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id="toc-Excavation_and_initial_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Donations_run_out" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donations_run_out"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Donations run out </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donations_run_out-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Post–Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4 Resumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dedication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dedication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Dedication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dedication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Later history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2011_earthquake_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_earthquake_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 2011 earthquake damage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_earthquake_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_problems_and_repairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_problems_and_repairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Subsequent problems and repairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_problems_and_repairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repeated_closures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repeated_closures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.3 Repeated closures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repeated_closures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Components </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Components subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cornerstone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cornerstone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Cornerstone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cornerstone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorial_stones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial_stones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Memorial stones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorial_stones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aluminum_apex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aluminum_apex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Aluminum apex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aluminum_apex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lightning_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lightning_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Lightning protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lightning_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Walls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyramidion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyramidion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Pyramidion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyramidion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Foundation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stairs_and_elevator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stairs_and_elevator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Stairs and elevator </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stairs_and_elevator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Flags </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vesica_piscis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vesica_piscis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Vesica piscis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vesica_piscis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Miscellaneous details </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 Security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Washington Monument</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" > 64 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington-monument" title="Washington-monument – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Washington-monument" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86" title="نصب واشنطن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نصب واشنطن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumentu_a_Washington" title="Monumentu a Washington – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Monumentu a Washington" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C5%9Finqton_abid%C9%99si" title="Vaşinqton abidəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vaşinqton abidəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Вашингтон Монументы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вашингтон Монументы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Манумент Вашынгтона – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манумент Вашынгтона" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_ki_Washington" title="Monumento ki Washington – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Monumento ki Washington" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Вашингтонски монумент – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вашингтонски монумент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_a_Washington" title="Monument a Washington – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monument a Washington" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%C5%AFv_monument" title="Washingtonův monument – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Washingtonův monument" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofeb_Washington" title="Cofeb Washington – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cofeb Washington" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington-monumentet" title="Washington-monumentet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Washington-monumentet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Washington Monument" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtoni_monument" title="Washingtoni monument – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Washingtoni monument" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Μνημείο του Ουάσινγκτον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μνημείο του Ουάσινγκτον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_a_Washington" title="Monumento a Washington – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monumento a Washington" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C5%9Dingtona_Monumento" title="Vaŝingtona Monumento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vaŝingtona Monumento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_monumentua" title="Washington monumentua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Washington monumentua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%86" title="بنای یادبود واشنگتن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنای یادبود واشنگتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Washington Monument" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monumint" title="Washington Monumint – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Washington Monumint" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_a_Washington" title="Monumento a Washington – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Monumento a Washington" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%8C%EC%8B%B1%ED%84%B4_%EA%B8%B0%EB%85%90%ED%83%91" title="워싱턴 기념탑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="워싱턴 기념탑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Վաշինգտոնի կոթող – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վաշինգտոնի կոթող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumen_Washington" title="Monumen Washington – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Monumen Washington" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_a_Washington" title="Monumento a Washington – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monumento a Washington" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אנדרטת וושינגטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנדרטת וושינגטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ვაშინგტონის მონუმენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვაშინგტონის მონუმენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96" title="Вашингтон Монументі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вашингтон Монументі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Washington Monument" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumentum_Vasingtonianum" title="Monumentum Vasingtonianum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Monumentum Vasingtonianum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C5%A1ingtona_piemineklis" title="Vašingtona piemineklis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vašingtona piemineklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C5%A1ingtono_paminklas" title="Vašingtono paminklas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vašingtono paminklas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington-eml%C3%A9km%C5%B1" title="Washington-emlékmű – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Washington-emlékmű" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="വാഷിംഗ്ടൺ സ്മാരകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാഷിംഗ്ടൺ സ്മാരകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="वॉशिंग्टन स्मारक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वॉशिंग्टन स्मारक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumen_Washington" title="Monumen Washington – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Monumen Washington" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Washington Monument" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E5%A1%94" title="ワシントン記念塔 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワシントン記念塔" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtonmonumentet" title="Washingtonmonumentet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Washingtonmonumentet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtonmonumentet" title="Washingtonmonumentet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Washingtonmonumentet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vashington_yodgorligi" title="Vashington yodgorligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vashington yodgorligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%B9%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%B9" title="واشنگٹن مونومنٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="واشنگٹن مونومنٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%BC%D9%86_%DA%85%D9%84%DB%8C" title="د واشنگټن څلی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د واشنگټن څلی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomnik_Waszyngtona" title="Pomnik Waszyngtona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pomnik Waszyngtona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_a_Washington" title="Monumento a Washington – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monumento a Washington" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumentul_lui_Washington" title="Monumentul lui Washington – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Monumentul lui Washington" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Монумент Вашингтону – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монумент Вашингтону" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Washington Monument" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Washington Monument" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Washington Monument" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington-monumentti" title="Washington-monumentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Washington-monumentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtonmonumentet" title="Washingtonmonumentet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Washingtonmonumentet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வாசிங்டன் நினைவுச் சின்னம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாசிங்டன் நினைவுச் சின்னம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อนุสาวรีย์วอชิงตัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อนุสาวรีย์วอชิงตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1" title="Washington Anıtı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Washington Anıtı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монумент Вашингтона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монумент Вашингтона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%B9%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%B9" title="واشنگٹن مونیومنٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="واشنگٹن مونیومنٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_%C4%91%C3%A0i_Washington" title="Tượng đài Washington – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tượng đài Washington" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_ni_Washington" title="Monumento ni Washington – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Monumento ni Washington" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E7%A2%91" title="华盛顿纪念碑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="华盛顿纪念碑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98" title="וואשינגטאן מאנומענט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואשינגטאן מאנומענט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E7%A2%91" title="華盛頓紀念碑 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="華盛頓紀念碑" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E7%A2%91" title="華盛頓紀念碑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="華盛頓紀念碑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178114#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Washington_Monument&params=38_53_22_N_77_2_7_W_region:US-DC_type:landmark">38°53′22″N 77°2′7″W / 38.88944°N 77.03528°W / 38.88944; -77.03528</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. national memorial in Washington, D.C.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">Washington Monument</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Monument_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Washington_Monument_2022.jpg/250px-Washington_Monument_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Washington_Monument_2022.jpg/375px-Washington_Monument_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Washington_Monument_2022.jpg/500px-Washington_Monument_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The Washington Monument in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, in 2022</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Washington_Monument&params=38_53_22_N_77_2_7_W_region:US-DC_type:landmark">38°53′22″N 77°2′7″W / 38.88944°N 77.03528°W / 38.88944; -77.03528</a><a href="#cite_note-NGS2015-1">[1]</a>: 6, 82, 86 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">106.01 acres (42.90 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">555 ft (169 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">1848–1854, 1879–1884</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Visitors</th><td class="infobox-data">671,031 (in 2008)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/wamo/">www.nps.gov/wamo/</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #A8EDEF; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">October 15, 1966</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">66000035</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #CCCCCC; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Memorials_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Memorials of the United States">U.S. National Memorial</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Washington,_D.C._central.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Washington Monument is located in Central Washington, D.C."><img alt="Washington Monument is located in Central Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central.png/235px-Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central.png/353px-Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central.png/470px-Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central.png 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="599" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.683%;left:41.779%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Washington Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Washington Monument in Central Washington, D.C.</div>Show map of Central Washington, D.C.</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_District_of_Columbia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Washington Monument is located in the District of Columbia"><img alt="Washington Monument is located in the District of Columbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/USA_District_of_Columbia_location_map.svg/235px-USA_District_of_Columbia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/USA_District_of_Columbia_location_map.svg/353px-USA_District_of_Columbia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/USA_District_of_Columbia_location_map.svg/470px-USA_District_of_Columbia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="949" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.648%;left:41.183%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Washington Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Washington Monument (the District of Columbia)</div>Show map of the District of Columbia</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Washington Monument is located in the United States"><img alt="Washington Monument is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/235px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/353px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/470px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.527%;left:81.639%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Washington Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Washington Monument (the United States)</div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Washington Monument is an <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a> on the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, built to commemorate <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Father of the United States</a>, victorious commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> from 1775 to 1783 in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, and the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> from 1789 to 1797. Standing east of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_Reflecting_Pool" title="Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool">Reflecting Pool</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> the monument is made of <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">bluestone gneiss</a> for the foundation and of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> for the construction.<a href="#cite_note-HABStext-3">[3]</a> The outside facing consists, due to the interrupted building process, of three different kinds of white <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>:<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> in the lower third, marble from <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore County">Baltimore County</a>, Maryland, followed by a narrow zone of marble from Sheffield, <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkshire County">Berkshire County</a>, Massachusetts, and, in the upper part, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Cockeysville_Marble" title="Cockeysville Marble">Cockeysville Marble</a>. Both "Maryland Marbles" came from the "lost” Irish Quarry Town of "New Texas".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> It is both the world's tallest predominantly stone structure and the world's tallest obelisk,<a href="#cite_note-columns-6">[A]</a> standing <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>554 feet 7+11⁄32 inches (169.046 m) tall, according to U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Geodetic_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geodetic Survey">National Geodetic Survey</a> measurements in 2013–2014.<a href="#cite_note-height-15">[B]</a> It is the tallest monumental column in the world if all are measured above their pedestrian entrances.<a href="#cite_note-columns-6">[A]</a> It was the world's tallest structure between 1884 and 1889, after which it was overtaken by the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a>, in Paris. Previously, the tallest structures were <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> (1311–1548; 525 ft/160 m) and <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> (1880–1884; 515 ft/157 m). Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_memorials_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential memorials in the United States">presidential memorial</a> began in 1848. The construction was suspended from 1854 to 1877 due to funding challenges, a struggle for control over the Washington National Monument Society, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The stone structure was completed in 1884, and the internal ironwork, the knoll, and installation of memorial stones was completed in 1888. A difference in shading of the marble, visible about 150 feet (46 m) or 27% up, shows where construction was halted and later resumed with marble from a different source. The original design was by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mills_(architect)" title="Robert Mills (architect)">Robert Mills</a> from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, but construction omitted his proposed <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnade</a> for lack of funds, and construction proceeded instead with a bare obelisk. The <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone" title="Cornerstone">cornerstone</a> was laid on July 4, 1848; the first stone was laid atop the unfinished stump on August 7, 1880; the capstone was set on December 6, 1884; the completed monument was dedicated on February 21, 1885;<a href="#cite_note-DedicationNYT-18">[16]</a> it opened on October 9, 1888. The Washington Monument is a hollow <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Egyptian</a>-style stone <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a> with a 500-foot-tall (152.4 m) column surmounted by a 55-foot-tall (16.8 m) <a href="/wiki/Pyramidion" title="Pyramidion">pyramidion</a>. Its walls are 15 feet (4.6 m) thick at its base and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+1⁄2 feet (0.46 m) thick at their top. The <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> pyramidion's walls are 7 inches (18 cm) thick, supported by six arches: two between opposite walls, which cross at the center of the pyramidion, and four smaller arches in the corners. The top of the pyramidion is a large, marble capstone with a small aluminum pyramid at its apex, with inscriptions on all four sides. The bottom 150 feet (45.7 m) of the walls, built during the first phase from 1848 to 1854, are composed of a pile of bluestone <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> rubble stones (not finished stones) held together by a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> with a facade of semi-finished marble stones about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+1⁄4 feet (0.4 m) thick. The upper 350 feet (106.7 m) of the walls, built in the second phase, 1880–1884, are of finished marble surface stones, half of which project into the walls, partly backed by finished <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> stones.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a> The interior is occupied by iron stairs that spiral up the walls, with an elevator in the center, each supported by four iron columns, which do not support the stone structure. The stairs are in fifty sections, most on the north and south walls, with many long landings stretching between them along the east and west walls. These landings allowed many inscribed memorial stones of various materials and sizes to be easily viewed while the stairs were accessible (until 1976), plus one memorial stone between stairs that is difficult to view. The pyramidion has eight observation windows, two per side, and eight red aircraft warning lights, two per side. Two aluminum lightning rods, connected by the elevator support columns to groundwater, protect the monument. The monument's present foundation is 37 feet (11.3 m) thick, consisting of half of its original bluestone gneiss rubble encased in concrete. At the northeast corner of the foundation, 21 feet (6.4 m) below ground, is the marble <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone" title="Cornerstone">cornerstone</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> case filled with memorabilia.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a> Fifty American flags fly on a large circle of poles centered on the monument.<a href="#cite_note-flags-20">[18]</a> In 2001, a temporary screening facility was added to the entrance to prevent a terrorist attack.<a href="#cite_note-screening-21">[19]</a> A <a href="/wiki/2011_Virginia_earthquake" title="2011 Virginia earthquake">Virginia-centered earthquake in 2011</a> slightly damaged the monument, and it was closed until 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Earthquake-22">[20]</a> The monument was closed for elevator repairs, security upgrades, and mitigation of <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">soil contamination</a> in August 2016 before reopening again fully in September 2019. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rationale">Rationale</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rationale">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LCCN2003656330_Design_of_the_National_Washington_Monument_in_the_City_of_Washington_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/LCCN2003656330_Design_of_the_National_Washington_Monument_in_the_City_of_Washington_cropped.jpg/220px-LCCN2003656330_Design_of_the_National_Washington_Monument_in_the_City_of_Washington_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/LCCN2003656330_Design_of_the_National_Washington_Monument_in_the_City_of_Washington_cropped.jpg/330px-LCCN2003656330_Design_of_the_National_Washington_Monument_in_the_City_of_Washington_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/LCCN2003656330_Design_of_the_National_Washington_Monument_in_the_City_of_Washington_cropped.jpg/440px-LCCN2003656330_Design_of_the_National_Washington_Monument_in_the_City_of_Washington_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1487" data-file-height="2082" /></a><figcaption>Print of the proposed Washington Monument by architect <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mills_(architect)" title="Robert Mills (architect)">Robert Mills</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1845–1848</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington_Statue_Inside_Washington_Monument.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/George_Washington_Statue_Inside_Washington_Monument.JPG/220px-George_Washington_Statue_Inside_Washington_Monument.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/George_Washington_Statue_Inside_Washington_Monument.JPG/330px-George_Washington_Statue_Inside_Washington_Monument.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/George_Washington_Statue_Inside_Washington_Monument.JPG/440px-George_Washington_Statue_Inside_Washington_Monument.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statue of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> in the monument's western alcove</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (1732–1799), hailed as the father of his country, and as the leader who was "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen", as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_III" title="Henry Lee III">Maj. Gen. 'Light-Horse Harry' Lee</a> eulogized at Washington's December 26, 1799, funeral, was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1799. At Washington's death in 1799, he was the unchallenged public icon of <a href="/wiki/American_military" class="mw-redirect" title="American military">American military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civic_patriotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic patriotism">civic patriotism</a>. He was also identified with the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>, which lost control of the national government in 1800 to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Jeffersonian Republicans</a>, who were reluctant to celebrate the hero of the opposition party.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposals">Proposals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Proposals">edit</a>]</div> Starting with victory in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, there were many proposals to build a monument to Washington, beginning with an authorization in 1783 by the old <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a> to erect an equestrian statue of the General in a future American national capital city. After his December 1799 death, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> authorized a suitable memorial in the planned national capital then under construction since 1791, but the decision was reversed when the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> (Jeffersonian Republicans) took control of Congress in 1801 after the pivotal <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 Election</a>, with the first change of power between opposing political parties.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> The Republicans were dismayed that Washington had become the symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>; furthermore the values of Republicanism seemed hostile to the idea of building monuments to powerful men. They also blocked his image on coins or the celebration of his birthday. Further political squabbling, along with the North–South division on the Civil War, blocked the completion of the Washington Monument until the late 19th century. By that time, Washington had the image of a national hero who could be celebrated by both North and South, and memorials to him were no longer controversial.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> As early as 1783, the old <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a> (successors after 1781 to the earlier <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>) had resolved "That an equestrian statue of George Washington be erected at the place where the residence of Congress shall be established". The proposal called for engraving on the statue which explained it had been erected "in honor of George Washington, the illustrious <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of the Armies of the United States of America during the war which vindicated and secured their liberty, sovereignty, and independence".<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Currently, there are two equestrian statues of President Washington in the national capital city of Washington, D.C. One is located in <a href="/wiki/Washington_Circle" title="Washington Circle">Washington Circle</a> at the intersection of the <a href="/wiki/Foggy_Bottom" title="Foggy Bottom">Foggy Bottom</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_End_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="West End (Washington, D.C.)">West End</a> neighborhoods at the north end of the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> campus, and the other is in the gardens of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">National Cathedral</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> on Mount St. Alban in northwest Washington. On December 24, 1799, 10 days after Washington's death, a U.S. Congressional committee recommended a different type of monument. <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (1755–1835), a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Representative">Representative</a> from Virginia (who later became <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a>, 1801–1835) proposed that a tomb be erected within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a> and it was designed later to place such a crypt sepulchre below the rotunda of the great dome. However, a lack of funds, disagreement over what type of memorial would best honor the country's first president, and the Washington family's reluctance to move his body from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> prevented progress on any project.<a href="#cite_note-wash-27">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_National_Monument_Society_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Washington_National_Monument_Society_1845.jpg/220px-Washington_National_Monument_Society_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Washington_National_Monument_Society_1845.jpg/330px-Washington_National_Monument_Society_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Washington_National_Monument_Society_1845.jpg/440px-Washington_National_Monument_Society_1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3201" /></a><figcaption>Donation receipt of the Washington National Monument Society</figcaption></figure> Progress toward a memorial finally began in 1833. That year a large group of citizens, including <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Schuyler_Hamilton" title="Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton">Eliza Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams">Louisa Adams</a> formed the Washington National Monument Society. Three years later, in 1836, after they had raised $28,000 in donations (equivalent to $1,000,000 in 2023), they announced a competition for the design of the memorial.<a href="#cite_note-Olszewski-28">[26]</a>: chp 1  On September 23, 1835, the board of managers of the society described their expectations:<a href="#cite_note-nps3-29">[27]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It is proposed that the contemplated monument shall be like him in whose honor it is to be constructed, unparalleled in the world, and commensurate with the gratitude, liberality, and patriotism of the people by whom it is to be erected ... [It] should blend stupendousness with elegance, and be of such magnitude and beauty as to be an object of pride to the American people, and of admiration to all who see it. Its material is intended to be wholly American, and to be of marble and granite brought from each state, that each state may participate in the glory of contributing material as well as in funds to its construction.</blockquote> The society held a competition for designs in 1836. In 1845, the winner was announced to be architect <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mills_(architect)" title="Robert Mills (architect)">Robert Mills</a>, supposedly the first native-born American to be professionally trained as an architect.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 2–2  The citizens of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> had chosen him in 1814 to build one of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_(Baltimore)" title="Washington Monument (Baltimore)">first monuments to George Washington</a> originally planned for the former courthouse square in their port city, and he had designed a tall elaborately decorated <a href="/wiki/Classical_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical orders">Greek column</a> with balconies, surmounted by a statue of the President. Mills' Baltimore monument, with cornerstone laid and construction begun in 1815, was later simplified to a plain column shaft with a statue of a toga-clad Washington at the top when it was completed in 1829 but moved (because of its height) to the then <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Baltimore" title="Mount Vernon, Baltimore">rural hills to the north</a>, where the city's growth would later extend. Mills also knew the capital well, with its being only 40 miles (65 kilometers) southwest of Baltimore, and his having just been chosen Architect of Public Buildings for Washington. His design called for a circular colonnaded building 250 feet (76 m) in diameter and 100 feet (30 m) high from which sprang a four-sided obelisk 500 feet (150 m) high, for a total elevation of 600 feet (180 m). A massive cylindrical pillar 70 feet (21 m) in diameter supported the obelisk at the center of the building. The obelisk was to be 70 feet (21 m) square<a href="#cite_note-Obelisk1836-32">[C]</a> at the base and 40 feet (12 m) square at the top with a slightly peaked roof. Both the obelisk and pillar were hollow within which a railway spiraled up. The obelisk had no doorway—instead its interior was entered from the interior of the pillar upon which it was mounted. The pillar had an "arched way" at its base. The top of the portico of the building would feature Washington standing in a chariot holding the reins of six horses. Inside the colonnade would be statues of 30 prominent <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> heroes as well as statues of the 56 signers of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-House1872-30">[28]</a>: 6–8 <a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 13 <a href="#cite_note-Harvey-31">[29]</a>: 26–28  Criticism of Mills's design came up already in 1847, when architect Henry Robinson Searle from Rochester presented an alternative concept, backed by three objections against Mill's project.:<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"First, would the foundation sustain the weight of the required height, and especially with the increased localized pressure in a storm of wind; second, the mere obelisk appeared only as an enlarged plagiarism, in no way illustrating the memory of Washington personally, or those connected with him, or the history of this growing country; third, there is nothing whatever aesthetic about it, and nothing that would impress the visitor, whether native or foreign, with the grandeur of the work of Washington and his coadjutors in founding this nation".</blockquote> Morerover the estimated price tag of more than $1 million (in 1848 money, equivalent to $30,000,000 in 2023) caused the society to hesitate. On April 11, 1848, the society decided, due to a lack of funds, to build only a simple plain obelisk. Mills's 1848 obelisk was to be 500 feet (150 m) tall, 55 feet (17 m) square at the base and 35 feet (11 m) square at the top. It had two massive doorways, each 15 feet (4.6 m) high and 6 feet (1.8 m) wide, on the east and west sides of its base.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 15, 21  Surrounding each doorway were raised jambs, a heavy pediment, and entablature within which was carved an Egyptian-style <a href="/wiki/Winged_sun" title="Winged sun">winged sun</a> and asps.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 23 <a href="#cite_note-Harvey-31">[29]</a>: 353+  This original design conformed to a massive temple which was to have surrounded the base of the obelisk, but because it was never built, the architect of the second phase of construction <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lincoln_Casey_Sr." title="Thomas Lincoln Casey Sr.">Thomas Lincoln Casey</a> smoothed down the projecting jambs, pediment and entablature in 1885, walled up the west entrance with marble forming an alcove, and reduced the east entrance to 8 feet (2.4 m) high.<a href="#cite_note-Casey1885-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 90–91  The western alcove has contained a <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_statue_of_Washington_-_Washington_Monument,_High_ground_West_of_Fifteenth_Street,_Northwest,_between_Independence_and_Constitution_Avenues,_Washington,_District_of_Columbia,_HABS_DC,WASH,2-85.tif" class="extiw" title="c:File:Bronze statue of Washington - Washington Monument, High ground West of Fifteenth Street, Northwest, between Independence and Constitution Avenues, Washington, District of Columbia, HABS DC,WASH,2-85.tif">bronze statue of Washington</a> since 1992–93. Also, during 1992–93 a <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_elevator_door_surround_-_Washington_Monument,_High_ground_West_of_Fifteenth_Street,_Northwest,_between_Independence_and_Constitution_Avenues,_Washington,_District_of_HABS_DC,WASH,2-80.tif" class="extiw" title="c:File:Detail of elevator door surround - Washington Monument, High ground West of Fifteenth Street, Northwest, between Independence and Constitution Avenues, Washington, District of HABS DC,WASH,2-80.tif">limestone surround</a> was installed at the east elevator entrance decorated with a winged sun and asps to mimic Mills's 1848 design. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Construction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jefferson_Pier_and_Washington_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Jefferson_Pier_and_Washington_Monument.jpg/220px-Jefferson_Pier_and_Washington_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Jefferson_Pier_and_Washington_Monument.jpg/330px-Jefferson_Pier_and_Washington_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Jefferson_Pier_and_Washington_Monument.jpg/440px-Jefferson_Pier_and_Washington_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The west side of <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Pier" title="Jefferson Pier">Jefferson Pier</a> with the Washington Monument (in background)</figcaption></figure> The Washington Monument was originally intended to be located at the point at which a line running directly south from the center of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> crossed a line running directly west from the center of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> on <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a>-born military engineer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant</a>'s 1791 visionary <a href="/wiki/L%27Enfant_Plan" title="L'Enfant Plan">"Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of the United States ..."</a> designated this point as the location of the proposed central equestrian statue of George Washington that the old <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a> had voted for in 1783, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–1783) in a future American national capital city.<a href="#cite_note-L'Enfant_Plan-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-L'Enfant-40">[D]</a> The ground at the intended location proved to be too unstable to support a structure as heavy as the planned obelisk, so the monument's location was moved 390 feet (118.9 m) east-southeast.<a href="#cite_note-42">[E]</a> At that originally intended site there now stands a small monolith called the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Pier" title="Jefferson Pier">Jefferson Pier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> Consequently, the <a href="/wiki/McMillan_Plan" title="McMillan Plan">McMillan Plan</a> specified that the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> should be "placed on the main axis of the Capitol and the Monument", about 1° south of due west of the Capitol or the monument, not due west of the Capitol or the monument.<a href="#cite_note-McMillan-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[F]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excavation_and_initial_construction">Excavation and initial construction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Excavation and initial construction">edit</a>]</div> Construction of the monument finally began three years later in 1848 with the excavation of the site, the laying of the cornerstone on the prepared bed, and laying the original foundation around and on top of the cornerstone, before the construction of its massive walls began the next year. Regarding modern claims of slave labor being used in construction, Washington Monument historian John Steele Gordon stated "I can't say for certain, but the stonemasonry was pretty highly skilled, so it's unlikely that slaves would've been doing it. The stones were cut by stonecutters, which is highly skilled work; and the stones were hoisted by means of steam engines, so you'd need a skilled engineer and foreman for stuff like that. Tending the steam engine, building the cast-iron staircase inside—that wasn't grunt work. ... The early quarries were in Maryland, so slave labor was undoubtedly used to quarry and haul the stone"<a href="#cite_note-Riesman-47">[41]</a> Abraham Riesman, who quoted Gordon, states "there were plenty of people who worked as skilled laborers while enslaved in antebellum America. Indeed, there were enslaved people who worked as stonemasons. So the possibility remains that there were slaves who performed some of the necessary skilled labor for the monument."<a href="#cite_note-Riesman-47">[41]</a> According to historian Jesse Holland, it is very likely that African American slaves were among the construction workers, given that slavery prevailed in Washington and its surrounding states at that time, and slaves were commonly used in public and private construction.<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> Gordon's arguments are valid for the second phase (1879–1888) after slavery was abolished when every stone laid required dressing and polishing by a skilled stonemason. This includes the iron staircase which was constructed 1885–86. That the stonecutters in the quarry were slaves is confirmed because all quarry workers were slaves during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> during the 1790s.<a href="#cite_note-slaves-49">[43]</a>: 5–6  However, Holland's views are valid for the first phase because most of its construction only required unskilled manual labor. No information survives concerning the method used to lift stones that weighed several tons each during the first phase, whether by a manual winch or a steam engine.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 17–23  The surviving information concerning slaves that built the core of the United States Capitol during the 1790s is not much help. At the time, the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_(until_1871)" title="District of Columbia (until 1871)">District of Columbia</a> outside of <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)">Georgetown</a> was sparsely populated so the federal government rented slaves from their owners who were paid a fee for their slaves' normal daily labor. Any overtime for Sundays, holidays, and nights was paid directly to the slaves which they could use for daily needs or to save to buy their freedom.<a href="#cite_note-slaves-49">[43]</a>: 9  Conversely, the first phase of the monument was constructed by a private entity, the Washington National Monument Society, which may not have been as magnanimous as the federal government, but most information was lost during the 1850s while two Societies vied for control of the monument. Useful information concerning the use of slaves during the major expansion of the Capitol during the 1850s, nearly contemporaneous with the monument's first phase, does not exist. Only a small number of stones used in the first phase required a skilled stonemason, the marble blocks on the outer surface of the monument (their inner surfaces were left very rough) and those gneiss stones that form the rough inner walls of the monument (all other surfaces of those inner stones within the walls were left jagged). The vast majority of all gneiss stones laid during the first phase, those between the outer and inner surfaces of the walls, from very large to very small jagged stones, form a pile of <a href="/wiki/Rubble" title="Rubble">rubble</a> held together by a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>. The top surface of this rubble can be seen below at <a href="#Walls">Walls</a> in an 1880 drawing made just before the polished/rough marble and granite stones used in the second phase were laid atop it. The <a href="#Foundation">original foundation</a> below the walls was made of layered gneiss rubble, but without the massive stones used within the walls. Most of the gneiss stones used during the first phase were obtained from quarries in the upper <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> Valley. Almost all the marble stones of the first and second phases was <a href="/wiki/Cockeysville_Marble" title="Cockeysville Marble">Cockeysville Marble</a>, obtained from quarries north of downtown Baltimore in rural <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore County">Baltimore County</a> where stone for their first Washington Monument was obtained.<a href="#cite_note-Loudermilk_1998_k599-50">[44]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a>, July 4, 1848, the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a>, the same organization to which Washington belonged, laid the cornerstone (symbolically, not physically).<a href="#cite_note-Harvey-31">[29]</a>: 45, 136–143  According to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Chandler" title="Joseph R. Chandler">Joseph R. Chandler</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Harvey-31">[29]</a>: 136, 140–141 <a href="#cite_note-Reading_2:_Construction_of_the_Monument-51">[45]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">No more Washingtons shall come in our time ... But his virtues are stamped on the heart of mankind. He who is great in the battlefield looks upward to the generalship of Washington. He who grows wise in counsel feels that he is imitating Washington. He who can resign power against the wishes of a people, has in his eye the bright example of Washington.<a href="#cite_note-Reading_2:_Construction_of_the_Monument-51">[45]</a></blockquote> Two years later, on a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/torrid" class="extiw" title="wikt:torrid">torrid</a> July 4, 1850, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Parke_Custis" title="George Washington Parke Custis">George Washington Parke Custis</a> (1781–1857), the adopted son of George Washington and grandson of <a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a> (1731–1802), dedicated a stone from the people of the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> to the Monument at a ceremony that 12th President <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (1784–1850, served 1849–1850) attended, just five days before he died from <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">food poisoning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Donations_run_out">Donations run out</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Donations run out">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Monument_circa_1860_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Washington_Monument_circa_1860_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-Washington_Monument_circa_1860_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Washington_Monument_circa_1860_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-Washington_Monument_circa_1860_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Washington_Monument_circa_1860_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-Washington_Monument_circa_1860_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="3296" /></a><figcaption>The partially completed monument, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1860</figcaption></figure> Construction continued until 1854, when donations ran out and the monument had reached a height of 152 feet (46.3 m). At that time a memorial stone that was contributed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, called the Pope's Stone, was destroyed by members of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catholic">anti-Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a> American Party, better known as the "<a href="/wiki/Know-Nothings" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-Nothings">Know-Nothings</a>", during the early morning hours of March 6, 1854 (a priest replaced it in 1982 using the Latin phrase "A Roma Americae" instead of the original stone's English phrase "Rome to America"). Economic and political conditions of the time caused public contributions to the Washington National Monument Society to cease, so they appealed to Congress for money.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 23, 25–26 <a href="#cite_note-Jacob-53">[47]</a>: 16, 215, 222–223  The request had just reached the floor of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> when the Know-Nothing Party seized control of the Society on February 22, 1855, a year after construction funds ran out. Congress immediately tabled its expected contribution of $200,000 to the Society, effectively halting the Federal appropriation. During its tenure, the Know-Nothing Society added only two courses of masonry, or 4 feet (1.2 m), to the monument using rejected masonry it found on site, increasing the height of the shaft to 156 feet (48 m). The original Society refused to recognize the takeover, so the two rival Societies existed side by side until 1858. With the Know-Nothing Party disintegrating and unable to secure contributions for the monument, it surrendered its possession of the monument to the original Society three and a half years later on October 20, 1858. To prevent future takeovers, the U.S. Congress incorporated the Society on February 22, 1859 with a stated charter and set of rules and procedures.<a href="#cite_note-Olszewski-28">[26]</a>: chp 3 <a href="#cite_note-Harvey-31">[29]</a>: 52–65  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post–Civil_War">Post–Civil War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post–Civil War">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865), halted all work on the monument, but interest grew after the war's end. Engineers studied the foundation several times to determine if it was strong enough for continued construction after 20 years of effective inactivity. In 1876, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Centennial" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Centennial">American Centennial</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, Congress agreed to appropriate another $200,000 to resume construction.<a href="#cite_note-reeves413-54">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Monument,_6_design_proposals_for_the_completion_ca._1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Washington_Monument%2C_6_design_proposals_for_the_completion_ca._1879.jpg/220px-Washington_Monument%2C_6_design_proposals_for_the_completion_ca._1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Washington_Monument%2C_6_design_proposals_for_the_completion_ca._1879.jpg/330px-Washington_Monument%2C_6_design_proposals_for_the_completion_ca._1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Washington_Monument%2C_6_design_proposals_for_the_completion_ca._1879.jpg/440px-Washington_Monument%2C_6_design_proposals_for_the_completion_ca._1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4944" data-file-height="4019" /></a><figcaption>Proposals for the completion of the monument published in 1879. Number 6, Henry R. Searle's obelisk was already made public in 1847.</figcaption></figure> Before work could begin again, arguments about the most appropriate design resumed. Many people thought a simple obelisk, one without the colonnade, would be too bare. Architect Mills was reputed to have said omitting the colonnade would make the monument look like "a stalk of <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a>"; another critic said it offered "little ... to be proud of".<a href="#cite_note-wash-27">[25]</a> This attitude led people to submit alternative designs. Both the Washington National Monument Society and Congress held discussions about how the monument should be finished. The Society considered five new designs and an anonymous "interesting project of California" (which later turned out to be by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Frank_Mathews" title="Arthur Frank Mathews">Arthur Frank Mathews</a>),<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> concluding that the one by <a href="/wiki/William_Wetmore_Story" title="William Wetmore Story">William Wetmore Story</a>, seemed "vastly superior in artistic taste and beauty". Congress deliberated over those five proposals (among others by Paul Schulze, who built <a href="/wiki/Boylston_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Boylston Hall (Harvard University)">Boylston Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Fraser_(architect)" title="John Fraser (architect)">John Fraser</a> as well as Mills's original. While it was deciding, it ordered work on the obelisk to continue. Finally, the members of the society agreed to abandon the colonnade and alter the obelisk so it conformed to classical Egyptian proportions.<a href="#cite_note-nps3-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resumption">Resumption</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Resumption">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Monument_-_Setting_the_capstone_-_Harper%27s_Weekly.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Washington_Monument_-_Setting_the_capstone_-_Harper%27s_Weekly.png/220px-Washington_Monument_-_Setting_the_capstone_-_Harper%27s_Weekly.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Washington_Monument_-_Setting_the_capstone_-_Harper%27s_Weekly.png/330px-Washington_Monument_-_Setting_the_capstone_-_Harper%27s_Weekly.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Washington_Monument_-_Setting_the_capstone_-_Harper%27s_Weekly.png/440px-Washington_Monument_-_Setting_the_capstone_-_Harper%27s_Weekly.png 2x" data-file-width="4904" data-file-height="6047" /></a><figcaption>P. H. McLaughlin setting the aluminum apex with Thomas Lincoln Casey (hands up)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_uncompleted_Washington_Monument,_taken_from_the_roof_of_the_Main_building_of_the_Department_of..._-_NARA_-_516531.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/View_of_the_uncompleted_Washington_Monument%2C_taken_from_the_roof_of_the_Main_building_of_the_Department_of..._-_NARA_-_516531.jpg/220px-View_of_the_uncompleted_Washington_Monument%2C_taken_from_the_roof_of_the_Main_building_of_the_Department_of..._-_NARA_-_516531.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/View_of_the_uncompleted_Washington_Monument%2C_taken_from_the_roof_of_the_Main_building_of_the_Department_of..._-_NARA_-_516531.jpg/330px-View_of_the_uncompleted_Washington_Monument%2C_taken_from_the_roof_of_the_Main_building_of_the_Department_of..._-_NARA_-_516531.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/View_of_the_uncompleted_Washington_Monument%2C_taken_from_the_roof_of_the_Main_building_of_the_Department_of..._-_NARA_-_516531.jpg/440px-View_of_the_uncompleted_Washington_Monument%2C_taken_from_the_roof_of_the_Main_building_of_the_Department_of..._-_NARA_-_516531.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2369" /></a><figcaption>Washington Monument nears completion around 1884</figcaption></figure> Construction resumed in 1879 under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lincoln_Casey_Sr." title="Thomas Lincoln Casey Sr.">Thomas Lincoln Casey</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a>. Casey redesigned the foundation, strengthening it so it could support a structure that ultimately weighed more than 40,000 tons (36,000 tonnes). The first stone atop the unfinished stump was laid on August 7, 1880, in a small ceremony attended by President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>, Casey and a few others. The president placed a small coin on which he had scratched his initials and the date in the bed of wet cement at the 150-foot (46 m) level before the first stone was laid on top of it.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 76  Casey found 92 memorial stones ("presented stones") already inlaid into the interior walls of the first phase of construction. Before construction continued he temporarily removed eight stones at the 150-foot (46 m) level so that the walls at that level could be sloped outward, producing thinner second-phase walls. He inserted those stones and most of the remaining memorial stones stored in the lapidarium into the interior walls during 1885–1889.<a href="#cite_note-Jacob-53">[47]</a>: 11–17  The bottom third of the monument is a slightly lighter shade than the rest of the construction because the marble was obtained from different quarries.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> The building of the monument proceeded quickly after Congress had provided sufficient funding. In four years, it was completed, with the 100-ounce (2.83 kg) aluminum apex/lightning-rod being put in place on December 6, 1884.<a href="#cite_note-reeves413-54">[48]</a> The apex was the largest single piece of aluminum cast at the time, when aluminum commanded a price comparable to silver.<a href="#cite_note-Binczewski-13">[12]</a> Two years later, the <a href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Hall–Héroult process</a> made aluminum easier to produce and the price of aluminum plummeted, though it should have provided a lustrous, non-rusting apex.<a href="#cite_note-rust-57">[G]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a> The monument opened to the public on October 9, 1888.<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dedication">Dedication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dedication">edit</a>]</div> The Monument was dedicated on February 21, 1885.<a href="#cite_note-DedicationNYT-18">[16]</a> Over 800 people were present on the monument grounds to hear speeches during a frigid day by Ohio Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sherman (politician)">John Sherman</a> (1823–1900), the Rev. Henderson Suter, <a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Corcoran" title="William Wilson Corcoran">William Wilson Corcoran</a> (of the Washington National Monument Society) read by Dr. James C. Welling because Corcoran was unable to attend, <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a> Myron M. Parker, Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a>, and President <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reeves413-54">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-31">[29]</a>: 104 <a href="#cite_note-Crutchfield-60">[53]</a> President Arthur proclaimed:<blockquote> I do now ... in behalf of the people, receive this monument ... and declare it dedicated from this time forth to the immortal name and memory of George Washington.<a href="#cite_note-Crutchfield-60">[53]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington-Monument-1885.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Washington-Monument-1885.png/220px-Washington-Monument-1885.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Washington-Monument-1885.png/330px-Washington-Monument-1885.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Washington-Monument-1885.png/440px-Washington-Monument-1885.png 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Monument plans and timeline of construction</figcaption></figure> After the speeches Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a> (1831–1888), <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> Cavalry veteran and then General-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> led a procession, which included the dignitaries and the crowd, past the Executive Mansion, now the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, then via <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="Pennsylvania Avenue">Pennsylvania Avenue</a> to the east main entrance of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a>, where President Arthur (1829–1886, served 1881–1885) received passing troops. Then, in the House of Representatives Chamber at the Capitol, the president, his Cabinet, diplomats and others listened to Representative <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">John Davis Long</a> (1838–1915), (former <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts">Lieutenant Governor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> and future <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a>) read a speech written a few months earlier by <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Winthrop" title="Robert C. Winthrop">Robert C. Winthrop</a> (1809–1894), formerly the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a> when the cornerstone was laid 37 years earlier in 1848, but now too ill to personally deliver his speech.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey-31">[29]</a>: 234–260  A final speech was given by <a href="/wiki/John_W._Daniel" title="John W. Daniel">John W. Daniel</a> (1842–1910), of Virginia, a well-regarded lawyer, author and Representative (congressman), and Senator. The festivities concluded that evening with fireworks, both aerial and ground displays.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey-31">[29]</a>: 260–285 <a href="#cite_note-DedicationCongress-61">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-reeves414-62">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worlds_tallest_buildings,_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Worlds_tallest_buildings%2C_1884.jpg/220px-Worlds_tallest_buildings%2C_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Worlds_tallest_buildings%2C_1884.jpg/330px-Worlds_tallest_buildings%2C_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Worlds_tallest_buildings%2C_1884.jpg/440px-Worlds_tallest_buildings%2C_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1859" data-file-height="1391" /></a><figcaption>The Principal High Buildings of the Old World design from 1884 with Washington Monument as the tallest structure represented</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_House_from_the_Washington_Monument,_Washington,_D.C..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/White_House_from_the_Washington_Monument%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/220px-White_House_from_the_Washington_Monument%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/White_House_from_the_Washington_Monument%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/330px-White_House_from_the_Washington_Monument%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/White_House_from_the_Washington_Monument%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/440px-White_House_from_the_Washington_Monument%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and Northern Washington from the top of the Washington Monument in the early 1900s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WashingtonMonumentSenorAnderson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/WashingtonMonumentSenorAnderson.jpg/220px-WashingtonMonumentSenorAnderson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/WashingtonMonumentSenorAnderson.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>The monument undergoing restoration in 1999</figcaption></figure> At completion, it was the world's tallest building, until the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> was completed four years later in <a href="/wiki/Paris,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris, France">Paris</a> in 1889. It is still the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of tallest buildings in Washington, D.C.">tallest building in Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Heights_of_Buildings_Act_of_1910" class="mw-redirect" title="Heights of Buildings Act of 1910">Heights of Buildings Act of 1910</a> restricts new building heights to no more than 20 feet (6.1 m) greater than the width of the adjacent street.<a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a> This monument is taller than the obelisks around the capitals of Europe and in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, but ordinary antique obelisks were quarried as a monolithic block of stone, and were therefore seldom taller than approximately 100 feet (30 m).<a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a> The Washington Monument attracted enormous crowds before it officially opened. For six months after its dedication, 10,041 people climbed the 900 steps and 47 large landings to the top. After the <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevator</a> that had been used to raise building materials was altered to carry passengers, the number of visitors grew rapidly, and an average of 55,000 people per month were going to the top by 1888, only three years after its completion and dedication.<a href="#cite_note-67">[60]</a> The annual visitor count peaked at an average of 1.1 million people between 1979 and 1997. From 2005 to 2010, when restrictions were placed on the number of visitors allowed per day, the Washington Monument had an annual average of 631,000 visitors.<a href="#cite_note-68">[61]</a> As with all historic areas administered by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> (an agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>), the national memorial was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> on October 15, 1966.<a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a> In the early 1900s, material started oozing out between the outer stones of the first construction period below the 150-foot (46 m) mark, and was referred to by tourists as "geological tuberculosis". This was caused by the weathering of the cement and rubble filler between the outer and inner walls. As the lower section of the monument was exposed to cold and hot and damp and dry weather conditions, the material dissolved and worked its way through the cracks between the stones of the outer wall, solidifying as it dripped down their outer surface.<a href="#cite_note-70">[63]</a> For ten hours in December 1982, the Washington Monument and eight tourists were held hostage by a nuclear arms protester, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mayer" title="Norman Mayer">Norman Mayer</a>, claiming to have explosives in a van he drove to the monument's base. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Park_Police" title="United States Park Police">United States Park Police</a> shot and killed Mayer. The monument was undamaged in the incident, and it was discovered later that Mayer did not have explosives. After this incident, the surrounding grounds were modified in places to restrict the possible unauthorized approach of motor vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a> The monument underwent an extensive restoration project between the years of 1998 and 2001. During this time it was completely covered in scaffolding designed by the American architect <a href="/wiki/Michael_Graves" title="Michael Graves">Michael Graves</a> (who was also responsible for the interior changes).<a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a> The project included cleaning, repairing and <a href="/wiki/Repointing" title="Repointing">repointing</a> the monument's exterior and interior stonework. The stone in publicly accessible interior spaces was encased in glass to prevent vandalism, while new windows with narrower frames were installed (to increase the viewing space). New exhibits celebrating the life of George Washington, and the monument's place in history, were also added.<a href="#cite_note-reopening_Washington_Post-73">[66]</a> A temporary interactive visitor center, dubbed the "Discovery Channel Center" was also constructed during the project. The center provided a simulated ride to the top of the monument, and shared information with visitors during phases in which the monument was closed.<a href="#cite_note-74">[67]</a> The majority of the project's phases were completed by summer 2000, allowing the monument to reopen July 31, 2000.<a href="#cite_note-reopening_Washington_Post-73">[66]</a> The monument temporarily closed again on December 4, 2000, to allow a new elevator cab to be installed, completing the final phase of the restoration project. The new cab included glass windows, allowing visitors to see some of the 194 memorial stones with their inscriptions embedded in the monument's walls. The installation of the cab took much longer than anticipated, and the monument did not reopen until February 22, 2002. The final cost of the restoration project was $10.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a> On September 7, 2004, the monument closed for a $15 million renovation, which included numerous security upgrades and redesign of the monument grounds by landscape architect <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Olin" title="Laurie Olin">Laurie Olin</a> (b. 1938). The renovations were due partly to security concerns following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a> and the start of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>. The monument reopened April 1, 2005, while the surrounding grounds remained closed until the landscape was finished later that summer.<a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2011_earthquake_damage">2011 earthquake damage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2011 earthquake damage">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:310px;max-width:310px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Monument_2011_earthquake_damage_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crack in a stone at the top of the monument after the 2011 Virginia earthquake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Washington_Monument_2011_earthquake_damage_5.jpg/152px-Washington_Monument_2011_earthquake_damage_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Washington_Monument_2011_earthquake_damage_5.jpg/228px-Washington_Monument_2011_earthquake_damage_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Washington_Monument_2011_earthquake_damage_5.jpg/304px-Washington_Monument_2011_earthquake_damage_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Crack in a stone at the top of the monument after the <a href="/wiki/2011_Virginia_earthquake" title="2011 Virginia earthquake">2011 Virginia earthquake</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:USA-Washington_Memorial0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Repairing the Washington Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/USA-Washington_Memorial0.jpg/150px-USA-Washington_Memorial0.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/USA-Washington_Memorial0.jpg/225px-USA-Washington_Memorial0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/USA-Washington_Memorial0.jpg/300px-USA-Washington_Memorial0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3358" data-file-height="5084" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Repairs on the Washington Monument in 2013</div></div></div></div></div> On August 23, 2011, the Washington Monument sustained damage during the 5.8 magnitude <a href="/wiki/2011_Virginia_earthquake" title="2011 Virginia earthquake">2011 Virginia earthquake</a>;<a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a> over 150 cracks were found in the monument.<a href="#cite_note-cnn_20140512-79">[72]</a> A National Park Service spokesperson reported that inspectors discovered a crack near the top of the structure, and announced that the monument would be closed indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-QuakeAP-80">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-RuaneMoreDamage-81">[74]</a> A block in the <a href="/wiki/Pyramidion" title="Pyramidion">pyramidion</a> also was partially dislodged, and pieces of stone, stone chips, mortar, and paint chips came free of the monument and "littered" the interior stairs and observation deck.<a href="#cite_note-SullivanBlock-82">[75]</a> The Park Service said it was bringing in two structural engineering firms (<a href="/wiki/Wiss,_Janney,_Elstner_Associates,_Inc." title="Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.">Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.</a> and Tipping Mar Associates) with extensive experience in historic buildings and earthquake-damaged structures to assess the monument.<a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a> Officials said an examination of the monument's exterior revealed a "debris field" of mortar and pieces of stone around the base of the monument, and several "substantial" pieces of stone had fallen inside the memorial.<a href="#cite_note-RuaneMoreDamage-81">[74]</a> A crack in the central stone of the west face of the pyramidion was 1 inch (2.5 cm) wide and 4 feet (1.2 m) long.<a href="#cite_note-NuckolsDelay-84">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReutersDamage-85">[78]</a> Park Service inspectors also discovered that the elevator system had been damaged, and was operating only to the 250-foot (76 m) level, but was soon repaired.<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a> On September 27, 2011, <a href="/wiki/Denali_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Denali National Park">Denali National Park</a> ranger Brandon Latham arrived to assist four climbers belonging to a "difficult access" team from Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates.<a href="#cite_note-RuaneMoreDamage-81">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReutersDamage-85">[78]</a> The reason for the inspection was the park agency's suspicion that there were more cracks on the monument's upper section not visible from the inside. The agency said it filled the cracks that occurred on August 23. After <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irene_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Irene (2011)">Hurricane Irene</a> hit the area on August 27, water was discovered inside the memorial, leading the Park Service to suspect there was more undiscovered damage.<a href="#cite_note-RuaneMoreDamage-81">[74]</a> The rappellers used radios to report what they found to engineering experts on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-SmithRappell-87">[80]</a> Wiss, Janney, Elstner climber Dave Megerle took three hours to set up the rappelling equipment and set up a barrier around the monument's lightning rod system atop the pyramidion;<a href="#cite_note-NuckolsDelay-84">[77]</a> it was the first time the hatch in the pyramidion had been open since 2000.<a href="#cite_note-NuckolsDelay-84">[77]</a> The external inspection of the monument was completed on October 5, 2011. In addition to the 4-foot (1.2 m) long west crack, the inspection found several corner cracks and surface spalls (pieces of stone broken loose) at or near the top of the monument, and more loss of joint mortar lower down the monument. The full report was issued in December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Earthquake-22">[20]</a> Bob Vogel, Superintendent of the National Mall and Memorial Parks, emphasized that the monument was not in danger of collapse. "It's structurally sound and not going anywhere", he told the national media at a press conference on September 26, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ReutersDamage-85">[78]</a> More than $200,000 was spent between August 24 and September 26 inspecting the structure.<a href="#cite_note-RuaneMoreDamage-81">[74]</a> The National Park Service said that it would soon begin sealing the exterior cracks on the monument to protect it from rain and snow.<a href="#cite_note-SmithRappell-87">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> On July 9, 2012, the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> announced that the monument would be closed for repairs until 2014.<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> hired construction management firm Hill International in conjunction with joint-venture partner Louis Berger Group to provide coordination between the designer, Wiss, Janney, and Elstner Associates, the general contractor Perini, and numerous stakeholders.<a href="#cite_note-CMAA_2014-90">[83]</a> NPS said a portion of the plaza at the base of the monument would be removed and <a href="/wiki/Scaffolding" title="Scaffolding">scaffolding</a> constructed around the exterior. In July 2013, lighting was added to the scaffolding.<a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> Some stone pieces saved during the 2011 inspection would be refastened to the monument, while "Dutchman patches"<a href="#cite_note-Dutchman-93">[H]</a> would be used in other places. Several of the stone lips that help hold the pyramidion's 2,000-pound (910 kg) exterior slabs in place were also damaged, so engineers installed stainless steel brackets to more securely fasten them to the monument.<a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> The National Park Service reopened the Washington Monument to visitors on May 12, 2014, eight days ahead of schedule.<a href="#cite_note-reopening-95">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-CMAA_2014-90">[83]</a> Repairs to the monument cost $15 million,<a href="#cite_note-cnn_20140512-79">[72]</a> with taxpayers funding $7.5 million of the cost and <a href="/wiki/David_Rubenstein" title="David Rubenstein">David Rubenstein</a> funding the other $7.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-abc_20140512-96">[88]</a> At the reopening Interior Secretary <a href="/wiki/Sally_Jewell" title="Sally Jewell">Sally Jewell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Today (U.S. TV program)">Today</a> show weatherman <a href="/wiki/Al_Roker" title="Al Roker">Al Roker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Idol" title="American Idol">American Idol</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Idol_(season_12)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Idol (season 12)">Season 12</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Candice_Glover" title="Candice Glover">Candice Glover</a> were present.<a href="#cite_note-latimes_20140512-97">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subsequent_problems_and_repairs">Subsequent problems and repairs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Subsequent problems and repairs">edit</a>]</div> The monument continued to be plagued by problems after the earthquake, including in January 2017 when the lights illuminating it went out.<a href="#cite_note-98">[90]</a> The monument was closed again in September 2016 due to reliability issues with the elevator system.<a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a> On December 2, 2016, the National Park Service announced that the monument would be closed until 2019 in order to modernize the elevator. The $2–3 million project was to correct the elevator's ongoing mechanical, electrical and computer issues, which had shuttered the monument since August 17. The National Park Service requested funding in its FY 2017 President's Budget Request to construct a permanent screening facility for the Washington Monument.<a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> The final months of closure were for mitigation of possibly contaminated underground soil thought to have been introduced in the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a> The monument reopened September 19, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Repeated_closures">Repeated closures</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Repeated closures">edit</a>]</div> After reopening in September 2019, the Washington Monument was closed on March 14, 2020, because of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[95]</a> It reopened on October 1, 2020,<a href="#cite_note-Lantry-104">[96]</a> and remained open through the remainder of that year, except for brief closures.<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a> On January 11, 2021, a few days after the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a>, the National Park Service announced a two-week closure of the monument until after the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">presidential inauguration</a> due to "credible threats to visitors and park resources".<a href="#cite_note-106">[98]</a> Following a lack of violence, the closure was extended due to a revival of COVID-19 fears.<a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a> The monument then reopened on July 14, 2021,<a href="#cite_note-Lantry-104">[96]</a> only to close yet again on August 16 for two weeks due to lightning strikes which damaged some electrical systems.<a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a> On September 20, 2022, the monument was closed for one evening because a man was defacing the monument with red paint and <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> He was arrested and charged with vandalism,<a href="#cite_note-110">[102]</a> to which he pleaded guilty, and later sentenced to a year of probation and ordered to pay restitution to the Park Service.<a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Components">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cornerstone">Cornerstone</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cornerstone">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone" title="Cornerstone">cornerstone</a> was laid with great ceremony at the northeast corner of the lowest course or step of the old <a href="#Foundation">foundation</a> on July 4, 1848. Robert Mills, the architect of the monument, stated in September 1848, "The foundations are now brought up nearly to the surface of the ground; the second step being nearly completed, which covers up the corner stone."<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 20  Therefore, the cornerstone was laid below the 1848 ground level. In 1880, the ground level was raised 17 feet (5.2 m) to the base of the shaft by the addition of a 30-foot (9.1 m) wide earthen embankment encircling the reinforced foundation, widened another 30 feet in 1881, and then the knoll was constructed in 1887–88.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: B-36–B-39 <a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 70, 95–96  If the cornerstone had not been moved during the strengthening of the foundation in 1879–80, its upper surface would now be 21 feet (6.4 m) below the <a href="/wiki/Pavers_(flooring)" title="Pavers (flooring)">pavement</a> just outside the northeast corner of the shaft. It would now be sandwiched between the concrete slab under the old foundation and the concrete buttress completely encircling what remains of the old foundation. During the strengthening process, about half by volume of the periphery of the lowest seven of eight courses or steps of the old foundation (gneiss rubble) was removed to provide good footing for the buttress. Although a few diagrams, pictures and descriptions of this process exist, the fate of the cornerstone is not mentioned.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 2-7–2-8, 3-3–3-5, 4-3–4-4, B-11–B-18, figs 2.5–2.7, 3.2–3.6, 3.13, 4.8–4.11 <a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 67–73  The cornerstone was a 24,500-pound (11,100 kg) marble block 2.5 feet (0.76 m) high and 6.5 feet (2.0 m) square with a large hole for a zinc case filled with memorabilia. The hole was covered by a copper plate inscribed with the date of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> (July 4, 1776), the date the cornerstone was laid (July 4, 1848), and the names of the managers of the Washington National Monument Society. The memorabilia in the zinc case included items associated with the monument, the city of Washington, the national government, state governments, benevolent societies, and George Washington, plus miscellaneous publications, both governmental and commercial, a coin set, and a Bible, totaling 73 items or collections of items, as well as 71 newspapers containing articles relating to George Washington or the monument.<a href="#cite_note-Olszewski-28">[26]</a>: app C <a href="#cite_note-Harvey-31">[29]</a>: pp 43–46, 109–166  The ceremony began with a parade of dignitaries in carriages, marching troops, fire companies, and benevolent societies.<a href="#cite_note-Olszewski-28">[26]</a>: chp 2 <a href="#cite_note-Harvey-31">[29]</a>: 44–48 <a href="#cite_note-DedicationCongress-61">[54]</a>: 16–17, 45–47  A long oration was delivered by the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Winthrop" title="Robert C. Winthrop">Robert C. Winthrop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey-31">[29]</a>: 113–130  Then, the cornerstone was pronounced sound after a <a href="/wiki/Masonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic">Masonic</a> ceremony using George Washington's Masonic gavel, apron and sash, as well as other Masonic symbols. In attendance were President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> and other federal, state and local government officials, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Schuyler_Hamilton" title="Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton">Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Mrs. Dolley Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams">Mrs. John Quincy Adams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Parke_Custis" title="George Washington Parke Custis">George Washington Parke Custis</a>, among 15,000 to 20,000 others, including a bald eagle. The ceremony ended with fireworks that evening. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorial_stones">Memorial stones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Memorial stones">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Monument_Deseret_Stone_in_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of the Washington Monument Memorial Stone from Utah (State of Deseret)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Washington_Monument_Deseret_Stone_in_2000.jpg/220px-Washington_Monument_Deseret_Stone_in_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Washington_Monument_Deseret_Stone_in_2000.jpg/330px-Washington_Monument_Deseret_Stone_in_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Washington_Monument_Deseret_Stone_in_2000.jpg/440px-Washington_Monument_Deseret_Stone_in_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2392" data-file-height="1592" /></a><figcaption>Memorial stone from <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, representing the former provisional <a href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">State of Deseret</a></figcaption></figure> States, cities, foreign countries, benevolent societies, other organizations, and individuals have contributed 194 memorial stones, all inserted into the east and west interior walls above stair landings or levels for easy viewing, except one on the south interior wall between stairs that is difficult to view. The sources disagree on the number of stones for two reasons: whether one or both "height stones" are included, and stones not yet on display at the time of a source's publication cannot be included. The "height stones" refer to two stones that indicate height: during the first phase of construction a stone with an inscription that includes the phrase "from the foundation to this height 100 feet" (30 m) was installed just below the 80–90-foot (24–27 m) stairway and high above the 60–70-foot (18–21 m) stairway;<a href="#cite_note-HABSdrawings-10">[9]</a>: sheet 25 <a href="#cite_note-Jacob-53">[47]</a>: 52  during the second phase of construction a stone with a horizontal line and the phrase "top of statue on Capitol" was installed on the 330-foot (100 m) level.<a href="#cite_note-HABSdrawings-10">[9]</a>: sheet 30 <a href="#cite_note-112">[104]</a> The Historic Structure Report (HSR, 2004) named 194 "memorial stones" by level, including both height stones.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 4-17–4-20, 5–6, "194" on 4-17  Jacob (2005) described in detail and pictured 193 "commemorative stones", including the 100 foot (30 m) stone but not the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a> stone.<a href="#cite_note-Jacob-53">[47]</a>: "193" on 1  The Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS, 1994) showed the location of 193 "memorial stones" but did not describe or name any. HABS showed both height stones but did not show one stone not yet installed in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-HABSdrawings-10">[9]</a>: sheets 22–25, 28–30  Olszewski (1971) named 190 "memorial stones" by level, including the Capitol stone but not the 100-foot stone. Olszewski did not include three stones not yet installed in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-Olszewski-28">[26]</a>: chp 6, app D, "190" in chp 6  Of 194 stones, 94 are marble, 40 are granite, 29 are limestone, 8 are sandstone, with 23 miscellaneous types, including stones with two types of material and those whose materials are not identified.<a href="#cite_note-113">[I]</a> Unusual materials include <a href="/wiki/Native_copper" title="Native copper">native copper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Jacob-53">[47]</a>: 147  <a href="/wiki/Catlinite" title="Catlinite">pipestone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Jacob-53">[47]</a>: 153  <a href="/wiki/Petrified_wood" title="Petrified wood">petrified wood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Jacob-53">[47]</a>: 213  and <a href="/wiki/Jadeite" title="Jadeite">jadeite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Jacob-53">[47]</a>: 220  The stones vary in size from about 1.5 feet (0.46 m) square (<a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>)<a href="#cite_note-115">[J]</a> to about 6 by 8 feet (1.8 m × 2.4 m) (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and New York City).<a href="#cite_note-Jacob-53">[47]</a>: 3, 90, 124, 218  <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> contributed one stone as a territory and another as a state, both with inscriptions that include its pre-territorial name, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">Deseret</a>, both located on the 220-foot (67 m) level.<a href="#cite_note-Jacob-53">[47]</a>: 154–155  A stone at the 240-foot (73 m) level of the monument is inscribed in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: Fy Iaith, Fy Ngwlad, Fy Nghenedl, Cymry am byth (My Language, My Country, My Nation, Welsh forever). The stone, imported from Wales, was donated by Welsh citizens of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jacob-53">[47]</a>: 170 <a href="#cite_note-116">[106]</a> Two other stones were presented by the Sunday Schools of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Episcopal">Methodist Episcopal</a> Church in New York and the Sabbath School children of the Methodist Episcopal Church in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>—the former quotes from the Bible verse Proverbs 10:7, "The memory of the just is blessed".<a href="#cite_note-Jacob-53">[47]</a>: 190, 192  <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Mejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Mejid I">Abdul Mejid I</a> donated $30,000 toward the construction of the Washington monument. The Sultans' donation was the largest single donation toward the building of the Washington Monument. The Sultan's intention was to bridge peace between the Ottomans and the Americans. The stone containing the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Turkish</a> inscriptions commemorating this event is on the 190-foot (58 m) level. The abbreviated translation of the inscriptions states, "So as to strengthen the friendship between the two countries. Abdul-Mejid Kahn has also had his name written on the monument to Washington."<a href="#cite_note-Jacob-53">[47]</a>: 128  It combines the works of two eminent <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">calligraphers</a>: an imperial <a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">tughra</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_R%C3%A2kim" title="Mustafa Râkim">Mustafa Rakım</a>'s student Haşim Efendi, and an inscription in jalī ta'līq script by <a href="/wiki/Kazasker_Mustafa_Izzet_Efendi" title="Kazasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi">Kazasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi</a>, the calligrapher who wrote the giant medallions at <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[108]</a> One stone was donated by the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu Kingdom</a> and brought back by Commodore <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew C. Perry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[109]</a> but never arrived in Washington (it was replaced in 1989).<a href="#cite_note-Jacob-53">[47]</a>: 210  Many of the stones donated for the monument carried inscriptions that did not commemorate George Washington. For example, one from the <a href="/wiki/Templars_of_Honor_and_Temperance" title="Templars of Honor and Temperance">Templars of Honor and Temperance</a> stated "We will not make, buy, sell, or use as a beverage, any spiritous or malt liquors, Wine, Cider, or any other Alcoholic Liquor."<a href="#cite_note-Jacob-53">[47]</a>: 140  (George Washington himself had owned a whiskey distillery which operated at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> after he left the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-120">[110]</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aluminum_apex">Aluminum apex</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aluminum apex">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aluminum_apex_Repaired_1934.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aluminum_apex_Repaired_1934.png/220px-Aluminum_apex_Repaired_1934.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aluminum_apex_Repaired_1934.png/330px-Aluminum_apex_Repaired_1934.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aluminum_apex_Repaired_1934.png/440px-Aluminum_apex_Repaired_1934.png 2x" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="2053" /></a><figcaption>Aluminum apex showing inscriptions on its east (left) and north (right) faces</figcaption></figure> The aluminum apex, composed of a metal that at the time was as rare and valuable as silver, was cast by <a href="/wiki/William_Frishmuth" title="William Frishmuth">William Frishmuth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Binczewski-13">[12]</a> At the time of casting, it was the largest piece of aluminum in the world. Before the installation, it was put on public display at <a href="/wiki/Tiffany%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiffany's">Tiffany's</a> in New York City and stepped over by visitors who could say they had "stepped over the top of the Washington Monument". It was 8.9 inches (23 cm) tall before <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3⁄8 inch (1 cm) was vaporized from its tip by lightning strikes during 1885–1934, when it was protected from further damage by tall lightning rods surrounding it. Its base is 5.6 inches (14 cm) square. The angle between opposite sides at its tip is 34°48'. It weighed 100 ounces (2.83 kg) before lightning strikes removed a small amount of aluminum from its tip and sides.<a href="#cite_note-Casey1885-35">[32]</a> Spectral analysis in 1934 showed that it was composed of 97.87% aluminum with the rest impurities.<a href="#cite_note-Binczewski-13">[12]</a> It has a shallow depression in its base to match a slightly raised area atop the small upper surface of the marble capstone, which aligns the sides of the apex with those of the capstone, and the downward protruding lip around that area prevents water from entering the joint.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 83–84  It has a large hole in the center of its base to receive a threaded 1.5-inch (3.8 cm) diameter copper rod which attaches it to the monument and used to form part of the lightning protection system.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 91  In 2015 the National Geodetic Survey reported the coordinates of the 1 mm dimple atop the aluminum apex as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Washington_Monument&params=38_53_22.08920_N_77_2_6.92910_W_">38°53′22.08920″N 77°2′6.92910″W / 38.8894692222°N 77.0352580833°W / 38.8894692222; -77.0352580833</a> (WGS 84).<a href="#cite_note-NGS2015-1">[1]</a>: 6, 82, 86  The four faces of the external aluminum apex all bear inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> writing (Snell <a href="/wiki/Round_hand" title="Round hand">Round hand</a>), which are incised into the aluminum.<a href="#cite_note-Binczewski-13">[12]</a> The apex was inscribed on site after it was delivered. Most inscriptions are the original 1884 inscriptions, except for the top three lines on the east face which were added in 1934. From 1885 to 1934 a wide gold-plated copper band that held eight short lightning rods, two per side but not at its corners, covered most of the inscriptions, which were damaged and illegible as shown in the accompanying picture made in 1934. A new band including eight long lightning rods, one at each corner and one at the middle of each side, was added in 1934 and removed and discarded in 2013. The inscriptions that it covered were still damaged and illegible in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-NGS2015-1">[1]</a>: 90–95  Only the top four and bottom two lines of the north face, the first and last lines of the west face, the top four lines of the south face, and the top three lines of the east face are still legible. Even though the inscriptions are no longer covered, no attempt was made to repair them when the apex was accessible in 2013. The following table shows legible inscriptions in blue and illegible inscriptions in red.<a href="#cite_note-NGS2015-1">[1]</a>: 93  No colors appear on the actual apex. The inscriptions occupy the lower portions of triangles, thus the inscribed upper lines are necessarily shorter than some lower lines. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>North face</th> <th>West face</th> <th>South face</th> <th>East face </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="white-space:nowrap; padding:1em;">Joint Commission at Setting of Cap Stone. ————— Chester A. Arthur. W. W. Corcoran, Chairman. M. E. Bell. Edward Clark. John Newton. Act of August 2, 1876. </td> <td align="center" style="white-space:nowrap; padding:1em;"> Corner Stone Laid on Bed of Foundation July 4, 1848. First Stone at Height of 152 feet laid August 7, 1880. Capstone set December 6, 1884. </td> <td align="center" style="white-space:nowrap; padding:1em;">Chief Engineer and Architect, Thos. Lincoln Casey, Colonel, Corps of Engineers. Assistants: George W. Davis, Captain, 14th Infantry. Bernard R. Green, Civil Engineer. Master Mechanic, P. H. McLaughlin. </td> <td align="center" style="white-space:nowrap; padding:1em;">Repaired 1934, National Park Service, Department of the Interior. Laus Deo. </td></tr></tbody></table> Although most printed sources, Harvey (1903),<a href="#cite_note-Harvey-31">[29]</a>: 295  Olszewski (1971),<a href="#cite_note-Olszewski-28">[26]</a>: app C  Torres (1984),<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 82, 84  and the Historic Structure Report (2004),<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 4-6–4-7  refer to the original 1884 inscriptions, the National Geodetic Survey (2015)<a href="#cite_note-NGS2015-1">[1]</a>: 90–95  refers to both the 1884 and 1934 inscriptions. All sources print them according to their own editorial rules, resulting in excessive capitalization (Harvey, Olszewski, and NGS) and inappropriate line breaks. No printed source uses cursive writing, although pictures of the apex clearly show that it was used for both the 1884 and 1934 inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-NGS2015-1">[1]</a>: 92–95 <a href="#cite_note-121">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[112]</a> A replica displayed on the 490-foot level uses totally different line breaks from those on the external apex—it also omits the 1934 inscriptions. In October 2007, it was discovered that the display of this replica was positioned so that the Laus Deo (Latin for "praise be to God") inscription could not be seen and Laus Deo was omitted from the placard describing the apex. The National Park Service rectified the omission by creating a new display.<a href="#cite_note-123">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lightning_protection">Lightning protection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lightning protection">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three-lighting-strikes-washingtondc-night_-_West_Virginia_-_ForestWander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Three-lighting-strikes-washingtondc-night_-_West_Virginia_-_ForestWander.jpg/220px-Three-lighting-strikes-washingtondc-night_-_West_Virginia_-_ForestWander.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Three-lighting-strikes-washingtondc-night_-_West_Virginia_-_ForestWander.jpg/330px-Three-lighting-strikes-washingtondc-night_-_West_Virginia_-_ForestWander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Three-lighting-strikes-washingtondc-night_-_West_Virginia_-_ForestWander.jpg/440px-Three-lighting-strikes-washingtondc-night_-_West_Virginia_-_ForestWander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Lightning strikes near the Washington Monument</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Pyramidion" title="Pyramidion">pyramidion</a>, the pointed top 55 feet (17 m) of the monument, was originally designed with an 8.9-inch (23 cm) tall inscribed aluminum apex which served as a single lightning rod, installed December 6, 1884. Six months later on June 5, 1885 lightning damaged the marble blocks of the pyramidion,<a href="#cite_note-124">[114]</a> so a net of gold-plated copper rods supporting 200 3-inch (7.6 cm) gold-plated, platinum-tipped copper points spaced every 5 feet (1.5 m) was installed over the entire pyramidion.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 3-10–3-11, 3–15, figs 3.17, 3.23 <a href="#cite_note-Olszewski-28">[26]</a>: chp 6 <a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 91–92  The original net included a gold-plated copper band attached to the aluminum apex by four large set screws which supported eight closely spaced vertical points that did not protrude above the apex. In 1934 these eight short points were lengthened to extend them above the apex by 6 inches (15 cm).<a href="#cite_note-125">[115]</a> In 2013 this original system was removed and discarded. It was replaced by only two thick solid aluminum lightning rods protruding above the tip of the apex by about one foot (0.3 m) attached to the east and west sides of the marble capstone just below the apex.<a href="#cite_note-NGS2015-1">[1]</a>: 23, 26 <a href="#cite_note-AerialAmerica-14">[13]</a> Until it was removed, the original lightning protection system was connected to the tops of the four iron columns supporting the elevator with large copper rods. Even though the aluminum apex is still connected to the columns with large copper rods, it is no longer part of the lightning protection system because it is now disconnected from the present lightning rods which shield it. The two lightning rods present since 2013 are connected to the iron columns with two large braided aluminum cables leading down the surface of the pyramidion near its southeast and northwest corners. They enter the pyramidion at its base, where they are tied together (electrically shorted) via large braided aluminum cables encircling the pyramidion two feet (0.6 m) above its base.<a href="#cite_note-AerialAmerica-14">[13]</a> The bottom of the iron columns are connected to ground water below the monument via four large copper rods that pass through a 2-foot (0.6 m) square well half filled with sand in the center of the foundation. The effectiveness of the lightning protection system has not been affected by a significant draw down of the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> since 1884 because the soil's water content remains roughly 20% both above and below the height of the water table.<a href="#cite_note-126">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walls">Walls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Walls">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Monument_rubble_at_150_feet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Showing about 85 irregular large stones in mortar between empty shaft well and outer marble veneer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Washington_Monument_rubble_at_150_feet.png/220px-Washington_Monument_rubble_at_150_feet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Washington_Monument_rubble_at_150_feet.png/330px-Washington_Monument_rubble_at_150_feet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Washington_Monument_rubble_at_150_feet.png/440px-Washington_Monument_rubble_at_150_feet.png 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of rubble in shaft at 150-feet and typical of rubble below 150 feet</figcaption></figure> During the first phase of construction (1848–1854), the walls were built with bluestone gneiss rubble, ranging from very large irregular stones having a cross section of about 5 by 10 feet (1.5 m × 3.0 m) down to spalls (broken pieces of stone) all embedded in a large amount of mortar. The outer surface is marble stones 14 to 18 inches (36–46 cm) thick in 2-foot (61 cm) high courses or rows horizontally encircling the monument. Although each course contains both stretchers (stones parallel to the wall) and headers (stones projecting into the wall), about two to three times as many stretchers as headers were used. Their joints were so thin that some stones pressed on bare stone below them, breaking off many pieces since it was constructed. The batter or slope of the outer surface is 0.247 inches per foot (2.06 cm/m, 1°11'). The inner surface has disorderly rows of smaller roughly dressed bluestone gneiss.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: B-49 <a href="#cite_note-HABSdrawings-10">[9]</a>: sheets 7–30 <a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 18–19, 23, 105–6  The base of the first phase walls has an outer dimension of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">55 feet 1+1⁄2 inches (16.80 m) square and a thickness of 15 feet (4.6 m). The interior well is 25 feet 1 inch (7.65 m) square and has square corners.<a href="#cite_note-Casey1884-12">[11]</a> The weight of the first phase walls up to 150 feet (45.7 m) is 22,373 long tons (25,058 short tons; 22,732 tonnes).<a href="#cite_note-Casey1884-12">[11]</a> During the second phase (1879–1884), the walls were constructed of smoothly dressed (<a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a>) large marble and granite blocks (<a href="/wiki/Cuboid#Rectangular_cuboid" title="Cuboid">rectangular cuboids</a>) laid down in an orderly manner (<a href="/wiki/Flemish_bond" title="Flemish bond">Flemish bond</a>) with thick joints. Two-foot high marble surface stones, using an equal number of stretchers and headers, were backed by granite blocks from the 152-foot level (the first course above the rubble) to the 218-foot level, where marble headers become increasingly visible on the internal surface of the walls up to the 450-foot level, above which only marble stones are used.<a href="#cite_note-level-128">[K]</a> Between the 150- and 160-foot levels the inner walls rapidly slope outward, increasing the shaft well from 25 feet 1 inch square to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">31 feet 5+1⁄2 inches (9.59 m) square with a corresponding decrease in the thickness of the walls and their weight.<a href="#cite_note-HABSdrawings-10">[9]</a>: sheets 4–5 <a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 23  The second phase walls at the 160-foot level were <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">8 feet 7+1⁄2 inches (2.63 m) thick, which, combined with the larger shaft well, yields an outer dimension of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">48 feet 8+1⁄2 inches (14.85 m) square at that level. The top of the second phase walls are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">34 feet 5+1⁄2 inches (10.50 m) square and 1 foot 6 inches (46 cm) thick.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 3–7 <a href="#cite_note-Casey1884-12">[11]</a> The second phase interior walls have rounded corners (2-foot (0.61 m) radii). The weight of the second phase walls (from 150 feet to 500 feet) are 21,260 long tons (23,810 short tons; 21,600 tonnes). The walls of the entire shaft (combined first and second phases) are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">500 feet 5+1⁄8 inches (152.530 m) high.<a href="#cite_note-Casey1884-12">[11]</a> The first phase of the walls was constructed under the direction of William Dougherty. Its white <a href="/wiki/Cockeysville_Marble" title="Cockeysville Marble">Cockeysville marble</a> exterior came from the Texas quarry now adjacent to and east of north I-83 near the Warren Road exit in <a href="/wiki/Cockeysville,_Maryland" title="Cockeysville, Maryland">Cockeysville, Maryland</a>. The quarry was named for the Texas Station (no longer extant) and 19th-century town on the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Central_Railway" title="Northern Central Railway">Northern Central Railway</a>. During the first phase it was operated by Thomas Symington, but is now operated by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta_Materials" title="Martin Marietta Materials">Martin Marietta Materials</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[118]</a> and no longer produces building stone. The second phase of construction was under the direction of Lt Col/Col <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lincoln_Casey_Sr." title="Thomas Lincoln Casey Sr.">Thomas Lincoln Casey</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a>, who removed two defective courses added by the <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know-Nothings</a> and the last 152-foot course added by Dougherty before Casey began his construction. The next three courses of white marble (152–156 feet (46–48 m)) came from <a href="/wiki/Sheffield,_Massachusetts" title="Sheffield, Massachusetts">Sheffield, Massachusetts</a>, while all courses above them came from the Beaver Dam quarry just west of the 19th-century town of Cockeysville.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 63 <a href="#cite_note-130">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[120]</a> The latter quarry is located on Beaver Dam Road near its intersection with McCormick Road. During the second phase the quarry was operated by Hugh Sisson, but is now flooded, is called Beaverdam Pond, and is the home of the Beaver Dam Swimming Club. Both 19th-century towns are now within the city limits of Cockeysville. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyramidion">Pyramidion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pyramidion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Monument_pyramidion_rib_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Washington_Monument_pyramidion_rib_structure.png/220px-Washington_Monument_pyramidion_rib_structure.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Washington_Monument_pyramidion_rib_structure.png/330px-Washington_Monument_pyramidion_rib_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Washington_Monument_pyramidion_rib_structure.png/440px-Washington_Monument_pyramidion_rib_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>Rib structure of pyramidion with letter designations for courses</figcaption></figure> The marble capstone of the pyramidion is a truncated pyramid with a cubical keystone projecting from its base and a deep groove surrounding the keystone. The <a href="#Aluminum_apex">aluminum apex</a> replaces its truncated top. The inside upper edges of the topmost slabs on the four faces of the pyramidion rest on the keystone and in the groove. It has a large vertical hole through which a 1.5-inch (3.8 cm) threaded copper rod passes and screws into the base of the apex, which used to form part of its <a href="#Lightning_protection">lightning protection system</a>. The keystone and groove occupy so much of its base that only a small horizontal area near its outer edge remains. The weight of the capstone is transferred to both the inner and outer portions of the <a href="/wiki/Shiplap" title="Shiplap">shiplap</a> upper edges of the slabs. It weighs 3,300 pounds (1,500 kg), is 5 feet 2 inches (1.57 m) high from its base to its top, and is 3 feet (91 cm) square at its base.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 85 <a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-127">[117]</a>: 80  The marble pyramidion has an extremely complex construction to save weight yet remain strong. Its surface slabs or panels are usually only 7 inches (18 cm) thick (with small thick and thin portions) and generally do not support the weight of slabs above them, instead transferring their own weight via 1-foot (30 cm) wide internal marble ribs to the shaft's walls. The slabs are generally 7 feet (2 m) wide and 4 feet 4 inches (1 m) high with a 2-inch (5 cm) vertical overlap (shiplap) to prevent water from entering the horizontal joints. Twelve such courses, the internal ribs, the marble capstone, and the aluminum apex comprise the pyramidion. Its height is 55 feet 0 inches (16.76 m). Its weight is 300 long tons (336 short tons; 305 tonnes).<a href="#cite_note-Casey1884-12">[11]</a> The slope of the walls of the pyramidion is 17°24' from the vertical.<a href="#cite_note-Casey1885-35">[32]</a> There are twelve ribs, three per wall, which spring from the 470-foot (143.3 m) level, all being integrated into the walls up to the 500-foot (152.4 m) level. All are free standing above 500 feet, relying on <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortise and tenon</a> joints to attach neighboring stones. The eight corner ribs terminate six courses above the shaft, each corner rib resting on its neighboring corner rib via a <a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">miter joint</a>, forming four corner arches. Each such arch supports a pair of square corner stones, one above the other totaling one course in height. Each corner rib is linked to the nearest center rib at the sixth course via a marble tie beam. The four center ribs terminate eight courses above the shaft at a marble cruciform (cross shaped) keystone, forming two main arches that cross each other. Two stones, each one course high, are mounted on each of the four ribs, supporting two additional courses above the cruciform keystone, leaving two courses to support the capstone's weight by themselves.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 3-8–3-11 <a href="#cite_note-Earthquake-22">[20]</a>: 6–10 <a href="#cite_note-Seismic-132">[121]</a> The observation floor (nominally the 500-foot level) is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">499 feet 4+1⁄2 inches (152.21 m) above the entry lobby floor or lowest landing level. It is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1+1⁄4 inches (3.2 cm) above the marble base of the pyramidion and the top of the shaft walls.<a href="#cite_note-NGS2015-1">[1]</a>: 56, 58, 65 <a href="#cite_note-HABSdrawings-10">[9]</a>: sheet 7, 31–35 <a href="#cite_note-Casey1884-12">[11]</a> Four pairs of 3-foot (91 cm) wide observation windows are provided, spaced 4 feet (122 cm) apart, inner stone edge to edge, all just above the lowest course of slabs (504-foot level). Six are 1 foot 6 inches (46 cm) high while two on the east face are 2 feet (61 cm) high for easier egress. All were originally provided with thin marble shutters in a bronze frame each of which could be opened inward, one left and the other right per wall.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 3–11  After two people committed suicide by jumping through the open windows in the 1920s, hinged horizontal iron bars were added to them in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 3–14 <a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 85, 102  A ninth opening in a slab on the south face just below the capstone is provided for access to the outside of the pyramidion. It is covered by a stone slab which is internally removable. In 1931, four red aircraft warning lights were installed, one per face in one of its observation windows. Pilots complained that they could not be easily seen, so the monument was floodlit on all sides as well.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 2–14, B-39, B-41, B-52–B-53  In 1958, eight 14-inch (36 cm) diameter holes for new red aircraft warning lights were bored, one above each window near the top edge of the fourth course of slabs (516-foot level) in the pyramidion.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 2–28, 3–15, B-55 <a href="#cite_note-HABSdrawings-10">[9]</a>: sheet 12  In 1958 the observation windows were glazed with shatterproof glass. In 1974–1976, they were glazed with bulletproof glass and the shutters removed. New bulletproof glass was installed during 1997–2000.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 3–16, 3–18, B-49  The pyramidion has two inscriptions, neither of which is regarded as a memorial stone. One is the year "1884" on the underside of the cruciform keystone; the other is at the same level as that keystone on the north face of the west center rib containing the names and titles of the four highest ranked builders. Its inscription (<a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Washington_Monument_inscription_interior_pyramidion.png" class="internal" title="Washington Monument inscription interior pyramidion.png">"Chief Engineer ..."</a>) is almost identical to the inscription on the south face of the aluminum apex except for "U.S.", which is part of the phrase "14th U.S. Infantry" in the inscription inside the pyramidion, but the apex has only "14th Infantry". Additionally, the internal inscription does not use cursive writing and all letters in all names are capitals.<a href="#cite_note-HABSdrawings-10">[9]</a>: sheet 35 <a href="#cite_note-Earthquake-22">[20]</a>: 8  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Foundation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Monument_foundation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Washington_Monument_foundation.png/220px-Washington_Monument_foundation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Washington_Monument_foundation.png/330px-Washington_Monument_foundation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Washington_Monument_foundation.png/440px-Washington_Monument_foundation.png 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of foundation, both old and reinforced, showing dimensions</figcaption></figure> The first phase began with the excavation of about 7 feet 8 inches (2.3 m) of topsoil down to a level of <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loam</a>, consisting of equal parts of sand and clay, hard enough to require <a href="/wiki/Pickaxe" title="Pickaxe">picks</a> to break it up. On this "bed of the foundation" the <a href="#Cornerstone">cornerstone</a> was laid at the northeast corner of the proposed foundation. The rest of the foundation was then constructed of bluestone gneiss rubble and spalls, with every crevice filled with <a href="/wiki/Lime_mortar" title="Lime mortar">lime mortar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 23, 68  The dimensions of this old foundation were 23 feet 4 inches (7.1 m) high, 80 feet (24.4 m) square at the base, and 58 feet 6 inches (17.8 m) square at the top, laid down in eight steps, similar to a truncated <a href="/wiki/Step_pyramid" title="Step pyramid">step pyramid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 18–19, 23, 47  At the center of the foundation a brick-lined 2-foot (60 cm) square well was dug to a depth of 20 feet (6 m) below the bed of the foundation to keep it dry and to supply water during construction.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 19  During the second phase, after determining that the proposed weight of the monument was too great for the old foundation to safely bear, the thickness of the walls atop the unfinished stump was reduced and the foundation was strengthened by adding a large unreinforced concrete slab below the perimeter of the old foundation to increase the monument's load bearing area two and one half times. The slab was 13 feet 6 inches (4.1 m) thick, with an outer perimeter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">126 feet 5+1⁄2 inches (38.54 m) square, an inner perimeter 44 feet (13.4 m) square, with undisturbed loam inside the inner perimeter except for the water well. The area at the base of the second phase foundation is 15,992 square feet (1,485.7 m2). The strengthened foundation (old foundation and concrete slab) has a total depth of 36 feet 10 inches (11.2 m) below the bottom of the lowest course of marble blocks (now below ground), and 38 feet (11.6 m) below the entry lobby floor. Casey reported that nowhere did the load exceed 9 long tons per square foot (140 psi; 970 kPa) and did not exceed 3 long tons per square foot (47 psi; 320 kPa) near the outer perimeter.<a href="#cite_note-Casey1884-12">[11]</a> To properly distribute the load from the shaft to slab, about half by volume of the outer periphery of the old rubble foundation below its top step was removed. A continuous sloping unreinforced concrete buttress encircles what remains. The buttress is 100 feet 4 inches (30.6 m) square at its base, 64 feet 6 inches (19.7 m) square at its top, and 20 feet 5 inches (6.2 m) high. The perimeter of the original top step of the old rubble foundation rests on the larger top of the concrete buttress. Its slope (lower external angle from the vertical) is 49°. This buttress rests in a depression (triangular cross-section) on the top surface of the concrete slab. The slab was constructed by digging pairs of 4-foot (1.2 m) wide <a href="/wiki/Drift_mining" title="Drift mining">drifts</a> on opposite sides of the monument's center line to keep the monument properly balanced. The drifts were filled with unreinforced concrete with depressions or dowel stones on their sides to interlock the sections.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 3-3–3-5, figs 3.1–3.6, 3.9, 3.13, 4.11 <a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 39, 47–48, 67–73  An earthen terrace 60 feet (18 m) wide with its top at the base of the walls and steep sides was constructed in 1880–81 over the reinforced foundation while the rest of the monument was being constructed. During 1887–88, a knoll was constructed around the terrace tapering out roughly 300 feet (90 m) onto the surrounding terrain. This earthen terrace and knoll serves as an additional buttress for the foundation. The weight of the foundation is 36,912 long tons (41,341 short tons; 37,504 tonnes),<a href="#cite_note-Casey1884-12">[11]</a> including earth and gneiss rubble above the concrete foundation that is within its outer perimeter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stairs_and_elevator">Stairs and elevator</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Stairs and elevator">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sections_-_Washington_Monument,_High_ground_West_of_Fifteenth_Street,_Northwest,_between_Independence_and_Constitution_Avenues,_Washington,_District_of_Columbia,_DC_HABS_DC,WASH,2-_(sheet_31_of_37).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sections_-_Washington_Monument%2C_High_ground_West_of_Fifteenth_Street%2C_Northwest%2C_between_Independence_and_Constitution_Avenues%2C_Washington%2C_District_of_Columbia%2C_DC_HABS_DC%2CWASH%2C2-_%28sheet_31_of_37%29.png/220px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sections_-_Washington_Monument%2C_High_ground_West_of_Fifteenth_Street%2C_Northwest%2C_between_Independence_and_Constitution_Avenues%2C_Washington%2C_District_of_Columbia%2C_DC_HABS_DC%2CWASH%2C2-_%28sheet_31_of_37%29.png/330px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sections_-_Washington_Monument%2C_High_ground_West_of_Fifteenth_Street%2C_Northwest%2C_between_Independence_and_Constitution_Avenues%2C_Washington%2C_District_of_Columbia%2C_DC_HABS_DC%2CWASH%2C2-_%28sheet_31_of_37%29.png/440px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="13696" data-file-height="17664" /></a><figcaption>North interior wall with its stairs and their wire screening</figcaption></figure> The monument is filled with ironwork, consisting of its stairs, elevator columns and associated tie beams, none of which supports the weight of the stonework. It was redesigned in 1958 to reduce congestion and improve the flow of visitors. Originally, visitors entered and exited the west side of the elevator on the observation floor, causing congestion. So the large landing at the 490-foot level was expanded to a full floor and the original spiral stair in the northeast corner between the 490-and-500-foot (149.4 and 152.4 m) levels was replaced by two spiral stairs in the northeast and southeast corners. Now visitors exit the elevator on the observation floor, then walk down either spiral stair before reboarding the elevator for their trip back down.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: fig 3.31  The main stairs spiral up the interior walls from the entry lobby floor to the elevator reboarding floor at the 490-foot (150 m) level. The elevator occupies the center of the shaft well from the entry lobby to the observation floor, with an elevator machine room (installed 1925–26) whose floor is 18 feet 10 inches (5.74 m) above the observation floor and an elevator pit (excavated 1879) whose floor is 9 feet (2.74 m) below the entry lobby floor.<a href="#cite_note-HABSdrawings-10">[9]</a>: sheet 31–35 <a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 61, 74  The stairs and elevator are supported by four wrought iron columns each. The four supporting the stairs extend from the entry lobby floor to the observation floor and were set at the corners of a 15-foot-8-inch (4.78 m) square. The four supporting the elevator extend from the floor of the elevator pit to 14 feet (4.3 m) above the observation floor and were set at the corners of a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">9-foot-9+1⁄2-inch (3.0 m) square.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 3–6  The weight of the ironwork is 275 long tons (308 short tons; 279 tonnes).<a href="#cite_note-Casey1884-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">Cast iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a>, and steel were all used. The two small spiral stairs installed in 1958 are aluminum.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a> Most landings occupy the entire east and west interior walls every 10 feet (3.05 m) from and including the east landing at the 30-foot (9.1 m) level up to the west landing at the 480-foot (150 m) level, east then west alternately. Three stairs with small landings rise from the entry lobby floor to the 30-foot (9.1 m) level successively along the north, west and south interior walls. Landings from the 30 foot (9.1 m) level up to the 150 foot (46 m) level are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3 feet 2+1⁄4 inches (0.97 m) by 25 feet 1 inch (7.65 m), while landings from the 160-foot (49 m) level to the 480-foot (150 m) level are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">7 feet 10+3⁄4 inches (2.41 m) by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">31 feet 5+1⁄2 inches (9.59 m). All stairs are on the north and south walls except for the aforementioned west stair between the 10–20-foot (3.05–6.10 m) levels, and the two spiral stairs.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a> About one fourth of visitors chose to ascend the monument using the stairs when they were available. They were closed to up traffic in 1971, and then closed to all traffic except by special arrangement in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 3–18 <a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 101  The stairs had 898 steps until 1958, consisting of 18 <a href="/wiki/Stair_riser" class="mw-redirect" title="Stair riser">risers</a> in each of the 49 main stairs plus 16 risers in the spiral stair.<a href="#cite_note-Olszewski-28">[26]</a>: chp 7 <a href="#cite_note-Snell-133">[122]</a>: 18  Since 1958 the stairs have had 897 risers if only one spiral stair is counted because both spiral stairs now have 15 risers each.<a href="#cite_note-HABSdrawings-10">[9]</a>: sheets 6, 31–35 <a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 72  These figures do not include two additional steps in the entry passage that were covered up in 1975 by a ramp and its inward horizontal extension to meet the higher (since 1886) entry lobby floor. One step was 3.2 feet (1 m) away from the outer walls and the other was at the end of the passage, 15 feet (4.6 m) away from the outer walls.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 3-17–3-18, figs 3.11, 3.32–3.33, 3.39  As initially constructed, the interior was relatively open with two-rail <a href="/wiki/Handrail" title="Handrail">handrails</a>, but a couple of suicides and an accidental fall prompted the addition of tall wire screening 7 feet (2.1 m) high with a large diamond mesh) on the inside edge of the stairs and landings in 1929. The original steam powered elevator, which took 10 to 12 minutes to ascend to the observation floor, was replaced by an electric elevator powered by an on-site <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamo</a> in 1901 which took five minutes to ascend. The monument was connected to the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grid</a> in 1923, allowing the installation of a modern electric elevator in 1925–26 which took 70 seconds. The latter was replaced in 1958 and again in 1998 by 70-second elevators.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 2–13, 2–15, 3-20–3-21, B-44, B-47, B-48 <a href="#cite_note-Harvey-31">[29]</a>: 102, 107–8  From 1997 to 2000, the wire screening at three platforms was replaced by large glass panels to allow visitors on the elevator to view three clusters of memorial stones that were synchronously lit as the elevator automatically slowed while passing them during its descent.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 3–21, 4–16  <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flags">Flags</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Flags">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overhead_view_of_Washington_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Overhead_view_of_Washington_Monument.jpg/220px-Overhead_view_of_Washington_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Overhead_view_of_Washington_Monument.jpg/330px-Overhead_view_of_Washington_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Overhead_view_of_Washington_Monument.jpg/440px-Overhead_view_of_Washington_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3215" data-file-height="3980" /></a><figcaption>50 American flags representing the 50 U.S. states surround the Washington Monument.</figcaption></figure> Fifty <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">American flags</a> (not state flags), one for each state, are now flown 24 hours a day around a large circle centered on the monument. Forty eight American flags (one for each state then in existence) were flown on wooden flag poles on Washington's birthday since 1920 and later on Independence Day, Memorial Day, and other special occasions until early 1958. Both the flags and flag poles were removed and stored between these days. In 1958 fifty 25-foot (7.6 m) tall aluminum flag poles (anticipating Alaska and Hawaii) were installed, evenly spaced around a 260-foot (79 m) diameter circle. During 2004–05, the diameter of the circle was reduced to 240 feet (73 m). Since Washington's birthday 1958, 48 American flags were flown on a daily basis, increasing to 49 flags on July 4, 1959, and then to 50 flags since July 4, 1960. When 48 and 49 flags were flown, only 48 and 49 flag poles of the available 50 were placed into base receptacles. All flags were removed and stored overnight. Since July 4, 1971, 50 American flags have flown 24 hours a day.<a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 2-14–2-15, 4-1–4-2, B-35–B-36 <a href="#cite_note-HABSdrawings-10">[9]</a>: sheet 3 <a href="#cite_note-flags-20">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vesica_piscis">Vesica piscis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Vesica piscis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Monument_-_night.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Washington_Monument_-_night.JPG/220px-Washington_Monument_-_night.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Washington_Monument_-_night.JPG/330px-Washington_Monument_-_night.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Washington_Monument_-_night.JPG/440px-Washington_Monument_-_night.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The monument stands at a height of about 555 feet.</figcaption></figure> In the 2004 grounds renovation, two large circles were added to the landscaping with the obelisk in the intersection or <a href="/wiki/Vesica_piscis" title="Vesica piscis">vesica piscis</a>. The monument's vesica piscis is not ideal because neither circle passes through the center of its neighbor. Furthermore, both "circles" are slightly elliptical. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous_details">Miscellaneous details</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous details">edit</a>]</div> The total cost of the monument from 1848 to 1888 was $1,409,500<a href="#cite_note-Snell-133">[122]</a> (equivalent to $40,000,000 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-134">[123]</a> The weight of the above ground portion of the monument is 44,208 long tons (49,513 short tons; 44,917 tonnes), whereas its total weight, including the foundation below ground and any earth above it that is within its outer perimeter is 81,120 long tons (90,854 short tons; 82,422 tonnes). The total number of blocks in the monument, including all marble, granite and gneiss blocks, whether externally or internally visible or hidden from view within the walls or old foundation is over 36,000.<a href="#cite_note-FAQ-11">[10]</a> The number of marble blocks externally visible is about 10,000. The monument stands <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">554 feet 7+11⁄32 inches (169.046 m) tall according to the National Geodetic Survey (measured 2013–14) or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">555 feet 5+1⁄8 inches (169.294 m) tall according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> (measured 1884).<a href="#cite_note-height-15">[B]</a> In 1975, a ramp covered two steps at the entrance to the monument, so the ground next to the ramp was raised to match its height, reducing the remaining height to the monument's apex. It is both the world's tallest predominantly stone structure and the world's tallest obelisk. It is the tallest monumental column in the world if all are measured above their pedestrian entrances, but two are taller when measured above ground, though they are neither all stone nor true obelisks.<a href="#cite_note-columns-6">[A]</a> The tallest <a href="/wiki/Masonry_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonry structure">masonry structure</a> in the world is the brick <a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Smelter_Stack" title="Anaconda Smelter Stack">Anaconda Smelter Stack</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">585 feet 1+1⁄2 inches (178.35 m) tall. But this includes a 30-foot (9.1 m) non-masonry concrete foundation, leaving the stack's brick chimney at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">555 feet 1+1⁄2 inches (169.20 m) tall, only about 6 inches (15 cm) taller than the monument's 2015 height. If the monument's aluminum apex is also discounted, then the stack's masonry portion is 15 inches (38 cm) taller than the monument's masonry portion.<a href="#cite_note-Kelly-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-height-15">[B]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anaconda-135">[L]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Security">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buildings_in_Washington,_D.C._01907_(cropped)_ha-ha_wall_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Buildings_in_Washington%2C_D.C._01907_%28cropped%29_ha-ha_wall_2.JPG/220px-Buildings_in_Washington%2C_D.C._01907_%28cropped%29_ha-ha_wall_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Buildings_in_Washington%2C_D.C._01907_%28cropped%29_ha-ha_wall_2.JPG/330px-Buildings_in_Washington%2C_D.C._01907_%28cropped%29_ha-ha_wall_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Buildings_in_Washington%2C_D.C._01907_%28cropped%29_ha-ha_wall_2.JPG/440px-Buildings_in_Washington%2C_D.C._01907_%28cropped%29_ha-ha_wall_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>A low-profile <a href="/wiki/Ha-ha" title="Ha-ha">ha-ha</a> wall surrounds the monument.</figcaption></figure> In 2001, a temporary visitor security screening center was added to the east entrance of the Washington Monument in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. The one-story facility was designed to reduce the ability of a terrorist attack on the interior of the monument, or an attempt to seize and hold it. Visitors obtained their timed-entry tickets from the Monument Lodge east of the memorial and passed through metal detectors and bomb-sniffing sensors prior to entering the monument. After exiting the monument, they passed through a turnstile to prevent them from re-entering. This facility, a one-story cube of wood around a metal frame, was intended to be temporary until a new screening facility could be designed.<a href="#cite_note-screening-21">[19]</a> On March 6, 2014, the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Planning_Commission" title="National Capital Planning Commission">National Capital Planning Commission</a> approved a new visitor screening facility to replace the temporary one. The 785-square-foot (72.9 m2) facility will be two stories high and contain space for screening 20 to 25 visitors at a time. The exterior walls (which will be slightly frosted to prevent viewing of the security screening process) will consist of an outer sheet of <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_glass" title="Bulletproof glass">bulletproof glass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a>, a metal mesh insert, and another sheet of bulletproof glass. The inner sheet will consist of two sheets (slightly separated) of <a href="/wiki/Laminated_glass" title="Laminated glass">laminated glass</a>. A 0.5-inch (1.3 cm) airspace will exist between the inner and outer glass walls to help insulate the facility. Two (possibly three) <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal heat pump">geothermal heat pumps</a> will be built on the north side of the monument to provide heating and cooling of the facility. The new facility will also provide an office for National Park Service and United States Park Police staff. The structure is designed so that it may be removed without damaging the monument.<a href="#cite_note-136">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_of_Fine_Arts" title="United States Commission of Fine Arts">United States Commission of Fine Arts</a> approved the aesthetic design of the screening facility in June 2013.<a href="#cite_note-137">[125]</a> A recessed trench wall known as a <a href="/wiki/Ha-ha" title="Ha-ha">ha-ha</a> has been built to minimize the visual impact of a security barrier surrounding the monument. After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> and another unrelated terror threat at the monument, authorities had put up a circle of temporary <a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barriers</a> to prevent large motor vehicles from approaching. The unsightly barrier was replaced by a less-obtrusive low 30-inch (76 cm) granite stone wall that doubles as a seating bench and also incorporates lighting. Designed by the famed landscape architect <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Olin" title="Laurie Olin">Laurie Olin</a>, the installation received the 2005 Park/Landscape Award of Merit from the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Landscape_Architects" title="American Society of Landscape Architects">American Society of Landscape Architects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_syndrome" title="Washington Monument syndrome">Washington Monument syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Architecture of Washington, D.C.">Architecture of Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_memorials_of_the_United_States" title="List of national memorials of the United States">List of national memorials of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Washington,_D.C.,_Ward_2" title="List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2">List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures" title="List of tallest freestanding structures">List of tallest freestanding structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_towers" title="List of tallest towers">List of tallest towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_before_the_20th_century" title="List of tallest structures built before the 20th century">List of tallest structures built before the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Memorial" title="Adams Memorial">Adams Memorial</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Monument" title="Bunker Hill Monument">Bunker Hill Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_National_Memorial" title="Benjamin Franklin National Memorial">Benjamin Franklin National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_Memorial" title="George Mason Memorial">George Mason Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_memorials_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential memorials in the United States">Presidential memorials in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckahoe_marble" title="Tuckahoe marble">Tuckahoe marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Marble" title="Yule Marble">Yule Marble</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-columns-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-columns_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-columns_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-columns_6-2">c</a> Only two other monumental columns honoring a person or thing have heights comparable to that of the Washington Monument: the <a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Monument" title="San Jacinto Monument">San Jacinto Monument</a> in Deer Park, Texas, and the <a href="/wiki/Juche_Tower" title="Juche Tower">Juche Tower</a> in Pyongyang, North Korea. Which of the three is tallest depends on how its height is measured.<a href="#cite_note-Kelly-16">[14]</a> A traditional method is above a part of the monument comparable to ground level. A more recent method is that used by the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat" title="Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat">Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat</a> (CTBUH), the arbiter of the height of tall buildings since 1969. CTBUH states the height of a building must be measured above the "level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance".<a href="#cite_note-CTBUH-7">[6]</a> Under this measurement, the Washington Monument is the tallest, followed by the San Jacinto Monument at −2.6 feet (−0.79 m) and the Juche Tower at −20 feet (−6 m). The above-ground heights of the three monumental columns from tallest to shortest are the San Jacinto Monument (+12.70 feet (3.871 m)), the Juche Tower (3.3 feet (+1 m)), and the Washington Monument. Height differences are relative to the height of the Washington Monument. <ul><li>The Washington Monument's CTBUH (above pedestrian entrance) height, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">554 feet 7+11⁄32 inches (169.046 m), is the same as its above ground height.</li> <li>The San Jacinto Monument has a surveyed height of 567.31 feet (172.916 m) from its footing to the top of its beacon. However, the architect of the monument, Albert C. Finn, stated, "San Jacinto ... is actually 552 feet [168.2 m] from the first floor to the top of the beacon" ... in the "customary way" of measuring such things.<a href="#cite_note-SanJacinto-17">[15]</a> The "first floor" is the CTBUH criterion. A stepped <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">terrace</a> elevates this pedestrian entrance above ground, thus reducing the monument's remaining height by its thickness, about 15.5 feet (4.7 m), to the monument's CTBUH height. The monument is made of reinforced concrete, not stone, although it has a facade of limestone.</li> <li>The Juche Tower has a specified height of 558 feet (170 m) above a very large concrete bus parking lot just east of the tower. A stepped terrace elevates its pedestrian entrance, also on its east side, above this ground level. Its thickness, 23 feet (7 m), reduces the remaining height of the tower to 535 feet (163 m), its CTBUH height. The tower is made of reinforced concrete, not stone, although it has a facade of granite. A metal cage holding many panels of red glass in the shape of a flame, internally illuminated, surmounting a gold-colored "fuel chamber", occupies its top 66 feet (20 m).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-height-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-height_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-height_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-height_15-2">c</a> Several heights have been specified, all of which exclude the foundation, whose top is 15 feet 8 inches (4.78 m) above the pre-construction ground level. The foundation is surrounded by a grassy <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/knoll" class="extiw" title="wikt:knoll">knoll</a>, which serves as a <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttress</a> for the monument's foundation and effectively places the monument's foundation below ground level. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">554 feet 7+11⁄32 inches (169.046 m) according to the National Geodetic Survey (NGS)<a href="#cite_note-NGS2015-1">[1]</a>: 5  using the criteria of the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat" title="Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat">Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat</a> (CTBUH), that is, from the "level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance" to the highest point of the building.<a href="#cite_note-CTBUH-7">[6]</a> From among four candidate points suggested by the NGS, the CTBUH chose a point on the entry ramp installed in 1975 where it crosses the outer face of the marble facade of the monument.<a href="#cite_note-HABStext-3">[3]</a>: 7 <a href="#cite_note-NGS2015disagree-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-HSR-9">[8]</a>: 2–15, 3–18, 4–13, B-49, figs 3.32, 3.33, 3.39, 3.42 <a href="#cite_note-HABSdrawings-10">[9]</a>: sheet 31  Measured 2013–14 and reported February 16, 2015. This is also its new above-ground height because the ground at the shaft was raised in 1975 to match the ramp. The ground surrounding the shaft was replaced by granite pavers during 2004–05 to match the raised ground level and the ramp. This height is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">22.0 centimeters (8+5⁄8 in) above four "CASEY marks", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2+1⁄2-inch-diameter (6.4 cm) brass bolt heads whose shafts are inserted vertically into the topmost level of the foundation just outside the four corners of the monument. These CASEY marks were set flush with the lower surface of the marble blocks. The NGS thinks they were likely used by Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey, the engineer in charge of construction, to determine the traditional height in 1884. The floor at the elevator is now <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">13.9 centimeters (5+1⁄2 in) above this pedestrian entrance, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">35.9 centimeters (14+1⁄8 in) above the CASEY marks.<a href="#cite_note-NGS2015-1">[1]</a>: 13, 56, 65, 82–84  The highest point of the monument is a one-millimeter-diameter dimple atop the aluminum apex.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">555 feet 5+1⁄8 inches (169.294 m) according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAQ-11">[10]</a> Measured and reported in 1884 by Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey, the engineer in charge of construction.<a href="#cite_note-Casey1884-12">[11]</a> It was measured from the top of the foundation (the lowest marble joint or the door-sills of the two empty doorways), which was in place in 1884. This is the traditional height of the monument that became moot when the pavement or ground next to the monument was raised in 1975.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">554 feet 11+1⁄2 inches (169.151 m) according to architectural drawings in the Historic American Buildings Survey (1994), pavement at shaft to tip.<a href="#cite_note-HABSdrawings-10">[9]</a>: sheets 7, 31  This height is comparable to the NGS height because it was also determined after the ramp was installed in 1975.</li></ul> None of these heights include a set of <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">lightning rods</a> surrounding the monument's aluminum apex. An old set was installed in 1934, which protruded above its tip by 6 inches (15 cm).<a href="#cite_note-Binczewski-13">[12]</a> In 2013 a new set of lightning rods was installed which protrude above the apex by about one foot (0.3 m).<a href="#cite_note-NGS2015-1">[1]</a>: 23, 26 <a href="#cite_note-AerialAmerica-14">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obelisk1836-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Obelisk1836_32-0">^</a> The base of the obelisk atop the circular pillar was to have been "70 feet square" (21 m square) according to the House report of 1872<a href="#cite_note-House1872-30">[28]</a>: 8  and Torres (1984),<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 13  but only "50 feet square" (15 m square) according to Harvey (1903).<a href="#cite_note-Harvey-31">[29]</a>: 27  The corners of a 70 foot (21 m) square base (99 foot (30 m) diagonal) would dangerously overhang a 70 foot (21 m) diameter pillar, whereas a 50 foot (15 m) square base (71 foot (22 m) diagonal) would not. </li> <li id="cite_note-L'Enfant-40"><a href="#cite_ref-L'Enfant_40-0">^</a> L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life, while residing in the United States. He wrote this name on his "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States ..." and on other legal documents.<a href="#cite_note-L'Enfant_Plan-36">[33]</a> However, during the early 1900s, the then French ambassador to the U.S., <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jules_Jusserand" title="Jean Jules Jusserand">Jean Jules Jusserand</a>, popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name, "Pierre Charles L'Enfant".<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> identifies L'Enfant as "Major Peter Charles L'Enfant" and as "Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant" on pages of its website that describe the Washington Monument.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> states in <a href="/wiki/Title_40_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 40 of the United States Code">40 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/40/3309">§ 3309</a>: "(a) In General. – The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant." </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> The monument is located 370 feet (112.78 m) east of the north–south White House axis, 123 feet (37.49 m) south of the east–west Capitol axis, and 7,387.4 feet (2,251.68 m) west of the north–south Capitol axis.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-19">[17]</a>: 16 <a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> The park portion of the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">Mall</a>, including Madison Drive, Jefferson Drive, and four wide gravel boulevards between them east of the monument, and the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_Reflecting_Pool" title="Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool">Reflecting Pool</a> and sidewalks west of the monument, are parallel to the offset Capitol-Monument-Lincoln axis. But the major highways immediately north and south of the Mall, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Avenue" title="Constitution Avenue">Constitution Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independence_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Independence Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">Independence Avenue</a>, are oriented east–west. This misalignment can be seen on a map of the area. </li> <li id="cite_note-rust-57"><a href="#cite_ref-rust_57-0">^</a> The large gold-plated copper band added to the aluminum apex in 1885 discolored or damaged the surface of the aluminum so much that most of its inscriptions are no longer legible – see <a href="#Aluminum_apex">Aluminum apex</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutchman-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Dutchman_93-0">^</a> A "Dutchman Repair" "is a type of partial replacement or 'piecing-in'" that "involves replacing a small area of damaged stone" with a small piece of natural or imitation stone, "wedged in place or secured with an adhesive", with the joint being "as narrow as possible to maintain the appearance of a continuous surface".<a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Material of the memorial stones is that named as "original material" by Judith Jacob, regardless of the material given in her "documentation" for the same stone. Some stones have small amounts of black paint, gold or silver within their letters. Six memorial stones are composed of significant amounts of two types of material each, the first stone and the second stone, lead or bronze. The material of seven memorial stones is not identified, including that of the Capitol stone.<a href="#cite_note-Jacob-53">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> The Carthage stone was the last memorial stone installed in the monument, in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-114">[105]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-level-128"><a href="#cite_ref-level_128-0">^</a> Three types of levels exist, one for marble courses in the walls, one for marble courses in the pyramidion, and one for stair landings. The level of a marble course in the walls is named by the height of its upper surface or joint, in multiples of 2 feet (61 cm), above the lower surface (zero feet) of the lowest marble course in the walls (now below ground), which rests on the old foundation and is at the same height as four Casey marks (the tops of four brass bolts inserted vertically into the top of the old foundation). The level of a marble course in the pyramidion is similar to those in the walls except that they are in multiples of 4 feet (122 cm). The level of a stair landing is named by its height, in multiples of 10 feet (3.0 m), above the lowest landing, which coincides with the entry lobby floor. The zero-foot height or reference for marble courses in the first phase walls (which do not extend through the rubble walls) is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">14+1⁄8 inches (36 cm) below that for stair landings,<a href="#cite_note-NGS2015-1">[1]</a>: 56, 58, 65  but marble levels in the second phase walls (except for the 500-foot level) are only 11 inches (28 cm) below their corresponding stair levels.<a href="#cite_note-HABSdrawings-10">[9]</a>: sheets 32–35 <a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-127">[117]</a>: 22  </li> <li id="cite_note-Anaconda-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Anaconda_135-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">Masonry</a>, by definition, includes manufactured brick, natural stone units, and <a href="/wiki/Concrete_masonry_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Concrete masonry unit">concrete masonry units</a>. Taller stacks or chimneys are made of <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a>. See the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_towers" title="List of tallest towers">list of tallest towers</a> (designed for regular public access), and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_chimneys" title="List of tallest chimneys">list of tallest chimneys</a> (not designed for regular public access). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NGS2015-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NGS2015_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGS2015_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGS2015_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGS2015_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGS2015_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGS2015_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGS2015_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGS2015_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGS2015_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGS2015_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGS2015_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGS2015_1-11">l</a> National Geodetic Survey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/NOAA_TR_NOS_NGS_51_2015_02_16.pdf">"2013–2014 Survey of the Washington Monument"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212025/http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/NOAA_TR_NOS_NGS_51_2015_02_16.pdf">Archived</a> March 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2015. Horizontal coordinates converted from NAD83(2011) to WGS84(G1674), the required coordinate system for Wikipedia coordinates, via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/HTDP/htdp.prl?f1=4&f2=1">NGS Horizontal Time-Dependent Positioning</a>, epoch 2010.0 including ellipsoidal height. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Maps/NMMParks_map.pdf">"Foundation Statement for the National Mall and Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Park"</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, retrieved May 20, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Foundation+Statement+for+the+National+Mall+and+Pennsylvania+Avenue+National+Historic+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnationalmallplan%2FMaps%2FNMMParks_map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Monument" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HABStext-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HABStext_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HABStext_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWunsch1994" class="citation book cs1">Wunsch, Aaron V. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/dc/dc0200/dc0261/data/dc0261data.pdf">Historic American Buildings Survey, Washington Monument, HABS DC-428 (text)</a> (PDF). 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March 6, 2014, pp. 5, 7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092420/http://www.ncpc.gov/DocumentDepot/Actions_Recommendations/2014March/Washington_Monument_Visitor_Screening_Facility_Recommendation_6176_March2014_.pdf">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved March 7, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Earthquake-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Earthquake_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earthquake_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earthquake_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earthquake_22-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/wamo/upload/Post-Earthquake-assessment12_22_logo.pdf">"Post-Earthquake Assessment"</a> (PDF). www.nps.gov. National Park Service. December 22, 2011. 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Retrieved February 16, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Kirk Savage, Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape (2009) pp. 32–45 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> George Cochrane Hazelton, The national capitol: its architecture, art and history (1902) p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-wash-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wash_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wash_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225083027/https://cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/62wash/62wash.htm">"The Washington Monument: Tribute in Stone"</a>. National Park Service, ParkNet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/62wash/62wash.htm">the original</a> on December 25, 2016. 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(1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npshistory.com/publications/wamo/history/index.htm">"A History of the Washington Monument, 1844–1968, Washington, D.C."</a> Washington, D.C.: National Park Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Washington+Monument%2C+1844%E2%80%931968%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Olszewski&rft.aufirst=George+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpshistory.com%2Fpublications%2Fwamo%2Fhistory%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Monument" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nps3-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nps3_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nps3_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/62wash/62facts4.htm">"The Washington Monument: Tribute in Stone, Reading 3"</a>. National Park Service. Retrieved August 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Washington+Monument%3A+Tribute+in+Stone%2C+Reading+3&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2FNR%2Ftwhp%2Fwwwlps%2Flessons%2F62wash%2F62facts4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Monument" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-House1872-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-House1872_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-House1872_30-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/Digital/?p_product=SERIAL&p_theme=sset2&p_nbid=O5FV50BLMTQ5MjYyMDcxOC4zOTU0MjoxOjE0OjEzMi4xNzAuMjcuMjU1&p_action=doc&p_docnum=752&p_queryname=9&p_docref=v2:0FD2A62D41CEB699@SERIAL-10B351852A1112D0@-@0">Washington National Monument, April 19, 1872</a>, U.S. Congressional Serial Set, Vol. 1528, 42d Congress, 2d Session, House Report 48. Available for free in most large United States libraries in government documents or online. Establish a connection to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Readex.com/log-through-your-library">Readex collections</a> before clicking on link. </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_31-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_31-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_31-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_31-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_31-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_31-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_31-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_31-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_31-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_31-13">n</a> Frederick L. 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Searle: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/washingtonmonume00sear/page/n3/mode/2up">Washington Monument - Monograph.</a>, Gibson Brothers Washington, D.C. 1847, page 3, in: <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Archives">Internet Archives</a>, retrieved February 11, 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Richard G. 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Establish a connection to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Readex.com/log-through-your-library">Readex collections</a> before clicking on link. </li> <li id="cite_note-L'Enfant_Plan-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L'Enfant_Plan_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-L'Enfant_Plan_36-1">b</a> Peter Charles L'Enfant's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3850.ct000512">"Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States ..."</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/">official website of the U.S. Library of Congress</a>. 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A slight color change is perceptible at the 150' level near where construction slowed in 1854.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Washington+Monument&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ftravel%2Fwash%2Fdc72.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Monument" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130223151952/http://portal.acs.org/portal/PublicWebSite/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/aluminumprocess/index.htm">"Hall Process: Production and Commercialization of Aluminum"</a>. National Historic Chemical Landmarks. American Chemical Society. 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Retrieved August 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+of+Men%3A+A+Life+of+George+Washington&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=488&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0199742278&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do6NoAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Monument" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/thc.5a48088/">External apex east and north faces</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009141739/http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/thc.5a48088/">Archived</a> October 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/thc.5a48091/">External apex west and south faces</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515041623/http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/thc.5a48091/">Archived</a> May 15, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltreasures.org/CR_MonOmi.html">"A Monumental Omission"</a>. Nationaltreasures.org. Retrieved January 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Monumental+Omission&rft.pub=Nationaltreasures.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltreasures.org%2FCR_MonOmi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Monument" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> M., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pw5M1V3DEDUC&pg=PA517">"The Washington Monument, and the Lightning Stroke of June 5"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160902113718/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pw5M1V3DEDUC&pg=PA517">Archived</a> September 2, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Science 5 (1885) 517–518. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Gabriel Escobar, "Workers prepare to fill a tall order", Washington Post Tuesday, October 13, 1998, page B1. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Jean-Louis Briaud et al, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casehistories.geoengineer.org/volume/volume1/issue3/IJGCH_1_3_3.pdf">"The Washington Monument case history"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160801004347/http://casehistories.geoengineer.org/volume/volume1/issue3/IJGCH_1_3_3.pdf">Archived</a> August 1, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International Journal of Geoengineering Case Histories 1 (2009) 170–188, pp. 176–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-Evaluation-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evaluation_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evaluation_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parkplanning.nps.gov/document.cfm?parkID=427&projectID=31299&documentID=43344">"1993 Evaluation of the Washington Monument (1 of 5)"</a>. National Park Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1993+Evaluation+of+the+Washington+Monument+%281+of+5%29&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparkplanning.nps.gov%2Fdocument.cfm%3FparkID%3D427%26projectID%3D31299%26documentID%3D43344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Monument" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209185549/https://www.martinmarietta.com/locations/east/maryland-district/texas-quarry">Martin Marietta – Texas Quarry</a>, Martin Marietta Materials, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.martinmarietta.com/locations/mid-atlantic/maryland-district/texas-quarry/">the original</a> on February 9, 2021, retrieved July 27, 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Marietta+%E2%80%93+Texas+Quarry&rft.pub=Martin+Marietta+Materials&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.martinmarietta.com%2Flocations%2Fmid-atlantic%2Fmaryland-district%2Ftexas-quarry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Monument" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/?ll=39.469065,-76.65247&spn=0.033924,0.054846&t=h&z=14&vpsrc=6">"Marble quarries near Cockeysville, MD"</a> (Map). <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>. Retrieved January 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Marble+quarries+near+Cockeysville%2C+MD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.com%2F%3Fll%3D39.469065%2C-76.65247%26spn%3D0.033924%2C0.054846%26t%3Dh%26z%3D14%26vpsrc%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Monument" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_D._Purdum1940" class="citation web cs1">William D. Purdum (March 5, 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfTheMarbleQuarriesInBaltimoreCountyMaryland">"The history of the marble quarries in Baltimore County, Maryland"</a>. Retrieved June 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+marble+quarries+in+Baltimore+County%2C+Maryland&rft.date=1940-03-05&rft.au=William+D.+Purdum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheHistoryOfTheMarbleQuarriesInBaltimoreCountyMaryland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Monument" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seismic-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Seismic_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parkplanning.nps.gov/document.cfm?parkID=427&projectID=40394&documentID=49361">"Washington Monument Seismic Report without appendices"</a>. Washington Monument Seismic Study. National Park Service. pp. 10–16. Retrieved June 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Monument+Seismic+Study&rft.atitle=Washington+Monument+Seismic+Report+without+appendices&rft.pages=10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparkplanning.nps.gov%2Fdocument.cfm%3FparkID%3D427%26projectID%3D40394%26documentID%3D49361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Monument" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snell-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snell_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snell_133-1">b</a> Charles W. Snell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/wamo/wamo_history.pdf">A Brief History of the Washington Monument and Grounds, 1783–1978</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620115820/http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/wamo/wamo_history.pdf">Archived</a> June 20, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1978) 17–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/spp/polisci/faculty-staff/robert-sahr/inflation-conversion-factors-years-1774-estimated-2024-dollars-recent-years/download-conversion-factors">Download Conversion Factors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160829070746/http://liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/spp/polisci/faculty-staff/robert-sahr/inflation-conversion-factors-years-1774-estimated-2024-dollars-recent-years/download-conversion-factors">Archived</a> August 29, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Oregon State University. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/breaking_ground/2014/03/heres-where-youll-queue-to-visit-the.html">Neibauer, Michael. "Here's Where You'll Queue to Visit the Washington Monument." Washington Business Journal. March 7, 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160829220910/http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/breaking_ground/2014/03/heres-where-youll-queue-to-visit-the.html">Archived</a> August 29, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved March 7, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncpc.gov/DocumentDepot/Actions_Recommendations/2014March/Washington_Monument_Visitor_Screening_Facility_Recommendation_6176_March2014_.pdf">National Park Service and National Capital Planning Commission. "Visitor Screening Facility, Washington Monument Between 14th and 17th Streets, NW and Constitution Avenue, NW and the Tidal Basin." Executive Director's Recommendation. NCPC File Number 6176. March 6, 2014, pp. 15–16</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092420/http://www.ncpc.gov/DocumentDepot/Actions_Recommendations/2014March/Washington_Monument_Visitor_Screening_Facility_Recommendation_6176_March2014_.pdf">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved March 7, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theolinstudio.com/flash#/projects/type/washington-monument">Washington Monument</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430151505/http://www.theolinstudio.com/flash">Archived</a> April 30, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/OLIN" title="OLIN">OLIN</a> website) </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asla.org/awards/2008/08winners/236.html">Monument Security</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Landscape_Architects" title="American Society of Landscape Architects">American Society of Landscape Architects</a> website, ASLA awards 2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Atd4Pg2RXgQC&pg=SA4-PA18">Risk Management Series: Site and Urban Design for Security</a>. U. S. Department Security, Federal Emergency Agency. January 27, 2013. pp. 4–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Risk+Management+Series%3A+Site+and+Urban+Design+for+Security&rft.pages=4-17&rft.pub=U.+S.+Department+Security%2C+Federal+Emergency+Agency&rft.date=2013-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAtd4Pg2RXgQC%26pg%3DSA4-PA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Monument" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument" class="extiw" title="commons:Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Washington_Monument" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Washington Monument">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Washington_Monument" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Official NPS website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/wamo">Washington Monument</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611031625/http://www.nationalmall.org/sites-subpage-washington.php">"Trust for the National Mall: Washington Monument"</a>. Trust for the National Mall. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalmall.org/sites-subpage-washington.php">the original</a> on June 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trust+for+the+National+Mall%3A+Washington+Monument&rft.pub=Trust+for+the+National+Mall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmall.org%2Fsites-subpage-washington.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWashington+Monument" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/0221.html">Harper's Weekly cartoon, February 21, 1885, the day of formal dedication</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec06.html">Today in History – December 6</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=20000087">Washington National Monument</a> at <a href="/wiki/Structurae" title="Structurae">Structurae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Documentation_Programs#Historic_American_Buildings_Survey" title="Heritage Documentation Programs">Historic American Buildings Survey</a> (HABS) No. DC-428, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/dc0261/">Washington Monument</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Documentation_Programs#Historic_American_Engineering_Record" title="Heritage Documentation Programs">Historic American Engineering Record</a> (HAER) No. DC-5, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/dc0968/">Washington Monument</a>"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthropology.si.edu/cm/krakker_wash_monument.htm">Prehistory on the Mall at the Washington Monument</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Records </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/World%27s_tallest_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="World's tallest structure">World's tallest structure</a> 1884–1889 169.29 m </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Washington" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:George_Washington" title="Template:George Washington"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_Washington" title="Template talk:George Washington"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Washington" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George Washington"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Washington" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">1st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Senior Officer of the Army</a> (1798–1799)</li> <li>Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> (1775–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> (1774)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_George_Washington" title="Military career of George Washington">Military career</a> <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Revolutionary War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_George_Washington" title="Military career of George Washington">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_French_and_Indian_War" title="George Washington in the French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jumonville_Glen" title="Battle of Jumonville Glen">Jumonville Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Necessity" title="Battle of Fort Necessity">Battle of Fort Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">Battle of the Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Expedition" title="Forbes Expedition">Forbes Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution" title="George Washington in the American Revolution">Washington in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Commander-in-chief, Continental Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_aides-de-camp" title="Washington's aides-de-camp">Aides-de-camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington%27s_Headquarters_during_the_Revolutionary_War" title="List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War">Washington's headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_tent" title="George Washington's tent">office and sleeping tent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Delaware River crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Battle of the Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Battle of Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Marsh" title="Battle of White Marsh">Battle of White Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battles of Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culper_Ring" title="Culper Ring">Culper Spy Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_letter" title="Newburgh letter">Newburgh letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asgill_Affair" title="Asgill Affair">Asgill Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_resignation_as_commander-in-chief" title="George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief">Resignation as commander-in-chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badge_of_Military_Merit" title="Badge of Military Merit">Badge of Military Merit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Before_Boston_Medal" title="Washington Before Boston Medal">Washington Before Boston Medal</a></li> <li>Horses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_(horse)" title="Nelson (horse)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueskin_(horse)" title="Blueskin (horse)">Blueskin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Other U.S. founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Resolves" title="Fairfax Resolves">Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_in_Cases_of_Capture" title="Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture">Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">1785 Mount Vernon Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_political_evolution" title="George Washington's political evolution">George Washington's political evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">timeline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1788–89 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">First inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Inaugural_Bible" title="George Washington Inaugural Bible">inaugural bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="Second inauguration of George Washington">Second inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_reception_at_Trenton" title="George Washington's reception at Trenton">Reception at Trenton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._President_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. President (title)">Title of "Mr. President"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789" title="Judiciary Act of 1789">Judiciary Act of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_act_to_regulate_the_time_and_manner_of_administering_certain_oaths" title="An act to regulate the time and manner of administering certain oaths">Oath Administration Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonintercourse_Act" title="Nonintercourse Act">Nonintercourse Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Acts_of_1792" title="Militia Acts of 1792">Militia Acts of 1792</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1792" title="Coinage Act of 1792">Coinage Act of 1792</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">United States Capitol cornerstone laying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality" title="Proclamation of Neutrality">Proclamation of Neutrality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Act_of_1794" title="Neutrality Act of 1794">Neutrality Act of 1794</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinckney%27s_Treaty" title="Pinckney's Treaty">Pinckney's Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_of_1794" title="Slave Trade Act of 1794">Slave Trade Act of 1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Proclamation" title="National Thanksgiving Proclamation">Thanksgiving Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Farewell Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="1790 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1791 State of the Union Address">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1792 State of the Union Address">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1793 State of the Union Address">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1796 State of the Union Address">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington#Administration,_Cabinet_and_Supreme_Court_appointments" title="Presidency of George Washington">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_Washington" title="List of federal judges appointed by George Washington">Federal judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations">John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Views and public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_W._Smith_National_Library_for_the_Study_of_George_Washington" title="Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington">Presidential library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Papers" title="The Washington Papers">The Washington Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_George_Washington" title="Religious views of George Washington">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Destroyer" title="Town Destroyer">Town Destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_George_Washington" title="Legacy of George Washington">Legacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington#Early_life_(1732–1753)" title="George Washington">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Birthplace_National_Monument" title="George Washington Birthplace National Monument">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry_Farm" title="Ferry Farm">Ferry Farm boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Fishery" title="George Washington's Fishery">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Gristmill" title="George Washington's Gristmill">Gristmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Rye_Whiskey" title="George Washington's Rye Whiskey">Whiskey distillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" title="Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia)">Woodlawn Plantation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longfellow_House%E2%80%93Washington%27s_Headquarters_National_Historic_Site" title="Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site">Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Mansion" title="Ford Mansion">Ford Mansion, Washington's headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Headquarters_State_Historic_Site" title="Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site">Hasbrouck House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Osgood_House" title="Samuel Osgood House">First Presidential Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_House" title="Alexander Macomb House">Second Presidential Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">President's House, Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germantown_White_House" title="Germantown White House">Germantown White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Parke_Custis#Estate" title="Daniel Parke Custis">Custis estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_relations_with_the_Iroquois_Confederacy" title="George Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy">Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_Company" title="Potomac Company">Potomac Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_River_and_Kanawha_Canal" title="James River and Kanawha Canal">James River and Kanawha Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Road_Lottery" title="Mountain Road Lottery">Mountain Road Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanks_of_Congress" title="Thanks of Congress">Thanks of Congress</a></li> <li>President General of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_College" title="Washington College">Washington College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_Washington" title="Electoral history of George Washington">Electoral history of George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Post-presidency of George Washington">Post-presidency of George Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_George_Washington" title="List of memorials to George Washington">Memorials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_George_Washington" title="Cultural depictions of George Washington">depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Washington Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_State_Park" title="Washington Monument State Park">Washington Monument (Boonsboro, Maryland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_(Baltimore)" title="Washington Monument (Baltimore)">Washington Monument (Baltimore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Houdon)" title="Statue of George Washington (Houdon)">George Washington (Houdon)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(copy_of_bust_by_Houdon)" title="George Washington (copy of bust by Houdon)">plaster copy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Ceracchi)" title="George Washington (Ceracchi)">George Washington (Ceracchi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Canova)" title="George Washington (Canova)">George Washington (Canova)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Greenough)" title="George Washington (Greenough)">George Washington (Greenough)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Trumbull)" title="George Washington (Trumbull)">George Washington (Trumbull)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_(1851_paintings)" title="Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings)">Washington Crossing the Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passage_of_the_Delaware" title="The Passage of the Delaware">The Passage of the Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_George_Washington_at_Trenton" title="General George Washington at Trenton">General George Washington at Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Verplanck%27s_Point" title="Washington at Verplanck's Point">Washington at Verplanck's Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_George_Washington_Resigning_His_Commission" title="General George Washington Resigning His Commission">General George Washington Resigning His Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_Portrait" title="Athenaeum Portrait">Unfinished portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_portrait" title="Lansdowne portrait">Lansdowne portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Family" title="The Washington Family">The Washington Family portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton">Washington at Princeton paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_George_Washington_Taking_the_Salute_at_Trenton" title="Portrait of George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton">George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_to_Washington_on_April_21,_1789,_at_Trenton_on_his_way_to_New_York_to_Assume_the_Duties_of_the_Presidency_of_the_United_States" title="Reception to Washington on April 21, 1789, at Trenton on his way to New York to Assume the Duties of the Presidency of the United States">Reception at Trenton painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_George_Washington" title="List of statues of George Washington">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton_Battle_Monument" title="Trenton Battle Monument">Trenton Battle Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Battle_Monument" title="Princeton Battle Monument">Princeton Battle Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_View_(West)" title="Point of View (West)">Point of View sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_on_Horseback" title="George Washington on Horseback">George Washington on Horseback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Statue of George Washington (Austin, Texas)">Austin statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Bartholomew)" title="George Washington (Bartholomew)">Baltimore statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Boston)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Mexico_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of George Washington (Mexico City)">Mexico City statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Morristown,_New_Jersey)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Morristown, New Jersey)">Morristown statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Newark)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Newark)">Newark statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(New_York_City)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (New York City)">New York City statue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Wall_Street)" title="Statue of George Washington (Wall Street)">Wall Street statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Paris)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Paris)">Paris statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Perth_Amboy,_New_Jersey)" title="Statue of George Washington (Perth Amboy, New Jersey)">Perth Amboy statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Bailly)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington (Bailly)">Philadelphia statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Statue of George Washington (Portland, Oregon)">Portland statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Washington_Circle)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)">Washington, D.C. statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_(West_Point)" title="Washington Monument (West Point)">West Point monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Masonic_National_Memorial" title="George Washington Masonic National Memorial">Washington Masonic National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Parkway" title="George Washington Memorial Parkway">George Washington Memorial Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge" title="George Washington Bridge">George Washington Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests" title="George Washington and Jefferson National Forests">Washington and Jefferson National Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Park" title="Washington Square Park">Washington Square Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Arch" title="Washington Square Arch">Arch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Franklin_Issues" title="Washington–Franklin Issues">Washington–Franklin Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Bicentennial_stamps_of_1932" title="Washington Bicentennial stamps of 1932">1932 bicentennial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency#George_Washington" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_quarter" title="Washington quarter">Washington quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_State_Quarters" class="mw-redirect" title="50 State Quarters">50 State Quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_and_United_States_Territories_quarters" title="District of Columbia and United States Territories quarters">D.C. and territories quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful_quarters" title="America the Beautiful quarters">America the Beautiful quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Women_quarters" title="American Women quarters">American Women quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_Instructing_Youth" title="History Instructing Youth">History Instructing Youth dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-dollar_bill" title="United States one-dollar bill">Washington dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_dollar" title="Lafayette dollar">Lafayette dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful_silver_bullion_coins" title="America the Beautiful silver bullion coins">Silver bullion coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_nickel" title="Washington nickel">Washington nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_half_eagle" title="George Washington half eagle">Washington half eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_250th_Anniversary_half_dollar" title="George Washington 250th Anniversary half dollar">250th Anniversary half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Anniversary_coins" title="Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins">Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington" title="Mount Washington">Mount Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_George_Washington" title="Cultural depictions of George Washington">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(miniseries)" title="George Washington (miniseries)">George Washington (1984 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_II:_The_Forging_of_a_Nation" title="George Washington II: The Forging of a Nation">1986 sequel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)">A More Perfect Union (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crossing_(2000_film)" title="The Crossing (2000 film)">The Crossing (2000 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Fight_to_Be_Free" title="We Fight to Be Free">We Fight to Be Free (2006 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn:_Washington%27s_Spies" title="Turn: Washington's Spies">Turn: Washington's Spies (2014–2017 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_that_Made_America" title="The War that Made America">The War that Made America (2006 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(miniseries)" title="Washington (miniseries)">Washington (2020 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">film</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_Washington" title="Bibliography of George Washington">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_Washington_articles" title="List of George Washington articles">List of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Washington_family" title="Coat of arms of the Washington family">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Locke_Weems#The_cherry-tree_anecdote" title="Mason Locke Weems">Cherry-tree anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Farm#Washington_at_River_Farm" title="River Farm">River Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Crossing" title="Washington's Crossing">Washington's Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Rochambeau_Revolutionary_Route" title="Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route">Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_House_(Barbados)" title="George Washington House (Barbados)">1751 Barbados trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:George_Washington" title="Category:George Washington">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Armies" title="General of the Armies">General of the Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Foxhound" title="American Foxhound">American Foxhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross_flag" title="Betsy Ross flag">Betsy Ross flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Ladies%27_Association" title="Mount Vernon Ladies' Association">Mount Vernon Ladies' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Mansion_replicas" title="Mount Vernon Mansion replicas">Mount Vernon replicas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Building" title="George Washington Memorial Building">George Washington Memorial Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_theft_of_George_Washington%27s_skull" title="Attempted theft of George Washington's skull">Attempted theft of Washington's skull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Washington_family" title="Washington family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parke_Custis" title="John Parke Custis">John Parke Custis</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Parke_Custis" title="George Washington Parke Custis">George Washington Parke Custis</a> (step-grandson, adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Parke_Custis_Lewis" title="Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis">Eleanor Parke Custis</a> (step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Washington" title="Augustine Washington">Augustine Washington</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ball_Washington" title="Mary Ball Washington">Mary Ball Washington</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1718%E2%80%931752)" title="Lawrence Washington (1718–1752)">Lawrence Washington</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Washington_Jr." title="Augustine Washington Jr.">Augustine Washington Jr.</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Washington_Lewis" title="Elizabeth Washington Lewis">Elizabeth Washington Lewis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Washington" title="Samuel Washington">Samuel Washington</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Augustine_Washington" title="John Augustine Washington">John A. Washington</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Washington" title="Charles Washington">Charles Washington</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1659%E2%80%931698)" title="Lawrence Washington (1659–1698)">Lawrence Washington</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Gale" title="Mildred Gale">Mildred Gale</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Washington" title="John Washington">John Washington</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reade_(colonial_governor)" title="George Reade (colonial governor)">George Reade</a> (2nd great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Bushrod Washington</a> (nephew)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slavery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_enslaved_people_of_Mount_Vernon" title="List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon">List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_(slave)" title="Betty (slave)">Betty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Branham" title="Caroline Branham">Caroline Branham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Costin" title="William Costin">William Costin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ford" title="West Ford">West Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Johnson_(Mount_Vernon)" title="Sarah Johnson (Mount Vernon)">Sarah Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oney_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Oney Judge">Oney Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lee_(valet)" title="Philip Lee (valet)">Philip Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(valet)" title="William Lee (valet)">William Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_Posey" title="Hercules Posey">Hercules Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Sheels" title="Christopher Sheels">Christopher Sheels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Squash" title="Deborah Squash">Deborah Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Washington" title="Harry Washington">Harry Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_Washington" title="Category:George Washington">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Washington,_D.C." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Washington_DC_landmarks" title="Template:Washington DC landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Washington_DC_landmarks" title="Template talk:Washington DC landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Washington_DC_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Washington DC landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Washington,_D.C." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Landmarks of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Memorial_(Saint-Gaudens)" title="Adams Memorial (Saint-Gaudens)">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_Civil_War_Memorial_Museum" title="African American Civil War Memorial Museum">African American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Veterans_Disabled_for_Life_Memorial" title="American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial">American Veterans Disabled for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune_Memorial" title="Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_Scout_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Scout Memorial">Boy Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Memorial" title="James Buchanan Memorial">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_Carroll" title="Statue of John Carroll">John Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_War_Memorial" title="District of Columbia War Memorial">D.C. War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Memorial" title="Albert Einstein Memorial">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Memorial" title="Emancipation Memorial">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Memorial" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson_Memorial" title="John Ericsson Memorial">John Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_David_Farragut_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of David Farragut (Washington, D.C.)">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Division_Monument" title="First Division Monument">First Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaudet_Memorial" title="Gallaudet Memorial">Thomas Gallaudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Monument" title="James A. Garfield Monument">James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran_Memorial_Garden_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Kahlil Gibran Memorial Garden (Washington, D.C.)">Kahlil Gibran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers_Memorial" title="Samuel Gompers Memorial">Samuel Gompers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_Memorial" title="Ulysses S. Grant Memorial">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">Holocaust Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_Genocide_Memorial,_Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Holodomor Genocide Memorial, Washington, DC">Holodomor Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.)">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_Memorial_to_Patriotism_During_World_War_II" title="Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II">Japanese American Patriotism During World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac">Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_Memorial" title="John Paul Jones Memorial">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of the Marquis de Lafayette (Washington, D.C.)">Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Law_Enforcement_Officers_Memorial" title="National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial">Law Enforcement Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial" title="Korean War Veterans Memorial">Korean War Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_Memorial" title="George Mason Memorial">George Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_B._McClellan" title="Equestrian statue of George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gordon_Meade_Memorial" title="George Gordon Meade Memorial">George Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Muhlenberg_Memorial" title="Peter Muhlenberg Memorial">Peter Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">National Statuary Hall Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_%E2%80%93_Merchant_Marine_Memorial" title="Navy – Merchant Marine Memorial">Navy – Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuns_of_the_Battlefield" title="Nuns of the Battlefield">Nuns of the Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Monument" title="Peace Monument">Peace Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing_General_of_the_Armies" title="John J. Pershing General of the Armies">John J. Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Division_Memorial" title="Second Division Memorial">Second Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Extra_Mile" title="The Extra Mile">The Extra Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Soldiers_(statue)" title="Three Soldiers (statue)">Three Soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Statue of the Comte de Rochambeau">Jean de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Island" title="Theodore Roosevelt Island">Theodore Roosevelt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_Memorial" title="Taras Shevchenko Memorial">Taras Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statues_of_the_Liberators" title="Statues of the Liberators">Statues of the Liberators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_Memorial" title="Oscar Straus Memorial">Oscar Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft_Memorial" title="Robert A. Taft Memorial">Robert A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Titanic Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">Titanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Memorial" title="United States Navy Memorial">United States Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Communism_Memorial" title="Victims of Communism Memorial">Victims of Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Vietnam Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Women%27s_Memorial" title="Vietnam Women's Memorial">Vietnam Women's</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Washington Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Memorial" title="Daniel Webster Memorial">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_World_War_I_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_World_War_II_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="National World War II Memorial">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Pool" title="Rainbow Pool">Rainbow Pool</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception">Basilica of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_House" title="Blair House">Blair House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Reflecting_Pool" title="Capitol Reflecting Pool">Capitol Reflecting Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Cemetery" title="Congressional Cemetery">Congressional Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAR_Constitution_Hall" title="DAR Constitution Hall">DAR Constitution Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcist_steps" title="Exorcist steps">Exorcist steps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Air_Mail_Marker" title="First Air Mail Marker">First Air Mail Marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petersen_House" title="Petersen House">Petersen House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site" title="Frederick Douglass National Historic Site">Frederick Douglass National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healy_Hall" title="Healy Hall">Healy Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Center_of_Washington" title="Islamic Center of Washington">Islamic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Pier" title="Jefferson Pier">Jefferson Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Arboretum" title="United States National Arboretum">National Arboretum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capitol_Columns" title="National Capitol Columns">National Capitol Columns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Building_Museum" title="National Building Museum">National Building Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_Cottage_at_the_Soldiers%27_Home" title="President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home">Lincoln's Cottage at Soldiers' Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_Reflecting_Pool" title="Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool">Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">National Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">Octagon House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Post_Office_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Old Post Office (Washington, D.C.)">Old Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_House_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Old Stone House (Washington, D.C.)">Old Stone House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square" title="St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square">St. John's Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Arts_of_War_and_The_Arts_of_Peace" title="The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace">The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_Basin" title="Tidal Basin">Tidal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasury_Building_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.)">Treasury Building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Bank_Building" title="Freedman's Bank Building">Freedman's Bank Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Place" title="Tudor Place">Tudor Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Union_Station" title="Washington Union Station">Union Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">United States Supreme Court Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_complex" title="Watergate complex">Watergate complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_InterContinental_Washington" title="Willard InterContinental Washington">Willard Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and plazas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Gardens" title="Constitution Gardens">Constitution Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupont_Circle" title="Dupont Circle">Dupont Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Potomac_Park" title="East Potomac Park">East Potomac Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farragut_Square" title="Farragut Square">Farragut Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Plaza" title="Freedom Plaza">Freedom Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_Washington,_D.C." title="Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.">Lafayette Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Enfant_Plaza" title="L'Enfant Plaza">L'Enfant Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_Hill_Park" title="Meridian Hill Park">Meridian Hill Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Arboretum" title="United States National Arboretum">National Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_World_War_I_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)#Pershing_Park" title="National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">Pershing Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Park" title="President's Park">President's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Park" title="Rock Creek Park">Rock Creek Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ellipse" title="The Ellipse">The Ellipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Square_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Union Square (Washington, D.C.)">Union Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">United States Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Potomac_Park" title="West Potomac Park">West Potomac Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boundaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anacostia_River" title="Anacostia River">Anacostia River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Memorial_Bridge" title="Arlington Memorial Bridge">Arlington Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_markers_of_the_original_District_of_Columbia" title="Boundary markers of the original District of Columbia">Boundary markers of the original District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Canal">Chesapeake and Ohio Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Avenue" title="Constitution Avenue">Constitution Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Bridge_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.)">Francis Scott Key Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="Pennsylvania Avenue">Pennsylvania Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_Milestone" title="Zero Milestone">Zero Milestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nearby landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington_National_Cemetery)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington National Cemetery)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">John F. Kennedy gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial" title="Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial">Arlington House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_War_Memorial" title="Marine Corps War Memorial">Marine Corps War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Carillon" title="Netherlands Carillon">Netherlands Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Memorial" title="Pentagon Memorial">Pentagon Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Memorial" title="United States Air Force Memorial">United States Air Force Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Military_Service_for_America_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Military Service for America Memorial">Women in Military Service for America Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Memorial" title="Adams Memorial">Adams Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Desert_Storm_and_Desert_Shield_Memorial" title="National Desert Storm and Desert Shield Memorial">National Desert Storm and Desert Shield Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberty_Memorial" title="National Liberty Memorial">National Liberty Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps_Commemorative" title="Peace Corps Commemorative">Peace Corps Commemorative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Building" title="George Washington Memorial Building">George Washington Memorial Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_Mothers_National_Monument" title="Gold Star Mothers National Monument">Gold Star Mothers National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammy_memorial" title="Mammy memorial">Mammy memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Slave_Memorial" title="National Slave Memorial">National Slave Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Memorial_Advisory_Commission" title="National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission">National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mall_and_Memorial_Parks" title="National Mall and Memorial Parks">National Mall and Memorial Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.">List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington,_D.C." title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.">National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of public art in Washington, D.C.">Public art in Washington, D.C.</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Revolution_Statuary" title="American Revolution Statuary">American Revolution Statuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Monuments_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C.">Civil War Monuments</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_artworks_commemorating_African_Americans_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of artworks commemorating African Americans in Washington, D.C.">Commemorating African-Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_sculpture_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Outdoor sculpture in Washington, D.C.">Outdoor sculpture</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_the_District_of_Columbia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Template:Protected areas of the District of Columbia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Template talk:Protected areas of the District of Columbia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of the District of Columbia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_the_District_of_Columbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Protected areas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Cemetery_System" title="United States National Cemetery System">National Cemeteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battleground_National_Cemetery" title="Battleground National Cemetery">Battleground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Soldiers%27_and_Airmen%27s_Home_National_Cemetery" title="United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery">Soldiers' and Airmen's Home</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historical Park">National Historical Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal_National_Historical_Park" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park">Chesapeake and Ohio Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Site_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Site (United States)">National Historic Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site">Carter G. Woodson Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site" title="Frederick Douglass National Historic Site">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune_Council_House_National_Historic_Site" title="Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site">Mary McLeod Bethune Council House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_National_Historic_Site" title="Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site">Pennsylvania Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_memorials_of_the_United_States" title="List of national memorials of the United States">National Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial" title="Korean War Veterans Memorial">Korean War Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac">Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Island" title="Theodore Roosevelt Island">Theodore Roosevelt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Vietnam Veterans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Washington Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Memorial" title="World War II Memorial">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">National monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Women's Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_Cottage_at_the_Soldiers%27_Home" title="President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home">President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Parkway" title="National Parkway">National Parkways</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_Parkway" title="Baltimore–Washington Parkway">Baltimore–Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Parkway" title="George Washington Memorial Parkway">George Washington Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton_Parkway" title="Clara Barton Parkway">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxon_Run_Parkway" title="Oxon Run Parkway">Oxon Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_and_Potomac_Parkway" title="Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway">Rock Creek and Potomac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Trails_System" title="National Trails System">National Trails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_Heritage_Trail" title="Potomac Heritage Trail">Potomac Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star-Spangled_Banner_National_Historic_Trail" title="Star-Spangled Banner National Historic Trail">Star-Spangled Banner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Mall_and_Memorial_Parks" title="National Mall and Memorial Parks">National Mall and Memorial Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_Civil_War_Memorial_Museum" title="African American Civil War Memorial Museum">African American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Gardens" title="Constitution Gardens">Constitution Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Potomac_Park" title="East Potomac Park">East Potomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_Memorial" title="George Mason Memorial">George Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hains_Point" title="Hains Point">Hains Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson_Memorial" title="John Ericsson Memorial">John Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial" title="Korean War Veterans Memorial">Korean War Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Post_Office_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Old Post Office (Washington, D.C.)">Old Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_National_Historic_Site" title="Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site">Pennsylvania Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Memorial" title="United States Navy Memorial">United States Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Vietnam Veterans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Washington Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Potomac_Park" title="West Potomac Park">West Potomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Memorial" title="World War II Memorial">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Park" title="President's Park">President's Park</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Ellipse" title="The Ellipse">The Ellipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_Washington,_D.C." title="Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.">Lafayette Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Parks-East" title="National Capital Parks-East">National Capital Parks-East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anacostia_Park" title="Anacostia Park">Anacostia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill_Parks" title="Capitol Hill Parks">Capitol Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site">Carter G. Woodson Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Defenses_of_Washington" title="Civil War Defenses of Washington">Fort Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Dupont_Park" title="Fort Dupont Park">Fort Dupont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Stanton_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Fort Stanton (Washington, D.C.)">Fort Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site" title="Frederick Douglass National Historic Site">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenilworth_Park_and_Aquatic_Gardens" title="Kenilworth Park and Aquatic Gardens">Kenilworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune_Council_House_National_Historic_Site" title="Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site">Mary McLeod Bethune Council House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxon_Run_Parkway" title="Oxon Run Parkway">Oxon Run Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Parkway" title="Shepherd Parkway">Shepherd Parkway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Park" title="Rock Creek Park">Rock Creek Park</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Park" title="Rock Creek Park">Rock Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnard_Hill_Park" title="Barnard Hill Park">Barnard Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Park" title="Bryce Park">Bryce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Park" title="Dumbarton Oaks Park">Dumbarton Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Slocum_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Fort Slocum (Washington, D.C.)">Fort Slocum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Waterfront_Park" title="Georgetown Waterfront Park">Georgetown Waterfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glover-Archbold_Park" title="Glover-Archbold Park">Glover-Archbold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Forest_Park" title="Little Forest Park">Little Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_Hill_Park" title="Meridian Hill Park">Meridian Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrose_Park" title="Montrose Park">Montrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_House_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Old Stone House (Washington, D.C.)">Old Stone House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_and_Potomac_Parkway" title="Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway">Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Parks" title="National Capital Parks">National Capital Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Memorial" title="United States Navy Memorial">Navy Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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