as-the-enemy-a-remarkable-poll-from-kyiv/">"Ukrainians want to stay and fight, but don't see Russian people as the enemy. A remarkable poll from Kyiv"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Leadership_Network" title="European Leadership Network">European Leadership Network</a></i>. 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Leadership+Network&rft.atitle=Ukrainians+want+to+stay+and+fight%2C+but+don%27t+see+Russian+people+as+the+enemy.+A+remarkable+poll+from+Kyiv&rft.date=2022-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeanleadershipnetwork.org%2Fcommentary%2Fukrainians-want-to-stay-and-fight-but-dont-see-russian-people-as-the-enemy-a-remarkable-poll-from-kyiv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoodbyeTchaikovsky-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GoodbyeTchaikovsky_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoodbyeTchaikovsky_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/07/world/europe/ukraine-russia-rename-streets.html">"Goodbye, Tchaikovsky and Tolstoy: Ukrainians look to 'decolonize' their streets"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 7 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Goodbye%2C+Tchaikovsky+and+Tolstoy%3A+Ukrainians+look+to+%27decolonize%27+their+streets&rft.date=2022-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F06%2F07%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fukraine-russia-rename-streets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilan_Tuček2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Milan Tuček (5 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvvm.soc.cas.cz/media/com_form2content/documents/c2/a2139/f9/pm170105.pdf">"Sympatie české veřejnosti k některým zemím – listopad 2016"</a> [Sympathy of the Czech public towards certain countries - November 2016] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CVVM</i> (in Czech).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CVVM&rft.atitle=Sympatie+%C4%8Desk%C3%A9+ve%C5%99ejnosti+k+n%C4%9Bkter%C3%BDm+zem%C3%ADm+%E2%80%93+listopad+2016&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft.au=Milan+Tu%C4%8Dek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcvvm.soc.cas.cz%2Fmedia%2Fcom_form2content%2Fdocuments%2Fc2%2Fa2139%2Ff9%2Fpm170105.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/07/world/europe/07iht-czech.html">"In Eastern Europe, Pact With Russians Raises Old Specters"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 7 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Eastern+Europe%2C+Pact+With+Russians+Raises+Old+Specters&rft.date=2010-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F04%2F07%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F07iht-czech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blisty.cz/art/39166.html">"Rusové přicházejí!"</a> (the title is the popular phrase "<a href="/wiki/The_Russians_are_coming" title="The Russians are coming">The Russians are coming</a>!"), Oskar Krejčí, 26 February 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNollen2008" class="citation book cs1">Nollen, Tim (15 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zROJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65"><i>CultureShock! Czech Republic: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish_International_Asia_Pte_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd">Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd</a>. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4435-63-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4435-63-5"><bdi>978-981-4435-63-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CultureShock%21+Czech+Republic%3A+A+Survival+Guide+to+Customs+and+Etiquette&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+International+Asia+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2008-09-15&rft.isbn=978-981-4435-63-5&rft.aulast=Nollen&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzROJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.expats.cz/czech-news/article/amid-war-in-ukraine-czechia-sees-a-worrying-rise-in-russophobia">"Amid war in Ukraine, Czechia sees a worrying rise in Russophobia"</a>. <i>www.expats.cz</i>. 2022-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.expats.cz&rft.atitle=Amid+war+in+Ukraine%2C+Czechia+sees+a+worrying+rise+in+Russophobia&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.expats.cz%2Fczech-news%2Farticle%2Famid-war-in-ukraine-czechia-sees-a-worrying-rise-in-russophobia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.praguemorning.cz/russophobia-czech-republic/">"The Increasing "Russophobia" in the Czech Republic"</a>. <i>Prague Morning</i>. 2022-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prague+Morning&rft.atitle=The+Increasing+%22Russophobia%22+in+the+Czech+Republic&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.praguemorning.cz%2Frussophobia-czech-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.praguemorning.cz/professor-at-prague-university-of-economics-refuses-to-teach-russian-students/">"Professor at Prague University of Economics Refuses to Teach Russian Students"</a>. <i>Prague Morning</i>. 2022-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Institutt for forsvarsstudier – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Between+%22russophobia%22+and+%22bridge-building%22%3A+the+Norwegian+government+and+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Institutt+for+forsvarsstudier&rft.date=1988-09-22&rft.aulast=Holtsmark&rft.aufirst=Sven+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1jJpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nordic_Page_2017-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Nordic_Page_2017_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tnp.no/norway/politics/norway-norwegians-believe-russia-vladimir-putin-threat-world-peace">"Norwegians Believe Vladimir Putin Is Threat to World Peace"</a>. <i>The Nordic Page</i>. 18 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nordic+Page&rft.atitle=Norwegians+Believe+Vladimir+Putin+Is+Threat+to+World+Peace&rft.date=2017-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnp.no%2Fnorway%2Fpolitics%2Fnorway-norwegians-believe-russia-vladimir-putin-threat-world-peace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wapo_Trident-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wapo_Trident_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClem" class="citation web cs1">Clem, Ralph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/">"Today, NATO begins a huge military exercise. Here's what you need to know"</a>. <i>Washingtonpost.com</i>. Amazon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Today%2C+NATO+begins+a+huge+military+exercise.+Here%27s+what+you+need+to+know.&rft.aulast=Clem&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trident_Juncture-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trident_Juncture_175-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trident_Juncture_175-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuhn2018" class="citation news cs1">Luhn, Alec (25 October 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/10/25/nato-holds-biggest-exercises-since-cold-war-counter-russia-arctic/">"Nato holds biggest exercises since Cold War to counter Russia's growing presence around the Arctic"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/10/25/nato-holds-biggest-exercises-since-cold-war-counter-russia-arctic/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Nato+holds+biggest+exercises+since+Cold+War+to+counter+Russia%27s+growing+presence+around+the+Arctic&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft.aulast=Luhn&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2018%2F10%2F25%2Fnato-holds-biggest-exercises-since-cold-war-counter-russia-arctic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintour2017" class="citation web cs1">Wintour, Patrick (13 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/13/troubled-waters-norway-keeps-watch-on-russias-arctic-manoeuvres">"Troubled waters: Norway keeps watch on Russia's Arctic manoeuvres"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Troubled+waters%3A+Norway+keeps+watch+on+Russia%27s+Arctic+manoeuvres&rft.date=2017-03-13&rft.aulast=Wintour&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fmar%2F13%2Ftroubled-waters-norway-keeps-watch-on-russias-arctic-manoeuvres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnudsen2018" class="citation news cs1">Knudsen, Camilla (17 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-submarine/argentine-navy-submarine-found-a-year-after-disappearing-with-44-aboard-idUSKCN1NM08B">"Russia vows consequences after Norway invites more U.S. Marines"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Thomson Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia+vows+consequences+after+Norway+invites+more+U.S.+Marines&rft.date=2018-11-17&rft.aulast=Knudsen&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-argentina-submarine%2Fargentine-navy-submarine-found-a-year-after-disappearing-with-44-aboard-idUSKCN1NM08B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsmo_KuusiHanna_SmithPaula_Tiihonen" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Osmo Kuusi; Hanna Smith; Paula Tiihonen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520190413/http://web.eduskunta.fi/dman/Document.phx?documentId=fc13607155759048&cmd=download">"Venäjä 2017: Kolme skenaariota"</a> (in Finnish). Eduskunnan tulevaisuusvaliokunta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.eduskunta.fi/dman/Document.phx?documentId=fc13607155759048&cmd=download">the original</a> on 20 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4+2017%3A+Kolme+skenaariota&rft.pub=Eduskunnan+tulevaisuusvaliokunta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.eduskunta.fi%2Fdman%2FDocument.phx%3FdocumentId%3Dfc13607155759048%26cmd%3Ddownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJussi_M._Hanhimäki1997" class="citation book cs1">Jussi M. Hanhimäki (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWfudYWUOt0C&pg=PA4"><i>Containing Coexistence: America, Russia, and the "Finnish Solution"</i></a>. Kent State UP. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873385589" title="Special:BookSources/9780873385589"><bdi>9780873385589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Containing+Coexistence%3A+America%2C+Russia%2C+and+the+%22Finnish+Solution%22&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Kent+State+UP&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780873385589&rft.au=Jussi+M.+Hanhim%C3%A4ki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOWfudYWUOt0C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2xCJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA166"><i>The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy</i></a>. BRILL. 2014-08-14. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28071-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28071-7"><bdi>978-90-04-28071-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Finnish+Civil+War+1918%3A+History%2C+Memory%2C+Legacy&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-08-14&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28071-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2xCJBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViimarantaProtassovaMustajoki2019" class="citation journal cs1">Viimaranta, Hannes; Protassova, Ekaterina; Mustajoki, Arto (2019-02-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3917/receo1.494.0095">"Russian-Speakers in Finland"</a>. <i>Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 95–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Freceo1.494.0095">10.3917/receo1.494.0095</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0338-0599">0338-0599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27%C3%A9tudes+comparatives+Est-Ouest&rft.atitle=Russian-Speakers+in+Finland&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=95-128&rft.date=2019-02-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Freceo1.494.0095&rft.issn=0338-0599&rft.aulast=Viimaranta&rft.aufirst=Hannes&rft.au=Protassova%2C+Ekaterina&rft.au=Mustajoki%2C+Arto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3917%2Freceo1.494.0095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ezequiel Adamovsky, Euro-orientalism: Liberal Ideology and the Image of Russia in France (c. 1740–1880) (Peter Lang, 2006) pp. 36, 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Confino, "Re-inventing the Enlightenment: western images of eastern realities in the eighteenth century." <i>Canadian Slavonic Papers</i> 36.3–4 (1994): 505–522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNally1958" class="citation journal cs1">McNally, T. (1958). "The Origins of Russophobia in France: 1812 – 1830". <i>American Slavic and East European Review</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 173–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3004165">10.2307/3004165</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3004165">3004165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Slavic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Russophobia+in+France%3A+1812+%E2%80%93+1830&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-189&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3004165&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3004165%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the "Tatar" theme see Ezequiel Adamovsky, <i>Euro-orientalism: Liberal Ideology and the Image of Russia in France (c. 1740-1880)</i> (Peter Lang, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arzamas.academy/materials/171">"Иностранцы против России"</a> [Foreigners Against Russia]. <i>arzamas.academy</i> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Arzamas_(website)" title="Arzamas (website)">Arzamas</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arzamas.academy&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farzamas.academy%2Fmaterials%2F171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russianuniverse.org/2015/04/16/my-paradox/">"Fyodor Dostoyevsky "My Paradox" (Extract)"</a>. <i>russianuniverse.org</i>. 16 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=russianuniverse.org&rft.atitle=Fyodor+Dostoyevsky+%22My+Paradox%22+%28Extract%29&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frussianuniverse.org%2F2015%2F04%2F16%2Fmy-paradox%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920042457/https://www.rbth.com/arts/2017/06/19/7-aphorisms-to-understand-russia_785447">"7 aphorisms that are essential to understanding Russian civilization"</a>. <i>rbth.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Russia_Beyond" title="Russia Beyond">Russia Beyond</a>. June 19, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/arts/2017/06/19/7-aphorisms-to-understand-russia_785447">the original</a> on 2020-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>Grattez, they would say, lе russе еt vouz vеrrеz lе tartаrе, and so it continues still. We have become part of a proverb for them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rbth.com&rft.atitle=7+aphorisms+that+are+essential+to+understanding+Russian+civilization&rft.date=2017-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Farts%2F2017%2F06%2F19%2F7-aphorisms-to-understand-russia_785447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/2017/08/16/publics-worldwide-unfavorable-toward-putin-russia/">"Publics Worldwide Unfavorable Toward Putin, Russia"</a>. Pew Research Center. 30 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publics+Worldwide+Unfavorable+Toward+Putin%2C+Russia&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2F2017%2F08%2F16%2Fpublics-worldwide-unfavorable-toward-putin-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJourdan2016" class="citation news cs1">Jourdan, Alain (11 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdg.ch/monde/chevenement-denonce-russophobie-ambiante/story/23200714">"Chevènement dénonce la "russophobie" ambiante"</a>. <i>Tribune de Genève</i> – via www.tdg.ch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribune+de+Gen%C3%A8ve&rft.atitle=Chev%C3%A8nement+d%C3%A9nonce+la+%22russophobie%22+ambiante&rft.date=2016-09-11&rft.aulast=Jourdan&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdg.ch%2Fmonde%2Fchevenement-denonce-russophobie-ambiante%2Fstory%2F23200714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Howes Gleason, The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain: A Study of the Interaction of Policy and Opinion, 1971, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/3495941/the-genesis-of-russophobia-in-great-britain-a-study">p.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233826/https://www.questia.com/read/3495941/the-genesis-of-russophobia-in-great-britain-a-study">Archived</a> 2018-12-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwona_Sakowicz2005" class="citation journal cs1">Iwona Sakowicz (2005). "Russia and the Russians: opinions of the British press during the reign of Alexander II (dailies and weeklies)". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_European_Studies" title="Journal of European Studies">Journal of European Studies</a></i>. <b>35</b> (3): 271–282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0047244105055103">10.1177/0047244105055103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154796136">154796136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+European+Studies&rft.atitle=Russia+and+the+Russians%3A+opinions+of+the+British+press+during+the+reign+of+Alexander+II+%28dailies+and+weeklies%29&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=271-282&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0047244105055103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154796136%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Iwona+Sakowicz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cain-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cain_192-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain_192-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJimmie_E._Cain_Jr.2006" class="citation cs2">Jimmie E. Cain Jr. (15 May 2006), <i>Bram Stoker and Russophobia: Evidence of the British Fear of Russia in Dracula and The Lady of the Shroud</i>, McFarland & Co Inc., U.S., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2407-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2407-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-2407-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bram+Stoker+and+Russophobia%3A+Evidence+of+the+British+Fear+of+Russia+in+Dracula+and+The+Lady+of+the+Shroud&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co+Inc.%2C+U.S.&rft.date=2006-05-15&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2407-8&rft.au=Jimmie+E.+Cain+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Sidney_Lee1903" class="citation book cs1">Sir <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Sidney Lee</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bh03AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA421"><i>Queen Victoria</i></a>. p. 421.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria&rft.pages=421&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Sir+Sidney+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbh03AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Hopkirk. <i>The Great Game</i>, Kodansha International, 1992, pg.38 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7700-1703-0" title="Special:BookSources/4-7700-1703-0">4-7700-1703-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Malia, Russia Under Western Eyes (Boston: Harvard University Press, 2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7249%2FRR2539">10.7249/RR2539</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9774-0199-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9774-0199-1">978-1-9774-0199-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.cdn.yougov.com/3ce71typvy/Eurotrack_May21_Topline_Favourability_Israel.pdf">"YouGov / Eurotrack Survey Results"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a></i>. May 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouGov&rft.atitle=YouGov+%2F+Eurotrack+Survey+Results&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.cdn.yougov.com%2F3ce71typvy%2FEurotrack_May21_Topline_Favourability_Israel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mfa22rights-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mfa22rights_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/humanitarian_cooperation/1815559/?lang=en">"On Violations of the Rights of Russian Citizens and Fellow Citizens in Foreign Countries"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">MFA Russia</a></i>. 14 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220817013542/https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/humanitarian_cooperation/1815559/?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MFA+Russia&rft.atitle=On+Violations+of+the+Rights+of+Russian+Citizens+and+Fellow+Citizens+in+Foreign+Countries&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid.ru%2Fen%2Fforeign_policy%2Fhumanitarian_cooperation%2F1815559%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack2022" class="citation news cs1">Jack, Andrew (2022-03-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/829b3108-b6ff-4c9f-ab34-868f0b1e3ed9">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'This is Putin's fault': Russian diaspora feels growing distress over Ukraine war"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220422063939/https://www.ft.com/content/829b3108-b6ff-4c9f-ab34-868f0b1e3ed9">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=%27This+is+Putin%27s+fault%27%3A+Russian+diaspora+feels+growing+distress+over+Ukraine+war&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.aulast=Jack&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F829b3108-b6ff-4c9f-ab34-868f0b1e3ed9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6156582/ukraine-anti-russian-hate/">"Ukraine Crisis Spurs Anti-Russian Hate Around the World"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Crisis+Spurs+Anti-Russian+Hate+Around+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6156582%2Fukraine-anti-russian-hate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_200-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_200-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/russia-citizens-visa-uk-roger-gale-b2024940.html">"Tory MP says every Russian living in Britain should be 'sent home'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 2022-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Tory+MP+says+every+Russian+living+in+Britain+should+be+%27sent+home%27&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Frussia-citizens-visa-uk-roger-gale-b2024940.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.news.yahoo.com/uk-urged-to-expel-russian-citizens-194140502.html">"Britain could expel all Russian citizens from the UK, senior Conservative MP says"</a>. <i>ca.news.yahoo.com</i>. 24 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ca.news.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Britain+could+expel+all+Russian+citizens+from+the+UK%2C+senior+Conservative+MP+says&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fca.news.yahoo.com%2Fuk-urged-to-expel-russian-citizens-194140502.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Neill2022" class="citation web cs1">O’Neill, Brendan (25 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/tom-tugendhat-and-the-worrying-rise-of-russophobia">"Tom Tugendhat and the worrying rise of Russophobia | The Spectator"</a>. <i>www.spectator.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+World+Service+poll%3A+Views+of+China+and+India+Slide+While+UK%27s+Ratings+Climb%3A+Global+Poll&rft.date=2013-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldpublicopinion.org%2Fpipa%2F2013%2520Country%2520Rating%2520Poll.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.people-press.org/2019/07/30/climate-change-and-russia-are-partisan-flashpoints-in-publics-views-of-global-threats/#changing-views-of-global-threats">"Climate Change and Russia Are Partisan Flashpoints in Public's Views of Global Threats"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+and+Russia+Are+Partisan+Flashpoints+in+Public%27s+Views+of+Global+Threats&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.people-press.org%2F2019%2F07%2F30%2Fclimate-change-and-russia-are-partisan-flashpoints-in-publics-views-of-global-threats%2F%23changing-views-of-global-threats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/james-clapper-trump-russia-ties-my-dashboard-warning-light-was-n765601">"James Clapper on Trump-Russia Ties: 'My Dashboard Warning Light Was Clearly On"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 28 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=James+Clapper+on+Trump-Russia+Ties%3A+%27My+Dashboard+Warning+Light+Was+Clearly+On&rft.date=2017-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpolitics-news%2Fjames-clapper-trump-russia-ties-my-dashboard-warning-light-was-n765601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109064558/https://www.yahoo.com/news/m/9037f972-3f90-3019-8b96-fafdd5ccff9a/ss_james-clapper-tells-nbc%E2%80%99s.html">"James Clapper Tells NBC's Chuck Todd That Russians Are 'Genetically Driven' to Co-opt"</a>. Yahoo News. 30 May 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/m/9037f972-3f90-3019-8b96-fafdd5ccff9a/ss_james-clapper-tells-nbc%E2%80%99s.html">the original</a> on 9 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Clapper+Tells+NBC%27s+Chuck+Todd+That+Russians+Are+%27Genetically+Driven%27+to+Co-opt&rft.pub=Yahoo+News&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fm%2F9037f972-3f90-3019-8b96-fafdd5ccff9a%2Fss_james-clapper-tells-nbc%25E2%2580%2599s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2017/05/james-clapper-russia-xenophobia/">"James Clapper Tells NBC's Chuck Todd That Russians Are 'Genetically Driven' to Co-opt"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. 30 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=James+Clapper+Tells+NBC%27s+Chuck+Todd+That+Russians+Are+%27Genetically+Driven%27+to+Co-opt&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.com%2F2017%2F05%2Fjames-clapper-russia-xenophobia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anu.edu.au/news/all-news/speech-professor-james-clapper-ao-address-to-the-national-press-club">"SPEECH – Professor James Clapper AO address to the National Press Club"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a></i>. 2017-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+National+University&rft.atitle=SPEECH+%E2%80%93+Professor+James+Clapper+AO+address+to+the+National+Press+Club&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anu.edu.au%2Fnews%2Fall-news%2Fspeech-professor-james-clapper-ao-address-to-the-national-press-club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomska2017" class="citation news cs1">Komska, Yuliya (29 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/09/29/morgan-freeman-is-educating-americans-on-russia-thats-a-problem/">"Morgan Freeman is educating Americans on Russia. That's a problem"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Morgan+Freeman+is+educating+Americans+on+Russia.+That%27s+a+problem.&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft.aulast=Komska&rft.aufirst=Yuliya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmade-by-history%2Fwp%2F2017%2F09%2F29%2Fmorgan-freeman-is-educating-americans-on-russia-thats-a-problem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2020/06/02/commentary/world-commentary/russian-derangement-syndrome/">"Russian derangement syndrome"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. 2 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Russian+derangement+syndrome&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fopinion%2F2020%2F06%2F02%2Fcommentary%2Fworld-commentary%2Frussian-derangement-syndrome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcfaul20aareview-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcfaul20aareview_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFaul2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_McFaul" title="Michael McFaul">McFaul, Michael</a> (25 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanambassadorslive.org/post/a-u-s-strategy-to-contain-and-engage-putin-s-russia">"A U.S. Strategy to Contain and Engage Putin's Russia"</a>. <i>American Ambassadors Review</i> (Fall 2020).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ambassadors+Review&rft.atitle=A+U.S.+Strategy+to+Contain+and+Engage+Putin%27s+Russia&rft.issue=Fall+2020&rft.date=2020-11-25&rft.aulast=McFaul&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanambassadorslive.org%2Fpost%2Fa-u-s-strategy-to-contain-and-engage-putin-s-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruk2017" class="citation news cs1">Bruk, Diana (19 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2017/06/russophobia-hurts-trump-helps-putin/">"Russophobia Isn't Just Hurting Donald Trump—It's Helping Vladimir Putin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Observer">Observer</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observer&rft.atitle=Russophobia+Isn%27t+Just+Hurting+Donald+Trump%E2%80%94It%27s+Helping+Vladimir+Putin&rft.date=2017-06-19&rft.aulast=Bruk&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.com%2F2017%2F06%2Frussophobia-hurts-trump-helps-putin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLind-Guzik2017" class="citation news cs1">Lind-Guzik, Anna (7 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/the-anti-nihilist-institute/american-russophobia-is-real-and-its-helping-putin-a48ad884f149">"American Russophobia is real—and it's helping Putin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Medium_(website)" title="Medium (website)">Medium</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=American+Russophobia+is+real%E2%80%94and+it%27s+helping+Putin&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft.aulast=Lind-Guzik&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fthe-anti-nihilist-institute%2Famerican-russophobia-is-real-and-its-helping-putin-a48ad884f149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Trump said in March 2023: "The greatest threat to Western civilisation today is not Russia (...) It's probably, more than anything else, ourselves and some of the horrible, USA-hating people that represent us": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67272569">Anthony Zurcher, <i>What a Donald Trump second term would look like</i>, BBC news, 3 November 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorenstein2020" class="citation web cs1">Borenstein, Eliot (2 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jordanrussiacenter.org/news/russia-always-equals-communism-even-when-that-equation-makes-no-sense-whatsoever/">"The Lincoln Project's Red Scare"</a>. New York University Jordan Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703095908/http://jordanrussiacenter.org/news/russia-always-equals-communism-even-when-that-equation-makes-no-sense-whatsoever/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lincoln+Project%27s+Red+Scare&rft.pub=New+York+University+Jordan+Center&rft.date=2020-07-02&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.aufirst=Eliot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjordanrussiacenter.org%2Fnews%2Frussia-always-equals-communism-even-when-that-equation-makes-no-sense-whatsoever%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj22putinsinflation-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsj22putinsinflation_249-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/it-isnt-vladimir-putins-inflation-white-house-joe-biden-consumer-price-index-energy-wages-11649792567">"This Isn't Putin's Inflation"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. 12 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220413020601/https://www.wsj.com/articles/it-isnt-vladimir-putins-inflation-white-house-joe-biden-consumer-price-index-energy-wages-11649792567">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=This+Isn%27t+Putin%27s+Inflation&rft.date=2022-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fit-isnt-vladimir-putins-inflation-white-house-joe-biden-consumer-price-index-energy-wages-11649792567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20141106-why-are-russians-always-bad-guys">"Hollywood stereotypes: Why are Russians the bad guys?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hollywood+stereotypes%3A+Why+are+Russians+the+bad+guys%3F&rft.date=2014-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F20141106-why-are-russians-always-bad-guys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2015/08/09/5-hollywood-villains-that-prove-russian-stereotypes-are-hard-to-kill-a48849">"5 Hollywood Villains That Prove Russian Stereotypes Are Hard to Kill"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i>. 9 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=5+Hollywood+Villains+That+Prove+Russian+Stereotypes+Are+Hard+to+Kill&rft.date=2015-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2015%2F08%2F09%2F5-hollywood-villains-that-prove-russian-stereotypes-are-hard-to-kill-a48849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/jul/10/will-cliche-russian-baddie-ever-leave-screens-james-norton-mcmafia">"Will the cliche of the 'Russian baddie' ever leave our screens?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 10 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Will+the+cliche+of+the+%27Russian+baddie%27+ever+leave+our+screens%3F&rft.date=2017-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2017%2Fjul%2F10%2Fwill-cliche-russian-baddie-ever-leave-screens-james-norton-mcmafia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/russian-film-industry-and-hollywood-uneasy-with-one-another/">"Russian film industry and Hollywood uneasy with one another"</a>, <i>Fox News</i>, 14 October 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Russian+film+industry+and+Hollywood+uneasy+with+one+another&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fentertainment%2Frussian-film-industry-and-hollywood-uneasy-with-one-another%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhruscheva2014" class="citation web cs1">Khruscheva, Nina (27 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140831224814/http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/08/27/as-if-things-werent-badenov-even-in-good-times-russians-are-villains-in-hollywood/">"As if things weren't Badenov: Even in good times, Russians are villains in Hollywood"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/08/27/as-if-things-werent-badenov-even-in-good-times-russians-are-villains-in-hollywood/">the original</a> on 31 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=As+if+things+weren%27t+Badenov%3A+Even+in+good+times%2C+Russians+are+villains+in+Hollywood&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft.aulast=Khruscheva&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.reuters.com%2Fgreat-debate%2F2014%2F08%2F27%2Fas-if-things-werent-badenov-even-in-good-times-russians-are-villains-in-hollywood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurutz2014" class="citation web cs1">Kurutz, Steven (17 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/19/opinion/sunday/why-are-russians-still-the-go-to-bad-guys.html">"Russians: Still the Go-To Bad Guys"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russians%3A+Still+the+Go-To+Bad+Guys&rft.date=2014-01-17&rft.aulast=Kurutz&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F01%2F19%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fwhy-are-russians-still-the-go-to-bad-guys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQueenan2014" class="citation web cs1">Queenan, Joe (14 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2014/nov/14/why-on-screen-bad-guys-are-always-russian">"Comrades in arms: why big-screen bad guys are always Russian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Comrades+in+arms%3A+why+big-screen+bad+guys+are+always+Russian&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft.aulast=Queenan&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2Ffilmblog%2F2014%2Fnov%2F14%2Fwhy-on-screen-bad-guys-are-always-russian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald2017" class="citation web cs1">Donald, Ella (28 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/07/atomic-blonde-wonder-woman-glow-soviet-russia-cold-war">"From Russia, With Love: the Sudden Resurgence of the Soviet Villain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Russia%2C+With+Love%3A+the+Sudden+Resurgence+of+the+Soviet+Villain&rft.pub=Vanity+Fair&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft.aulast=Donald&rft.aufirst=Ella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fhollywood%2F2017%2F07%2Fatomic-blonde-wonder-woman-glow-soviet-russia-cold-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Horton2019" class="citation news cs1">Alex Horton (November 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/video-games/2019/11/05/new-call-duty-game-cast-russians-villains-it-sparked-an-online-revolt/">"The new Call of Duty game casts Russians as villains. It sparked an online revolt"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+new+Call+of+Duty+game+casts+Russians+as+villains.+It+sparked+an+online+revolt.&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft.au=Alex+Horton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fvideo-games%2F2019%2F11%2F05%2Fnew-call-duty-game-cast-russians-villains-it-sparked-an-online-revolt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilson-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_259-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_259-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tony Wilson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40922035">Russophobia and New Zealand-Russian Relations, 1900s to 1939</a>, New Zealand Slavonic Journal, (1999), pp. 273–296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barrat-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barrat_260-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarratt1981" class="citation book cs1">Barratt, Glynn (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OwmAQAAMAAJ"><i>Russophobia in New Zealand, 1838–1908</i></a>. Dunmore Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-908564-75-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-908564-75-0"><bdi>978-0-908564-75-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russophobia+in+New+Zealand%2C+1838%E2%80%931908&rft.pub=Dunmore+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-908564-75-0&rft.aulast=Barratt&rft.aufirst=Glynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3OwmAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee1999" class="citation book cs1">Matthee, Rudolph P. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5U0yECMV--wC&dq=he+Politics+of+Trade+in+Safavid+Iran%3A+Silk+for+Silver%2C+1600-1730+uncouthness&pg=PA221"><i>The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600–1730</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64131-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64131-9"><bdi>978-0-521-64131-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Trade+in+Safavid+Iran%3A+Silk+for+Silver%2C+1600%E2%80%931730&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64131-9&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudolph+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5U0yECMV--wC%26dq%3Dhe%2BPolitics%2Bof%2BTrade%2Bin%2BSafavid%2BIran%253A%2BSilk%2Bfor%2BSilver%252C%2B1600-1730%2Buncouthness%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthee350-351-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthee350-351_262-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthee350-351_262-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthee350-351_262-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthee350-351_262-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthee350-351_262-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2013" class="citation journal cs1">Matthee, Rudi (2013). "Rudeness and Revilement: Russian–Iranian Relations in the Mid-Seventeenth Century". <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 350–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2012.758500">10.1080/00210862.2012.758500</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145596080">145596080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Rudeness+and+Revilement%3A+Russian%E2%80%93Iranian+Relations+in+the+Mid-Seventeenth+Century&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=350-351&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2012.758500&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145596080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behrooz49-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz49_263-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz49_263-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz49_263-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz49_263-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrooz2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maziar_Behrooz" title="Maziar Behrooz">Behrooz, Maziar</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TnevEAAAQBAJ"><i>Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the Struggle with Imperial Russia</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0755637379" title="Special:BookSources/978-0755637379"><bdi>978-0755637379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+at+War%3A+Interactions+with+the+Modern+World+and+the+Struggle+with+Imperial+Russia&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0755637379&rft.aulast=Behrooz&rft.aufirst=Maziar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTnevEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthee356-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthee356_264-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthee356_264-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthee356_264-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2013" class="citation journal cs1">Matthee, Rudi (2013). "Rudeness and Revilement: Russian–Iranian Relations in the Mid-Seventeenth Century". <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2012.758500">10.1080/00210862.2012.758500</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145596080">145596080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Rudeness+and+Revilement%3A+Russian%E2%80%93Iranian+Relations+in+the+Mid-Seventeenth+Century&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=356&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2012.758500&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145596080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthee357-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthee357_265-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthee357_265-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2013" class="citation journal cs1">Matthee, Rudi (2013). "Rudeness and Revilement: Russian–Iranian Relations in the Mid-Seventeenth Century". <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2012.758500">10.1080/00210862.2012.758500</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145596080">145596080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Rudeness+and+Revilement%3A+Russian%E2%80%93Iranian+Relations+in+the+Mid-Seventeenth+Century&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=357&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2012.758500&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145596080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrooz2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maziar_Behrooz" title="Maziar Behrooz">Behrooz, Maziar</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TnevEAAAQBAJ"><i>Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the Struggle with Imperial Russia</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0755637379" title="Special:BookSources/978-0755637379"><bdi>978-0755637379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+at+War%3A+Interactions+with+the+Modern+World+and+the+Struggle+with+Imperial+Russia&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0755637379&rft.aulast=Behrooz&rft.aufirst=Maziar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTnevEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazemzadeh1991" class="citation book cs1">Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1991). "Iranian relations with Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1921". In Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i>. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 328–330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521200950" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521200950"><bdi>978-0521200950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranian+relations+with+Russia+and+the+Soviet+Union%2C+to+1921&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=328-330&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0521200950&rft.aulast=Kazemzadeh&rft.aufirst=Firuz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hopkirk" title="Peter Hopkirk">Hopkirk, Peter</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game:_The_Struggle_for_Empire_in_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia">The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia</a></i>. New York: Kodansha Globe, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56836-022-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56836-022-3">1-56836-022-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBitis2006" class="citation book cs1">Bitis, Alexander (30 November 2006). <i>The Origins and Conduct of the Russo-Persian War, 1826–1828</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5871%2Fbacad%2F9780197263273.001.0001">10.5871/bacad/9780197263273.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197263273" title="Special:BookSources/9780197263273"><bdi>9780197263273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Conduct+of+the+Russo-Persian+War%2C+1826%E2%80%931828&rft.date=2006-11-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5871%2Fbacad%2F9780197263273.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780197263273&rft.aulast=Bitis&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1993-09-01/iran-and-cold-war-azerbaijan-crisis-1946">"Iran and the Cold War: The Azerbaijan Crisis of 1946"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. 28 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Iran+and+the+Cold+War%3A+The+Azerbaijan+Crisis+of+1946&rft.date=2009-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Freviews%2Fcapsule-review%2F1993-09-01%2Firan-and-cold-war-azerbaijan-crisis-1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackey2009" class="citation web cs1">Mackey, Robert (July 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/why-death-to-russia-is-the-new-death-to-america-for-irans-opposition/">"For Iran's Opposition, 'Death to Russia' Is the New 'Death to America'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Iran%27s+Opposition%2C+%27Death+to+Russia%27+Is+the+New+%27Death+to+America%27&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fthelede.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F07%2F20%2Fwhy-death-to-russia-is-the-new-death-to-america-for-irans-opposition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_GallagherEbrahim_MohseniClay_Ramsay2021" class="citation web cs1">Nancy Gallagher; Ebrahim Mohseni; Clay Ramsay (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cissm.umd.edu/sites/default/files/2021-10/Final-Iranian%20Public%20Opinion%20Sept%202021.pdf">"Iranian Public Opinion, At the Start of the Raisi Administration (page 35)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+International+and+Security+Studies+at+Maryland&rft.atitle=Iranian+Public+Opinion%2C+At+the+Start+of+the+Raisi+Administration+%28page+35%29&rft.date=2021-09&rft.au=Nancy+Gallagher&rft.au=Ebrahim+Mohseni&rft.au=Clay+Ramsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcissm.umd.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021-10%2FFinal-Iranian%2520Public%2520Opinion%2520Sept%25202021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaik2011" class="citation web cs1">Naik, Keshav (19 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/meet-the-latest-colonizers/articleshow/11162491.cms">"Meet the latest colonizers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Meet+the+latest+colonizers&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft.aulast=Naik&rft.aufirst=Keshav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fgoa%2Fmeet-the-latest-colonizers%2Farticleshow%2F11162491.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/russians-french-iranians-guides-in-goa-160188-2013-04-26">"In Goa Russians, French, Iranians guides are "robbing the daily bread" of Indian guides"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Asian_News_Service" title="Indo-Asian News Service">Indo-Asian News Service</a></i>. 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today%2C+Indo-Asian+News+Service&rft.atitle=In+Goa+Russians%2C+French%2C+Iranians+guides+are+%22robbing+the+daily+bread%22+of+Indian+guides&rft.date=2013-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fwest%2Fstory%2Frussians-french-iranians-guides-in-goa-160188-2013-04-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/from-russia-with-love-well-not-really/articleshow/5613219.cms">"From Russia with love? Well, not really"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 25 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=From+Russia+with+love%3F+Well%2C+not+really&rft.date=2010-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fgoa%2Ffrom-russia-with-love-well-not-really%2Farticleshow%2F5613219.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/content/228938/russians-israelis-have-occupied-goas.html">"Russians, Israelis have 'occupied' Goa's coastal villages: Congress"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Herald" title="Deccan Herald">Deccan Herald</a></i>. 21 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Russians%2C+Israelis+have+%27occupied%27+Goa%27s+coastal+villages%3A+Congress&rft.date=2012-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F228938%2Frussians-israelis-have-occupied-goas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/russias-no-mafia-in-goa-claim-is-false-eduardo/articleshow/15499310.cms">"Russia's 'no mafia in Goa' claim is false: Eduardo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 15 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+%27no+mafia+in+Goa%27+claim+is+false%3A+Eduardo&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fgoa%2Frussias-no-mafia-in-goa-claim-is-false-eduardo%2Farticleshow%2F15499310.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaikh2013" class="citation web cs1">Shaikh, Zeeshan (24 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/latest-news/the-shrinking-goa-state-caught-between-clash-of-cultures-dependence-on-tourism/">"The Shrinking Goa: State caught between clash of cultures,dependence on tourism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=The+Shrinking+Goa%3A+State+caught+between+clash+of+cultures%2Cdependence+on+tourism&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft.aulast=Shaikh&rft.aufirst=Zeeshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fnews-archive%2Flatest-news%2Fthe-shrinking-goa-state-caught-between-clash-of-cultures-dependence-on-tourism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/national/goa-cancels-indo-russian-music-fest-sparks-diplomatic-row-373532.html">"Goa cancels Indo-Russian music fest , sparks diplomatic row"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Herald" title="Deccan Herald">Deccan Herald</a></i>. 1 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Goa+cancels+Indo-Russian+music+fest+%2C+sparks+diplomatic+row&rft.date=2014-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fnational%2Fgoa-cancels-indo-russian-music-fest-sparks-diplomatic-row-373532.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/india/russia-strikes-off-goa-india-from-its-list-of-safe-travel-destinations-2525524.html">"Russia strikes off Goa, India from its list of safe travel destinations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Firstpost" title="Firstpost">Firstpost</a></i>. 29 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=Russia+strikes+off+Goa%2C+India+from+its+list+of+safe+travel+destinations&rft.date=2015-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Findia%2Frussia-strikes-off-goa-india-from-its-list-of-safe-travel-destinations-2525524.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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href="http://www.pravdareport.com/world/141960-nationalism/">"Ukrainian nationalism splashes out on Kazakhstan"</a>. <i>Pravda.ru (9 November 2018)</i>. 9 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pravda.ru+%289+November+2018%29&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+nationalism+splashes+out+on+Kazakhstan&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravdareport.com%2Fworld%2F141960-nationalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TRT_World-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TRT_World_291-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225224033/https://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1600s/yr50/sinorussianborder.htm">"Sino-Russian border conflicts"</a>. <i>www.onwar.com</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kansaspress.ku.edu/978-0-7006-2375-4.html">the original</a> on 2021-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kansaspress.ku.edu&rft.atitle=The+1929+Sino-Soviet+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkansaspress.ku.edu%2F978-0-7006-2375-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081023203643/http://www.oxuscom.com/sovinxj.htm">"The Soviets in Xinjiang (1911–1949)"</a>. <i>www.oxuscom.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxuscom.com/sovinxj.htm">the original</a> on 23 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxuscom.com&rft.atitle=The+Soviets+in+Xinjiang+%281911%E2%80%931949%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxuscom.com%2Fsovinxj.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FCJones-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FCJones_300-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1949" class="citation book cs1">Jones, FC (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219040912/http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/13712/216873_Manchuria_Since_1931.pdf?sequence=2">"XII. Events in Manchuria, 1945–47"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Manchuria since 1931</i>. London, Oxford University Press: Royal Institute of International Affairs. pp. 224–5 and pp.227–9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/13712/216873_Manchuria_Since_1931.pdf?sequence=2">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XII.+Events+in+Manchuria%2C+1945%E2%80%9347&rft.btitle=Manchuria+since+1931&rft.place=London%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.pages=224-5+and+pp.227-9&rft.pub=Royal+Institute+of+International+Affairs&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=FC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foudl.osmania.ac.in%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2FOUDL%2F13712%2F216873_Manchuria_Since_1931.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSM-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CSM_301-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Christian Science Monitor</i>, 12 October 1945, <q>Japanese armies were guilty of appalling excesses, both in China and elsewhere, and had the Russians dealt harshly with only Japanese nationals in Manchuria this would have appeared as just retribution. But the indiscriminate looting and raping inflicted upon the unoffending Chinese by the Russians naturally aroused the keenest indignation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.date=1945-10-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakula2009" class="citation book cs1">Pakula, Hannah (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku_0"><i>The last empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the birth of modern China</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+empress%3A+Madame+Chiang+Kai-Shek+and+the+birth+of+modern+China&rft.pages=530&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-4893-8&rft.aulast=Pakula&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastempressmadam00paku_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinzig2004" class="citation book cs1">Heinzig, Dieter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCDv67C2BzkC&pg=PA82"><i>The Soviet Union and communist China, 1945–1950: the arduous road to the alliance</i></a>. 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Psychology Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29717-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29717-2"><bdi>978-0-415-29717-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+geopolitics+of+East+Asia%3A+the+search+for+equilibrium&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-29717-2&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfalbrObQ11IC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpector2008" class="citation book cs1">Spector, Ronald H (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9hE2xFxbca0C&pg=PA33"><i>In the Ruins of Empire: The Japanese Surrender and the Battle for Postwar Asia</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Ruins+of+Empire%3A+The+Japanese+Surrender+and+the+Battle+for+Postwar+Asia&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-6732-6&rft.aulast=Spector&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9hE2xFxbca0C%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Comment/Russia-and-China-s-anti-West-partnership-threatens-global-order">"Russia and China's anti-West partnership threatens global order"</a>. <i>Nikkei Asia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=Russia+and+China%27s+anti-West+partnership+threatens+global+order&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FSpotlight%2FComment%2FRussia-and-China-s-anti-West-partnership-threatens-global-order&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhrt2021" class="citation web cs1">Kuhrt, Natasha (29 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/russia-and-china-present-a-united-front-to-the-west-but-theres-plenty-of-potential-for-friction-157934">"Russia and China present a united front to the west – but there's plenty of potential for friction"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Russia+and+China+present+a+united+front+to+the+west+%E2%80%93+but+there%27s+plenty+of+potential+for+friction&rft.date=2021-03-29&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Frussia-and-china-present-a-united-front-to-the-west-but-theres-plenty-of-potential-for-friction-157934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li 2003, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gallup-international.com/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/GIA_Book_2021.pdf">"VOICE OF THE PEOPLE Annual Global End of Year Surveys (page 123)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gallup_International_Association" title="Gallup International Association">Gallup International Association</a></i>. December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup+International+Association&rft.atitle=VOICE+OF+THE+PEOPLE+Annual+Global+End+of+Year+Surveys+%28page+123%29&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup-international.com%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Fpublications%2FGIA_Book_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Metakides2021" class="citation book cs1">George Metakides (November 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6xQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA221"><i>Perspectives on Digital Humanism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030861445" title="Special:BookSources/9783030861445"><bdi>9783030861445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Digital+Humanism&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2021-11-23&rft.isbn=9783030861445&rft.au=George+Metakides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM6xQEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.morningconsult.com/rs/850-TAA-511/images/220210_Ukraine-Crisis-Deck.pdf">"Tracking Global Opinion on the Russia-Ukraine Crisis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Consult" title="Morning Consult">Morning Consult</a></i>. February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morning+Consult&rft.atitle=Tracking+Global+Opinion+on+the+Russia-Ukraine+Crisis&rft.date=2022-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.morningconsult.com%2Frs%2F850-TAA-511%2Fimages%2F220210_Ukraine-Crisis-Deck.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF황장진2022" class="citation web cs1">황장진 (2022-02-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20220228007551315">"(LEAD) S. Korean civic groups hold anti-Russia protests, call for peace in Ukraine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency" title="Yonhap News Agency">Yonhap News Agency</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yonhap+News+Agency&rft.atitle=%28LEAD%29+S.+Korean+civic+groups+hold+anti-Russia+protests%2C+call+for+peace+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft.au=%ED%99%A9%EC%9E%A5%EC%A7%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.yna.co.kr%2Fview%2FAEN20220228007551315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2022022814240003003?t=20220313042554">"[단독] "우크라 전쟁 반대" 부산 러 총영사관에 50대 난입 시도"</a> [[Exclusive] "Against the war in Ukraine" 50 people attempted to storm the Russian Consulate General in Busan]. <i><a href="/wiki/Hankook_Ilbo" title="Hankook Ilbo">Hankook Ilbo</a></i> (in Korean). 2022-02-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hankook+Ilbo&rft.atitle=%5B%EB%8B%A8%EB%8F%85%5D+%22%EC%9A%B0%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC+%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81+%EB%B0%98%EB%8C%80%22+%EB%B6%80%EC%82%B0+%EB%9F%AC+%EC%B4%9D%EC%98%81%EC%82%AC%EA%B4%80%EC%97%90+50%EB%8C%80+%EB%82%9C%EC%9E%85+%EC%8B%9C%EB%8F%84&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hankookilbo.com%2FNews%2FRead%2FA2022022814240003003%3Ft%3D20220313042554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoushter2014" class="citation news cs1">Poushter, Jacob (31 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/10/31/the-turkish-people-dont-look-favorably-upon-the-u-s-or-any-other-country-really/">"The Turkish people don't look favorably upon the U.S., or any other country, really"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Turkish+people+don%27t+look+favorably+upon+the+U.S.%2C+or+any+other+country%2C+really&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft.aulast=Poushter&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2014%2F10%2F31%2Fthe-turkish-people-dont-look-favorably-upon-the-u-s-or-any-other-country-really%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazetevatan.com/gundem/turkler-kimi-sever-kimi-sevmez-374739">"Türkler kimi sever kimi sevmez?"</a> [Who do Turks like and who don't?]. <i><a href="/wiki/Vatan_(2002_newspaper)" title="Vatan (2002 newspaper)">Vatan</a></i> (in Turkish). September 29, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313032845/https://www.gazetevatan.com/gundem/turkler-kimi-sever-kimi-sevmez-374739">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatan&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkler+kimi+sever+kimi+sevmez%3F&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazetevatan.com%2Fgundem%2Fturkler-kimi-sever-kimi-sevmez-374739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoufakkirReisinger2012" class="citation book cs1">Moufakkir, Omar; Reisinger, Yvette (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbNI6vIWJ9sC&pg=PA58"><i>The Host Gaze in Global Tourism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International">CABI</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78064-114-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78064-114-0"><bdi>978-1-78064-114-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Host+Gaze+in+Global+Tourism&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78064-114-0&rft.aulast=Moufakkir&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft.au=Reisinger%2C+Yvette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbNI6vIWJ9sC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Russo-Turkish-wars">"Russo-Turkish wars | Russo-Turkish history"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 5 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Russo-Turkish+wars+%26%23124%3B+Russo-Turkish+history&rft.date=2024-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRusso-Turkish-wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowle1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Towle" title="Philip Towle">Towle, Philip</a> (1980). "British Assistance to the Japanese Navy during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–5". <i>The Great Circle: Journal of the Australian Association for Maritime History</i>. <b>2</b> (1). 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Historum.com. 15 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+Financial+Aid+to+Turkey+during+Independence+War+%26%23124%3B+History+Forum&rft.pub=Historum.com&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorum.com%2Fasian-history%2F56728-soviet-financial-aid-turkey-during-independence-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moneyweek.com/7-august-1946-turkish-straits-crisis-reaches-its-climax/">"7 August 1946: Turkish Straits crisis reaches its climax"</a>. <i>MoneyWeek</i>. 7 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MoneyWeek&rft.atitle=7+August+1946%3A+Turkish+Straits+crisis+reaches+its+climax&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoneyweek.com%2F7-august-1946-turkish-straits-crisis-reaches-its-climax%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStack2011" class="citation news cs1">Stack, Liam (27 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/28/world/europe/turkey-is-sheltering-antigovernment-syrian-militia.html">"Turkey Shelters Anti-Assad Group, the Free Syrian Army"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Turkey+Shelters+Anti-Assad+Group%2C+the+Free+Syrian+Army&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft.aulast=Stack&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F10%2F28%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fturkey-is-sheltering-antigovernment-syrian-militia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34912581">"Turkey's downing of Russian warplane – what we know"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+downing+of+Russian+warplane+%E2%80%93+what+we+know&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-34912581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/turkey-syria-idlib-troops-assad-rebels-support-a7991691.html">"Turkish troops have entered Syria in a major operation to support anti-Assad rebels"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. 9 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/turkey-syria-idlib-troops-assad-rebels-support-a7991691.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Turkish+troops+have+entered+Syria+in+a+major+operation+to+support+anti-Assad+rebels&rft.date=2017-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fturkey-syria-idlib-troops-assad-rebels-support-a7991691.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/business/worldbusiness/27fear.html">Russian Politicians See Russophobia in Arcelor's Decision to Go With Mittal Steel</a>, by <i>The New York Times</i> 27 July 2006</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries_2">18th and 19th centuries</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamovsky2006" class="citation book cs1">Adamovsky, Ezequiel (2006). <i>Euro-orientalism: Liberal Ideology and the Image of Russia in France (c. 1740–1880)</i>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-516-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-516-8"><bdi>978-3-03910-516-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euro-orientalism%3A+Liberal+Ideology+and+the+Image+of+Russia+in+France+%28c.+1740%E2%80%931880%29&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-03910-516-8&rft.aulast=Adamovsky&rft.aufirst=Ezequiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdeleanu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ardeleanu, Constantin (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv2gjwwx1.6">"Russophobia, Free Trade and Maritime Insecurity"</a>. <i>The European Commission of the Danube, 1856–1948</i>. Brill: 29–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004425965_003">10.1163/9789004425965_003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004412538" title="Special:BookSources/9789004412538"><bdi>9789004412538</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv2gjwwx1.6">10.1163/j.ctv2gjwwx1.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Commission+of+the+Danube%2C+1856%E2%80%931948&rft.atitle=Russophobia%2C+Free+Trade+and+Maritime+Insecurity&rft.pages=29-49&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctv2gjwwx1.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004425965_003&rft.isbn=9789004412538&rft.aulast=Ardeleanu&rft.aufirst=Constantin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctv2gjwwx1.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCybowski2017" class="citation web cs1">Cybowski, Milosz (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://victorianist.wordpress.com/2017/09/04/growling-the-very-purest-russian-punch-and-tsar-nicholas-is-visit-to-london-in-1844/">"Growling the very purest Russian: Punch and Tsar Nicholas I's visit to London in 1844"</a>. <i>The Victorianist: British Association of Victorian Studies Postgraduate Pages</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Victorianist%3A+British+Association+of+Victorian+Studies+Postgraduate+Pages&rft.atitle=Growling+the+very+purest+Russian%3A+Punch+and+Tsar+Nicholas+I%27s+visit+to+London+in+1844&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Cybowski&rft.aufirst=Milosz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvictorianist.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F09%2F04%2Fgrowling-the-very-purest-russian-punch-and-tsar-nicholas-is-visit-to-london-in-1844%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutolowski1969" class="citation journal cs1">Kutolowski, John F (May 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/175218">"Mid-Victorian Public Opinion, Polish Propaganda, and the Uprising of 1863"</a>. <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 86–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F385572">10.1086/385572</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9371">0021-9371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175218">175218</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146409495">146409495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Mid-Victorian+Public+Opinion%2C+Polish+Propaganda%2C+and+the+Uprising+of+1863&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=86-110&rft.date=1969-05&rft.issn=0021-9371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146409495%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F175218%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F385572&rft.aulast=Kutolowski&rft.aufirst=John+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F175218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNally1958" class="citation journal cs1">McNally, Raymond T. (1958). "The Origins of Russophobia in France: 1812–1830". <i>American Slavic and East European Review</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 173–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3004165">10.2307/3004165</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3004165">3004165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Slavic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Russophobia+in+France%3A+1812%E2%80%931830&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-189&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3004165&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3004165%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=Raymond+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeaker2006" class="citation journal cs1">Peaker, Carol (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.16995%2Fntn.451">"We are not Barbarians: Literature and the Russian Émigré Press in England, 1890–1905"</a>. <i>19: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century</i> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.16995%2Fntn.451">10.16995/ntn.451</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=19%3A+Interdisciplinary+Studies+in+the+Long+Nineteenth+Century&rft.atitle=We+are+not+Barbarians%3A+Literature+and+the+Russian+%C3%89migr%C3%A9+Press+in+England%2C+1890%E2%80%931905&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.16995%2Fntn.451&rft.aulast=Peaker&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.16995%252Fntn.451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResis1985" class="citation journal cs1">Resis, Albert (1985). "Russophobia and the 'Testament' of Peter the Great, 1812–1980". <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 681–693. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2498541">10.2307/2498541</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2498541">2498541</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159838885">159838885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Russophobia+and+the+%27Testament%27+of+Peter+the+Great%2C+1812%E2%80%931980&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=681-693&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159838885%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2498541%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2498541&rft.aulast=Resis&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span> A forgery—fake plan for Russia to win world domination through conquest of the Near and Middle East; designed to cause Russophobia</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1994" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, Larry (1994). <i>Inventing Eastern Europe</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2702-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2702-3"><bdi>0-8047-2702-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8047-2702-3&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span> Views in Enlightenment-era Europe</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century,_Soviet_period"><span id="20th_century.2C_Soviet_period"></span>20th century, Soviet period</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoerr2001" class="citation journal cs1">Doerr, Paul W. (2001). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Frigid but Unprovocative': British Policy towards the USSR from the Nazi-Soviet Pact to the Winter War, 1939". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 423–439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200940103600302">10.1177/002200940103600302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=%27Frigid+but+Unprovocative%27%3A+British+Policy+towards+the+USSR+from+the+Nazi-Soviet+Pact+to+the+Winter+War%2C+1939&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=423-439&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200940103600302&rft.aulast=Doerr&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamache2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gamache, Ray (2020). "Contextualizing FDR's Campaign to Recognize the Soviet Union, 1932–1933". <i>Harvard Ukrainian Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (3/4): 287–322. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48626497">48626497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=Contextualizing+FDR%27s+Campaign+to+Recognize+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1932%E2%80%931933&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=287-322&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48626497%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gamache&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2005" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, Mary E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=12701"><i>FDR and the Soviet Union: The President's Battles over Foreign Policy</i></a>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1365-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1365-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-1365-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR+and+the+Soviet+Union%3A+The+President%27s+Battles+over+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1365-6&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=Mary+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2Freviews%2Fshowrev.php%3Fid%3D12701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrybkauskas2018" class="citation journal cs1">Grybkauskas, Saulius (2018). "Anti-Soviet protests and the localism of the Baltic republics' nomenklatura: Explaining the interaction". <i>Journal of Baltic Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (4): 447–462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01629778.2018.1492944">10.1080/01629778.2018.1492944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Baltic+Studies&rft.atitle=Anti-Soviet+protests+and+the+localism+of+the+Baltic+republics%27+nomenklatura%3A+Explaining+the+interaction&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=447-462&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01629778.2018.1492944&rft.aulast=Grybkauskas&rft.aufirst=Saulius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassner1979" class="citation journal cs1">Hassner, Pierre (1979). "Western European perceptions of the USSR". <i>Daedalus</i>. <b>108</b> (1): 113–150. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20024599">20024599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daedalus&rft.atitle=Western+European+perceptions+of+the+USSR&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-150&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20024599%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hassner&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichman1991" class="citation journal cs1">Richman, Alvin (Spring 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2749146">"Poll Trends: Changing American Attitudes Toward the Soviet Union"</a>. <i>The Public Opinion Quarterly</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 135–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F269246">10.1086/269246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2749146">2749146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Opinion+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Poll+Trends%3A+Changing+American+Attitudes+Toward+the+Soviet+Union&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=135-148&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F269246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2749146%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Richman&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2749146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSontag1975" class="citation journal cs1">Sontag, John P. (1975). "The Soviet war scare of 1926–27". <i>Russian Review</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 66–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F127760">10.2307/127760</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/127760">127760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Review&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+war+scare+of+1926%E2%80%9327&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-77&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F127760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F127760%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2006" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Ludmila (2006). <i>Western Intellectuals and the Soviet Union, 1920–40: From Red Square to the Left Bank</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415545853" title="Special:BookSources/9780415545853"><bdi>9780415545853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Intellectuals+and+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1920%E2%80%9340%3A+From+Red+Square+to+the+Left+Bank&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415545853&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Ludmila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2006" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-russia/reading-russia-and-the-soviet-union-in-the-twentieth-century-how-the-west-wrote-its-history-of-the-ussr/28D28FC4CE401628452EE33674373621"><i>Reading Russia and the Soviet Union in the twentieth century: how the 'West' wrote its history of the USSR</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521811446.003">10.1017/CHOL9780521811446.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05409-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05409-6"><bdi>978-1-139-05409-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Russia+and+the+Soviet+Union+in+the+twentieth+century%3A+how+the+%27West%27+wrote+its+history+of+the+USSR&rft.pages=5-64&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521811446.003&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05409-6&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fcambridge-history-of-russia%2Freading-russia-and-the-soviet-union-in-the-twentieth-century-how-the-west-wrote-its-history-of-the-ussr%2F28D28FC4CE401628452EE33674373621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Tony (1999). "Russophobia and New Zealand-Russian Relations, 1900s to 1939". <i>New Zealand Slavonic Journal</i>: 273–296. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40922035">40922035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Slavonic+Journal&rft.atitle=Russophobia+and+New+Zealand-Russian+Relations%2C+1900s+to+1939&rft.pages=273-296&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40922035%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorenstein2022" class="citation journal cs1">Borenstein, Eliot (September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/867521/summary">"Everybody Hates Russia: On the Uses of Conspiracy Theory under Putin"</a>. <i>Social Research: An International Quarterly</i>. <b>89</b> (3): 811–829. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsor.2022.0055">10.1353/sor.2022.0055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research%3A+An+International+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Everybody+Hates+Russia%3A+On+the+Uses+of+Conspiracy+Theory+under+Putin&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=811-829&rft.date=2022-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsor.2022.0055&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.aufirst=Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F1%2Farticle%2F867521%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorenstein2019" class="citation book cs1">Borenstein, Eliot (2019). <i>Plots against Russia: conspiracy and fantasy after socialism</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-1633-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-1633-1"><bdi>978-1-5017-1633-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plots+against+Russia%3A+conspiracy+and+fantasy+after+socialism&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-1633-1&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.aufirst=Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Georgia_2">Georgia</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzogány2019" class="citation journal cs1">Buzogány, Aron (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331528884">"Europe, Russia, or both? Popular perspectives on overlapping regionalism in the Southern Caucasus"</a>. <i>East European Politics</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 93–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21599165.2019.1588117">10.1080/21599165.2019.1588117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Politics&rft.atitle=Europe%2C+Russia%2C+or+both%3F+Popular+perspectives+on+overlapping+regionalism+in+the+Southern+Caucasus&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-109&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21599165.2019.1588117&rft.aulast=Buzog%C3%A1ny&rft.aufirst=Aron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F331528884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakachiaMinesashviliKakhishvili2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kakachia, Kornely; Minesashvili, Salome; Kakhishvili, Levan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325856452">"Change and Continuity in the Foreign Policies of Small States: Elite Perceptions and Georgia's Foreign Policy Towards Russia"</a>. <i>Europe-Asia Studies</i>. <b>70</b> (5): 814–831. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136.2018.1480751">10.1080/09668136.2018.1480751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Change+and+Continuity+in+the+Foreign+Policies+of+Small+States%3A+Elite+Perceptions+and+Georgia%27s+Foreign+Policy+Towards+Russia&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=814-831&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668136.2018.1480751&rft.aulast=Kakachia&rft.aufirst=Kornely&rft.au=Minesashvili%2C+Salome&rft.au=Kakhishvili%2C+Levan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F325856452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rest_of_Europe_and_USA">Rest of Europe and USA</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Lauri2022" class="citation web cs1">De Lauri, Antonio (7 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanitarianstudies.no/militarisation-racism-and-russophobia-what-the-war-in-ukraine-produces-and-reveals/">"Militarisation, racism and Russophobia: What the war in Ukraine produces and reveals"</a>. <i>Norwegian Centre for Humanitarian Studies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norwegian+Centre+for+Humanitarian+Studies&rft.atitle=Militarisation%2C+racism+and+Russophobia%3A+What+the+war+in+Ukraine+produces+and+reveals&rft.date=2022-03-07&rft.aulast=De+Lauri&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanitarianstudies.no%2Fmilitarisation-racism-and-russophobia-what-the-war-in-ukraine-produces-and-reveals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitoiu2016" class="citation journal cs1">Nitoiu, Cristian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/67022/1/EU_Russia%20relations_2016.pdf">"Towards conflict or cooperation? The Ukraine crisis and EU-Russia relations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Southeast European and Black Sea Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 375–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683857.2016.1193305">10.1080/14683857.2016.1193305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+European+and+Black+Sea+Studies&rft.atitle=Towards+conflict+or+cooperation%3F+The+Ukraine+crisis+and+EU-Russia+relations&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=375-390&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14683857.2016.1193305&rft.aulast=Nitoiu&rft.aufirst=Cristian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F67022%2F1%2FEU_Russia%2520relations_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2022" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Audrey (2022). "Russophobia: The Ukraine Conflict, the Skripal Affair". In The Importance of Forgiveness and the Futility of Revenge (ed.). <i>The Importance of Forgiveness and the Futility of Revenge</i>. Contributions to International Relations. Springer, Cham. pp. 55–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-87552-7_8">10.1007/978-3-030-87552-7_8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-87551-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-87551-0"><bdi>978-3-030-87551-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russophobia%3A+The+Ukraine+Conflict%2C+the+Skripal+Affair&rft.btitle=The+Importance+of+Forgiveness+and+the+Futility+of+Revenge&rft.series=Contributions+to+International+Relations&rft.pages=55-64&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Cham&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-87552-7_8&rft.isbn=978-3-030-87551-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>By country</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarynoRoman_Bobryk2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Faryno, Jerzy; Roman Bobryk (2000). <i>Polacy w oczach Rosjan — Rosjanie w oczach Polaków. Поляки глазами русских — русские глазами поляков. Zbiór studiów</i> (in Polish and Russian). Warszawa: Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy Instytutu Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-86619-93-7" title="Special:BookSources/83-86619-93-7"><bdi>83-86619-93-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polacy+w+oczach+Rosjan+%E2%80%94+Rosjanie+w+oczach+Polak%C3%B3w.+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%E2%80%94+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.+Zbi%C3%B3r+studi%C3%B3w&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Slawistyczny+O%C5%9Brodek+Wydawniczy+Instytutu+Slawistyki+Polskiej+Akademii+Nauk&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=83-86619-93-7&rft.aulast=Faryno&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft.au=Roman+Bobryk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2020" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, K. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22363%2F2313-0660-2020-20-3-476-490">"Russophobia in the Obama Era Foreign Policy Discourse (2009—2017)"</a>. <i>Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 476–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22363%2F2313-0660-2020-20-3-476-490">10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-3-476-490</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vestnik+RUDN.+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Russophobia+in+the+Obama+Era+Foreign+Policy+Discourse+%282009%E2%80%942017%29&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=476-490&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22363%2F2313-0660-2020-20-3-476-490&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.22363%252F2313-0660-2020-20-3-476-490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaras2014" class="citation journal cs1">Taras, Raymond (2014). "Russia resurgent, Russophobia in decline? Polish perceptions of relations with the Russian Federation 2004–2012". <i>Europe-Asia Studies</i>. <b>66</b> (5): 710–734. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136.2014.898432">10.1080/09668136.2014.898432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Russia+resurgent%2C+Russophobia+in+decline%3F+Polish+perceptions+of+relations+with+the+Russian+Federation+2004%E2%80%932012&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=710-734&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668136.2014.898432&rft.aulast=Taras&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_by_country">Historical by country</h3></div> <dl><dt>Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Taewoo (2018). "The Intensification of Russophobia in Korea from Late Chosŏn to the Colonial Period: Focusing on the Role of Japan". <i>Seoul Journal of Korean Studies</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 21–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fseo.2018.0002">10.1353/seo.2018.0002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seoul+Journal+of+Korean+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Intensification+of+Russophobia+in+Korea+from+Late+Chos%C5%8Fn+to+the+Colonial+Period%3A+Focusing+on+the+Role+of+Japan&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-46&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fseo.2018.0002&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Taewoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Western Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuostarinen1989" class="citation journal cs1">Luostarinen, Heikki (1989). "Finnish Russophobia: The story of an enemy image". <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 123–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343389026002002">10.1177/0022343389026002002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=Finnish+Russophobia%3A+The+story+of+an+enemy+image&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-137&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022343389026002002&rft.aulast=Luostarinen&rft.aufirst=Heikki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiesen2022" class="citation book cs1">Diesen, Glenn (2022). "The Foundational Stereotypes of Anti-Russian Propaganda". <i>Russophobia</i>. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. pp. 45–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-19-1468-3_3">10.1007/978-981-19-1468-3_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-19-1467-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-19-1467-6"><bdi>978-981-19-1467-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Foundational+Stereotypes+of+Anti-Russian+Propaganda&rft.btitle=Russophobia&rft.pages=45-82&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan%2C+Singapore&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-19-1468-3_3&rft.isbn=978-981-19-1467-6&rft.aulast=Diesen&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeklyunina2012" class="citation book cs1">Feklyunina, Valentina (2012). "Constructing Russophobia". In Ray Taras (ed.). <i>Russia's Identity in International Relations</i>. Routledge. pp. 102–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-52058-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-52058-4"><bdi>978-0-415-52058-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constructing+Russophobia&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Identity+in+International+Relations&rft.pages=102-120&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-52058-4&rft.aulast=Feklyunina&rft.aufirst=Valentina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMettan2017" class="citation book cs1">Mettan, Guy (2017). <i>Creating Russophobia: From the Great Religious Schism to Anti-Putin Hysteria</i>. Clarity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9978965-5-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9978965-5-8"><bdi>978-0-9978965-5-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Russophobia%3A+From+the+Great+Religious+Schism+to+Anti-Putin+Hysteria&rft.pub=Clarity+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-9978965-5-8&rft.aulast=Mettan&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsygankov2009" class="citation book cs1">Tsygankov, Andrei (2009). <i>Russophobia: Anti-Russian lobby and American foreign policy</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230620957">10.1057/9780230620957</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-37841-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-37841-8"><bdi>978-1-349-37841-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russophobia%3A+Anti-Russian+lobby+and+American+foreign+policy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230620957&rft.isbn=978-1-349-37841-8&rft.aulast=Tsygankov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1984" class="citation journal cs1">Wheeler, G. E. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03068378408730143">"Russophobia in the western world: A brief case history"</a>. <i>Asian Affairs</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 138–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03068378408730143">10.1080/03068378408730143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Russophobia+in+the+western+world%3A+A+brief+case+history&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=138-143&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03068378408730143&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03068378408730143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Russian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-Russian_sentiment" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-Russian sentiment">Anti-Russian sentiment</a> at Wikimedia Commons <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Anti-Russian sentiment">Anti-Russian sentiment</a> at Wikiquote </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Russia" title="Territorial evolution of Russia">Expansionism</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">imperialism</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">1500–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Siberia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Khanate_of_Sibir" title="Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir">Khanate of Sibir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Crimean_Khanate_by_the_Russian_Empire" title="Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire">Crimea, 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_military_occupations" title="Category:Russian military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Crimea, 2014</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Ukrainian_language_suppression" title="Chronology of Ukrainian language suppression">Ukrainian language suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westernizer" title="Westernizer">westernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladorossy" title="Mladorossy">Mladorossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Russophilia" title="Galician Russophilia">Galician Russophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenovekhovtsy" title="Smenovekhovtsy">Smenovekhovtsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_of_Russian_Solidarists" title="National Alliance of Russian Solidarists">Solidarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 constitutional crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_march" title="Russian march">Russian marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Manezhnaya_Square_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Manezhnaya Square riots">2010 Manezhnaya Square riots</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_(2010)" class="extiw" title="ru:Беспорядки на Манежной площади (2010)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Biryulyovo_riots" title="2013 Biryulyovo riots">2013 Biryulyovo riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">All-Russian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_of_Russian_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Collector of Russian lands">Collector of Russian lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_all_the_Russias" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of all the Russias">Emperor of all the Russias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Russian_identity" title="Little Russian identity">Little Russian identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Russia" title="Ethnic nationalism in Russia">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayrope" title="Gayrope">Gayrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Rus">Holy Rus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Orthodoxy" title="Nuclear Orthodoxy">Nuclear Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_all_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Of all Rus'">Of all Rus'</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Всея Руси">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96" class="extiw" title="uk:Всія Русі">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy,_Autocracy,_and_Nationality" title="Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality">Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_or_death!" title="Orthodoxy or death!">Orthodoxy or death!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_for_Russians" title="Russia for Russians">Russia for Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_civilization" title="Russian civilization">Russian civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Idea" title="Russian Idea">Russian Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Russian irredentism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories" title="Russian-occupied territories">Russian-occupied territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymnash" title="Krymnash">Krymnash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_soul" title="Russian soul">Russian soul</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Russian_world" title="Russian world">Russian world</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russophilia" title="Russophilia">Russophilia</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United,_Great,_and_Indivisible_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United, Great, and Indivisible Russia (page does not exist)">United and Indivisible Russia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F,_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Россия единая, великая и неделимая">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0,_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Росія єдина, велика і неподільна">uk</a>]</span></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Sovietism" title="Neo-Sovietism">Neo-Sovietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Ruscism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">Soviet patriotism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division_Russland" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomwaffen Division Russland">Atomwaffen Division Russland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds#Modern_version" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_of_Angry_Patriots" title="Club of Angry Patriots">Club of Angry Patriots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angry_patriots" title="Angry patriots">Angry patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Republic_(movement)" title="Donetsk Republic (movement)">Donetsk Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence_of_Time" title="Essence of Time">Essence of Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_National_Union" title="Ethnic National Union">Ethnic National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Movement">Eurasia Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Youth_Union" title="Eurasian Youth Union">Eurasian Youth Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Donbas" title="Free Donbas">Free Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russia_(political_party)" title="Great Russia (political party)">Great Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_People%27s_Party" title="Lithuanian People's Party">Lithuanian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narodny_Sobor" title="Narodny Sobor">Narodny Sobor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obnovlenie" title="Obnovlenie">Obnovlenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_Association" title="Popular Resistance Association">Popular Resistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Bloc_(Russia)" title="Right Bloc (Russia)">Right Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodina_(political_party)" title="Rodina (political party)">Rodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_All-People%27s_Union" title="Russian All-People's Union">Russian All-People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_(organization)" title="Russians (organization)">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russkiy_Mir_Foundation" title="Russkiy Mir Foundation">Russkiy Mir Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Party_Oathkeepers" title="Serbian Party Oathkeepers">Serbian Party Oathkeepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Banner-Bearers" title="Union of Orthodox Banner-Bearers">Union of Orthodox Banner-Bearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Guard_of_United_Russia" title="Young Guard of United Russia">Young Guard of United Russia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artpodgotovka" title="Artpodgotovka">Artpodgotovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Terrorist_Organization" title="Combat Terrorist Organization">Combat Terrorist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Russian_Communities" title="Congress of Russian Communities">Congress of Russian Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format18" title="Format18">Format18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union">Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_State" title="Male State">Male State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_Against_Illegal_Immigration" title="Movement Against Illegal Immigration">Movement Against Illegal Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_and_Freedom_Committee" title="Nation and Freedom Committee">Nation and Freedom Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Russian_Liberation_Movement" title="National Russian Liberation Movement">National Russian Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Society" title="National Socialist Society">National Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Brotherhood" title="Northern Brotherhood">Northern Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Party_(Russia)" title="People's National Party (Russia)">People's National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_All-National_Union" title="Russian All-National Union">Russian All-National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Russian National Socialist Party">Russian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Union" title="Russian National Union">Russian National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity_(2000)" title="Russian National Unity (2000)">New Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Savior_(paramilitary_organization)" title="The Savior (paramilitary organization)">The Savior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Union_(Russia)" title="Slavic Union (Russia)">Slavic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People_(2005)" title="Union of the Russian People (2005)">Union of the Russian People</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After 1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Alksnis" title="Viktor Alksnis">Viktor Alksnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Baburin" title="Sergey Baburin">Sergey Baburin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Alexander Barkashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Potkin" title="Alexander Potkin">Alexander Belov-Potkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Demushkin" title="Dmitry Demushkin">Dmitry Demushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Galkovsky" title="Dmitry Galkovsky">Dmitry Galkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Ivanov-Sukharevsky" title="Aleksandr Ivanov-Sukharevsky">Aleksandr Ivanov-Sukharevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kasimovsky" title="Konstantin Kasimovsky">Konstantin Kasimovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Kholmogorov" title="Yegor Kholmogorov">Yegor Kholmogorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Krylov" title="Konstantin Krylov">Konstantin Krylov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kvachkov" title="Vladimir Kvachkov">Vladimir Kvachkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lebed" title="Alexander Lebed">Alexander Lebed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Eduard Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Maltsev" title="Vyacheslav Maltsev">Vyacheslav Maltsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Martsinkevich" title="Maxim Martsinkevich">Maxim Martsinkevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Prilepin" title="Zakhar Prilepin">Zakhar Prilepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Rogozin" title="Dmitry Rogozin">Dmitry Rogozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Shafarevich" title="Igor Shafarevich">Igor Shafarevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Dmitriyevich_Vasilyev" title="Dmitri Dmitriyevich Vasilyev">Dmitri Vasilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Vladimir Zhirinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ivan Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Krasnov" title="Pyotr Krasnov">Pyotr Krasnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Konstantin Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Skobelev" title="Mikhail Skobelev">Mikhail Skobelev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Solonevich" title="Ivan Solonevich">Ivan Solonevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Shulgin" title="Vasily Shulgin">Vasily Shulgin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">Foundations of Geopolitics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">History: Fiction or Science?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Will_of_a_Russian_Fascist" title="The Last Will of a Russian Fascist">The Last Will of a Russian Fascist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Historical_Unity_of_Russians_and_Ukrainians" title="On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians">On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebuilding_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rebuilding Russia (page does not exist)">Rebuilding Russia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8E%3F" class="extiw" title="ru:Как нам обустроить Россию?">ru</a>]</span>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_and_Pogrom" title="Sputnik and Pogrom">Sputnik and Pogrom</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Russia_Should_Do_with_Ukraine" title="What Russia Should Do with Ukraine">What Russia Should Do with Ukraine</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition and criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_chauvinism" title="Great Russian chauvinism">Great Russian chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashism" title="Nashism">Nashism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Ruscism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_peoples" title="Prison of peoples">Prison of peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pobedobesie" title="Pobedobesie">Pobedobesie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatnik" title="Vatnik">Vatnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volos_Declaration" title="Volos Declaration">Volos Declaration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_nationalism" title="Category:Russian nationalism">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Template:Russian invasion of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Russian invasion of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian invasion of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Timeline of the prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(24_February_%E2%80%93_7_April_2022)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (24 February – 7 April 2022)">Feb – Apr 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(8_April_%E2%80%93_28_August_2022)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (8 April – 28 August 2022)">Apr – Aug 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(29_August_%E2%80%93_11_November_2022)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (29 August – 11 November 2022)">Aug – Nov 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(12_November_2022_%E2%80%93_7_June_2023)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023)">Nov 2022 – Jun 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(8_June_2023_%E2%80%93_31_August_2023)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (8 June 2023 – 31 August 2023)">Jun – Aug 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_September_%E2%80%93_30_November_2023)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 September – 30 November 2023)">Sep – Nov 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_December_2023_%E2%80%93_31_March_2024)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 December 2023 – 31 March 2024)">Dec 2023 – Mar 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_April_2024_%E2%80%93_31_July_2024)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 April 2024 – 31 July 2024)">Apr – Jul 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_August_2024_%E2%80%93_present)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 August 2024 – present)">Aug 2024 – present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Aerial warfare in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Aerial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_defense_lines_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian defense lines during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Defense lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Foreign fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_information_war_against_Ukraine" title="Russian information war against Ukraine">Information war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Naval warfare in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Naval warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Legality of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Russo-Ukrainian_War_detailed_map" title="Template:Russo-Ukrainian War detailed map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_for_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle for the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_negotiations_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Peace negotiations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Peace_Formula" title="Ukraine's Peace Formula">Ukraine's Peace Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_Position_on_the_Political_Settlement_of_the_Ukrainian_Crisis" title="China's Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukrainian Crisis">China peace proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2024_Ukraine_peace_summit" title="June 2024 Ukraine peace summit">June 2024 peace summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_no-fly_zone_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Proposed no-fly zone in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Proposed no-fly zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_lines_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Red lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_from_Russia_after_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Reparations from Russia after the Russo-Ukrainian War">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_control_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Territorial control during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Territorial control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Women in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2021%E2%80%932022_Russo-Ukrainian_crisis" title="Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory" title="Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory">Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction">Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2021 Russia–United States summit">2021 Russia–United States summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Black_Sea_incident" title="2021 Black Sea incident">2021 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_border_crisis" title="Belarus–European Union border crisis">Belarus–European Union border crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Historical_Unity_of_Russians_and_Ukrainians" title="On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians">On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Platform" title="Crimea Platform">Crimea Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapad_2021" title="Zapad 2021">Zapad 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2021_Russian_ultimatum_to_NATO" title="December 2021 Russian ultimatum to NATO">December 2021 ultimatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ukraine_cyberattacks" title="2022 Ukraine cyberattacks">2022 Ukraine cyberattacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zametil_2022" title="Zametil 2022">Zametil 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Resolve_2022" title="Union Resolve 2022">Union Resolve 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanytsia_Luhanska_kindergarten_bombing" title="Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing">Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_trilateral_pact" title="British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact">British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_evacuation_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="2022 evacuation of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_mobilization_in_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="2022 mobilization in the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Address_concerning_the_events_in_Ukraine" title="Address concerning the events in Ukraine">Address concerning the events in Ukraine</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_conducting_a_special_military_operation" title="On conducting a special military operation">On conducting a special military operation</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="International reactions to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2022)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2022)">2022 timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_agreements" title="Minsk agreements">Minsk agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas">humanitarian situation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">Foundations of Geopolitics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Ruscism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Russian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Russian imperialism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign<br />relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Russia–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Belarus–Ukraine relations">Belarus–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belarus–Russia relations">Belarus–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ukraine–United States relations">Ukraine–United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine–NATO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">enlargement of NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversy_in_Russia_regarding_the_legitimacy_of_eastward_NATO_expansion" title="Controversy in Russia regarding the legitimacy of eastward NATO expansion">eastward expansion controversy in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_open_door_policy" title="NATO open door policy">open door policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military_engagements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of military engagements during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Military engagements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ukraine campaign">Southern<br />Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_campaign" title="Snake Island campaign">Snake Island campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mariupol" title="Siege of Mariupol">Siege of Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kherson" title="Battle of Kherson">Battle of Kherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Melitopol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Melitopol">Battle of Melitopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mykolaiv" title="Battle of Mykolaiv">Battle of Mykolaiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Enerhodar" title="Battle of Enerhodar">Battle of Enerhodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Voznesensk" title="Battle of Voznesensk">Battle of Voznesensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huliaipole" title="Battle of Huliaipole">Battle of Huliaipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Davydiv_Brid" title="Battle of Davydiv Brid">Battle of Davydiv Brid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kherson_counteroffensive" title="2022 Kherson counteroffensive">Kherson counteroffensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kherson" title="Liberation of Kherson">Liberation of Kherson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Dnieper campaign (2022–present)">Dnieper campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Kakhovka_Dam" title="Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam">Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Ukraine campaign">Eastern<br />Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Volnovakha" title="Battle of Volnovakha">Battle of Volnovakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kharkiv_(2022)" title="Battle of Kharkiv (2022)">Battle of Kharkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Izium" title="Battle of Izium">Battle of Izium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rubizhne" title="Battle of Rubizhne">Battle of Rubizhne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Popasna" title="Battle of Popasna">Battle of Popasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marinka_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Battle of Marinka (2022–2023)">Battle of Marinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Donbas_(2022)" title="Battle of Donbas (2022)">Battle of Donbas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Siverskyi_Donets" title="Battle of the Siverskyi Donets">Battle of the Siverskyi Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sievierodonetsk_(2022)" title="Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)">Battle of Sievierodonetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lysychansk" title="Battle of Lysychansk">Battle of Lysychansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pisky" title="Battle of Pisky">Battle of Pisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmut" title="Battle of Bakhmut">Battle of Bakhmut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Soledar" title="Battle of Soledar">Battle of Soledar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vuhledar" title="Battle of Vuhledar">Battle of Vuhledar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kharkiv_counteroffensive" title="2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive">Kharkiv counteroffensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyman_(September%E2%80%93October_2022)" title="Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022)">Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast_campaign" title="Luhansk Oblast campaign">Luhansk Oblast campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avdiivka_(2023%E2%80%932024)" title="Battle of Avdiivka (2023–2024)">Battle of Avdiivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chasiv_Yar" title="Battle of Chasiv Yar">Battle of Chasiv Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnohorivka" title="Battle of Krasnohorivka">Battle of Krasnohorivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocheretyne" title="Battle of Ocheretyne">Battle of Ocheretyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toretsk" title="Battle of Toretsk">Battle of Toretsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokrovsk_offensive" title="Pokrovsk offensive">Pokrovsk offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurakhove" title="Battle of Kurakhove">Battle of Kurakhove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ukraine campaign">Northern<br />Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antonov_Airport" title="Battle of Antonov Airport">Battle of Antonov Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Chernobyl" title="Capture of Chernobyl">Capture of Chernobyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kyiv_(2022)" title="Battle of Kyiv (2022)">Battle of Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hostomel" title="Battle of Hostomel">Battle of Hostomel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vasylkiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Vasylkiv">Battle of Vasylkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bucha" title="Battle of Bucha">Battle of Bucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Irpin" title="Battle of Irpin">Battle of Irpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makariv" title="Battle of Makariv">Battle of Makariv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Kyiv_convoy" title="Russian Kyiv convoy">Russian Kyiv convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moshchun" title="Battle of Moshchun">Battle of Moshchun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Kozarovytska_Dam" title="Destruction of the Kozarovytska Dam">Destruction of the Kozarovytska Dam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brovary" title="Battle of Brovary">Battle of Brovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slavutych" title="Battle of Slavutych">Battle of Slavutych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sumy" title="Battle of Sumy">Battle of Sumy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chernihiv" title="Siege of Chernihiv">Siege of Chernihiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lebedyn" title="Battle of Lebedyn">Battle of Lebedyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Ukraine%E2%80%93Russia_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Ukraine–Russia border skirmishes">Northeastern border skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attacks_in_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Bryansk_Oblast_raid" title="2023 Bryansk Oblast raid">Bryansk Oblast raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_drone_attack" title="Kremlin drone attack">Kremlin drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_May_2023_Moscow_drone_strikes" title="30 May 2023 Moscow drone strikes">Moscow drone strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Belgorod_Oblast_incursions" title="2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions">2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_December_2023_Belgorod_shelling" title="30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling">30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2024_Belgorod_missile_strike" title="February 2024 Belgorod missile strike">February 2024 Belgorod missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2024_Belgorod_missile_strike" title="May 2024 Belgorod missile strike">May 2024 Belgorod missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2024_western_Russia_incursion" title="March 2024 western Russia incursion">March 2024 western Russia incursion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kursk_offensive" title="2024 Kursk offensive">2024 Kursk offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_occupation_of_Kursk_Oblast" title="Ukrainian occupation of Kursk Oblast">occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olgovskiy_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Olgovskiy Forest">Battle of Olgovskiy Forest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toropets_depot_explosions" title="Toropets depot explosions">Toropets depot explosions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airstrikes<br /> by city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Chernihiv strikes (2022–present)">Chernihiv strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnipro_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Dnipro strikes (2022–present)">Dnipro strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Ivano-Frankivsk strikes (2022–present)">Ivano-Frankivsk strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Kharkiv strikes (2022–present)">Kharkiv strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Kherson strikes (2022–present)">Kherson strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Khmelnytskyi strikes (2022–present)">Khmelnytskyi strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryvyi_Rih_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Kryvyi Rih strikes (2022–present)">Kryvyi Rih strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Kyiv strikes (2022–present)">Kyiv strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Lviv strikes (2022–present)">Lviv strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Mykolaiv strikes (2022–present)">Mykolaiv strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Odesa strikes (2022–present)">Odesa strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivne_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Rivne strikes (2022–present)">Rivne strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Vinnytsia strikes (2022–present)">Vinnytsia strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Zaporizhzhia strikes (2022–present)">Zaporizhzhia strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr_attacks_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Zhytomyr attacks (2022–present)">Zhytomyr strikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airstrikes<br />on military<br />targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuhuiv_air_base_attack" title="Chuhuiv air base attack">Chuhuiv air base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerovo_air_base_attack" title="Millerovo air base attack">Millerovo air base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Chornobaivka_attacks" title="2022 Chornobaivka attacks">Chornobaivka attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_March_2022_Mykolaiv_military_barracks_attack" title="7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack">7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavoriv_military_base_attack" title="Yavoriv military base attack">Yavoriv military base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_March_2022_Mykolaiv_military_quarters_attack" title="18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack">18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Berdiansk_port_attack" title="2022 Berdiansk port attack">Berdiansk port attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Moskva" title="Sinking of the Moskva">Sinking of the <i>Moskva</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desna_barracks_airstrike" title="Desna barracks airstrike">Desna barracks airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_attack_on_Nova_Kakhovka" title="2022 attack on Nova Kakhovka">Attack on Nova Kakhovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_attacks_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Crimea attacks (2022–present)">Crimea attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Novofedorivka_explosions" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Novofedorivka explosions">Novofedorivka explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_drone_attack_on_the_Sevastopol_Naval_Base" title="2022 drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base">Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_strike_on_the_Black_Sea_Fleet_headquarters" title="Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters">Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyagilevo_and_Engels_air_bases_attacks" title="Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks">Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makiivka_military_quarters_shelling" title="Makiivka military quarters shelling">Makiivka military quarters shelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machulishchy_air_base_attack" title="Machulishchy air base attack">Machulishchy air base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarichne_barracks_airstrike" title="Zarichne barracks airstrike">Zarichne barracks airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_resistance_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian resistance during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian-occupied Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_of_Ukraine" title="Popular Resistance of Ukraine">Popular Resistance of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berdiansk_Partisan_Army" title="Berdiansk Partisan Army">Berdiansk Partisan Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Ribbon_(movement)" title="Yellow Ribbon (movement)">Yellow Ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atesh" title="Atesh">Atesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_and_Russian_partisan_movement_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Belarusian and Russian partisan movement (2022–present)">Belarus and Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Vladlen_Tatarsky" title="Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky">Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Council_(Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine)" title="Civic Council (Armed Forces of Ukraine)">Civic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpin_Declaration" title="Irpin Declaration">Irpin Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina#Killing" title="Darya Dugina">Killing of Darya Dugina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Army_(Russia)" title="National Republican Army (Russia)">National Republican Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_military_commissariats_attacks" title="Russian military commissariats attacks">Military commissariats arsons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ust-Ilimsk_military_commissariat_shooting" title="Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting">Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bridge_(Russia)" title="Black Bridge (Russia)">Black Bridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_war_in_Russia_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Rail war in Russia (2022–present)">Rail war in Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stop_the_Wagons" title="Stop the Wagons">Stop the Wagons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Organization_of_Anarcho-Communists" title="Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists">Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_war_in_Belarus_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Rail war in Belarus (2022–present)">Rail war in Belarus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busly_liacia%C4%87" title="Busly liaciać">Busly liaciać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BYPOL" title="BYPOL">BYPOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Railway_Workers_of_Belarus" title="Community of Railway Workers of Belarus">Community of Railway Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Partisans" title="Cyber Partisans">Cyber Partisans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian<br />occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_used_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine">Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ongoing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_annexation_referendums_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine">Annexation referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_elections_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2023 elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine">Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Russian occupation of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast">Kharkiv Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast">Kherson Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Mykolaiv_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Mykolaiv Oblast">Mykolaiv Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Previous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Chernihiv_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Chernihiv Oblast">Chernihiv Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kyiv_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kyiv Oblast">Kyiv Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_campaign" title="Snake Island campaign">Odesa Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Sumy_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Sumy Oblast">Sumy Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zhytomyr_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zhytomyr Oblast">Zhytomyr Oblast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Potentially<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Black_Sea_drone_incident" title="2023 Black Sea drone incident">Black Sea drone incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_mystery_fires_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian mystery fires (2022–present)">Mystery fires in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nord_Stream_pipeline_sabotage" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage">Nord Stream pipeline sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Transnistria_attacks" title="2022 Transnistria attacks">Transnistria attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Zagreb_Tu-141_crash" title="2022 Zagreb Tu-141 crash">Zagreb Tu-141 crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Crimean_Bridge_explosion" title="2022 Crimean Bridge explosion">2022 Crimean Bridge explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Crimean_Bridge_explosion" title="2023 Crimean Bridge explosion">2023 Crimean Bridge explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine#2022_Ukrainian_coup_d'etat_attempt" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridges_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_drone" title="Dragon drone">Dragon drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violations_of_non-combatant_airspaces_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Violations of non-combatant airspaces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Violations of non-combatant airspaces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_missile_explosion_in_Poland" title="2022 missile explosion in Poland">Missile explosion in Poland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Synytsia" title="Operation Synytsia">Operation Synytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_and_electronic_warfare" title="Ukraine and electronic warfare">Ukraine and electronic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_long-range_weapons_by_Ukraine_in_Russia" title="Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia">Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Ukrainian_counteroffensive" title="2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive">2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ukrainian_cyberattacks_against_Russia" title="2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia">2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="War_crimes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">War crimes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accusations_of_genocide_in_Donbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusations of genocide in Donbas">Accusations of genocide in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_of_Ukrainians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Child abductions in the Russo-Ukrainian War">child abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_strikes_on_hospitals_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian strikes on hospitals during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Attacks on hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_cluster_munitions_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Use of cluster munitions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Cluster munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_incendiary_weapons_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Use of incendiary weapons in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Incendiary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmines_in_Ukraine" title="Landmines in Ukraine">Landmines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_filtration_camps_for_Ukrainians" title="Russian filtration camps for Ukrainians">Russian filtration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_usage_of_mobile_crematoriums_in_Ukraine" title="Russian usage of mobile crematoriums in Ukraine">Russian mobile crematoriums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_theft_of_Ukrainian_grain" title="2022 Russian theft of Ukrainian grain">Russian theft of Ukrainian grain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_torture_chambers_in_Ukraine" title="Russian torture chambers in Ukraine">Russian torture chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting_by_Russian_forces_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Looting by Russian forces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of prisoners of war in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Mistreatment of prisoners of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_civilians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Attacks on<br />civilians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2022_Kharkiv_cluster_bombing" title="February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing">February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_government_building_airstrike" title="Kharkiv government building airstrike">Kharkiv government building airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_March_2022_Chernihiv_bombing" title="3 March 2022 Chernihiv bombing">3 March Chernihiv bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpin_refugee_column_shelling" title="Irpin refugee column shelling">Irpin refugee column shelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_hospital_airstrike" title="Mariupol hospital airstrike">Mariupol hospital airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stara_Krasnianka_care_house_attack" title="Stara Krasnianka care house attack">Stara Krasnianka care house attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv_cluster_bombing" title="Mykolaiv cluster bombing">Mykolaiv cluster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2022_Donetsk_attack" title="March 2022 Donetsk attack">March 2022 Donetsk attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Borodianka" title="Bombing of Borodianka">2022 Borodianka airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16_March_2022_Chernihiv_breadline_attack" title="16 March 2022 Chernihiv breadline attack">Chernihiv breadline attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_theatre_airstrike" title="Mariupol theatre airstrike">Mariupol theatre airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_shopping_centre_bombing" title="Kyiv shopping centre bombing">Kyiv shopping centre bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumykhimprom_ammonia_leak" title="Sumykhimprom ammonia leak">Sumykhimprom ammonia leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2022_Kharkiv_cluster_bombing" title="March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing">March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv_government_building_missile_strike" title="Mykolaiv government building missile strike">Mykolaiv government building missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucha_massacre" title="Bucha massacre">Bucha massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk_railway_station_attack" title="Kramatorsk railway station attack">Kramatorsk railway station attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2022_Kharkiv_cluster_bombing" title="April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing">April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilohorivka_school_bombing" title="Bilohorivka school bombing">Bilohorivka school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Andrii_Bohomaz" title="Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz">Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisky_Market_attack" title="Maisky Market attack">Maisky Market attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremenchuk_shopping_mall_attack" title="Kremenchuk shopping mall attack">Kremenchuk shopping mall attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhiivka_missile_strike" title="Serhiivka missile strike">Serhiivka missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasiv_Yar_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Chasiv Yar missile strike">Chasiv Yar missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olenivka_prison_massacre" title="Olenivka prison massacre">Olenivka prison massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_dormitories_missile_strike" title="Kharkiv dormitories missile strike">Kharkiv dormitories missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplyne_railway_station_attack" title="Chaplyne railway station attack">Chaplyne railway station attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izium_mass_graves" title="Izium mass graves">Izium mass graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Donetsk_attack" title="September 2022 Donetsk attack">September 2022 Donetsk attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_civilian_convoy_attack" title="Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack">Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupiansk_civilian_convoy_shelling" title="Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling">Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Zaporizhzhia_residential_building_airstrike" title="2022 Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike">Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present)">Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Dnipro_residential_building_airstrike" title="2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike">2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2023_Sloviansk_airstrike" title="April 2023 Sloviansk airstrike">Sloviansk airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Uman_missile_strike" title="2023 Uman missile strike">Uman missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Kramatorsk_restaurant_missile_strike" title="2023 Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike">Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_cluster_bombing" title="Lyman cluster bombing">Lyman cluster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Pokrovsk_missile_strike" title="2023 Pokrovsk missile strike">2023 Pokrovsk missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2023_Chernihiv_missile_strike" title="August 2023 Chernihiv missile strike">Chernihiv missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2023_Kostiantynivka_missile_strike" title="September 2023 Kostiantynivka missile strike">Kostiantynivka missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hroza_missile_attack" title="Hroza missile attack">Hroza missile attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volnovakha_massacre" title="Volnovakha massacre">Volnovakha massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_December_2023_Russian_strikes_on_Ukraine" title="29 December 2023 Russian strikes on Ukraine">December 2023 strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Pokrovsk_missile_strike" title="2024 Pokrovsk missile strike">2024 Pokrovsk missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Donetsk_attack" title="2024 Donetsk attack">2024 Donetsk attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Lysychansk_missile_strike" title="2024 Lysychansk missile strike">Lysychansk missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_March_2024_Odesa_strike" title="6 March 2024 Odesa strike">6 March 2024 Odesa strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_March_2024_Russian_strikes_on_Ukraine" title="22 March 2024 Russian strikes on Ukraine">March 2024 strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_May_2024_Kharkiv_missile_strikes" title="25 May 2024 Kharkiv missile strikes">May 2024 Kharkiv strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_children%27s_hospital_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv children's hospital airstrike">8 July 2024 strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kostiantynivka_supermarket_missile_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack">2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_August_2024_Russian_strikes_on_Ukraine" title="26 August 2024 Russian strikes on Ukraine">26 August 2024 strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Poltava_strike" title="September 2024 Poltava strike">September 2024 Poltava strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crimes<br />against<br />soldiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torture_of_Russian_soldiers_in_Mala_Rohan" title="Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan">Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_and_castration_of_a_Ukrainian_POW_in_Pryvillia" title="Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia">Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_soldiers_by_Kadyrovites" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites">Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Yevgeny_Nuzhin" title="Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin">Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makiivka_surrender_incident" title="Makiivka surrender incident">Makiivka surrender incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Oleksandr_Matsievskyi" title="Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi">Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ukrainian_prisoner_of_war_beheading" title="2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading">2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">ICC investigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Russian_figures" title="International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Russian figures">Arrest warrants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">ICJ court case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_on_Accountability_for_Crimes_Committed_in_Ukraine" title="Task Force on Accountability for Crimes Committed in Ukraine">Task Force on Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction_investigations_of_war_crimes_in_Ukraine" title="Universal jurisdiction investigations of war crimes in Ukraine">Universal jurisdiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Special_international_tribunal_for_the_crime_of_aggression_(Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine)" title="Special international tribunal for the crime of aggression (Russian invasion of Ukraine)">Crime of aggression</a></i></li> <li>Criminal proceedings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Vadim_Shishimarin" title="Trial of Vadim Shishimarin">Vadim Shishimarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Alexander_Bobikin_and_Alexander_Ivanov" title="Trial of Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov">Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Anton_Cherednik" title="Trial of Anton Cherednik">Anton Cherednik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Reactions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Reactions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_and_intergovernmental_reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Government and intergovernmental reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">States<br />and<br />official<br />entities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Sanctions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian War">people and organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_transit_to_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast">restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Military aid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Assistance_Mission_in_support_of_Ukraine" title="European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine">European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bayraktar" title="People's Bayraktar">People's Bayraktar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signmyrocket.com" title="Signmyrocket.com">Signmyrocket.com</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of humanitarian aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yachts_impacted_by_international_sanctions_following_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Yachts impacted by international sanctions following the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Sanctioned yachts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Relations with Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Application to NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_Brave_Like_Ukraine" title="Be Brave Like Ukraine">Be Brave Like Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave1" title="Brave1">Brave1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine_%22On_the_Protection_of_the_Constitutional_Order_in_the_Field_of_Activities_of_Religious_Organizations%22" title="Law of Ukraine "On the Protection of the Constitutional Order in the Field of Activities of Religious Organizations""> Ban on Russia-associated religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_Headquarters_for_the_Treatment_of_Prisoners_of_War" title="Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War">Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Condemnation_and_Prohibition_of_Propaganda_of_Russian_Imperial_Policy_in_Ukraine_and_the_Decolonization_of_Toponymy" title="On the Condemnation and Prohibition of Propaganda of Russian Imperial Policy in Ukraine and the Decolonization of Toponymy">Decolonization and derussification law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(situational_awareness_system)" title="Delta (situational awareness system)">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyed_Russian_military_equipment_exhibition" title="Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition">Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Courage_and_Bravery_(Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine)">For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_From_Ukraine_program" title="Grain From Ukraine program">Grain From Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Supreme_Commander-in-Chief" title="Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief">Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_City_of_Ukraine" title="Hero City of Ukraine">Hero City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Want_to_Live_(hotline)" title="I Want to Live (hotline)">I Want to Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Legion_(Ukraine)" title="International Legion (Ukraine)">International Legion</a> and other foreign units <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Volunteer_Corps" title="Belarusian Volunteer Corps">Belarusian Volunteer Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Battalion" title="Terror Battalion">Terror Battalion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Maple_Company" title="Black Maple Company">Black Maple Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian-Ukrainian_Brigade" title="Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade">Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Russia_Legion" title="Freedom of Russia Legion">Freedom of Russia Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Volunteer_Corps" title="German Volunteer Corps">German Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_National_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelian National Battalion">Karelian National Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastu%C5%9B_Kalino%C5%ADski_Regiment" title="Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment">Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Brigade" title="Norman Brigade">Norman Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahonia_Regiment" title="Pahonia Regiment">Pahonia Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Volunteer_Corps" title="Polish Volunteer Corps">Polish Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Battlegroup_Getica" title="Romanian Battlegroup Getica">Romanian Battlegroup Getica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Volunteer_Corps" title="Russian Volunteer Corps">Russian Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_Special_Purpose_Battalion" title="Separate Special Purpose Battalion">Separate Special Purpose Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibir_Battalion" title="Sibir Battalion">Sibir Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan_Battalion" title="Turan Battalion">Turan Battalion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sponsors_of_War" title="International Sponsors of War">International Sponsors of War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_on_forced_confiscation_of_Russian_property_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law on forced confiscation of Russian property in Ukraine (page does not exist)">Forced confiscation law of Russian property</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%A4" class="extiw" title="ru:Украинский закон о принудительном изъятии имущества резидентов РФ">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%A4" class="extiw" title="uk:Український закон про примусове вилучення майна резидентів РФ">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_for_Your_Own" title="Look for Your Own">Look for Your Own</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil_oil_transit_dispute" title="Lukoil oil transit dispute">Lukoil sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Ukraine#2022_martial_law" title="Martial law in Ukraine">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization_in_Ukraine#2022" title="Mobilization in Ukraine">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Center_Ukraine" title="Media Center Ukraine">Media Center Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_for_the_Recovery_of_Ukraine_from_the_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War (page does not exist)">National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="uk:Національна рада з відновлення України від наслідків війни">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Multi-Subject_Test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Multi-Subject Test (page does not exist)">National Multi-Subject Test</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" class="extiw" title="uk:Національний мультипредметний тест">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="North Korea–Ukraine relations">North Korea–Ukraine relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Points_of_Invincibility" title="Points of Invincibility">Points of Invincibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_recognition_of_the_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Ukrainian recognition of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Recognition of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescuer_City" title="Rescuer City">Rescuer City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Save_Ukrainian_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Save Ukrainian Culture (page does not exist)">Save Ukrainian Culture</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83" class="extiw" title="uk:Збережіть українську культуру">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Syria–Ukraine relations">Syria–Ukraine relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Freedom_Orchestra" title="Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra">Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United24" title="United24">United24</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_News_(telethon)" title="United News (telethon)">United News</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>highways in the annexed territories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A290_highway_(Russia)" title="A290 highway (Russia)">A290</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavrida_Highway" title="Tavrida Highway">A291 "Tavrida"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R260_highway_(Russia)" title="R260 highway (Russia)">R260</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R280_highway_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R280 highway (Russia) (page does not exist)">R280 "Novorossiya"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Moscow_rally" title="2022 Moscow rally">2022 Moscow rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Moscow_rally" title="2023 Moscow rally">2023 Moscow rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Presidential_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly" title="2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly">2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_blockade_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian blockade of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Blockade of Ukraine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="ru:Российская блокада украинских портов">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion">Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Censorship in Russia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Цензура в России во время вторжения на Украину">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Chechen involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Chechnya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_volunteers_on_the_side_of_Ukraine" title="Chechen volunteers on the side of Ukraine">Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conmemorative_Medal_%22Participant_of_a_Special_Military_Operation%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" (page does not exist)">Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation"</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%C2%AB%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%C2%BB" class="extiw" title="ru:Памятная медаль «Участнику специальной военной операции»">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conversations_about_Important_Things" title="Conversations about Important Things">Conversations about Important Things</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasovsky_case" title="Krasovsky case">Krasovsky case</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legalization_of_parallel_imports_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legalization of parallel imports in Russia (page does not exist)">Legalization of parallel imports</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Легализация параллельного импорта в России">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_South_Russian_People%27s_Council" title="Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council">Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_martial_law" title="2022 Russian martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masha_Moskalyova_case" title="Masha Moskalyova case">Masha Moskalyova case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Crimea" title="Metropolis of Crimea">Metropolis of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Simonov_case" title="Mikhail Simonov case">Mikhail Simonov case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_mobilization" title="2022 Russian mobilization">Mobilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_irregular_forces_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian irregular forces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Recruitment of irregular forces</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B,_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Нерегулярные вооружённые силы, участвующие во вторжении России на Украину">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppelganger_(disinformation_campaign)" title="Doppelganger (disinformation campaign)">Operation Doppelgänger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opinion_polling_in_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opinion polling in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Opinion polling</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Социологические опросы в России во время вторжения на Украину">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Russian_Christmas_truce_proposal" title="2023 Russian Christmas truce proposal">Orthodox Christmas truce proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group%E2%80%93Ministry_of_Defense_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict">Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_the_Clergy_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_for_Reconciliation_and_an_End_to_War" title="Appeal of the Clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church for Reconciliation and an End to War">Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_Committee_for_Peace_and_Order" title="Salvation Committee for Peace and Order">Salvation Committee for Peace and Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Coordinating_Council_for_Security_Enhancement" title="Special Coordinating Council for Security Enhancement">Special Coordinating Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory" title="Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory">Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfriendly_countries_list" title="Unfriendly countries list">Unfriendly countries list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">War censorship laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Are_Together._Sports" title="We Are Together. Sports">We Are Together. Sports</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Russia_Should_Do_with_Ukraine" title="What Russia Should Do with Ukraine">What Russia Should Do with Ukraine</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Joe_Biden_speech_in_Warsaw" title="2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw">2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2022 State of the Union Address">2022 State of the Union Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2022" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2023" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_Governance_Board" title="Disinformation Governance Board">Disinformation Governance Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_14071" title="Executive Order 14071">Executive Order 14071</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Pentagon_document_leaks" title="2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks">Pentagon document leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_KleptoCapture" title="Task Force KleptoCapture">Task Force KleptoCapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Defense_Contact_Group" title="Ukraine Defense Contact Group">Ukraine Defense Contact Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Democracy_Defense_Lend-Lease_Act_of_2022" title="Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022">Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Security_Assistance_Initiative" title="Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative">Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Belarus</a></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ukraine_authorization_for_emergency_travel" title="Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel">Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Upheaval" title="Axis of Upheaval">Closer ties with Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_Position_on_the_Political_Settlement_of_the_Ukrainian_Crisis" title="China's Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukrainian Crisis">Chinese peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Hong Kong and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War_on_Croatia" title="Influence of the Russo-Ukrainian War on Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Danish_European_Union_opt-out_referendum" title="2022 Danish European Union opt-out referendum">Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Federated States of Micronesia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federated_States_of_Micronesia%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federated States of Micronesia–Russia relations (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia–Russia relations</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Российско-микронезийские отношения">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Aigle" title="Mission Aigle">Mission Aigle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Georgia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Georgia</a></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Taurus_controversy" title="German Taurus controversy">German Taurus controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Taurus_leak" title="German Taurus leak">Taurus leak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitenwende_speech" title="Zeitenwende speech">Zeitenwende speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Hungary and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Hungary</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ganga" title="Operation Ganga">Operation Ganga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Upheaval" title="Axis of Upheaval">Closer ties with Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Israel_Guarantees" title="Operation Israel Guarantees">Operation Israel Guarantees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Lithuania and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova_and_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Moldova and the Russo-Ukrainian War">Moldova</a></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_Sanctions_Act_2022" title="Russia Sanctions Act 2022">Russia Sanctions Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="North Korea and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">North Korea</a></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Ukraine_border_crisis" title="Poland–Ukraine border crisis">border crisis with Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syria and the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Syria</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Сирия и вторжение России на Украину">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Taiwan and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Taiwan</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Crime_(Transparency_and_Enforcement)_Act_2022" title="Economic Crime (Transparency and Enforcement) Act 2022">Economic Crime Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homes_for_Ukraine" title="Homes for Ukraine">Homes for Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Interflex" title="Operation Interflex">Operation Interflex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_emergency_special_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="Eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly">Emergency special session</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/1" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1">Resolution ES-11/1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/2" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/2">Resolution ES-11/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/3" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/3">Resolution ES-11/3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/4" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/4">Resolution ES-11/4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/5" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/5">Resolution ES-11/5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/6" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/6">Resolution ES-11/6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2623" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2623">Security Council Resolution 2623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_A/RES/77/229" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/77/229">Resolution A/RES/77/229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_truce" title="Easter truce">Easter truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Moldova_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Moldova to the European Union">Accession of Moldova to the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">Accession of Ukraine to the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Brussels_summit" title="2022 Brussels summit">Brussels summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_European_Political_Community_Summit" title="1st European Political Community Summit">1st summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_European_Political_Community_Summit" title="2nd European Political Community Summit">2nd summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_European_Political_Community_Summit" title="3rd European Political Community Summit">3rd summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Madrid_summit" title="2022 Madrid summit">Madrid summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_NATO_virtual_summit" title="2022 NATO virtual summit">NATO virtual summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Oscar" title="Operation Oscar">Operation Oscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ramstein_Air_Base_meeting" title="2022 Ramstein Air Base meeting">Ramstein Air Base meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_EU%E2%80%93Ukraine_Summit" title="2023 EU–Ukraine Summit">EU–Ukraine Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REPowerEU" title="REPowerEU">REPowerEU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steadfast_Defender_2024" title="Steadfast Defender 2024">Steadfast Defender 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWIFT_ban_against_Russian_banks" title="SWIFT ban against Russian banks">SWIFT ban against Russian banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Recovery_Conference" title="Ukraine Recovery Conference">Ukraine Recovery Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versailles_declaration" title="Versailles declaration">Versailles declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Vilnius_summit" title="2023 Vilnius summit">2023 Vilnius summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit" title="15th BRICS summit">15th BRICS summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Washington_summit" title="2024 Washington summit">2024 Washington summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_of_Russia_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary#21st_century" title="Consecration of Russia to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Consecration of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-16_training_coalition" title="F-16 training coalition">F-16 training coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Finland–NATO relations">Finland–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_border_barrier" title="Finland–Russia border barrier">Finland–Russia border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_diplomacy" title="Iron diplomacy">Iron diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Russian_annexation_of_South_Ossetia#2022_proposal" title="Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia">Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia#2022" title="Terrorism in Russia">Recognition of Russia as a terrorist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_removed_following_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of monuments and memorials removed following the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Removal of monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_renamed_due_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of streets renamed due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Streets renamed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Square,_Oslo" title="Ukraine Square, Oslo">Ukraine Square, Oslo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_heads_of_state_and_government_that_have_visited_Ukraine_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Sweden–NATO relations">Sweden–NATO relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Swedish_anti-terrorism_bill" title="2023 Swedish anti-terrorism bill">Swedish anti-terrorism bill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-government_reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Non-government reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Public</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Protests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>In Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_protests_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine">in Russian-occupied Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_monuments_to_Alexander_Pushkin_in_Ukraine" title="Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine">demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmWomenNow" title="ArmWomenNow">ArmWomenNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Artistic_Front" title="Ukrainian Artistic Front">Ukrainian Artistic Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_protests_in_Russia_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Anti-war protests in Russia (2022–present)">In Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angry_patriots" title="Angry patriots">Angry patriots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_of_Angry_Patriots" title="Club of Angry Patriots">Club of Angry Patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-War_Committee_of_Russia" title="Anti-War Committee of Russia">Anti-War Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_deaths_of_Russian_businesspeople_(2022%E2%80%932024)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople (2022–2024)">Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_(Russia,_2022)" title="Congress of People's Deputies (Russia, 2022)">Congress of People's Deputies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Mothers_and_Wives" title="Council of Mothers and Wives">Council of Mothers and Wives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Anti-War_Resistance" title="Feminist Anti-War Resistance">Feminist Anti-War Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_protests" title="Flower protests">Flower protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Ovsyannikova" title="Marina Ovsyannikova">Marina Ovsyannikova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Action_Committee" title="Russian Action Committee">Russian Action Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_North_Caucasian_protests" title="2022 North Caucasian protests">North Caucasian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_Far_East_protests" title="2022 Russian Far East protests">2022 Russian Far East protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_initiative_for_charging_Vladimir_Putin_of_high_treason" title="Municipal initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason">State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-blue-white_flag" title="White-blue-white flag">White-blue-white flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine#Belarusian_opposition_to_the_invasion" title="Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">In Belarus</a></li> <li>In China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Translation_Movement" title="Great Translation Movement">Great Translation Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>In Czech Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_First!" title="Czech Republic First!">Czech Republic First!</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_responses_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Corporate responses to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_address_of_the_Russian_Union_of_Rectors" title="2022 address of the Russian Union of Rectors">Address of the Russian Union of Rectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott_of_Russia_and_Belarus" title="Boycott of Russia and Belarus">Boycott of Russia and Belarus</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Do_not_buy_Russian_goods!" title="Do not buy Russian goods!">Do not buy Russian goods!</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.N.O.T._Corp." title="E.N.O.T. Corp.">E.N.O.T. Corp.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Mangushev" title="Igor Mangushev">Igor Mangushev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_in_Russia" title="McDonald's in Russia">McDonald's in Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vkusno_i_tochka" title="Vkusno i tochka">Vkusno i tochka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NashStore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NashStore (page does not exist)">NashStore</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/NashStore" class="extiw" title="ru:NashStore">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Satellite" title="People's Satellite">People's Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Starlink satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Bloody_Energy" title="Stop Bloody Energy">Stop Bloody Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_activities_in_Ukraine" title="Wagner Group activities in Ukraine">Wagner Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Aleksandrovich_Medvedev" title="Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev">Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Nemes_Tarimo" title="Death of Nemes Tarimo">Death of Nemes Tarimo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_CELI_List_of_Companies" title="Yale CELI List of Companies">Yale CELI List of Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Anonymous and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Anonymous and the invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alerts.in.ua" title="Alerts.in.ua">alerts.in.ua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_DDoS_attacks_on_Romania" title="2022 DDoS attacks on Romania">DDoS attacks on Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepStateMap.Live" title="DeepStateMap.Live">DeepStateMap.Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT_Army_of_Ukraine" title="IT Army of Ukraine">IT Army of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killnet" title="Killnet">Killnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveuamap" title="Liveuamap">Liveuamap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_intelligence_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Open-source intelligence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Open-source intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacenotwar" title="Peacenotwar">peacenotwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Asset_Tracker" title="Russian Asset Tracker">Russian Asset Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squad303&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Squad303 (page does not exist)">Squad303</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad303" class="extiw" title="pl:Squad303">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Siren_Alerts" title="Ukraine Siren Alerts">Ukraine Siren Alerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Wikipedia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Wikipedia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_of_Wikipedia_in_Russia#2022_threat_to_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Blocking of Wikipedia in Russia">threat to block in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Mark_Bernstein" title="Detention of Mark Bernstein">detention of Mark Bernstein</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_expulsions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_spies_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Azovstal_Defenders%27_Families" title="Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families">Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Grain_Initiative" title="Black Sea Grain Initiative">Black Sea Grain Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Collaboration with Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Collaboration with Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/We_Are_Together_with_Russia" title="We Are Together with Russia">We Are Together with Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concert_for_Ukraine" title="Concert for Ukraine">Concert for Ukraine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Buryatia_Foundation" title="Free Buryatia Foundation">Free Buryatia Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Nations_of_Post-Russia_Forum" title="Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum">Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game4Ukraine" title="Game4Ukraine">Game4Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Lost_(organisation)" title="Get Lost (organisation)">Get Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Tour_for_Peace" title="Global Tour for Peace">Global Tour for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_by_the_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Go by the Forest">Go by the Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_the_Free_World" title="Guide to the Free World">Guide to the Free World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_Group" title="Mozart Group">Mozart Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olena_Zelenska_Foundation" title="Olena Zelenska Foundation">Olena Zelenska Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_open_letter_from_Nobel_laureates_in_support_of_Ukraine" title="2022 open letter from Nobel laureates in support of Ukraine">Open letter from Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Sudoplatov_Battalion" title="Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion">Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubikus.HelpUA" title="Rubikus.HelpUA">Rubikus.HelpUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Shostak_Charitable_Foundation" title="Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation">Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%27s_War_Crimes_House" title="Russia's War Crimes House">Russia's War Crimes House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saving_Ukrainian_Cultural_Heritage_Online" title="Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online">Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhiy_Prytula_Charity_Foundation" title="Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation">Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Spain_letter_bomb_attacks" title="2022 Spain letter bomb attacks">Spain letter bomb attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermak-McFaul_Expert_Group_on_Russian_Sanctions" title="Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions">Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Filatyev" title="Pavel Filatyev">Pavel Filatyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Russia" title="True Russia">True Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volos_Declaration" title="Volos Declaration">Volos Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_ban_on_Russian_and_Belarusian_players" title="Wimbledon ban on Russian and Belarusian players">Wimbledon ban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Aircraft losses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Casualties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War">journalists killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_generals_killed_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of Russian generals killed during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian generals killed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Economic impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2023 inflation">Inflation surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Moldovan_energy_crisis" title="2022–2023 Moldovan energy crisis">Moldovan energy crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_protests_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Moldovan protests (2022–2023)">protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_gas_dispute" title="2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute">Russia–EU gas dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nord_Stream_pipeline_sabotage" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage">2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_debt_default" title="2022 Russian debt default">Russian debt default</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_crude_oil_price_cap_sanctions" title="2022 Russian crude oil price cap sanctions">2022 Russian oil price cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_economic_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="German economic crisis (2022–present)">2022-2024 German economic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Russian_oil_products_sanctions_and_price_cap" title="2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap">2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_natural_gas_price_cap" title="EU natural gas price cap">EU natural gas price cap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine#During_the_2022_Russian_invasion" title="Education in Ukraine">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisky_War" title="Whisky War">End of the Whisky War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Environmental impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2022" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2022">Eurovision Song Contest 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2022" title="Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2022" title="Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2023">Eurovision Song Contest 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_food_crises" class="mw-redirect" title="2022–2023 food crises">Food crises</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre during the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Impact on theatre</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="uk:Театр часів Російсько-української війни">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_deaths_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable deaths during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">List of notable deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil_oil_transit_dispute" title="Lukoil oil transit dispute">Lukoil oil transit dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_on_nuclear_power_plants" title="Impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on nuclear power plants">Nuclear power plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Nuclear_Power_Plant_crisis" title="Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis">Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_risk_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Nuclear risk during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Nuclear risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Religion and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_emigration_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian emigration during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_(organisation)" title="Ark (organisation)">The Ark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Ship losses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cultural_heritage_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian cultural heritage during the 2022 Russian invasion">Ukrainian cultural heritage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_theft_and_looting_by_Russia_during_the_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Art theft and looting by Russia during the invasion of Ukraine">art theft and looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_damaged_cultural_sites_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of damaged cultural sites during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">damaged cultural sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Trauma in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Urengoy%E2%80%93Pomary%E2%80%93Uzhhorod_pipeline_explosion" title="2022 Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion">Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_energy_crisis" title="Ukrainian energy crisis">Ukrainian energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violations_of_non-combatant_airspaces_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Violations of non-combatant airspaces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Violations of non-combatant airspaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Women in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human<br />rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_impacts_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Humanitarian impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Humanitarian impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">Ukrainian refugee crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sobieskiego_100" title="Sobieskiego 100">Sobieskiego 100</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_Ukraine" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine">UN Commission of Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Monitoring_Mission_in_Ukraine" title="United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine">UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms and<br />phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/And_now_I_will_show_you_where_the_attack_on_Belarus_was_prepared_from" title="And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from">And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons_(slur)" title="Anglo-Saxons (slur)">Anglo-Saxons</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bavovna" title="Bavovna">Bavovna</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Grandpa_in_his_bunker" title="Grandpa in his bunker">Grandpa in his bunker</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Good_Evening_(Where_Are_You_From%3F)" title="Good Evening (Where Are You From?)">Good evening, we are from Ukraine</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Orc_(slang)" title="Orc (slang)">Orc</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Putin_khuylo!#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Putin khuylo!">Putin khuylo!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Khuy_Voyne!#Russo-Ukrainian_war" title="Khuy Voyne!">Khuy Voyne!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russia_is_here_forever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russia is here forever (page does not exist)">Russia is here forever</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="uk:Росія тут назавжди">uk</a>]</span>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Russian_warship,_go_fuck_yourself" title="Russian warship, go fuck yourself">Russian warship, go fuck yourself</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Slava_Ukraini#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Slava Ukraini">Slava Ukraini!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Special_military_operation" title="Special military operation">Special military operation</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/To_bomb_Voronezh" title="To bomb Voronezh">To bomb Voronezh</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Strength_is_in_truth" title="Strength is in truth">Strength is in truth</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Westsplaining" title="Westsplaining">Westsplaining</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Where_have_you_been_for_eight_years%3F" title="Where have you been for eight years?">Where have you been for eight years?</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Without_you_(speech)" title="Without you (speech)">Without you</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/12_(song)" title="12 (song)">12</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bakhmut_Fortress" title="Bakhmut Fortress">Bakhmut Fortress</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bayraktar_(song)" title="Bayraktar (song)">Bayraktar</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bilia_topoli" title="Bilia topoli">Bilia topoli</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/City_of_Mary_(song)" title="City of Mary (song)">City of Mary</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_Minefields" title="Flowers of Minefields">Flowers of Minefields</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Generation_Cancellation" title="Generation Cancellation">Generation Cancellation</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Generation_Z_(song)" title="Generation Z (song)">Generation Z</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Russian_(song)" title="I'm Russian (song)">I'm Russian</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oyda_(song)" title="Oyda (song)">Oyda</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hey,_Hey,_Rise_Up!" title="Hey, Hey, Rise Up!">Hey, Hey, Rise Up!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mama_%C5%A0%C4%8C!" title="Mama ŠČ!">Mama ŠČ!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oi_u_luzi_chervona_kalyna" title="Oi u luzi chervona kalyna">Oi u luzi chervona kalyna</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Slava_Ukraini!_(song)" title="Slava Ukraini! (song)">Slava Ukraini!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Stefania_(song)" title="Stefania (song)">Stefania</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ukraine_(song)" title="Ukraine (song)">Ukraine</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Crushed_(Imagine_Dragons_song)" title="Crushed (Imagine Dragons song)">Crushed</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/20_Days_in_Mariupol" title="20 Days in Mariupol">20 Days in Mariupol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Rising_Fury" title="A Rising Fury">A Rising Fury</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Follow_Me_(documentary)" title="Follow Me (documentary)">Follow Me</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intercepted_(film)" title="Intercepted (film)">Intercepted</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russians_at_War" title="Russians at War">Russians at War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turn_in_the_Wound" title="Turn in the Wound">Turn in the Wound</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukraine_on_Fire_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukraine on Fire 2 (page does not exist)">Ukraine on Fire 2</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96_2" class="extiw" title="uk:Україна в огні 2">uk</a>]</span></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon%2713" title="Babylon'13">Babylon'13</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Cold_War" title="Back to the Cold War">Back to the Cold War</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borodianka_cat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borodianka cat (page does not exist)">Borodianka cat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="uk:Кішка з Бородянки">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Kyiv" title="Ghost of Kyiv">Ghost of Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson_watermelon" title="Kherson watermelon">Kherson watermelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A1lovec_Region" title="Královec Region">Královec Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_Kyiv" title="Madonna of Kyiv">Madonna of Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAFO_(group)" title="NAFO (group)">North Atlantic Fella Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspeak_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newspeak in Russia (page does not exist)">Newspeak in Russia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B7_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Новояз в России">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%97" class="extiw" title="uk:Новомова в Росії">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_(dog)" title="Patron (dog)">Patron</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Putler#After_2014" title="Putler">Putler</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Putinversteher" title="Putinversteher">Putinversteher</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon_of_Kherson" title="Raccoon of Kherson">Raccoon of Kherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Javelin" title="Saint Javelin">Saint Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Mariuburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Mariuburg (page does not exist)">Saint Mariuburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" class="extiw" title="ru:Санкт-Мариубург">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" class="extiw" title="uk:Санкт-Маріубург">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasylkiv_maiolica_rooster" title="Vasylkiv maiolica rooster">Vasylkiv maiolica rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin%27s_meeting_table" title="Vladimir Putin's meeting table">Vladimir Putin's meeting table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_of_the_Brave" title="Walk of the Brave">Walk of the Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_(military_symbol)" title="Z (military symbol)">"Z" military symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Key_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Key people</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speeches_by_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Speeches by Volodymyr Zelenskyy during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">speeches during the invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_visit_by_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_to_the_United_States" title="2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the United States">visit to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_visit_by_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="2023 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the United Kingdom">visit to the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2023_European_visits_by_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="May 2023 European visits by Volodymyr Zelenskyy">visits to Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky" title="Andriy Biletsky">Andriy Biletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denys_Shmyhal" title="Denys Shmyhal">Denys Shmyhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denys_Kireyev" title="Denys Kireyev">Denys Kireyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denys_Monastyrsky" title="Denys Monastyrsky">Denys Monastyrsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denys_Prokopenko" title="Denys Prokopenko">Denys Prokopenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iryna_Venediktova" title="Iryna Venediktova">Iryna Venediktova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrylo_Budanov" title="Kyrylo Budanov">Kyrylo Budanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Oleschuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mykola Oleschuk">Mykola Oleschuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Pavlyuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleksandr Pavlyuk">Oleksandr Pavlyuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Syrskyi" title="Oleksandr Syrskyi">Oleksandr Syrskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksii_Reznikov" title="Oleksii Reznikov">Oleksii Reznikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksiy_Danilov" title="Oleksiy Danilov">Oleksiy Danilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksiy_Neizhpapa" title="Oleksiy Neizhpapa">Oleksiy Neizhpapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khomchak" title="Ruslan Khomchak">Ruslan Khomchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustem_Umerov" title="Rustem Umerov">Rustem Umerov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergiy_Kyslytsya" title="Sergiy Kyslytsya">Sergiy Kyslytsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhiy_Shaptala" title="Serhiy Shaptala">Serhiy Shaptala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhii_Sternenko" title="Serhii Sternenko">Serhii Sternenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerii_Zaluzhnyi" title="Valerii Zaluzhnyi">Valerii Zaluzhnyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitali_Klitschko" title="Vitali Klitschko">Vitali Klitschko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Moisiuk" title="Yevhen Moisiuk">Yevhen Moisiuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dvornikov" title="Aleksandr Dvornikov">Aleksandr Dvornikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Lapin_(general)" title="Aleksandr Lapin (general)">Aleksandr Lapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Dyumin" title="Aleksey Dyumin">Aleksey Dyumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Nagin" title="Aleksey Nagin">Aleksey Nagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bortnikov" title="Alexander Bortnikov">Alexander Bortnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kolesnikov_(general)" title="Andrei Kolesnikov (general)">Andrei Kolesnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sychevoi" title="Andrei Sychevoi">Andrei Sychevoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Belousov" title="Andrey Belousov">Andrey Belousov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vorobyov" title="Andrey Vorobyov">Andrey Vorobyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zhidko" title="Gennady Zhidko">Gennady Zhidko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Kastyukevich" title="Igor Kastyukevich">Igor Kastyukevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ivanovich_Popov" title="Ivan Ivanovich Popov">Ivan Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Mishustin" title="Mikhail Mishustin">Mikhail Mishustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lvova-Belova" title="Maria Lvova-Belova">Maria Lvova-Belova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patrushev" title="Nikolai Patrushev">Nikolai Patrushev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Salyukov" title="Oleg Salyukov">Oleg Salyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Tsokov" title="Oleg Tsokov">Oleg Tsokov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Berdnikov" title="Roman Berdnikov">Roman Berdnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustam_Muradov" title="Rustam Muradov">Rustam Muradov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kobylash" title="Sergey Kobylash">Sergey Kobylash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Naryshkin" title="Sergey Naryshkin">Sergey Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Surovikin" title="Sergey Surovikin">Sergey Surovikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timur_Ivanov" title="Timur Ivanov">Timur Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Gerasimov" title="Valery Gerasimov">Valery Gerasimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sokolov_(naval_officer)" title="Viktor Sokolov (naval officer)">Viktor Sokolov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Zolotov" title="Viktor Zolotov">Viktor Zolotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Gerasimov" title="Vitaly Gerasimov">Vitaly Gerasimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Gladkov" title="Vyacheslav Gladkov">Vyacheslav Gladkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Volodin" title="Vyacheslav Volodin">Vyacheslav Volodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Prigozhin" title="Yevgeny Prigozhin">Yevgeny Prigozhin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic"><img alt="Donetsk People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Pushilin" title="Denis Pushilin">Denis Pushilin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic"><img alt="Luhansk People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Pasechnik" title="Leonid Pasechnik">Leonid Pasechnik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_summit" title="2023 North Korea–Russia summit">2023 North Korea–Russia summit</a></li> <li><a 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[\"CITEREFBrown,_A.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruk2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurleigh2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuzogány2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChotiner2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristine2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClem\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClemens2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCybowski2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarczewskaŻochowsky2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid-FoxHolquistPoe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Lauri2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDebito_Arudou2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenisov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiesen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixon2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoerr2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunlop1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEskridge-Kosmach2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuroZprávy.cz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwa_Jankowska2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarynoRoman_Bobryk2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeklyunina2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFloudas2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGamache2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Metakides2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoble\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGozman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraebner,_Norman1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham-HarrisonBoffey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrigoryan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrybkauskas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._R._Trevor-RoperGerhard_L._Weinberg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassner1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinzig2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoltsmark1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorvath2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInna_Lazareva2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwona_Sakowicz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJack2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJimmie_E._Cain_Jr.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Howes_Gleason1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJourdan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJussi_M._Hanhimäki1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKakachiaMinesashviliKakhishvili2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamalakaran2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazemzadeh1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKempe,_Iris2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhazanov2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhazanov2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhruscheva2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKnudsen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomska2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhrt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurutz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKutolowski1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzio2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatham1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw,_T.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe,_K.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLetman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieven2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLind-Guzik2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloyd_S._Kramer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongerich2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLourgos2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuhn2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuostarinen1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMacgilchrist2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarif,_D.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthee1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthee2013\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMatusek2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFaul2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGlynn2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcNally1958\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFMelgar,_A.Laycraft,_T.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMertelsmann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMettan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilan_Tuček2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoufakkirReisinger2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaik2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNajibullah2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNancy_GallagherEbrahim_MohseniClay_Ramsay2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeumann2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikoghosyan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNitoiu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNollen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsmo_KuusiHanna_SmithPaula_Tiihonen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO’Neill2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPakula2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeaker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeuch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopa2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoushter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQueenan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResis1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidleyNeghaiwi,_Brenna_HughesKaye,_Danielle2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRislakki2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRumerSokolsky,_Richard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaad2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulze2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSewall2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShafarevich,_Igor1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaikh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSir_Sidney_Lee1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSontag1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpector2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStack2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff_writer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_Ferry1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiglitz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStonerMcFaul2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrautmanis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubrenat,_Jean-Jacques2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuny2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzabolcs2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzelke2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaras2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTowle1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsuneo_AkahaAnna_Vassilieva2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsygankov2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmland2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViimarantaProtassovaMustajoki2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintour2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWodakMralKhosravinik2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF황장진2022\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"According to whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 10,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 54,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 46,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 146,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 53,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 6,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Percentage bar\"] = 159,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 6,\n [\"Russian invasion of Ukraine\"] = 1,\n [\"Russian nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 24,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbalanced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","440","21.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","10.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","9.5"],["dataWrapper 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