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Act of Union 1800 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Act_of_Union_1800-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_emancipation_and_"Protestant_unity"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_emancipation_and_"Protestant_unity""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Catholic emancipation and "Protestant unity" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_emancipation_and_"Protestant_unity"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Irish_party_challenge_at_Westminster_and_the_Land_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Irish_party_challenge_at_Westminster_and_the_Land_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 The Irish party challenge at Westminster and the Land War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Irish_party_challenge_at_Westminster_and_the_Land_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_to_Gladstone's_Home_Rule_Bills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_to_Gladstone's_Home_Rule_Bills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Reaction to Gladstone's Home Rule Bills </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_to_Gladstone's_Home_Rule_Bills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constructive_Unionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constructive_Unionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Constructive Unionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constructive_Unionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_unionists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_unionists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Catholic unionists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_unionists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_Ulster_Option"_1905–1920" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Ulster_Option"_1905–1920"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 "The Ulster Option" 1905–1920 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-"The_Ulster_Option"_1905–1920-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle "The Ulster Option" 1905–1920 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-"The_Ulster_Option"_1905–1920-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unionist_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unionist_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Unionist labour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unionist_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unionism_and_women's_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unionism_and_women's_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Unionism and women's suffrage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unionism_and_women's_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1912_Home_Rule_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1912_Home_Rule_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1912 Home Rule Crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1912_Home_Rule_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Partition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unionist_majority_rule:_Northern_Ireland_1921–1972" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unionist_majority_rule:_Northern_Ireland_1921–1972"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Unionist majority rule: Northern Ireland 1921–1972 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unionist_majority_rule:_Northern_Ireland_1921–1972-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Unionist majority rule: Northern Ireland 1921–1972 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Unionist_majority_rule:_Northern_Ireland_1921–1972-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exclusion_from_Westminster_Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusion_from_Westminster_Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Exclusion from Westminster Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusion_from_Westminster_Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stormont_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stormont_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Stormont government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stormont_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s:_reform_and_protest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s:_reform_and_protest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 1960s: reform and protest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s:_reform_and_protest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_O'Neill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_O'Neill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Opposition to O'Neill </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_O'Neill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imposition_of_direct_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imposition_of_direct_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Imposition of direct rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imposition_of_direct_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negotiating_the_Irish_Dimension:_1973–2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiating_the_Irish_Dimension:_1973–2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Negotiating the Irish Dimension: 1973–2006 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Negotiating_the_Irish_Dimension:_1973–2006-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Negotiating the Irish Dimension: 1973–2006 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Negotiating_the_Irish_Dimension:_1973–2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunningdale_Agreement_and_the_Ulster_Workers_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunningdale_Agreement_and_the_Ulster_Workers_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Sunningdale Agreement and the Ulster Workers strike </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunningdale_Agreement_and_the_Ulster_Workers_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unionism_and_loyalist_para-militarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unionism_and_loyalist_para-militarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Unionism and loyalist para-militarism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unionism_and_loyalist_para-militarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_the_1985_Anglo-Irish_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_the_1985_Anglo-Irish_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Opposition to the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_the_1985_Anglo-Irish_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK-party_unionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK-party_unionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 UK-party unionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK-party_unionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1998_Good_Friday_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1998_Good_Friday_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 1998 Good Friday Agreement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1998_Good_Friday_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_Unionists_enter_government_with_Sinn_Féin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Unionists_enter_government_with_Sinn_Féin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Democratic Unionists enter government with Sinn Féin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Unionists_enter_government_with_Sinn_Féin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unionism_as_a_minority_bloc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unionism_as_a_minority_bloc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Unionism as a minority bloc </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unionism_as_a_minority_bloc-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Unionism as a minority bloc subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Unionism_as_a_minority_bloc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unionist_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unionist_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Unionist demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unionist_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_of_unionist_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_of_unionist_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Defence of unionist culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_of_unionist_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brexit_and_the_Northern_Ireland_Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brexit_and_the_Northern_Ireland_Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Brexit and the Northern Ireland Protocol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brexit_and_the_Northern_Ireland_Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unionist_political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unionist_political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Unionist political parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unionist_political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Unionism in Ireland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" > 21 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="الاتحادية في أيرلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتحادية في أيرلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionisme_(Irlanda)" title="Unionisme (Irlanda) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unionisme (Irlanda)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionismus_v_Irsku" title="Unionismus v Irsku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Unionismus v Irsku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionismus_(Irland)" title="Unionismus (Irland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unionismus (Irland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionismo_en_Irlanda" title="Unionismo en Irlanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unionismo en Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionismo_(Irlanda)" title="Unionismo (Irlanda) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Unionismo (Irlanda)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionisme_en_Irlande" title="Unionisme en Irlande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Unionisme en Irlande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aontacht%C3%B3ir%C3%AD_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Aontachtóirí na hÉireann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aontachtóirí na hÉireann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="아일랜드의 연합주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아일랜드의 연합주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionizam_u_Irskoj" title="Unionizam u Irskoj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Unionizam u Irskoj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionisme_in_Irland" title="Unionisme in Irland – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Unionisme in Irland" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionismo_in_Irlanda" title="Unionismo in Irlanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unionismo in Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_(%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93)" title="יוניוניזם (אירלנד) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוניוניזם (אירלנד)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionisme_(Irland)" title="Unionisme (Irland) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Unionisme (Irland)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionismo_na_Irlanda" title="Unionismo na Irlanda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Unionismo na Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionizmus_v_%C3%8Drsku" title="Unionizmus v Írsku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Unionizmus v Írsku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionizam_(Irska)" title="Unionizam (Irska) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Unionizam (Irska)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionismi_(Irlanti)" title="Unionismi (Irlanti) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Unionismi (Irlanti)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionism" title="Unionism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Unionism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlanda%27da_birlik%C3%A7ilik" title="İrlanda'da birlikçilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İrlanda'da birlikçilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="愛爾蘭聯合主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="愛爾蘭聯合主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q634805#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about political unionism. For trade unionism, see <a href="/wiki/Irish_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="Irish Congress of Trade Unions">Irish Congress of Trade Unions</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulster%27s_Prayer_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Ulster%27s_Prayer_1912.jpg/300px-Ulster%27s_Prayer_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Ulster%27s_Prayer_1912.jpg/450px-Ulster%27s_Prayer_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Ulster%27s_Prayer_1912.jpg/600px-Ulster%27s_Prayer_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption>Hazards of separation from Great Britain. Unionist postcard (1912)</figcaption></figure> Unionism in Ireland is a political tradition that professes loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">crown</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and to the union it represents with <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. The overwhelming sentiment of Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ireland" title="Protestantism in Ireland">Protestant minority</a>, unionism mobilised in the decades following <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a> in 1829 to oppose restoration of a separate <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish parliament</a>. Since <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition</a> in 1921, as Ulster unionism its goal has been to retain <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Devolved" class="mw-redirect" title="Devolved">devolved</a> region within the United Kingdom and to resist the prospect of an <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">all-Ireland republic</a>. Within the framework of the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">1998 Belfast Agreement</a>, which concluded three decades of political violence, unionists have shared office with <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalists">Irish nationalists</a> in a reformed <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a>. As of February 2024, they no longer do so as the larger faction: they serve in an executive with an <a href="/wiki/Irish_republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republican">Irish republican</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>) <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister</a>. Unionism became an overarching partisan affiliation in Ireland late in the nineteenth century. Typically <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterian</a> agrarian-reform <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberals</a> coalesced with traditionally <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Conservative_Party" title="Irish Conservative Party">Conservatives</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Bills" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule Bills">Irish Home Rule Bills</a> of 1886 and 1893. Joined by <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist</a> labour, on the eve of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> this broad opposition to Irish self-government concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> and its hinterlands as Ulster unionism and prepared an armed resistance—the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteers</a>. Within the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition settlement</a> of 1921 by which the rest of Ireland attained <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">separate statehood</a>, Ulster unionists accepted a home-rule dispensation for the six north-east counties remaining in the United Kingdom. For the next 50 years, the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> exercised the <a href="/wiki/Devolved_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Devolved powers">devolved powers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Parliament">Northern Ireland Parliament</a> with little domestic opposition and outside of the governing party-political system at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a>. In 1972, the British government suspended this arrangement. Against a background of growing political violence, and citing the need to consider how Catholics in Northern Ireland could be integrated into its civic and political life, it prorogued the parliament in Belfast. Over the ensuing three decades of <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a>, unionists divided in their responses to <a href="/wiki/Power-sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Power-sharing">power-sharing</a> proposals presented, in consultation with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, by successive British governments. Following the <a href="/wiki/1998_Northern_Ireland_Good_Friday_Agreement_referendum" title="1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum">1998 Belfast Agreement</a>, under which both <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_paramilitaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalist paramilitaries">loyalist paramilitaries</a> committed to permanent ceasefires, unionists accepted principles of joint office and parallel consent in a new <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland legislature</a> and executive. Renegotiated in 2006, relations within this <a href="/wiki/Consociational" class="mw-redirect" title="Consociational">consociational</a> arrangement remained fraught. Unionists, with diminishing electoral strength, charged their nationalist partners in government with pursuing an anti-British cultural agenda and, post-<a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, with supporting a trade regime, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a>, that advances an all-Ireland agenda. In February 2024, two years after their withdrawal collapsed the devolved institutions, on the basis of new British government assurances they returned to the Assembly to form the first Northern Ireland government in which unionists are a minority. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irish_Unionism_1800–1904">Irish Unionism 1800–1904</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Irish Unionism 1800–1904">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Act_of_Union_1800">The Act of Union 1800</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Act of Union 1800">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Ballynahinch_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Battle_of_Ballynahinch_%28detail%29.jpg/170px-Battle_of_Ballynahinch_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3d/Battle_of_Ballynahinch_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ballynahinch" title="Battle of Ballynahinch">Battle of Ballynahinch</a> 1798 by Thomas Robinson. Government Yeomanry prepare to hang United Irish insurgent Hugh McCulloch, a grocer.</figcaption></figure> In the last decades of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> (1542–1800), <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> in public life advanced themselves as <a href="/wiki/Irish_Patriot_Party" title="Irish Patriot Party">Irish Patriots.</a>The focus of their patriotism was the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament in Dublin</a>. Confined on a narrow franchise to landed members of the established <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> communion (the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> "<a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a>"), the parliament denied equal protection and public office to <a href="/wiki/Dissenters" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissenters">Dissenters</a> (non-Anglican Protestants) and to the Kingdom's dispossessed <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> majority. The high point of this parliamentary patriotism was the formation during the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers_(18th_century)" title="Irish Volunteers (18th century)">Irish Volunteers</a> and, as that militia paraded in Dublin, the securing in 1782 of the parliament's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1782" title="Constitution of 1782">legislative independence</a> from the British government in London.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In the north-east, combinations of <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> tradesmen, merchants, and tenant farmers protested against the unrepresentative parliament and against an executive in <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a> still appointed, through the office of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant</a>, by English ministers.<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a>: 107–108  Seeing little prospect of further reform and in the hope that they might be assisted by <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">republican France</a>, these <a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a> sought a revolutionary union of "Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter" (i.e. of Catholics and Protestants of all persuasions).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Their resolve was broken with the defeat of their <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">uprising in 1798</a>, and by reports of rebel outrages against Protestant <a href="/wiki/Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalists">Loyalists</a> in the South.<a href="#cite_note-:7-5">[5]</a>: 291  The British government, which had had to deploy its own forces to suppress the rebellion in Ireland and to turn back and defeat French intervention, decided on a union with Great Britain. Provision for <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a> was dropped from the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union</a> pushed with difficulty through the parliament in Dublin.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> While a separate Irish executive in Dublin was retained, representation, still wholly Protestant, was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a>. In the Presbyterian north east the Irish parliament was unlamented. Having refused calls for reform—to broaden representation and curb corruption—few saw cause to regret its passing.<a href="#cite_note-:7-5">[5]</a>: 292  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_emancipation_and_"Protestant_unity"">Catholic emancipation and "Protestant unity"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Catholic emancipation and "Protestant unity"">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protestant_Unity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Protestant_Unity.jpg/170px-Protestant_Unity.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Protestant_Unity.jpg/255px-Protestant_Unity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Protestant_Unity.jpg/340px-Protestant_Unity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>1899 penny print of Henry Cooke's 1841 speech in "reply to Daniel O'Connell"</figcaption></figure> It took the Union thirty years to deliver on the promise of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> (1829)—to admit Catholics to Parliament—and permit an erosion of the Protestant monopoly on position and influence. An opportunity to integrate Catholics through their re-emerging propertied and professional classes as a minority within the United Kingdom may have passed.<a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a>: 291  <a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In 1830, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Association" title="Catholic Association">Catholic Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a>, invited Protestants to join in a campaign to repeal the Union and restore the Kingdom of Ireland under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1782" title="Constitution of 1782">Constitution of 1782</a>. At the same time, the security in Ireland for emancipation was a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Elections_(Ireland)_Act_1829" title="Parliamentary Elections (Ireland) Act 1829">fivefold increase in the threshold for the property franchise</a>. O'Connell's Protestant ally in the north, <a href="/wiki/George_Ensor" title="George Ensor">George Ensor</a>, observed that this broke the link between Catholic inclusion and democratic reform.<a href="#cite_note-:72-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In Ulster, resistance to O'Connell's appeal was stiffened by a religious revival. With its emphasis upon "personal witness", the <a href="/wiki/Second_Reformation_(England_and_Ireland)" title="Second Reformation (England and Ireland)">New Reformation</a> appeared to transcend the ecclesiastical differences between the different Protestant denominations.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> while launching them into "a far more conscious sense of separateness from the Church of Rome",<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> then undergoing its own devotional revolution.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The leading Presbyterian evangelist, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cooke_(minister)" title="Henry Cooke (minister)">Henry Cooke</a> took the occasion to preach Protestant Unity. In 1834, at a mass demonstration hosted upon his estate by the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hill,_3rd_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Arthur Hill, 3rd Marquess of Downshire">3rd Marquess of Downshire</a>, Cooke proposed a "Christian marriage" between the two main Protestant denominations (Anglican and Presbyterian). Setting their remaining differences aside, they would cooperate on all "matters of common safety".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Presbyterian voters tended to favour reform-minded <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> or, as they later emerged, <a href="/wiki/Tenant-right" title="Tenant-right">tenant-right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free-trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade">free-trade</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party" title="Liberal Party">Liberals</a>, over the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Conservative_Party" title="Irish Conservative Party">Conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange-Order</a> candidates of the landed <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Ascendancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> But as the Irish party-political successors to O'Connell's Repeal movement gained representation and influence in Westminster, Cooke's call for unity was to be heeded in the progressive emergence of a pan-Protestant unionism.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Irish_party_challenge_at_Westminster_and_the_Land_War">The Irish party challenge at Westminster and the Land War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Irish party challenge at Westminster and the Land War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gladsone_pressured_by_the_Land_League.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ad/Gladsone_pressured_by_the_Land_League.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>William Gladstone writing legislation under pressure from the Land League. Caricature 1881.</figcaption></figure> Up to, and through, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Famine">Great Famine</a> of the 1840s, successive governments, Whig and Tory, had refused political responsibility for agrarian conditions in Ireland. The issues of a low-level tenant-landlord war came to <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> in 1852 when the all-Ireland <a href="/wiki/Tenant_Right_League" title="Tenant Right League">Tenant Right League</a> helped return 48 MPs to Westminster where they sat as the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Irish_Party" title="Independent Irish Party">Independent Irish Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-18">[18]</a>: 354–355  What the <a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Irelander</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Duffy_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Gavan Duffy (Australian politician)">Gavan Duffy</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Tenant_Right_League" title="Tenant Right League">League of North and South</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> soon fell apart. In the South the Church approved the Catholic MPs breaking their pledge of independent opposition and accepting government positions.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In the North, the Protestant tenant righters, <a href="/wiki/William_Sharman_Crawford" title="William Sharman Crawford">William Sharman Crawford</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_MacKnight_(Irish_agrarian_reformer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James MacKnight (Irish agrarian reformer)">James MacKnight</a> had their election meetings broken up by <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orangemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> For unionism the more momentous challenge lay in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Reform Act 1867</a>. In England and Wales it produced an electorate that no longer identified instinctively with the conservative interest in Ireland and was more open to the "home-rule" compromise that nationalists now presented. Ireland would remain within the United Kingdom but with a parliament in Dublin exercising powers devolved from Westminster.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Meanwhile, in Ireland, a combination of <a href="/wiki/Ballot_Act_1872" title="Ballot Act 1872">the secret ballot</a> and increased representation for the towns, reduced the electoral influence of land owners and their agents, and contributed to the triumph, in <a href="/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1874 United Kingdom general election">1874</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Fifty-nine members were returned to Westminster where they sat as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> (IPP).<a href="#cite_note-:9-18">[18]</a>: 381  In his first ministry (1868-1874), the Liberal premier <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> had attempted conciliation. In 1869, he <a href="/wiki/Disestablishment_of_the_Church_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Disestablishment of the Church of Ireland">disestablished the Church of Ireland</a>, and in 1870 introduced the <a href="/wiki/Landlord_and_Tenant_(Ireland)_Act_1870" title="Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870">Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act</a>. In both measures conservative jurists identified threats to the integrity of the union. Disestablishment reneged on the promise of "one Protestant Episcopal Church" for both Britain and Ireland under Article V of the Act of Union (the Ulster Protestant Defence Association claimed breach of contract),<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and weak as they were, provisions for tenant compensation and purchase created a separate agrarian regime for Ireland at odds with the prevailing English conception of property rights.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a> of the 1870s the <a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a> intensified. From 1879 it was organised by the direct-action <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Land_League" title="Irish National Land League">Irish National Land League</a>, led by the southern Protestant <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 1881, in a further <a href="/wiki/Land_Law_(Ireland)_Act_1881" title="Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881">Land Act</a>, Gladstone conceded the <a href="/wiki/Three_F%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Three F's">three F's</a>—fair rent, free sale, and fixity of tenure. Recognising that "the land grievance had been a bond of discontent between Ulster and the rest of Ireland and in that sense a danger to the union", Irish Conservatives did not oppose the measure.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Protestants in the eastern counties had admitted to the leadership of the tenant-right movement men, like the Rev. <a href="/wiki/James_Armour" title="James Armour">James Armour</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ballymoney" title="Ballymoney">Ballymoney</a>, who were at best agnostic on the union,<a href="#cite_note-:12-30">[30]</a> while in the west of the province (in counties <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">Armagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Cavan" title="County Cavan">Cavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">Tyrone</a>) even Orangemen had started joining the Land League.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The final and decisive shift in favour of constitutional concessions came in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884" title="Representation of the People Act 1884">Third Reform Act of 1884</a>. The near-universal admission to the suffrage of male heads of household tripled the electorate in Ireland. The <a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">1885 election</a> returned an IPP, now under the leadership of Parnell, of 85 Members (including 17 from Ulster where Conservatives and Liberals split the unionist vote).<a href="#cite_note-:6-33">[33]</a> Gladstone, whose Liberals lost all 15 of their Irish seats, was able to form his second ministry only with their Commons support. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_to_Gladstone's_Home_Rule_Bills">Reaction to Gladstone's Home Rule Bills</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reaction to Gladstone's Home Rule Bills">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unionist_Convention_1892.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Unionist_Convention_1892.jpg/220px-Unionist_Convention_1892.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Unionist_Convention_1892.jpg/330px-Unionist_Convention_1892.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Unionist_Convention_1892.jpg/440px-Unionist_Convention_1892.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>God Save the Queen, Erin Go Bragh, Ulster Unionist Convention, Belfast, 1892</figcaption></figure> In June 1886, Gladstone tabled a The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1886" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1886">Government of Ireland Bill</a> that was largely of his own drafting.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Unionists were not persuaded by his inclusion of measures to limit the remit of a Dublin legislature and to reduce the weight of the popular vote (the 200 or so popularly elected members were to sit in session with 28 <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Irish Peers</a> and a further 75 Members elected on a highly restrictive property franchise).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Regardless of how it was constituted, they believed that an Irish parliament would (egged on by the "American Irish")<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> enter into conflicts with the "imperial parliament" in London that could only be resolved through "complete separation".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-38">[38]</a>: 186  The upper and middle classes found in Britain and the Empire "a wide range of profitable careers--in the army, in the public services, in commerce--from which they might be shut out if the link between Ireland and Great Britain were weakened or severed".<a href="#cite_note-:9-18">[18]</a>: 398–399  That same link was critical for all those employed in the great export industries of the North—textiles, engineering, shipbuilding. For these the Irish hinterland was less important than the industrial triangle that linked Belfast and region with <a href="/wiki/Clydeside" class="mw-redirect" title="Clydeside">Clydeside</a> and the north of England.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Yet the most popular summary of case against Irish self-government remained the message broadcast in a "great revival" of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> — "Home Rule means <a href="/wiki/Rome_Rule" title="Rome Rule">Rome Rule</a>".<a href="#cite_note-collins-42">[42]</a> In the north, the competition represented by the growing numbers of Catholics arriving at mill and factory gates had already given the once largely rural (and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Anglican</a>) Orange Order a new lease among Protestant workers.<a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a>: 389–396 <a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The pattern, in itself, was not unique to Belfast and its satellites. <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and other British centres experiencing large-scale Irish immigration developed similar Orange and nativist ward and workplace politics<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> with which unionists—organised in the <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Anti-Repeal_Union" title="Loyalist Anti-Repeal Union">Loyalist Anti-Repeal Union</a>—sought to connect.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-46">[46]</a>: 195–196  With Gladstone's conversion to home rule, politicians who had held aloof from the Order now embraced its militancy. <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_Saunderson" title="Edward James Saunderson">Colonel Edward Saunderson</a>, who had represented <a href="/wiki/Cavan_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cavan (UK Parliament constituency)">Cavan</a> as a Liberal, donned an Orange <a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">sash</a> "because", he said "the Orange society is alone capable of dealing with the condition of anarchy and rebellion which prevail in Ireland".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In February 1886, playing, in his own words, the "Orange card", <a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a> assured a "monster meeting" of the Anti-Repeal Union in Belfast, that English Conservatives would "cast in their lot" with loyalists in resisting Home Rule, and he later coined the phrase that was to become the watchword of northern unionism: "Ulster will fight, and Ulster will be right".<a href="#cite_note-:10-46">[46]</a>: 297  Gladstone's own party was split on Home Rule and the House divided against the measure. In 1891 Ulster's <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Unionists">Liberal Unionists</a>, part of a larger Liberal break with Gladstone, entered Saunderson's <a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Alliance</a>, and at Westminster took the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">whip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 1892, despite bitter division over the personally compromised leadership of Parnell, the Nationalists were able to help Gladstone to a third ministry. The result was a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1893" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1893">second Home Rule bill</a>. It was greeted by an Ulster opposition more highly developed and better organised. A great Ulster Unionist Convention was held in Belfast organised by the Liberal Unionist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sinclair_(politician,_1838%E2%80%931914)" title="Thomas Sinclair (politician, 1838–1914)">Thomas Sinclair</a>, whom the press noted had been a critic of Orangeism.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Speakers and observers dwelt on the diversity of creed, class and party represented among the 12,300 delegates attending. As reported by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Whig" title="Northern Whig">Northern Whig</a> there were "the old tenant-righters of the 'sixties' ... the sturdy reformers of Antrim ... the <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a> of Down, always progressive in their politics ... the old-fashioned <a href="/wiki/Irish_Conservative_Party" title="Irish Conservative Party">Tories</a> of the Counties ... modern Conservatives ... Orangemen ... All these various elements—Whig, Liberal, Radical, Presbyterian, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Episcopalian</a>, Unitarian and <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> ... united as one man."<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> While references to Catholics were conciliatory the Convention resolved: <blockquote>to retain unchanged our present position as an integral portion of the United Kingdom, and protest in the most unequivocal manner against the passage of any measure that would rob us of our inheritance in the Imperial Parliament, under the protection of which our capital has been invested and our home and rights safeguarded; that we record our determination to have nothing to do with a Parliament certain to be controlled by men responsible for the crime and outrage of the Land League . . . many of whom have shown themselves the ready instrument of clerical domination.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </blockquote> After mammoth parliamentary sessions the bill, which did allow for Irish MPs, was passed by a narrow majority in the Commons but went down to defeat in the overwhelmingly Conservative <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. The Conservatives formed a new ministry. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constructive_Unionism">Constructive Unionism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Constructive Unionism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Congested_Districts_Board_for_Ireland_(1893%E2%80%931907).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Congested_Districts_Board_for_Ireland_%281893%E2%80%931907%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Congested_Districts_Board_for_Ireland_%281893%E2%80%931907%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Congested_Districts_Board_for_Ireland_%281893%E2%80%931907%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Congested_Districts_Board_for_Ireland_%281893%E2%80%931907%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Congested_Districts_Board_for_Ireland_%281893%E2%80%931907%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Congested_Districts_Board_for_Ireland_%281893%E2%80%931907%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Congested_Districts_Board_for_Ireland" title="Congested Districts Board for Ireland">Congested Districts Board for Ireland</a>, 1893–1907</figcaption></figure> Gladstone's <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Tory</a> successor in 1886, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>, believed his government should "leave Home Rule sleeping the sleep of the unjust".<a href="#cite_note-:27-52">[52]</a>: 418  In 1887 <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration" title="Dublin Castle administration">Dublin Castle</a> was given standing power to suspend <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>. However, as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a>, Salisbury's nephew <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a> determined upon a constructive course. He pursued reforms intended, as some saw it, to kill home rule with "kindness".<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> For the express purpose of relieving poverty and reducing emigration, in the <a href="/wiki/Congested_Districts_Board_for_Ireland" title="Congested Districts Board for Ireland">Congested Districts</a> of the west Balfour initiated a programme not only of public works, but of subsidy for local craft industries. Headed by the former Unionist MP for <a href="/wiki/South_Dublin_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Dublin (UK Parliament constituency)">South Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Plunkett" title="Horace Plunkett">Horace Plunkett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> a new Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction broke with the traditions of Irish Boards by announcing that its aim was to "be in touch with public opinion of the classes whom its work concerns, and to rely largely for its success upon their active assistance and cooperation".<a href="#cite_note-:11-55">[55]</a>: 210  It supported and encouraged dairy cooperatives, the Creameries, that were to be an important institution in the emergence of a new class of independent smallholders.<a href="#cite_note-:27-52">[52]</a>: 421–423  Greater reform followed when, with the support of the splinter <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a>, Salisbury returned to office in 1895. <a href="/wiki/Land_Acts_(Ireland)" title="Land Acts (Ireland)">The Land Act of 1896</a> introduced for the first time the principle of compulsory sale to tenants, through its application was limited to bankrupt estates. "You would suppose", said <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Carson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Carson">Sir Edward Carson</a>, Dublin barrister and the leading spokesman for Irish Conservatives, "that the Government were revolutionists verging on Socialism".<a href="#cite_note-:11-55">[55]</a>: 209  Having been first obliged to surrender their hold on local government (transferred at a stroke in 1898 to democratically elected councils), the old landlord class had the terms of their retirement fixed by the <a href="/wiki/Land_Acts_(Ireland)" title="Land Acts (Ireland)">Wyndham Land Act</a> of 1903.<a href="#cite_note-:23-38">[38]</a>: 218–219, 233  This reduced, but did not in itself resolve, agrarian tensions, even in the north. In 1906, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Russell,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Russell, 1st Baronet">Thomas Russell, MP</a>, the son of an evicted Scottish <a href="/wiki/Crofter" class="mw-redirect" title="Crofter">crofter</a>, broke with the Conservatives in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Alliance</a> to be returned to Westminster from <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrone_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Tyrone (UK Parliament constituency)">South Tyrone</a> as the champion of the Ulster Farmers and Labourers Union.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Cork_City_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cork City (UK Parliament constituency)">Cork City</a> MP, <a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien" title="William O'Brien">William O'Brien</a>, Russell helped initiate a programme that built some 40,000 one-acre labourer-owned cottages.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> During the constructivist 1890s, and before a Liberal government revived the prospects for home rule, unionists appeared more at ease with interest in Irish culture. The first Ulster branch of the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic League">Gaelic League</a> was formed in 1895 in east <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> under the patronage of the Rev. <a href="/wiki/John_Crozier_(archbishop_of_Armagh)" title="John Crozier (archbishop of Armagh)">John Baptiste Crozier</a> and Dr. <a href="/wiki/John_St._Clair_Boyd" title="John St. Clair Boyd">John St Clair Boyd</a>, both avowed unionists,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and of the Orange Order Grand Master, the Rev. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rutledge_Kane_(senior)" title="Richard Rutledge Kane (senior)">Richard Rutledge Kane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> But for many Irish unionists the chief-secretaryship of <a href="/wiki/George_Wyndham" title="George Wyndham">George Wyndham</a> was "a last straw".<a href="#cite_note-:29-61">[61]</a>: 419  In February 1905, they learned that his undersecretary, Sir <a href="/wiki/Anthony_MacDonnell" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony MacDonnell">Anthony MacDonnell</a>, a Catholic, had helped devise a scheme for administrative devolution involving an Irish council of both elected and nominated members. Balfour, now prime minister, was obliged to disavow the scheme and Wyndham, pressed to deny his complicity, resigned.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The uproar assisted the Liberal return to office in December.<a href="#cite_note-:9-18">[18]</a>: 418  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_unionists">Catholic unionists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Catholic unionists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_unionist" title="Catholic unionist">Catholic unionist</a></div> The road to Catholicism's identification with constitutional Irish nationalism was "far from smooth and immediate",<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and a Catholic tradition of support for the union, focused on the value of stability and of empire, survived the first home-rule crisis. But it did not share the majority unionist conviction that any measure of devolution within the United Kingdom must lead to separation. Nor did it supply unionism with the equivalent of the Protestants who, individually, played a prominent role in home-rule and separatist politics.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> A handful of Irish Conservatives, drawn from the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a>, were returned to the Commons before the 1884 Reform Act. A "unique place" was occupied by Sir <a href="/wiki/Denis_Henry" title="Denis Henry">Denis Henry</a> (1864-1925).<a href="#cite_note-:4-66">[66]</a> When he won his native <a href="/wiki/South_Londonderry_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Londonderry (UK Parliament constituency)">South Londonderry</a> seat in a 1916 by-election, he was the first Catholic to represent a unionist constituency in Ulster, and when he retained the seat in 1918, the future <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland">Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland</a> was the last.<a href="#cite_note-:4-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""The_Ulster_Option"_1905–1920">"The Ulster Option" 1905–1920</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "The Ulster Option" 1905–1920">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unionist_labour">Unionist labour</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Unionist labour">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulster_Day,_Belfast_(13714162703).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ulster_Day%2C_Belfast_%2813714162703%29.jpg/220px-Ulster_Day%2C_Belfast_%2813714162703%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ulster_Day%2C_Belfast_%2813714162703%29.jpg/330px-Ulster_Day%2C_Belfast_%2813714162703%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ulster_Day%2C_Belfast_%2813714162703%29.jpg/440px-Ulster_Day%2C_Belfast_%2813714162703%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>Ulster Day, 28 September 1912</figcaption></figure> In 1905, the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Unionist Council">Ulster Unionist Council</a> was established to bring together unionists in the north including, with 50 of 200 seats, the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a>. Until then, unionism had largely placed itself behind <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> aristocrats valued for their high-level connections in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. The UUC still accorded them a degree of precedence. Castlereagh's descendant and former <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Vane-Tempest-Stewart,_6th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Stewart Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry">The 6th Marquess of Londonderry</a>, presided over its executive. The Council also retained the services of Carson, from 1892 MP for <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> and supported him from 1910 as leader of the Irish Unionist parliamentary party. But marshalled by Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Craig,_1st_Viscount_Craigavon" title="James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon">James Craig</a>, a millionaire director of Belfast's <a href="/wiki/Dunville_%26_Co" title="Dunville & Co">Dunville Whiskey</a>, it was northern employers who undertook the real political and organisational work.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-55">[55]</a>: 226–228  Unlike the southern landowners who were politically opposed by their <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Catholic</a> tenants, the manufacturers and merchants of Belfast and neighbouring industrial districts could generally count on voting with the majority of their own workforce. But the loyalty of the Protestant worker was not unconditional. In the mind of many working-class unionists there was no contradiction between the defence of Protestant principle and political radicalism, "indeed, these were often seen as one and the same because it was the wealthy who were most prone to conciliation and treachery".<a href="#cite_note-:24-68">[68]</a>: 102  Exercising the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">new workingman's vote</a>, in 1868 loyalists in Belfast had chosen their own "Conservative", rejecting a millowner and returning an evangelical Orangeman, <a href="/wiki/William_Johnston_(Irish_politician)" title="William Johnston (Irish politician)">William Johnston</a>, to Westminster. Johnston proceeded to propose and vote for <a href="/wiki/1874_Factory_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1874 Factory Act">labour protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenant_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenant right">tenant right</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballot_Act_1872" title="Ballot Act 1872">the secret ballot</a> and woman's suffrage<a href="#cite_note-:02-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-70">[70]</a> In 1902, Johnston's successor as MP for <a href="/wiki/South_Belfast_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Belfast (UK Parliament constituency)">South Belfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sloan" title="Thomas Sloan">Thomas Sloan</a>, again was not the choice of employers. The campaign of the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Protestant_Association" title="Belfast Protestant Association">Belfast Protestant Association</a> candidate was marked by what his opponents considered a classic piece of bigotry. Sloan protested the exemption of Catholic convents from inspection by the Hygiene Commission (the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> should not be "a state within a state"). But it was as a trade unionist that he criticised the "fur-coat brigade" in the leadership of unionism. Together with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lindsay_Crawford" title="Robert Lindsay Crawford">R. Lindsay Crawford</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Independent_Orange_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Orange Order">Independent Orange Order</a>, Sloan supported dock and linen-mill workers, led by the <a href="/wiki/Syndicalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndicalist">syndicalist</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a>, in the great <a href="/wiki/1907_Belfast_Dock_strike" title="1907 Belfast Dock strike">Belfast Lockout of 1907</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-68">[68]</a>: 101–104 <a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In July 1912, loyalists forced some 3,000 workers out of the shipyards and engineering plants in Belfast. Unlike previous incidents, the expellees included not only Catholics but also some 600 Protestants, targeted mainly because they were seen to support labour organising across sectarian lines.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The unionist press depicted any connection with either <a href="/wiki/British_Labour" class="mw-redirect" title="British Labour">British Labour</a> (who had held their first party conference in Belfast in 1907) or with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Trades_Union_Congress" title="Irish Trades Union Congress">Irish Trades Union Congress</a> as tantamount to support for Home Rule. Yet loyalist workers resented the idea that they were the retainers of "big-house unionists". A manifesto signed in the spring of 1914 by two thousand labour men, rejected the suggestion of the radical and socialist press that Ulster was being manipulated by "an aristocratic plot". If Sir Edward Carson led in the battle for the Union it was "because we, the workers, the people, the democracy of Ulster, have chosen him".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The majority of the signatories would have been organised in British-based unions,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> and could point to the growing political weight of British labour in reform measures such as the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Disputes_Act_1906" title="Trade Disputes Act 1906">Trade Disputes Act 1906</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">People's Budget 1910</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Act_1911" title="National Insurance Act 1911">National Insurance Act 1911</a>. Nationalists did not seek to persuade them that collective bargaining, progressive taxation and social security were principles for which majorities could be as readily found in an Irish parliament.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unionism_and_women's_suffrage">Unionism and women's suffrage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Unionism and women's suffrage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signing_the_Ulster_Covenant_Declaration,_Sion_Mills,_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Signing_the_Ulster_Covenant_Declaration%2C_Sion_Mills%2C_1912.jpg/220px-Signing_the_Ulster_Covenant_Declaration%2C_Sion_Mills%2C_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Signing_the_Ulster_Covenant_Declaration%2C_Sion_Mills%2C_1912.jpg/330px-Signing_the_Ulster_Covenant_Declaration%2C_Sion_Mills%2C_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Signing_the_Ulster_Covenant_Declaration%2C_Sion_Mills%2C_1912.jpg/440px-Signing_the_Ulster_Covenant_Declaration%2C_Sion_Mills%2C_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Signing the Ulster Covenant Declaration, "Ulster Day" 1912</figcaption></figure> At what was to be the high point of mobilisation in Ulster against Home Rule, the Covenant Campaign of September 1912, the unionist leadership decided that men alone could not speak for the determination of the unionist people to defend "their equal citizenship in the United Kingdom". Women were asked to sign, not the Covenant whose commitment to "all means which may be found necessary" implied a readiness to bear arms, but their own Associate Declaration. A total of 234,046 women signed the Ulster Women's Declaration; 237,368 men signed the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Covenant" title="Ulster Covenant">Solemn League and Covenant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Unionist women had been involved in political campaigning from the time of the first Home Rule Bill in 1886.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Some were active <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragettes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Tod" title="Isabella Tod">Isabella Tod</a>, an anti-Home Rule Liberal and campaigner for girls education, was an early pioneer. Determined lobbying by her North of Ireland Women's Suffrage Society ensured the 1887 Act creating a new city-status municipal franchise for Belfast (piloted through the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">Commons</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Johnston_(Irish_politician)" title="William Johnston (Irish politician)">William Johnston</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:3-70">[70]</a> conferred the vote on persons rather than men. This was eleven years before women elsewhere Ireland gained the vote in local government elections.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The WSS had not been impressed by the women's Ulster Declaration or by the Ulster Women's Unionist Council (UWUC)—with over 100,000 members the largest women's political organisation in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_McCracken_(Irish_writer)" title="Elizabeth McCracken (Irish writer)">Elizabeth McCracken</a> noted the failure of unionist women to formulate "any demand on their own behalf or that of their own sex".<a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[82]</a> Yet in September 1913 McCracken was celebrating a "marriage of unionism and women's suffrage".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Following reports that the militant <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> (WPSU) would begin organising in Ulster, the secretary of Ulster Unionist Council had informed the UWUC that draft articles for an Ulster Provisional Government included votes for women. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalists</a> would make no such undertaking with regard to a Dublin parliament.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-:04-85">[85]</a> The marriage was short lived. In March 1914, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Carson</a>, after being door-stepped for fours days by the WSPU, ruled women's suffrage too divisive an issue for unionists. There followed a series of arson-attacks on unionist-owned and associated property that culminated in <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Metge" title="Lillian Metge">Lillian Metge</a>'s bombing of <a href="/wiki/Lisburn_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisburn Cathedral">Lisburn Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:03-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-:322-87">[87]</a> In a subsequent trial, WPSU organiser <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Evans" title="Dorothy Evans">Dorothy Evans</a> created an uproar by demanding to know why James Craig, then arming <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteers</a> with German rifles, was not appearing on the same weapons and explosives charges.<a href="#cite_note-:04-85">[85]</a> In August 1914, suffragists in Ulster suspended their agitation for the duration of the European war. Their reward was a <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">women's franchise in 1918</a> and (six years after it was granted in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>) <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">equal voting rights in 1928</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1912_Home_Rule_Crisis">1912 Home Rule Crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1912 Home Rule Crisis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12_July_in_Belfast,_2011_(130).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/12_July_in_Belfast%2C_2011_%28130%29.JPG/170px-12_July_in_Belfast%2C_2011_%28130%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/12_July_in_Belfast%2C_2011_%28130%29.JPG/255px-12_July_in_Belfast%2C_2011_%28130%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/12_July_in_Belfast%2C_2011_%28130%29.JPG/340px-12_July_in_Belfast%2C_2011_%28130%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Banners_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Banners in Northern Ireland">Orange Order banner</a> showing Carson the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Covenant" title="Ulster Covenant">Ulster Covenant</a> 1912</figcaption></figure> In 1911 a Liberal administration was once again dependent on Irish nationalist MPs. In 1912 the Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, introduced the <a href="/wiki/Third_Home_Rule_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Home Rule Bill">Third Home Rule Bill</a>. A more generous dispensation than the earlier bills, it would, for the first time, have given an Irish parliament an accountable executive.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> It was carried in the Commons by a majority of ten. As expected, it was defeated in the Lords, but as result of the crisis engendered by the opposition of the peers to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">1910 People's Budget</a> the Lords now only had the power of delay. Home Rule would become law in 1914. There had long been discussion of giving "an option to Ulster". As early as 1843, The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Whig" title="Northern Whig">Northern Whig</a> reasoned that if differences in ethnicity ("race") and interests argue for Ireland's separation from Great Britain, they could as easily argue for a separation of north and south, with Belfast as the capital of its own "distinct kingdom".<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In response to the First Home rule Bill in 1886, Radical Unionists (Liberals who proposed federalising the relationship between all countries of the United Kingdom) likewise argued that "the Protestant part of Ulster should receive special treatment . . . on grounds identical with those that support the general contention for Home Rule"<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Ulster Protestants expressed no interest in a Belfast parliament (they did not develop an express nationalism of their own),<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> but in summarising The Case Against Home Rule (1912), L. S. Amery did insist that "if Irish Nationalism constitutes a nation, then Ulster is a nation too".<a href="#cite_note-:13-92">[92]</a>: 78  Faced with the eventual enactment of Home Rule, Carson appeared to press this argument. On 28 September 1912, Ulster Day, he was the first to sign, in Belfast City Hall, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Covenant" title="Ulster Covenant">Ulster's Solemn League and Covenant</a>. This bound signatories "to stand by one another in defending for ourselves and our children our position of equal citizenship in the United Kingdom, and in using all means which may be found necessary to defeat the present <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (political)">conspiracy</a> to set up a Home Rule Parliament in Ireland".<a href="#cite_note-proni-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In January 1913, Carson declared for the exclusion of Ulster and called for the enlistment of up to 100,000 Covenanters as drilled and armed <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> On 23 September, the second Ulster Day, he accepted Chairmanship of a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a> organised by Craig. If Home Rule were imposed "we will be governed as a conquered community and nothing else".<a href="#cite_note-:13-92">[92]</a>: 79  By July 1914, the Ulster Covenant had been complemented by a <a href="/wiki/British_Covenant" title="British Covenant">British Covenant</a> organised by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milner" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Milner">Alfred Milner</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Union_Defence_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Defence League">Union Defence League</a>. Nearly two million signatories declared themselves willing to "supporting any action that may be effective" to prevent the people of Ulster being deprived "of their rights as citizens of the United Kingdom".<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a>: 134–135 <a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition">Partition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Partition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_UK_election_1918.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Irish_UK_election_1918.png/220px-Irish_UK_election_1918.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Irish_UK_election_1918.png/330px-Irish_UK_election_1918.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Irish_UK_election_1918.png/440px-Irish_UK_election_1918.png 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>The 1918 general election result in Ireland. Sinn Féin sweeps the south and west</figcaption></figure> On 4 August 1914, the <a href="/wiki/British_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="British declaration of war on Germany (1914)">United Kingdom declared war on Germany</a>. A few weeks later the Home Rule bill received <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a> but with implementation suspended for the duration of European hostilities. With the issue of Ulster's exclusion unresolved, leaders on both sides sought favour with the Government and the British public by committing themselves, and their volunteers, to the war effort. The strategy was challenged on the nationalist side. As the militants saw it, contingents of republican <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a> and Connolly's <a href="/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army" title="Irish Citizen Army">Citizen Army</a> ensured that while Irishmen, at Redmond's urging, were sacrificing themselves for the sake of <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a>, Britain could be seen on the streets of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Dublin in Easter 1916</a> suppressing an Irish strike for freedom. In the aftermath of the Rising and in the course of a <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription Crisis">national campaign against military conscription</a>, the IPP's credibility was exhausted.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Coupon_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupon Election">Coupon Election</a> of December 1918, the first Westminster poll since 1910 and the first with all adult males, and women from age thirty, eligible to vote (the electorate tripled), the IPP was almost wholly replaced in nationalist constituencies by <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Acting on their mandate, Sinn Féin MPs met in Dublin in January 1919 as the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>, the national assembly of the Republic declared in 1916, and demanded that the "English garrison" evacuate. In the six north-east counties, unionists took 22 out of 29 seats. Violence against Catholics in Belfast, driven out of workplaces and attacked in their districts, and a boycott of Belfast goods, accompanied by looting and destruction, in the South, helped consolidate "real partition, spiritual and voluntary" in advance of the constitutional partition.<a href="#cite_note-:13-92">[92]</a>: 99–100  This otherwise uncompromising Republicans regarded as, at least for now, inevitable. In August 1920 <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>, President of Dáil, declared in favour of "giving each county power to vote itself out of the Republic if it so wished".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In the hope of brokering a compromise that might yet hold Ireland within Westminster's jurisdiction, the Government proceeded with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a>. This provided for two subordinate parliaments. In Belfast a Northern Ireland parliament would convene for the six rather than nine Ulster counties (in three, Craig conceded, Sinn Féiners would make government "absolutely impossible for us").<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The island's remaining twenty-six counties, Southern Ireland, would be represented in Dublin. In a joint Council, the two parliaments would be free to enter into all-Ireland arrangements. In 1921, elections for these parliaments were duly held. But in Southern Ireland this was for parliament which, by British agreement, would now constitute itself as the Dáil Éireann of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>. Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a>, the twenty-six counties were to have the "same constitutional status in the Community of Nations known as the British Empire as the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>".<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> It was not clear to all parties at the time—civil war ensued—but this was to be de facto independence.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Unionists in Northern Ireland thus found themselves in the unanticipated position of having to work a constitutional arrangement that was the by-product of an attempt by British statesmen to reconcile the determination of the Protestant population of the North to remain without qualification within the United Kingdom with the aspirations of the Nationalist majority in Ireland for Irish unity and independence.<a href="#cite_note-:14-103">[103]</a>: 17–18  Writing to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, Craig did insist that it was only as a sacrifice in the interest of peace that the North had accepted a home-rule arrangement its representatives had not asked for.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> No regret, however, was evident when addressing Belfast shipyard workers. Once unionists had their own parliament, Craig assured the workers, "no power on earth would ever be able to touch them".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In debating the Government of Ireland Bill, Craig had conceded that, while unionists did not want a separate parliament, having in the six counties "all the paraphernalia of Government" might make it more difficult for future Liberal and/or Labour government to push Northern Ireland against the will of its majority into all-Ireland arrangements<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> This was to become the prevailing attitude, summed up in a 1936 report of the Ulster Unionist Council: "Northern Ireland without a Parliament of her own would be a standing temptation to certain British Politicians to make another bid for a final settlement with the Irish Republic".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Having become Ulster unionists and then six-county unionists, "Irish Unionists had evolved into Northern Irish Home Rulers".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unionist_majority_rule:_Northern_Ireland_1921–1972">Unionist majority rule: Northern Ireland 1921–1972</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Unionist majority rule: Northern Ireland 1921–1972">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusion_from_Westminster_Politics">Exclusion from Westminster Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Exclusion from Westminster Politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of Arms of Northern Ireland">Coat of Arms of the Government of Northern Ireland</a> (1924–1974). Escutcheon flanked by the Scottish lion and an Irish Elk.</figcaption></figure> Unionists have emphasised that their victory in the Home Rule struggle was partial. It was not only that twenty-six of thirty-two Irish counties were lost to the Union, but that within the six retained unionists were "unable to make the British government in London fully acknowledge their full and unequivocal membership of the United Kingdom".<a href="#cite_note-:21-109">[109]</a>: 9 <a href="#cite_note-:14-103">[103]</a>: 15  Although technically constituted by the decision of the six-county Parliament elected in 1920 to opt out of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Government of Northern Ireland">Government of Northern Ireland</a> had some of the formal features of the Canada-style <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> status accorded to the new state in the South. Like <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Belfast had a two-chamber <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament</a>, a Cabinet and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Prime Minister of Northern Ireland">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Craig" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Craig">Sir James Craig</a>), and <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> represented by a <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Governor of Northern Ireland">Governor</a> and advised by a <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Northern Ireland">Privy Council</a>. All this was suggestive, not of a devolved administration within the United Kingdom, but of a state constituted under the Crown outside the direct jurisdiction of the Westminster parliament.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The impression that Ireland as a whole was being removed from Westminster politics was reinforced by refusal of the parties of Government and Opposition to organise, or canvass for votes, in the six counties.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> were content that <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> MPs took their party <a href="/wiki/Whip" title="Whip">whip</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> where, by general agreement, matters within the competence of the Belfast Parliament could not be raised. The <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> formed its first (minority) government in 1924 led by a man who in 1905 had been the <a href="/wiki/Election_agent" title="Election agent">election agent</a> in North Belfast for the trade-unionist <a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(trade_unionist)" title="William Walker (trade unionist)">William Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In 1907 MacDonald's party had held their first party conference in Belfast. Yet, at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_Crisis" title="Home Rule Crisis">Home Rule Crisis</a> in 1913, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Labour Party in Northern Ireland">British Labour Party</a> had decided not stand against <a href="/wiki/Irish_Labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Labour">Irish Labour</a>, and the policy of deferring to Irish parties was maintained after 1921.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> There was little incentive for unionists in Northern Ireland to assume the risks of splitting ranks in order to reproduce the dynamic of Westminster politics. Despite its broad legislative powers, the Belfast Parliament did not, in any case, have the kinds of tax and spending powers that might have engendered that kind of party competition. The principal sources of government revenue, income and corporation taxes, customs and excise, were entirely beyond Belfast's control.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stormont_government">Stormont government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Stormont government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carson_statue,_Parliament_Buildings_(2)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_693330.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Carson_statue%2C_Parliament_Buildings_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_693330.jpg/220px-Carson_statue%2C_Parliament_Buildings_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_693330.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Carson_statue%2C_Parliament_Buildings_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_693330.jpg/330px-Carson_statue%2C_Parliament_Buildings_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_693330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Carson_statue%2C_Parliament_Buildings_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_693330.jpg/440px-Carson_statue%2C_Parliament_Buildings_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_693330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The statue of Lord <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a> in front of Parliament Buildings, Stormont</figcaption></figure> Until the crisis of the late 1960s, unionism in Northern Ireland was effectively single-party politics. In his 28 years in Stormont (1925–1953) <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Henderson" title="Tommy Henderson">Tommy Henderson</a>, a North Belfast independent, was a one-man unionist opposition. In the 1938 the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Progressive_Unionist_Association" title="Ulster Progressive Unionist Association">Ulster Progressive Unionist Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/William_John_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="William John Stewart">William John Stewart</a> attempted to join him, averaging 30% of the vote in ten otherwise safe Government seats.<a href="#cite_note-Courtney-115">[115]</a> After positively endorsing the Union, in 1953 the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Labour_Party" title="Northern Ireland Labour Party">Northern Ireland Labour Party</a> won three seats. But for the most part Government candidates were returned by unionist voters without contest. The <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Nationalist Party (Northern Ireland)">Nationalist Party</a> did not take their seats during the <a href="/wiki/MPs_elected_in_the_Northern_Ireland_general_election,_1921" class="mw-redirect" title="MPs elected in the Northern Ireland general election, 1921">first Stormont parliament (1921–25)</a>, and did not accept the role of <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Opposition">official Opposition</a> for a further forty years.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Proclaimed by Craig a "Protestant parliament",<a href="#cite_note-:13-92">[92]</a>: 118  and with a "substantial and assured" Unionist Party majority<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> the Stormont legislature could not, in any case, play a significant role. Real power "lay with the regional government itself and its administration": a structure "run by a very small number of individuals". Between 1921 and 1939 only twelve people served in cabinet, some continuously.<a href="#cite_note-:15-118">[118]</a>: 116–119  It was in protest that the Progressive Unionists had proposed limited office in government to 8 years or two parliaments.<a href="#cite_note-Courtney-115">[115]</a> Although they had no positive political programme for a devolved parliament, the Unionist regime did attempt an early reform. Consistent with the obligation under the Government of Ireland Act to neither establish nor endow a religion, a 1923 Education Act provided that in schools religious instruction would only be permitted after school hours and with parental consent. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Henry_Vane-Tempest-Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart">Lord Londonderry</a>, Minister of Education, acknowledged that his ambition was mixed Protestant-Catholic education. A coalition of Protestant clerics, school principals and Orangemen insisted on the imperative of bible teaching. Craig relented, amending the act in 1925. Meanwhile, the Catholic hierarchy refused to transfer any schools, and would not allow male Catholic student teachers to enrol in a common training college with Protestants or women.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The school-age segregation of Protestants and Catholics was sustained. At the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Unionist Government under Basil Brooke (<a href="/wiki/Lord_Brookeborough" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Brookeborough">Lord Brookeborough</a>) did make two reform commitments. First, it promised a programme of "slum clearance" and public housing construction (in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast Blitz</a> the authorities acknowledged that much of the housing stock had been "uninhabitable" before the war). Second, the Government accepted an offer from London—understood as a reward for the province's wartime service—to match the parity in taxation between Northern Ireland and Great Britain with parity in the services delivered. What Northern Ireland might loose in autonomy, it was going to gain in a closer, more equal, Union.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> By the 1960s Unionism was administering something at odds with the general conservatism of those to whom leadership had been conceded in the resistance to Irish Home Rule. Under the impetus of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Government_1945-1951" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Government 1945-1951">post-War Labour government</a> in Britain, and thanks to the generosity of British exchequer, Northern Ireland had emerged with an advanced <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">welfare state</a>. The Education Act (NI), 1947, "revolutionised access" to secondary and further education. Health-care provision was expanded and re-organised on the model of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> in Great Britain to ensure universal access. The Victorian-era <a href="/wiki/Irish_Poor_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Poor Laws">Poor Law</a>, sustained after 1921, was replaced with a comprehensive system of social-security. Under the Housing Act (NI) 1945 the public subvention for new home construction was even greater, proportionately, than in England and Wales.<a href="#cite_note-:15-118">[118]</a>: 43–49  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s:_reform_and_protest">1960s: reform and protest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1960s: reform and protest">edit</a>]</div> In the 1960s, under premiership of <a href="/wiki/Terence_O%27Neill" title="Terence O'Neill">Terence O'Neill</a>, the Stormont administration intensified its efforts to attract outside capital. Investment in new infrastructure, training schemes coordinated with trade unions, and direct grants succeeded in attracting American, British and continental firms. In its own terms, the strategy was a success. While the great Victorian industries continued to decline, the level of manufacturing employment marginally increased. Yet Protestant workers and local Unionist leadership were unsettled. Unlike the established family firms and skilled-trades apprenticeships that had been "a backbone of unionism and protestant privilege", the new companies readily employed Catholics and women.<a href="#cite_note-:15-118">[118]</a>: 87–89  But among Catholics too there was concern over the regional distribution of the new investment. When Derry lost out to Coleraine for siting of the <a href="/wiki/New_University_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="New University of Ulster">New University of Ulster</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Lurgan" title="Lurgan">Lurgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portadown" title="Portadown">Portadown</a> for <a href="/wiki/Craigavon,_County_Armagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Craigavon, County Armagh">a new urban-industrial development</a>, some sensed a wider conspiracy. Speaking to Labour MPs in London, <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> suggested that "the plan" was "to develop the strongly Unionist-Belfast-Coleraine-Portadown triangle and to cause a migration from West to East Ulster, redistributing and scattering the minority to that the Unionist Party will not only maintain but strengthen its position".<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Hume, a teacher from Derry, presented himself as a spokesman for an emerging "third force": a "generation of younger Catholics in the North" who were frustrated with the nationalist policy of non-recognition and abstention. (O'Neill wrote of "a new Catholic intelligentsia", the product, he imagined, of the 1947 Education Act, "unwilling to put up with the deprived status their fathers and grandfathers had taken for granted").<a href="#cite_note-:16-122">[122]</a>: 137 <a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Determined to engage the great social problems of housing, unemployment and emigration, they were willing to accept "the Protestant tradition in the North as legitimate" and that Irish unity should be achieved only "by the will of the Northern majority".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Although they appeared to meet unionists half way, Hume and those who joined him in what he proposed would be "the emergence of normal politics" presented the Unionism with a new challenge.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Drawing on the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movements" title="Civil rights movements">civil rights movements</a> in the United States, they spoke a language of universal rights which had a broad appeal for British and international opinion. Since 1964, the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Social_Justice" title="Campaign for Social Justice">Campaign for Social Justice</a> had been collating and publicising evidence of discrimination in employment and housing. From April 1967 the cause was taken up by the Belfast-based <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Rights_Association" title="Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association">Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association</a>, a broad labour and republican grouping with <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Communist Party of Northern Ireland">Communist Party</a> veteran <a href="/wiki/Betty_Sinclair" title="Betty Sinclair">Betty Sinclair</a> as chair. Seeking to "challenge . . . by more vigorous action than Parliamentary questions and newspaper controversy", NICRA decided to carry out a programme of marches.<a href="#cite_note-:17-126">[126]</a>: 34  In October 1968 <a href="/wiki/Derry_Housing_Action_Committee" title="Derry Housing Action Committee">Derry Housing Action Committee</a> proposed a march in Derry. When a sectarian confrontation threatened—the <a href="/wiki/Apprentice_Boys_of_Derry" title="Apprentice Boys of Derry">Apprentice Boys of Derry</a> announced their intention to march the same route—the NICRA executive was in favour of calling it off. But DHAC pressed ahead with activist <a href="/wiki/Eamon_McCann" class="mw-redirect" title="Eamon McCann">Eamon McCann</a> conceding that the "conscious, if unspoken strategy, was to provoke the police into overreaction and thus spark off mass reaction against the authorities".<a href="#cite_note-:22-127">[127]</a>: 91  A later official inquiry suggests that all that had been required for police to begin "using their batons indiscriminately" was defiance of the initial order to disperse.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The day ended with street battles in Derry's Catholic <a href="/wiki/Bogside" title="Bogside">Bogside</a> area. With this, onset of what is referred to as "<a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a>", Northern Ireland, for the first time in decades, was making British and international headlines, and television news. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_O'Neill">Opposition to O'Neill</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Opposition to O'Neill">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ulster.ogv/220px--Ulster.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="167" data-durationhint="626" data-mwtitle="Ulster.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ulster.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Ulster.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="632" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Ulster.ogv/Ulster.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="632" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Ulster.ogv/Ulster.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="316" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Ulster.ogv/Ulster.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="474" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Ulster.ogv/Ulster.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="474" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUlster.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>1971 <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreel</a> on the background to the Northern Ireland <a href="/wiki/Troubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Troubles">Troubles</a></figcaption></figure> In January 1965, at O'Neill personal invitation, <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Lemass" title="Seán Lemass">Seán Lemass</a> (whose government was pursuing a similar modernising agenda in the South) made an unheralded visit to Stormont. After O'Neill reciprocated with a visit to Dublin, the Nationalists were persuaded, for the first time, to assume the role at Stormont of <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Opposition">Her Majesty's Opposition</a>. With this and other conciliatory gestures (unprecedented visits to a Catholic hospitals and schools, flying the Union flag at half mast for the death of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>) O'Neill incurred the wrath of those he understood as "self-styled 'loyalists' who see moderation as treason, and decency as weakness",<a href="#cite_note-:16-122">[122]</a>: 123 among these the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a>. As Moderator of his own <a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ulster" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster">Free Presbyterian Church</a>, and at a time when he believed mainline presbyteries were being led down a "Roman road" by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Council_of_Churches" title="Irish Council of Churches">Irish Council of Churches</a>, Paisley saw himself treading in the path of the "greatest son" of <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church of Ireland">Irish Presbyterianism</a>, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cooke_(minister)" title="Henry Cooke (minister)">Henry Cooke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Like Cooke, Paisley was alert to <a href="/wiki/Ecumenicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenicism">ecumenicism</a> "both political and ecclesiastical". After the Lemass meeting, Paisley announced that "the Ecumenists . . . are selling us out", and called on Ulster Protestants to resist a "policy of treachery".<a href="#cite_note-See_1978,_pp._130-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-political-131">[131]</a> Many within his own party were alarmed when in December 1968 O'Neill sacked his hard-line Minister of Home Affairs, <a href="/wiki/William_Craig_(Northern_Ireland_politician)" title="William Craig (Northern Ireland politician)">William Craig</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> and proceeded with a reform package that addressed many of NICRA's demands. There was to be a needs-based points system for public housing; an ombudsman to investigate citizen grievances; the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Rates_(tax)" title="Rates (tax)">rates</a>-based franchise in council elections (One man, one vote); and The Londonderry Corporation (through which unionists had administered a predominately nationalist city) was replaced by an independent development commission. The broad security provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Authorities_(Special_Powers)_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1922" title="Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922">Special Powers Act</a> were to be reviewed.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> At a <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street" title="Downing Street">Downing Street</a> summit on 4 November, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> warned O'Neill that if Stormont backtracked on reform, the British government would reconsider its financial support for Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-:17-126">[126]</a>: 99  In a television address, O'Neill cautioned Unionists that they could not choose to be part of the United Kingdom merely when it "suits" them, and that "defiance" of the British government would be reckless. Jobs in the shipyards and other major industries, subsidies for farmers, people's pensions: "all these aspects of our life, and many others depend on support from Britain. Is a freedom to pursue the un-Christian path of communal strife and sectarian bitterness really more important to you than all the benefits of the British Welfare state?"<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> With members of his cabinet urging him to call Wilson's "bluff", and facing a <a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">Backbencher</a> motion of no-confidence, in January 1969 O'Neill called a <a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_general_election" title="1969 Northern Ireland general election">general election</a>. The Ulster Unionist Party split. Pro-O'Neill candidates picked up Liberal and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Labour_Party" title="Northern Ireland Labour Party">Labour</a> votes but won only a plurality of seats. In his own constituency of <a href="/wiki/Bannside" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannside">Bannside</a>, from which he had previously been returned unopposed, the Prime Minister was humiliated by achieving only a narrow victory over Paisley standing as a <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Unionist">Protestant Unionist</a>. On 28 April 1969, O'Neill resigned. O'Neill's position had been weakened when, focused on demands not conceded (redrawing of electoral boundaries, immediate repeal of the Special Power Act and disbandment of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Special_Constabulary" title="Ulster Special Constabulary">Special Constabulary</a>), republicans and left-wing students disregarded appeals from within NICRA and Hume's Derry Citizens Action Committee to suspend protest.<a href="#cite_note-:17-126">[126]</a>: 102–107  On 4 January 1969 <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_(Ireland)" title="People's Democracy (Ireland)">People's Democracy</a> marchers en route from Belfast to Derry were ambushed and beaten by loyalists, including off-duty Specials, at <a href="/wiki/Burntollet_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Burntollet Bridge">Burntollet Bridge</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> That night, there was renewed street fighting in the Bogside. From behind barricades, residents declared "<a href="/wiki/Free_Derry" title="Free Derry">Free Derry</a>", briefly Northern Ireland's first security-force "<a href="/wiki/No-go_area" title="No-go area">no-go area</a>".<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Tensions had been further heightened in the days before O'Neill's resignation when a number of explosions at electricity and water installations were attributed to the IRA. The later <a href="/wiki/Scarman_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarman Tribunal">Scarman Tribunal</a> established that the "outrages" were "the work of Protestant extremists . . . anxious to undermine confidence" in O'Neill's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> (The bombers, styling themselves "the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a>", had announced their presence in 1966 with a series of sectarian killings).<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The IRA did go into action on the night of 20/21 April, bombing ten post offices in Belfast in an attempt to draw the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">RUC</a> away from Derry where there was again serious violence.<a href="#cite_note-:17-126">[126]</a>: 120  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imposition_of_direct_rule">Imposition of direct rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Imposition of direct rule">edit</a>]</div> To the extent they acknowledge inequities in Unionist rule from Stormont—Paisley was later to allow "it wasn't . . a fair government. It wasn't justice for all"<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a>—unionists argue these were a result of insecurity which successive British governments had themselves created by their own divided view on Northern Ireland's place in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-:21-109">[109]</a>: 8–9  When the tensions to which it had contributed to in Northern Ireland finally exploded, unionists believe British equivocation proved disastrous. Had they regarded Northern Ireland is an integral part of the United Kingdom, the Government's response in 1969–69 would have been "fundamentally different". If they had thought there were social and political grievances which were remediable by law, it would have been the business of Westminster to legislate. But acts of rebellion would have been suppressed and punished as such with the full authority and force of the state. At no point, according to this unionist analysis, would the policy have been one of containment and negotiation.<a href="#cite_note-:14-103">[103]</a>: 15–16  The example of <a href="/wiki/Free_Derry" title="Free Derry">Free Derry</a> was replicated in other nationalist neighbourhoods both in Derry and in Belfast. Sealed off with barricades, the areas were openly policed by the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-gillespie-142">[142]</a> In what was reported as the biggest British military operation since the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Motorman" title="Operation Motorman">Operation Motorman</a>, on 31 July 1972, the British Army did eventually act to re-establish control.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> But this had been preceded in the weeks before by a ceasefire in the course of which Provisional IRA leaders, including Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_St%C3%ADof%C3%A1in" title="Seán Mac Stíofáin">Seán Mac Stíofáin</a> and his lieutenants <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a>, were flown to London for what proved to be unsuccessful negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Secretary">Northern Ireland Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw,_1st_Viscount_Whitelaw" class="mw-redirect" title="William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw">William Whitelaw</a>, acting on behalf of the UK Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a>   The common unionist charge was that Westminster and <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> continued to classify Northern Ireland, as it had Ireland before partition, as "something more akin to a colonial than a domestic problem".<a href="#cite_note-:14-103">[103]</a>: 17  From the first street deployment of troops in 1969 the impression given was of "a peace-keeping operation in which Her Majesty's Forces are not defending their homeland, but holding at bay two sects and factions as in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Imperial India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandated Palestine</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus</a>". This played into the republican narrative that "the insurgence in the housing estates and borderland of Ulster" was something akin to the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> wars of liberation, and that in Britain's first and last colony "decolonisation will be forced upon her as it was in <a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> and elsewhere".<a href="#cite_note-:13-92">[92]</a>: 144–145  Unionism as an expression of settler colonialism, indeed, was an analysis promoted in Britain by left-wing commentators and scholars.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> With London, unionist credibility on security did not survive <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment</a>, introduced at the insistence of Stormont government under <a href="/wiki/Brian_Faulkner" title="Brian Faulkner">Brian Faulkner</a>. In the early hours of 10 August 1971 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Demetrius" title="Operation Demetrius">342 persons suspected of IRA involvement</a> were arrested without charge or warrant.<a href="#cite_note-cainsum-150">[150]</a> Many appeared to have no connection with the IRA, and for those that did the link typically was to the left-leaning <a href="/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Official Irish Republican Army">Officials</a>. Beyond immediate defence of Catholics areas, the Officials had already committed to unarmed political strategy—and on that basis were to declare a ceasefire in May 1972.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Leading <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisionals</a>, some of whom were new to the IRA, entirely escaped the net. Unionists blamed the poor intelligence on London's decision to tolerate no-go areas.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> For the British Government internment proved a public relations disaster, both domestic and international. It was compounded by the interrogation of internees by methods (the so-called the <a href="/wiki/Five_techniques" title="Five techniques">five techniques</a>) that were eventually deemed illegal by the UK Government's own commission of inquiry<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> (and subsequently, in a case brought by the Irish government, ruled "inhuman and degrading" by the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>).<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Further national and international outrage followed the Army's lethal use of live fire against unarmed anti-internment protesters, <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)" title="Bloody Sunday (1972)">Bloody Sunday</a> in Derry (20 January 1972) being the most notorious incident.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-CAIN_names-156">[156]</a> In March, Heath demanded that Faulkner surrender control of internal security. When, as might have been anticipated, Faulkner resigned rather than comply, Heath in an instant shattered, for unionists, "the theory that the Army was simply in Northern Ireland for the purpose of offering aid to the civil power, of defending legally established institutions against terrorist attack". In what unionists viewed as a victory for violence, the Conservative government prorogued Stormont and imposed direct rule "not merely to restore order but to reshape the Province's system of government".<a href="#cite_note-:14-103">[103]</a>: 63  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negotiating_the_Irish_Dimension:_1973–2006">Negotiating the Irish Dimension: 1973–2006</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Negotiating the Irish Dimension: 1973–2006">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunningdale_Agreement_and_the_Ulster_Workers_strike">Sunningdale Agreement and the Ulster Workers strike</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sunningdale Agreement and the Ulster Workers strike">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troubled_Images_Exhibition,_Belfast,_August_2010_(03).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Troubled_Images_Exhibition%2C_Belfast%2C_August_2010_%2803%29.JPG/170px-Troubled_Images_Exhibition%2C_Belfast%2C_August_2010_%2803%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Troubled_Images_Exhibition%2C_Belfast%2C_August_2010_%2803%29.JPG/255px-Troubled_Images_Exhibition%2C_Belfast%2C_August_2010_%2803%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Troubled_Images_Exhibition%2C_Belfast%2C_August_2010_%2803%29.JPG/340px-Troubled_Images_Exhibition%2C_Belfast%2C_August_2010_%2803%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2575" data-file-height="3226" /></a><figcaption>Anti-Faulkner Unionist election poster</figcaption></figure> In October 1972 the British government brought out a Green Paper, The Future of Northern Ireland. It articulated what were to be the enduring principles of the British approach to a settlement. <blockquote>It is a fact that an element of the minority in Northern Ireland has hitherto seen itself as simply part of the wider Irish community. The problem of accommodating that minority within the political of Northern Ireland has to some extent been an aspect of a wider problem within Ireland as a whole. It is therefore clearly desirable that any new arrangements for Northern Ireland should, whilst meeting the wishes of Northern Ireland and Great Britain, be so far as possible acceptable to the Republic of Ireland. Northern Ireland must and will remain part of the United Kingdom for as long as that is the wish of a majority of the people, but that status does not preclude the necessary taking into account of what has been described in this paper as the 'Irish Dimension.'</blockquote>A Northern Ireland assembly or authority must be capable of involving all its members constructively in way which satisfy them and those they represent that the whole community has a part to pay in the government of the Province. ... [T]here are strong arguments that the objective of real participation should be achieved by giving minority interests a share in the exercise of executive power. Faulkner's later successor as party leader, <a href="/wiki/James_Molyneaux" class="mw-redirect" title="James Molyneaux">James Molyneaux</a>, argued that the difficulty for most unionists was not an arrangement in which Protestants and Catholics must consent. It was that, despite a promise not to share power with parties whose primary aim is a united Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Faulkner had committed them to agreement with "Republican Catholics".<a href="#cite_note-The_Uncivil_Wars:_Ireland_Today-158">[158]</a> Having drawn on both the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Labour_Party" title="Republican Labour Party">Republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Labour_Party" title="Northern Ireland Labour Party">Northern Ireland, Labour</a> parties, the SDLP had sought to accommodate "progressive Protestants".<a href="#cite_note-:18-159">[159]</a>: 191  But with PIRA continuing to draw on public outrage over internment and Bloody Sunday, the SDLP was under pressure to present Sunningdale as a means to achieving the goal of Irish unity.<a href="#cite_note-:22-127">[127]</a>: 141  The new Health and Social Service Minister, <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Devlin" title="Paddy Devlin">Paddy Devlin</a>, conceded that "all other issues were governed" by a drive to "get all-Ireland institutions established" that would "produce the dynamic that would lead ultimately to an agreed united Ireland".<a href="#cite_note-:18-159">[159]</a>: 205  The <a href="/wiki/Sunningdale_Agreement" title="Sunningdale Agreement">Sunningdale Agreement</a> envisaged a Council of Ireland comprising, with equal delegations from Dublin and Belfast, a Council of Ministers with "executive and harmonising functions" and a Consultative Assembly with advisory and review functions. Unionists feared these created the possibility of their being manoeuvred into a minority position. In retrospect, Devlin regretted the SDLP had not "adopted a two stage approach, by allowing power sharing at Stormont to establish itself", but by the time he and his colleagues recognised the damage they had caused to Faulkner's position by prioritising the Irish Dimension it was too late.<a href="#cite_note-:18-159">[159]</a>: 252  Within a week of taking office as First Minister, Faulkner was forced to resign as UUP leader. A <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Northern_Ireland" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland">surprise Westminster election</a> at the end of February was a triumph for the <a href="/wiki/United_Ulster_Unionist_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="United Ulster Unionist Coalition">United Ulster Unionist Coalition</a>, in which the bulk of his old party stood as Official Unionists with William Craig's <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Vanguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Vanguard">Ulster Vanguard</a> and Paisley's new <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionists</a>. Faulkner's pro-Assembly grouping was left with just 13% of the unionist vote. Arguing that they had deprived Faulkner of any semblance of a mandate, the victors called for new Assembly elections. When in May the Assembly affirmed the <a href="/wiki/Sunningdale_Agreement" title="Sunningdale Agreement">Sunningdale Agreement</a>, a loyalist coalition, the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Workers%27_Council" title="Ulster Workers' Council">Ulster Workers' Council</a> (UWC), called a general strike. Within two weeks the UWC, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a> and UVF paramilitaries, had an effective stranglehold on energy supplies.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Concessions sought by Faulkner were blocked by the SDLP. John Hume, then Minister of Commerce, pressed for a British Army enforced fuel-oil plan and for resistance to "a fascist takeover".<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Merlyn_Rees" title="Merlyn Rees">Mervyn Rees</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Secretary">Northern Ireland Secretary</a> refused his final plea for negotiation, Faulkner resigned. Conceding that there was no longer any constitutional basis for the Executive, Rees dissolved the Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-:18-159">[159]</a>: 242–247  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unionism_and_loyalist_para-militarism">Unionism and loyalist para-militarism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Unionism and loyalist para-militarism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Hand_Commando_Mural,_Bangor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Red_Hand_Commando_Mural%2C_Bangor.jpg/220px-Red_Hand_Commando_Mural%2C_Bangor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Red_Hand_Commando_Mural%2C_Bangor.jpg/330px-Red_Hand_Commando_Mural%2C_Bangor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Red_Hand_Commando_Mural%2C_Bangor.jpg/440px-Red_Hand_Commando_Mural%2C_Bangor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Mural for the <a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando" title="Red Hand Commando">Red Hand Commando</a> (UVF) which, uniquely, had an Irish-language motto, Lamh Dearg Abu (Victory to the Red Hand)</figcaption></figure> In inaugurating a prolonged period of <a href="/wiki/Direct_rule_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Direct rule (Northern Ireland)">Direct Rule</a>, the UWC strike weakened the representative role of the unionist parties. There were to be a number of consultative assemblies and forums in the years that followed, but the only elective offices with administrative responsibilities were in downsized district councils. At Westminster unionist MPs contended with governments that remained committed to the principles of the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Green_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Paper">Green Paper</a>. The initiative in protesting what unionists often perceived as inadequate political and security responses to republican violence passed to loyalists. The loyalists principal mode of operation was not to be the work stoppage. With Paisley's blessing, in 1977 the UDA and a number of other loyalists groups sought to replicate the UWC success. Stoppages in support of a "unionist wish-list"—essentially a return to Stormont-era majority rule<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a>—failed to secure the support of critical workers and broke up in face UUP condemnation and firm police action.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Nor was it to be the ballot, although both the UVF and the UDA did establish party-political wings. It was assassination: in the course of the Troubles loyalists are credited with the murder of 1027 individuals (about half the number attributed to republican paramilitaries and 30% of the total killed).<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Loyalism</a>, of which the once largely rural Orange Order had been the archetypal expression, is generally understood as a strand of unionism. It has been characterised as partisan but not necessarily party-political, and in outlook as more ethnic than consciously British—the perspective of those who are Ulster Protestants first and British second.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Loyalism can embrace evangelicals, but the term is consistently associated with the paramilitaries and, on that basis, frequently used as if it were synonymous with working-class unionism. The paramilitaries are "thoroughly working class".<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Their hold, typically, has been upon working-class Protestant neighbourhoods and housing estates where they have compensated for the loss of the confidence they enjoyed as district defenders in early years of the Troubles with racketeering and intimidation.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Paisley combined his radically anti-Catholic evangelism early in his career with a foray into physical force loyalism: his formation in 1956 of <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestant_Action" title="Ulster Protestant Action">Ulster Protestant Action</a> (UPA).<a href="#cite_note-See_1978,_pp._130-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-political-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestant_Volunteers" title="Ulster Protestant Volunteers">Ulster Protestant Volunteers</a> implicated Paisley, albeit via supposed intermediaries, in the bombings intended to "blow O'Neill out of office" early in 1969. Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">UVF</a>, however, are adamant that Paisley had nothing to do with them. His rhetoric may have been inspirational, but theirs was a tightly guarded conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-:28-169">[169]</a>: 29–33  The motivation to kill came largely from secular forces within the Loyalist community.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Through the DUP, Paisley ultimately was to lead the bulk of his following into party politics, emerging in the new century as unionism's undisputed leader. The relationship of other, at the time, more mainstream, unionist political figures to loyalist paramilitaries is also a subject of debate. Paramilitaries deny and resent any implication of political string pulling, They suggest, nonetheless, that they could rely on the politicians to deliver their message. The party leaders might condemn loyalist outrages, but inasmuch as they tried to account for them as reactive, as a response to the injury and frustration of the unionist people, they were effectively employing sectarian, frequently random, killings for a common purpose, to extract concessions from the Government: "You know, 'if you don't talk to us, you will have to talk to these armed men".<a href="#cite_note-:28-169">[169]</a>: 18–20  The relationship of unionists to loyalist violence, in this sense, remained "ambiguous".<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_the_1985_Anglo-Irish_Agreement">Opposition to the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Opposition to the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulster_Says_No_poster.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement"><img alt="Campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ulster_Says_No_poster.svg/100px-Ulster_Says_No_poster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ulster_Says_No_poster.svg/150px-Ulster_Says_No_poster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ulster_Says_No_poster.svg/200px-Ulster_Says_No_poster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="2039" /></a><figcaption>Campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement</figcaption></figure> In 1985 Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> signed an agreement at <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough,_County_Down" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillsborough, County Down">Hillsborough</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Taoiseach" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Taoiseach">Irish Taoiseach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">Garret FitzGerald</a>. For the first time this appeared to give the Republic a direct role in the government of Northern Ireland. An <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a>, with a locally based <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_(administrative_office)" title="Secretariat (administrative office)">secretariat</a>, would invite the Irish government to "put forward views on proposals" for major legislation concerning Northern Ireland. Proposals, however, would only be on matters that are "not the responsibility of a devolved administration in Northern Ireland". The implication for unionists was that if they wished to limit Dublin's influence, they would have to climb down from insistence on majority rule and think again as to how nationalists might be accommodated at Stormont.<a href="#cite_note-:19-172">[172]</a> The unionist reaction, Thatcher recalled in her memoirs, was "worse than anyone had predicted to me".<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> (UUP) and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a> (DUP) led an "Ulster says No" campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Agreement" title="Anglo-Irish Agreement">Anglo-Irish or Hillsborough Agreement</a>, that included strikes, <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> and a mass resignation of unionist MPs from Westminster and suspensions of district council meetings.<a href="#cite_note-aia-174">[174]</a> In the largest unionist protest since Ulster Day 1912, on 23 November 1985 upwards of a hundred thousand rallied outside <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall" title="Belfast City Hall">Belfast City Hall</a>. "Where do the terrorists return to for sanctuary?" Paisley asked the crowd: "To the Irish Republic and yet Mrs. Thatcher tells us the Republic may have some say in our province. We say, Never! Never! Never! Never!".<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-52">[52]</a>: 758  Unionists, however, found themselves isolated, opposing a Conservative government and with a Westminster Opposition, Labour, that was sympathetic to Irish unity. With no obvious political leverage, and possibly to prevent initiative passing to the loyalist paramilitaries, in November 1986 Paisley announced his own "third force":<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Resistance" title="Ulster Resistance">Ulster Resistance</a> Movement (URM) would "take direct action as and when required". Recruitment rallies were held in towns across Northern Ireland and thousands were said to have joined. Despite importing arms, some of which were passed on to the UVF and UDA, for the URM the call for action never came.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> By the fourth anniversary of the accord, unionist protests against the Anglo-Irish Agreement were drawing only token support.<a href="#cite_note-aia-174">[174]</a> In March 1991, the two unionist parties agreed with the SDLP and Alliance arrangements for political talks on the future of Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-aia-174">[174]</a> In their submission to the inter-party talks in 1992, the Ulster Unionists said they could envisage a range of cross-border bodies so long as these were under the control of the Northern Assembly, did not involve an overarching all-Ireland Council, and were not designed to be developed in the direction of joint authority. While prepared to accommodate an Irish Dimension unionists, at a minimum, were looking for a settlement not an "unsettlement".<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK-party_unionism">UK-party unionism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: UK-party unionism">edit</a>]</div> As an alternative to devolution with an Irish Dimension, some unionists proposed that Northern Ireland reject special status within the United Kingdom, and return to what they conceived as the original unionist programme of complete legislative and political union. This had been the position of the <a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_Communist_Organisation" title="British and Irish Communist Organisation">British and Irish Communist Organisation</a> (B&ICO), a small contrarian left-wing grouping that had come to the attention of unionists through their <a href="/wiki/Two_nations_theory_(Ireland)" title="Two nations theory (Ireland)">Two-nations Theory</a> of partition and their critical support for the UWC Strike.<a href="#cite_note-:20-180">[180]</a> The British Labour Party, they argued, had been persuaded that Irish unity was the only left option in Northern Ireland less on its merits than on the superficial appearance of unionism as the six-county Tory Party.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Had Labour tested the coalition that was unionism as it began fracture in the late 1960s by itself canvassing for voters in Northern Ireland, the party might have proved the "bridge between Catholics and the state".<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Disappointed in Labour's response and contending with a unionist split (Democracy Now) led by the only Northern Irish Labour MP (sitting for a London constituency) <a href="/wiki/Kate_Hoey" title="Kate Hoey">Kate Hoey</a>, the B&ICO dissolved its Campaign for Labour Representation in 1993. A broader <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Equal_Citizenship" title="Campaign for Equal Citizenship">Campaign for Equal Citizenship</a>, in which for a period the B&ICO also participated, to draw all three Westminster parties to Northern Ireland similarly failed to convince.<a href="#cite_note-:20-180">[180]</a>: 496–502  Its president, <a href="/wiki/Robert_McCartney_(Northern_Irish_politician)" title="Robert McCartney (Northern Irish politician)">Robert McCartney</a> did briefly hold together five anti-devolution <a href="/wiki/UK_Unionist_Party" title="UK Unionist Party">UK Unionist Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (Northern Ireland)">MLAs</a> in the 1998 Assembly. The 2003 <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Conference" title="Labour Party Conference">Labour Party Conference</a> accepted <a href="/wiki/Legal_advice" title="Legal advice">legal advice</a> that the party could not continue to exclude Northern Ireland residents from party membership.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party" title="National Executive Committee of the Labour Party">National Executive Committee</a>, however, maintains a ban on the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Labour Party in Northern Ireland">Labour Party in Northern Ireland</a> contesting elections. Support for the SDLP continues to be party policy.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> In July 2008, under <a href="/wiki/Reg_Empey" title="Reg Empey">Reg Empey</a>, Ulster Unionists sought to restore the historic link to the Conservative Party, broken in the wake of Sunningdale. With the new Conservative leader <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> declaring that "the semi-detached status of Northern Ireland politics needs to end",<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Empey announced that his party would be running candidates in upcoming Westminster elections as <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Conservatives_and_Unionists_%E2%80%93_New_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Conservatives and Unionists – New Force">Ulster Conservatives and Unionists – New Force</a>. The move triggered defections, and in 2010 election the party lost their only remaining MP, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Hermon" title="Sylvia Hermon">Sylvia Hermon</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> who campaigned successfully as an independent. The episode confirmed the UUP's eclipse by the Democratic Unionists, a party that mixed social and economic <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> with their uncompromising unionism.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Conservatives" title="Northern Ireland Conservatives">Northern Ireland Conservatives</a> have since contested elections on their own. Their 4 candidates in the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Northern_Ireland" title="2019 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland">2019 Westminster election</a> polled a total 5,433 votes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1998_Good_Friday_Agreement">1998 Good Friday Agreement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1998 Good Friday Agreement">edit</a>]</div> SDLP leader <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Mallon" title="Seamus Mallon">Seamus Mallon</a> quipped that the 1998 Belfast, or <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday, Agreement</a> (GFA) was "<a href="/wiki/Sunningdale_Agreement" title="Sunningdale Agreement">Sunningdale</a> for slow learners".<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> This was not the view of <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a>, with whom Mallon, as joint head of the new power-sharing Executive, shared the Office of <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_Deputy_First_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and Deputy First Minister">First Minister and Deputy First Minister</a> (OFMDFM). Trimble believed that unionism had secured much that had been denied to Faulkner 25 years before. The Council of Ireland, that Mallon's party colleague, Hugh Logue, had referred to as "the vehicle that would trundle Unionists into a united Ireland"<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> was replaced by a North-South Ministerial Council. "Not a supra-national body", and with no "pre-cooked" agenda, the Council was accountable to the Assembly where procedural rules (the Petition of Concern)<a href="#cite_note-NIA98-42-192">[192]</a> allowed for cross-community consent, and hence a "unionist veto".<a href="#cite_note-:25-193">[193]</a>: 1155–1157  For the first time, Dublin formally recognised the border as the limit of its jurisdiction. The Republic agreed to do what the SDLP had refused to consider in 1974,<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">amend its Constitution</a> to omit the territorial claim to the whole island of Ireland and concede that Irish unity could be achieved only by majority consent "democratically expressed, in both jurisdictions in the island". The firm nationalist principle that unionists are a minority within the territory of the state was set aside.<a href="#cite_note-:25-193">[193]</a>: 1152 <a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> In return, however, unionists had to accept that within new framework for power-sharing there could be no escaping the need to secure republican consent. The new Executive would be formed not, as in 1974, by voluntary coalition but by the allocation ministerial posts to the Assembly parties on a proportional basis. This <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">d'Hondt method</a> ensured that unionists would find themselves sitting at the Executive table with those they had persistently labelled IRA-Sinn Féin. In 1998 Sinn Féin, who had been gaining on the SDLP since the eighties, had 18 Assembly seats (to 26 for the SDLP) securing them two of the ten Executive departments. Unionists were concerned that this sharing of office was based on a principle that "rendered dangerously incoherent" the UK government's position in relation to the Union.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The Agreement insists on a symmetry between unionism and nationalism, the two "designations" it privileges over "others" through the procedural rules of the new Assembly. Either can insist (through a <a href="/wiki/Cross-community_vote" title="Cross-community vote">Petition of Concern</a>) on decision by <a href="/wiki/Cross-community_vote" title="Cross-community vote">parallel consent</a>, and they nominate the First and Deputy First Ministers which, despite the distinction in title, are a joint office. "Parity of esteem" is accorded to two diametrically opposed aspirations: one to support and uphold the state, the other to renounce and subvert the state in favour of another. The UK government may have deflected the republican demand that it be a persuader for Irish unity, but at the cost, in the unionist view, of maintaining neutrality with regard to future of Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In the UK's acceptance of Irish unity by consent was not new. It had been there in 1973 at <a href="/wiki/Sunningdale_Agreement" title="Sunningdale Agreement">Sunningdale</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Agreement" title="Anglo-Irish Agreement">Anglo-Irish Agreement</a> of 1985 and again in the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration" title="Downing Street Declaration">Downing Street Declaration</a> in which London had disclaimed any "selfish strategic or economic interest" in the matter.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Unionists were nonetheless discomforted by the republican claim that the 1998 Agreement had, in the words of Gerry Adams, "dealt the union a severe blow": "there was now no absolute commitment, no raft of parliamentary acts to back up an absolute claim, only an agreement to stay until the majority decided otherwise".<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> In the May 1998 <a href="/wiki/1998_Northern_Ireland_Good_Friday_Agreement_referendum" title="1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum">referendum on the Good Friday Agreement</a>, on a turnout of 81%, 71.1% voted in favour. (A simultaneous referendum held in the Republic of Ireland on a 56% turnout produced a majority in favour of 94.4%). The best estimates indicated that all but 3 or 4% of Catholics/Nationalists voted Yes, but that almost half of Protestants/Unionists (between 47 and 49%) stood with the DUP and voted No.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Chief among the DUP's objections was neither the North-South Ministerial Council, although that remained under suspicion, nor the principle of power-sharing as such. When the new Executive was formed, the DUP matched Sinn Féin in taking two ministerial seats. The issue was the continuation of the IRA as an armed and active organisation: the republicans were at the table while retaining, at readiness, the capacity for terrorist action further bolstered by the release of republican prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> In an agreement that called parties to use their influence with paramilitaries to achieve disarmament, there was no effective sanction. <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a> were free to insist that the IRA took their own counsel.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> In October 2002, at a time the IRA had finally agreed but not yet complied with a process for <a href="/wiki/Decommissioning_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Decommissioning in Northern Ireland">decommissioning their arms</a>, a police <a href="/wiki/Stormontgate" title="Stormontgate">raid on Sinn Féin's offices</a> at Stormont suggested that the organisation was still active and collecting intelligence. Trimble led the UUP out of the Executive and the Assembly was suspended. (No charges were brought as a result of the raid at the centre of which was a Sinn Féin staffer, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Donaldson" title="Denis Donaldson">Denis Donaldson</a>, later exposed as a government informer, and a public inquiry was ruled not in the public interest).<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_Unionists_enter_government_with_Sinn_Féin">Democratic Unionists enter government with Sinn Féin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Democratic Unionists enter government with Sinn Féin">edit</a>]</div> In October 2006 the DUP and Sinn Féin found an accommodation in the <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Agreement" title="St Andrews Agreement">St Andrews Agreement</a>, paving the way for Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness to be nominated as First, and Deputy First, Ministers by a restored Assembly. For the UUP's new leader <a href="/wiki/Reg_Empey" title="Reg Empey">Reg Empey</a> the breakthrough was merely the GFA "for slow learners". But while he acknowledged compromises, Paisley argued that Northern Ireland was "turning a corner". The IRA had disarmed, and from Sinn Féin support had been won "for all the institutions of policing". Northern Ireland had "come to a time of peace".<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> After thirteen months in office Paisley was replaced as First Minister of Northern Ireland by his long-time DUP deputy <a href="/wiki/Peter_Robinson_(Northern_Ireland_politician)" title="Peter Robinson (Northern Ireland politician)">Peter Robinson</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Robinson, and <a href="/wiki/Arlene_Foster" title="Arlene Foster">Arlene Foster</a> who followed him in office from January 2016, had colder relationships than had Paisley with McGuinness and with his party colleagues and these eventually broke down. Citing "DUP's arrogance" in relation to a range of issues, including management of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_Heat_Incentive_scandal" title="Renewable Heat Incentive scandal">a financial scandal</a>, in January 2017 McGuinness resigned. Sinn Féin refused to nominate a successor, without whom the devolved institutions were unworkable. <a href="/wiki/2017_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2017 Northern Ireland Assembly election">Assembly elections</a> followed on 2 March 2017. For the first time in the history of Northern Ireland as a political entity, with 45 of 90 seats unionists failed to secure an overall majority in a parliament of the region. It was not until January 2020 that a deal was brokered (<a href="/wiki/New_Decade,_New_Approach" title="New Decade, New Approach">New Decade, New Approach</a>) to restore Assembly, and to persuade Sinn Féin to nominate their new leader in the North <a href="/wiki/Michelle_O%27Neill" title="Michelle O'Neill">Michelle O'Neill</a> as McGuinness's successor.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The withdrawal of support within the DUP for Paisley's newly conciliatory leadership was not marked by a lasting split over the DUP decision to go into <a href="/wiki/Executive_of_the_6th_Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Executive of the 6th Northern Ireland Assembly">an Executive with Sinn Féin</a>. In the Assembly, Paisley's former lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Allister" title="Jim Allister">Jim Allister</a> has remained a lone <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a> protesting an "enforced coalition" that "holds at the heart of government" those determined to subvert the state.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unionism_as_a_minority_bloc">Unionism as a minority bloc</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Unionism as a minority bloc">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unionist_demographics">Unionist demographics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Unionist demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">Demographics of Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion in Northern Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_Sinn_Fein_election_flier_North_Belfast_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Detail_Sinn_Fein_election_flier_North_Belfast_2015.png/170px-Detail_Sinn_Fein_election_flier_North_Belfast_2015.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Detail_Sinn_Fein_election_flier_North_Belfast_2015.png/255px-Detail_Sinn_Fein_election_flier_North_Belfast_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ad/Detail_Sinn_Fein_election_flier_North_Belfast_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Detail from 2015 Sinn Féin election flyer, North Belfast</figcaption></figure> Asked to account for the 2019 loss to Sinn Féin's <a href="/wiki/John_Finucane" title="John Finucane">John Finucane</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belfast_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast North (UK Parliament constituency)">North Belfast</a>, a seat her deputy <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Dodds" title="Nigel Dodds">Nigel Dodds</a> had held for nineteen years and which never previously returned a nationalist MP, Arlene Foster replied "The demography just wasn't there. We worked very hard to get the vote out... but the demography was against us".<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> A Sinn Féin election flyer used in the previous 2015 run against Dodds advertised the changed ratio of Catholics to Protestants in the constituency (46.94 per cent to 45.67 per cent). It had a simple message for Catholic voters, "Make the change".<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Demography, in this sense, has been a long term concern for unionists. The proportion of people across Northern Ireland identifying as Protestant, or raised Protestant, has fallen from 60% in the 1960s to 48%, while those raised Catholic has increased from 35 to 45%. Only two of the six counties, <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">Antrim</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">Down</a>, now have "significant Protestant majorities", and only one – <a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a> – of its five official cities. A majority Protestant Northern Ireland "is now restricted to the suburban area surrounding Belfast".<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Unionist representation has declined. The combined unionist vote, trailing below 50% in elections since 2014, fell to a new low of just over 43% in the 2019 and 2024 Westminster polls.<a href="#cite_note-:30-213">[213]</a> Unionism losing, however, has not necessarily meant nationalism winning: overall there has been "no comparable increase in the nationalist vote mirroring the decline in the unionist bloc".<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Despite symbolic triumphs over unionism—returning the larger number of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election,_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom general election, 2019">Westminster MPs in 2019</a>, and Sinn Féin as the largest party to <a href="/wiki/2022_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election">Stormont in 2022</a>—at 40% the combined nationalist vote remained below the 42% secured in <a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Northern_Ireland" title="2005 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland">2005</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:30-213">[213]</a> Surveys suggest that more people than ever in Northern Ireland, 50%, say they are neither unionist nor nationalist. The electoral impact of eschewing "tribal labels" (upwards of 17% also refuse a religious designation) is limited since those who do so are younger and less likely to turnout in Northern Ireland's still largely polarised elections.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> It is still the case that few Protestants vote for nationalists, and few Catholics for unionists.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> But they will vote for others, for parties that decline to make an issue of Northern Ireland's constitutional status. The principal other party has been the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland</a>. In 2019, Alliance more than doubled its vote from 7.1% to 18.5% in the Northern-Ireland wide <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Northern Ireland (European Parliament constituency)">May European elections</a> and from 7.9% to 16.8% in the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Northern_Ireland" title="2019 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland">December Westminster election</a>. Competing in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2022 Assembly election</a> with the full range of local parties, Alliance secured 13.5% of <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">first-preference votes</a> and, with <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">vote transfers</a>, close to a fifth of Assembly seats. According to exit polling in the 2019 Westminster election, the Alliance surge drew both on past unionist and on past nationalist voters. In the Westminster election, 18% of Alliance's new backers said they voted DUP at the previous contest and 3% for the UUP. 12% had voted for Sinn Féin, and 5% for the-SDLP. The party meanwhile gained a quarter of all non-voters from two years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Alliance is neutral on the constitutional issue, but a January 2020 survey indicates that in a border poll, post-Brexit, twice as many of its voters (47%) would opt for Irish unity as for remaining in the United Kingdom (22%).<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Since O'Neill, who in the <a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_general_election" title="1969 Northern Ireland general election">last Stormont parliamentary election</a> personally canvassed Catholic households,<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> there have been calls within unionism for it to break out of its Protestant base. When he was DUP leader, Peter Robinson spoke of not being "prepared to write off over 40 per cent of our population as being out of reach".<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Surveys had been suggesting that in a border poll between a quarter and a third of Catholics might vote for the Northern Ireland to remain in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> While anti-partition sentiment has strengthened post-Brexit,<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> there may be a significant number of Catholics who meet the standard of "functional unionists": voters whose "rejection of the unionist label is more to do with the brand image of unionism than with their constitutional preferences".<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> It remains the case that only one half of one percent of DUP and UUP members identify as Catholics: a handful of individuals.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_of_unionist_culture">Defence of unionist culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Defence of unionist culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulster_Nationalist_flag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ulster_Nationalist_flag.png/220px-Ulster_Nationalist_flag.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ulster_Nationalist_flag.png/330px-Ulster_Nationalist_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ulster_Nationalist_flag.png/440px-Ulster_Nationalist_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_St._Patrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of St. Patrick">cross of St. Patrick</a> superimposed on the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Saltire" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Saltire">Scottish Saltire</a> with a six-county star, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand of Ulster</a> and no crown: the "Ulster national flag" variously employed by Loyalist groups to represent an independent, or distinctly Ulster-Scot, Northern-Ireland identity.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></figcaption></figure> In disclaiming any "selfish or strategic" British interest, the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration" title="Downing Street Declaration">Downing Street Declaration</a>, had effectively ruled that "there could no such thing as disloyalty within Northern Ireland". The conflicting ambitions of nationalism and unionism were of "equal validity".<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Unionists accused nationalists taking this new "parity of esteem" as a license for a policy of "unrelenting harassment".<a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a>: 63  Trimble spoke of having to reverse an "insidious erosion of the culture and ethnic national identity of the British people of Ulster" systematically pursued by "the Provisional IRA and its fellow travellers";<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> and Robinson of a "fightback" against the "unrelenting Sinn Féin campaign to promote Irish culture and target British structures and symbols".<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Unionists alleged a "pan-nationalist [SDLP-Sinn Féin] front" was manipulating public order powers to ban, re-route or otherwise regulate time-hallowed <a href="/wiki/Parades_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Parades in Northern Ireland">Orange marches</a>. For Trimble the flashpoint was the <a href="/wiki/Drumcree_conflict" title="Drumcree conflict">conflict at Drumcree</a> (1995–2001),<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> for Robinson and Arlene Foster it was the similarly drawn-out <a href="/wiki/Ardoyne" title="Ardoyne">Ardoyne</a> shopfronts standoff (2013-2016) in north Belfast. A decision of the once firmly unionist Belfast City Council in 2012 to reduce the number of days the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> was flown from <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall" title="Belfast City Hall">City Hall</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cainbackground-231">[231]</a> was also interpreted as a step in a wider "cultural war" against "Britishness", triggering protest.<a href="#cite_note-orangeculturewar-232">[232]</a> The greater issue in inter-party talks proved to be language rights. On Good Friday, 10 April 1998, Prime Minister Tony Blair was surprised by a last minute demand for recognition of a "Scottish dialect spoken in some parts of Northern Ireland" that Unionists regarded their "equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>".<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> In insisting on parity for <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots or Ullans</a>, Trimble believed he was taking this "cultural war" onto the nationalists' own ground. Unionists argued that nationalists had "weaponised" the Irish language issue as "a tool" with which to "batter the Protestant people".<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> The DUP's first <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure">Minister of Culture, Arts and Leisure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_McCausland" title="Nelson McCausland">Nelson McCausland</a>, argued that privileging Irish through a language act would be an exercise in "ethnic territorial marking".<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> His decision, and that of his party colleagues, to resist Sinn Féin's demand for a stand-alone <a href="/wiki/Irish_Language_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Language Act">Irish Language Act</a>, in part by insisting on compensating provisions for Ulster Scots, became one of the principal, publicly acknowledged, sticking points in the three years of on and off again negotiations required to restore the power-sharing executive in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-independent-236">[236]</a> Other unionists object. The "positive ethnic, religious or national special pleading" implicit in the parading, flags and language counteroffensive,<a href="#cite_note-:19-172">[172]</a>: 14  they argue, risks defining unionist culture as "subaltern and therefore ripe for absorption into Irish culture as a 'cherished' minor tradition".<a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a>: 60  The 2020 New Decade New Approach agreement promised both the Irish language and Ulster-Scots new Commissioners to "support" and "enhance" their development<a href="#cite_note-:26-237">[237]</a> but did not accord them equal legal status.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> While the UK government recognised <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> and Ulster Scots as a regional or minority language for the "encouragement" and "facilitation" purposes of Part II of the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> for Irish it assumed the more stringent Part III obligations in respect of education, media and administration. Yet New Decade, New Approach did take a step with Ulster Scots that it does not take with Irish speakers: the UK government pledged to "recognise Ulster Scots as a national minority under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities".<a href="#cite_note-:26-237">[237]</a>: 49  This is a second <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> treaty whose provisions were previously applied in Northern Ireland to non-white groups, to <a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>. Insofar as unionists are persuaded to identity with Ulster Scots and employ it as a marker (as the reference to "the Ulster Scots / Ulster British tradition in Northern Ireland" in New Decade, New Approach might imply)<a href="#cite_note-:26-237">[237]</a>: 34  they define themselves, "in effect", as a scheduled ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> In 2022, over the objections of unionists who in protest against the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a> continued to veto a return to devolved power-sharing, the legislation foreseen in New Decade New Approach was enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Language_(Northern_Ireland)_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act">Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> on December 6.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brexit_and_the_Northern_Ireland_Protocol">Brexit and the Northern Ireland Protocol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Brexit and the Northern Ireland Protocol">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border" title="Brexit and the Irish border">Brexit and the Irish border</a></div> While the UUP decided that "on balance Northern Ireland is better remaining in the European Union",<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> in the run-up to the UK's June <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 referendum on the future of UK membership in the European Union</a>, the larger DUP, with an equal claim to be a pro-business party with a strong farming support base, campaigned actively for Leave.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> At a time when Sinn Féin was citing the cross-border, all-island, economic activity facilitated and supported by the EU as a further argument for Irish unity,<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> there was a sense that, among other benefits, <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> would restore a measure of "distance" from <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> When, by a margin of 12% Northern Ireland voted Remain (with Scotland, the only UK region to do so outside London),<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-250">[250]</a> the DUP was left to argue that Leave had been the UK-wide decision,<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-250">[250]</a> and could be honoured only by the UK "leaving the European Union as a whole", its "territorial and economic integrity" intact.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> The party's ten MPs enabled <a href="/wiki/Second_May_ministry" title="Second May ministry">Theresa May's Conservative Government</a> to remain in power; following the hung parliament that resulted from the snap general election in June 2017.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> But, to their dismay, at year's end May returned from <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> with a proposal that Northern Ireland, alone, continue with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> under a common EU's trade regime.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Coalescing behind the Dublin government, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU 27</a> had ruled that the interests of the Northern Ireland peace process are "paramount". To avoid the "step backwards" that would be represented, "symbolically and psychologically", by a "hardening" of the Irish border, Northern Ireland should remain in regulatory alignment with the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a> and behind the <a href="/wiki/European_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="European Customs Union">Customs Union</a> frontier. That would allow necessary physical checks on goods to be removed to air and sea points of entry.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arlene_Foster" title="Arlene Foster">Arlene Foster</a> protested that the hazards of a no-deal Brexit would be better than this "annexation of Northern Ireland away from the rest of the United Kingdom".<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> She was supported by prominent Brexiteers. <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> told the 2018 DUP conference that the EU had made Northern Ireland "their indispensable bargaining chip": "if we wanted to do free trade deals, if we wanted to cut tariffs or vary our regulation the we would have to leave Northern Ireland behind as a semi-colony of the EU . . . damaging the fabric of the Union with regulatory checks . . . down the Irish Sea". It would be an "historic mistake".<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Privately, Johnson complained that the attention to Northern Ireland sensitivities was a case of "the tail wagging the dog"<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Within three months of replacing May in July 2019, he had amended her withdrawal agreement, stripping the Irish Backstop not of its essential provisions—Northern Ireland would remain a customs point of entry for the EU—but rather dropping the suggestion that, to avoid treating Northern Ireland differently, the UK as a whole might accept an interim regulatory and customs partnership.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Unionists acknowledged the sense of "betrayal".<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Johnson's <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a> was "the worst of all worlds".<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Citing free-trade provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union</a>, past and present unionist leaders pressed for a judicial review. When eventually rendered in June 2021, the ruling of the Belfast High Court was that while there indeed was a conflict with the Act, in approving the implicitly amending Protocol Parliament was sovereign.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> With the Prime Minister secure in his "<a href="/wiki/Get_Brexit_Done" title="Get Brexit Done">Get-Brexit-Done</a>" mandate from the <a href="/wiki/2019_UK_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 UK general election">2019 UK general election</a>, the DUP's last line of defence was themselves to appeal to the international and constitutional status of the Good Friday Agreement. Johnson had made one apparent concession: every four years the Northern Ireland Assembly would be called upon to renew the region's new double-border trade arrangements. However, this was to be by simple majority vote. The decision could not be subject to a <a href="/wiki/Petition_of_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Petition of Concern">Petition of Concern</a>, and thus to the prospect of a unionist veto.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> For the DUP this was a violation of the Good Friday Agreement under which, they argued, any proposal to "diminish the powers of the NI assembly" or to "treat NI differently to the rest of UK" had to be on the basis of parallel unionist-nationalist majorities.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Citing " the total disregard of this principle", in February 2022 the new DUP leader, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Donaldson" title="Jeffrey Donaldson">Jeffrey Donaldson</a>, withdrew <a href="/wiki/Paul_Givan" title="Paul Givan">Paul Givan</a> as First Minister, collapsing the Assembly and executive.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Two years later, on the strength of the government's assurances that the Protocol (and the ancillary 2022 <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a>) would be implemented without routine checks on "internal" trade with Great Britain and would be accompanied by measures to promote East-West (i.e. British) as opposed to North-South (EU/Irish) movements of goods and services, the DUP agreed to a restoration of the Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> On 3 February, <a href="/wiki/Michelle_O%27Neill" title="Michelle O'Neill">Michelle O'Neill</a> (Sinn Féin) and <a href="/wiki/Emma_Little-Pengelly" title="Emma Little-Pengelly">Emma Little-Pengelly</a> (DUP) were sworn in as <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First, and Deputy First, Ministers</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Northern Ireland executive</a> in which, with 3 of 8 ministerial departments, unionists are for the first time a minority.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unionist_political_parties">Unionist political parties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Unionist political parties">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png/600px-Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png/900px-Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png/1200px-Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png 2x" data-file-width="2291" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption>A flowchart illustrating all the political parties that have existed throughout the history of Northern Ireland and leading up to its formation (1889 onwards). Unionist parties are in orange.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Conservative_Party" title="Irish Conservative Party">Irish Conservative Party</a> (1835–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Loyal_and_Patriotic_Union" title="Irish Loyal and Patriotic Union">Irish Loyal and Patriotic Union</a> (1885–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a> (1886–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Alliance</a> (1891–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> (1905/1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_Unionist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative and Unionist Party">Conservative and Unionist Party</a> (1912–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Labour_Party" title="Commonwealth Labour Party">Commonwealth Labour Party</a> (1942–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Unionist_Party" title="Protestant Unionist Party">Protestant Unionist Party</a> (1966–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a> (1971–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Unionist_Progressive_Party" title="Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party">Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party</a> (1973–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Unionist Party of Northern Ireland">Unionist Party of Northern Ireland</a> (1974–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Political_Party" title="Volunteer Political Party">Volunteer Political Party</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="United Ulster Unionist Party">United Ulster Unionist Party</a> (1975–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Unionist_Party" title="Progressive Unionist Party">Progressive Unionist Party</a> (1978–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Popular_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Popular Unionist Party">Ulster Popular Unionist Party</a> (1980–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Democratic_Party" title="Ulster Democratic Party">Ulster (Loyalist) Democratic Party</a> (1982–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a> (UKIP 1993–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Unionist_Party" title="UK Unionist Party">UK Unionist Party</a> (UKUP 1995–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Unionist_Coalition" title="United Unionist Coalition">United Unionist Coalition</a> (1998–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Unionist_Party" title="Northern Ireland Unionist Party">Northern Ireland Unionist Party</a> (1999–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a> (2007–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NI21" title="NI21">NI21</a> (2013–2016)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unionism_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell2007" class="citation book cs1">O'Connell, Maurice (2007). Irish Politics and Social Conflict in the Age of the American Revolution. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812220100" title="Special:BookSources/9780812220100"><bdi>9780812220100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Politics+and+Social+Conflict+in+the+Age+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780812220100&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2007" class="citation book cs1">English, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59mOVEg80PYC">Irish Freedom: The History of Nationalism in Ireland</a>. Pan Books. pp. 79–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-42759-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-42759-3"><bdi>978-0-330-42759-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Freedom%3A+The+History+of+Nationalism+in+Ireland&rft.pages=79-82&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-330-42759-3&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59mOVEg80PYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1977" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, A. T. Q. (1977). The Narrow Ground: Aspects of Ulster 1609–1969. London: Faber & Faber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Narrow+Ground%3A+Aspects+of+Ulster+1609%E2%80%931969&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=A.+T.+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Beirne_Ranelagh1994" class="citation book cs1">O'Beirne Ranelagh, John (1994). A Short History of Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521469449" title="Special:BookSources/0521469449"><bdi>0521469449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Ireland&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0521469449&rft.aulast=O%27Beirne+Ranelagh&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2012" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, S. J. (2012). "Chapter 5: Improving Town, 1750–1820". In Connolly, S. J. (ed.). Belfast 400: People, Place and History. Liverpool University Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-635-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-635-7"><bdi>978-1-84631-635-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Improving+Town%2C+1750%E2%80%931820&rft.btitle=Belfast+400%3A+People%2C+Place+and+History&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-635-7&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBew2011" class="citation book cs1">Bew, John (2011). Castlereagh, From Enlightenment to Tyranny. Quercus Publishing Plc. pp. 126–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857381866" title="Special:BookSources/9780857381866"><bdi>9780857381866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castlereagh%2C+From+Enlightenment+to+Tyranny&rft.pages=126-127&rft.pub=Quercus+Publishing+Plc&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780857381866&rft.aulast=Bew&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougall1945" class="citation journal cs1">McDougall, Donald J. (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25014571">"George III, Pitt, and the Irish Catholics, 1801 – 1805"</a>. The Catholic Historical Review. 31 (3): 255–281. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-8080">0008-8080</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25014571">25014571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=George+III%2C+Pitt%2C+and+the+Irish+Catholics%2C+1801+%E2%80%93+1805&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=255-281&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25014571%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0008-8080&rft.aulast=McDougall&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25014571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_8-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1988" class="citation book cs1">Foster, R. F. (1988). Modern Ireland 1600–1972. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9010-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9010-4"><bdi>0-7139-9010-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Ireland+1600%E2%80%931972&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7139-9010-4&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoghegan2000" class="citation journal cs1">Geoghegan, Patrick M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679381">"The Catholics and the Union"</a>. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 10: (243–258) 258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0080440100000128">10.1017/S0080440100000128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4401">0080-4401</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679381">3679381</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153949973">153949973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Catholics+and+the+Union&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%28243-258%29+258&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0080-4401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153949973%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679381%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0080440100000128&rft.aulast=Geoghegan&rft.aufirst=Patrick+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-10"><a href="#cite_ref-:72_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacAtasney2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">MacAtasney, Gerard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29742843">"'Brunswick Bloodhounds and Itinerant Demagogues': The Campaign for Catholic Emancipation in County Armagh 1824–29"</a>. Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society. 21/22: (165–231), 168. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0488-0196">0488-0196</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29742843">29742843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seanchas+Ardmhacha%3A+Journal+of+the+Armagh+Diocesan+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=%27Brunswick+Bloodhounds+and+Itinerant+Demagogues%27%3A+The+Campaign+for+Catholic+Emancipation+in+County+Armagh+1824%E2%80%9329&rft.volume=21%2F22&rft.pages=%28165-231%29%2C+168&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29742843%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0488-0196&rft.aulast=MacAtasney&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29742843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1991" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Flann (1991). 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London: Chapman & Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+League+of+North+and+South&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Charles+Gavan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaffrey1976" class="citation book cs1">McCaffrey, Lawrence (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_dPNCR4-4LIC&pg=PA145">The Irish Catholic Diaspora in America</a>. Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813208961" title="Special:BookSources/9780813208961"><bdi>9780813208961</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402163050/https://books.google.com/books?id=_dPNCR4-4LIC&pg=PA145">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Catholic+Diaspora+in+America&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=The+Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780813208961&rft.aulast=McCaffrey&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_dPNCR4-4LIC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyte1958" class="citation book cs1">Whyte, John Henry (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/independentirish0000whyt">The Independent Irish Party 1850-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/independentirish0000whyt/page/139">139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Independent+Irish+Party+1850-9&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findependentirish0000whyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBew2007" class="citation book cs1">Bew, Paul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MSQSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA238">Ireland: The Politics of Enmity 1789–2006</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 238–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198205555" title="Special:BookSources/9780198205555"><bdi>9780198205555</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402172307/https://books.google.com/books?id=MSQSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA238">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%3A+The+Politics+of+Enmity+1789%E2%80%932006&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=238-239&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780198205555&rft.aulast=Bew&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMSQSDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornley1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Thornley" title="David Thornley">Thornley, David</a> (1964). Isaac Butt and Home Rule. London: MacGibbon and Kee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0261616561" title="Special:BookSources/978-0261616561"><bdi>978-0261616561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isaac+Butt+and+Home+Rule&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacGibbon+and+Kee&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0261616561&rft.aulast=Thornley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Day1998" class="citation book cs1">O'Day, Alan (1998). Irish Home Rule, 1867-1921. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 28–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719037764" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719037764"><bdi>978-0719037764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Home+Rule%2C+1867-1921&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=28-32&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0719037764&rft.aulast=O%27Day&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2017" class="citation journal cs1">Barr, Colin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1750-0206.12267">"The Irish Reform Act of 1868"</a>. Parliamentary History. 36 (1): 97–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1750-0206.12267">10.1111/1750-0206.12267</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F11890">2164/11890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+History&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Reform+Act+of+1868&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-116&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F11890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1750-0206.12267&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2F1750-0206.12267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Kennedy, David (1955), "Ulster and the Antecedents of Home Rule, 1850–86", in T. W. Moody and J. C. Beckett (eds.), Ulster Since 1800, London: British Broadcasting Corporation, pp. 79–91, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Morley" title="John Morley">Morley, John</a> (1903). The Life of William Ewart Gladstone. Vol. II. London: Macmillan. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+William+Ewart+Gladstone&rft.place=London&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1997" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Sean (1997). Atlas of Irish History. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7171-2479-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7171-2479-7"><bdi>0-7171-2479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Irish+History&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7171-2479-7&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Hammond, J. L. (1964), Gladstone and the Irish Nation, 2nd Revised Edition London: Frank Cass, p. 3, n. 1. ISBN 978-0714614793 </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-30"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtney2013" class="citation book cs1">Courtney, Roger (2013). Dissenting Voices: Rediscovering the Irish Progressive Presbyterian Tradition. Ulster Historical Foundation. pp. 156–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909556065" title="Special:BookSources/9781909556065"><bdi>9781909556065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dissenting+Voices%3A+Rediscovering+the+Irish+Progressive+Presbyterian+Tradition&rft.place=Ulster+Historical+Foundation&rft.pages=156-160&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781909556065&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMinn1983" class="citation journal cs1">McMinn, R. B. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antrimhistory.net/the-land-league-in-north-antrim-1880-82/">"The Land League in North Antrim 1880–1882"</a>. The Glynns. 11 – via Glens of Antrim Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Glynns&rft.atitle=The+Land+League+in+North+Antrim+1880%E2%80%931882&rft.volume=11&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=McMinn&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantrimhistory.net%2Fthe-land-league-in-north-antrim-1880-82%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Kirkpatrick, R. W. (1980), "Origins and development of the land war in mid-Ulster, 1879–85" in F. S. Lyons and R. A. J. Hawkins (eds.) Ireland under the Union: varieties of tension: Essays in honour of T. W. Moody, Oxford University Press, pp. 201–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-33"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppen1999" class="citation book cs1">Hoppen, K. Theodore (1999). Ireland since 1800: Conflict and Conformity. London: Addison Wesley Longman. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582322547" title="Special:BookSources/9780582322547"><bdi>9780582322547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+since+1800%3A+Conflict+and+Conformity&rft.place=London&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780582322547&rft.aulast=Hoppen&rft.aufirst=K.+Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohr2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mohr, Thomas (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/3900#ftn9">"Irish Home Rule and Constitutional Reform in the British Empire, 1885–1914"</a>. Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique. French Journal of British Studies (XXIV-2): 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Frfcb.3900">10.4000/rfcb.3900</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0248-9015">0248-9015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198835229">198835229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Fran%C3%A7aise+de+Civilisation+Britannique.+French+Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Irish+Home+Rule+and+Constitutional+Reform+in+the+British+Empire%2C+1885%E2%80%931914&rft.issue=XXIV-2&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198835229%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0248-9015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Frfcb.3900&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Frfcb%2F3900%23ftn9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepard1912" class="citation journal cs1">Shepard, Walter James (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/government-of-ireland-home-rule-bill/FA77D36608BFE1960A92C6A5C91758D1">"The Government of Ireland (Home Rule) Bill"</a>. American Political Science Review. 6 (4): 564–573. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1944652">10.2307/1944652</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-5943">1537-5943</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1944652">1944652</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147674647">147674647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Government+of+Ireland+%28Home+Rule%29+Bill&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=564-573&rft.date=1912&rft.issn=1537-5943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147674647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1944652%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1944652&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=Walter+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Famerican-political-science-review%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fgovernment-of-ireland-home-rule-bill%2FFA77D36608BFE1960A92C6A5C91758D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain1887" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlain, Joseph (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ma8KAQAAMAAJ">Home Rule and the Irish Question: A Collection of Speeches Delivered Between 1881 and 1887</a>. Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey. p. 228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Rule+and+the+Irish+Question%3A+A+Collection+of+Speeches+Delivered+Between+1881+and+1887&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Swan+Sonnenschein%2C+Lowrey&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dma8KAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1888" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, James J. (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.ulster.ac.uk/ulsterscots/usep_pdf/Final%20History%20Texts/J.%20J.%20Shaw,%20Mr.%20Gladstones%20two%20Irish%20policies%201868%20and%201886.%20A%20letter%20to%20an%20Ulster%20Liberal%20elector%20(London,%201888).pdf">Mr. Gladstone's Two Irish Policies: 1868–1886</a> (PDF). London: Marcus Ward. pp. 33–34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809174236/http://www.arts.ulster.ac.uk/ulsterscots/usep_pdf/Final%20History%20Texts/J.%20J.%20Shaw,%20Mr.%20Gladstones%20two%20Irish%20policies%201868%20and%201886.%20A%20letter%20to%20an%20Ulster%20Liberal%20elector%20(London,%201888).pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Gladstone%27s+Two+Irish+Policies%3A+1868%E2%80%931886&rft.place=London&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Marcus+Ward&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.ulster.ac.uk%2Fulsterscots%2Fusep_pdf%2FFinal%2520History%2520Texts%2FJ.%2520J.%2520Shaw%2C%2520Mr.%2520Gladstones%2520two%2520Irish%2520policies%25201868%2520and%25201886.%2520A%2520letter%2520to%2520an%2520Ulster%2520Liberal%2520elector%2520%28London%2C%25201888%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1971" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, F. S. L. (1971). Ireland Since the Famine. 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Irish Historical Studies. 12 (47): 185–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002112140002770X">10.1017/S002112140002770X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1214">0021-1214</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30006439">30006439</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157551170">157551170</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210903094535/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30006439">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2021. 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Richard English, Graham Walker eds., Macmillan London. pp. 19–40. p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucy1995" class="citation book cs1">Lucy, Gordon (1995). The Great Convention: the Ulster Unionist Convention of 1892. Belfast: Ulster Society. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Convention%3A+the+Ulster+Unionist+Convention+of+1892&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Ulster+Society&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Lucy&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbinson1973" class="citation book cs1">Harbinson, J. F. (1973). /The Ulster Unionist Party 1882–1973. 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Irish Historical Studies. 37 (146): 221–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021121400002236">10.1017/S0021121400002236</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41414787">41414787</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165066800">165066800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=T.+W.+Russell+and+the+compulsory-land-purchase+campaign+in+Ulster%2C+1900-3&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=146&rft.pages=221-240&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165066800%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41414787%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021121400002236&rft.au=Patrick+Cosgrove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay1992" class="citation journal cs1">McKay, Edna (1992). "The Housing of the Working Classes 1883–1916". Saothar. 17: 27–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saothar&rft.atitle=The+Housing+of+the+Working+Classes+1883%E2%80%931916&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=27-38&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Edna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greatwargaeilgeoiri.org.uk/history/gaelic-revival-movement-in-east-belfast/">"The Gaelic Revival Movement in East Belfast – Great War Gaeilgeoirí of East Belfast"</a>. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gaelic+Revival+Movement+in+East+Belfast+%E2%80%93+Great+War+Gaeilgeoir%C3%AD+of+East+Belfast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatwargaeilgeoiri.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Fgaelic-revival-movement-in-east-belfast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoghegan2009" class="citation web cs1">Geoghegan, Patrick (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dib.ie/biography/kane-richard-rutledge-a4379">"Kane, Richard Rutledge"</a>. Dictionary of Irish Biography. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Irish+Biography&rft.atitle=Kane%2C+Richard+Rutledge&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Geoghegan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dib.ie%2Fbiography%2Fkane-richard-rutledge-a4379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:29-61"><a href="#cite_ref-:29_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardon1992" class="citation book cs1">Bardon, Jonathan (1992). A History of Ulster. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0856404764" title="Special:BookSources/0856404764"><bdi>0856404764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ulster&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Blackstaff+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0856404764&rft.aulast=Bardon&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn1971" class="citation journal cs1">Hepburn, A. C. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30005305">"The Irish Council Bill and the Fall of Sir Antony MacDonnell, 1906-7"</a>. Irish Historical Studies. 17 (68): (470–498) 471–472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021121400111629">10.1017/S0021121400111629</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1214">0021-1214</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30005305">30005305</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191738907">191738907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Council+Bill+and+the+Fall+of+Sir+Antony+MacDonnell%2C+1906-7&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=68&rft.pages=%28470-498%29+471-472&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=0021-1214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191738907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30005305%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021121400111629&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30005305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotocki2016" class="citation web cs1">Potocki, Piotr (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fournationshistory.wordpress.com/2016/01/25/950/">"The Catholic Church and the early Home Rule movement in a Four Nations context"</a>. Four Nations History Network. Retrieved 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Four+Nations+History+Network&rft.atitle=The+Catholic+Church+and+the+early+Home+Rule+movement+in+a+Four+Nations+context&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Potocki&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffournationshistory.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F01%2F25%2F950%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkin2011" class="citation book cs1">Larkin, Emmet (2011). The Roman Catholic Church and the Home Rule Movement in Ireland, 1870–1874. UNC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807865606" title="Special:BookSources/9780807865606"><bdi>9780807865606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Catholic+Church+and+the+Home+Rule+Movement+in+Ireland%2C+1870%E2%80%931874&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780807865606&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.aufirst=Emmet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggs-DavisonChowdharay-Best1984" class="citation book cs1">Biggs-Davison, John; Chowdharay-Best, George (1984). The Cross of Saint Patrick – The Catholic Unionist Tradition in Ireland. Kensal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780946041268" title="Special:BookSources/9780946041268"><bdi>9780946041268</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cross+of+Saint+Patrick+%E2%80%93+The+Catholic+Unionist+Tradition+in+Ireland&rft.pub=Kensal+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780946041268&rft.aulast=Biggs-Davison&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Chowdharay-Best%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnell2000" class="citation book cs1">McDonnell, A. D. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AyVHN1OULVYC">The Life of Sir Denis Henry: Catholic Unionist</a>. Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901905-94-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901905-94-9"><bdi>978-0-901905-94-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Sir+Denis+Henry%3A+Catholic+Unionist&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Ulster+Historical+Foundation&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-901905-94-9&rft.aulast=McDonnell&rft.aufirst=A.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAyVHN1OULVYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett1996" class="citation cs2">Burnett, David (1996), English, Richard; Walker, Graham (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230509849_3">"The Modernisation of Unionism, 1892–1914?"</a>, Unionism in Modern Ireland: New Perspectives on Politics and Culture, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 41–62, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230509849_3">10.1057/9780230509849_3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-50984-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-50984-9"><bdi>978-0-230-50984-9</bdi></a>, retrieved 17 April 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Unionism+in+Modern+Ireland%3A+New+Perspectives+on+Politics+and+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Modernisation+of+Unionism%2C+1892%E2%80%931914%3F&rft.pages=41-62&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230509849_3&rft.isbn=978-0-230-50984-9&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%2F9780230509849_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldring1991" class="citation book cs1">Goldring, Maurice (1991). Belfast: From Loyalty to Rebellion. London: Lawrence and Wishart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853157286" title="Special:BookSources/0853157286"><bdi>0853157286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast%3A+From+Loyalty+to+Rebellion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lawrence+and+Wishart&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0853157286&rft.aulast=Goldring&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-69"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardon1982" class="citation book cs1">Bardon, Jonathan (1982). Belfast, An Illustrated History. Belfast: Blsckstaff Press. pp. 143–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0856402729" title="Special:BookSources/0856402729"><bdi>0856402729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast%2C+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=Blsckstaff+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0856402729&rft.aulast=Bardon&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSTEWART2021" class="citation thesis cs1">STEWART, CIARA (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13941/">Irish Women and Political Petitioning, c. 1870-1918</a> (Doctoral thesis). Durham University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Irish+Women+and+Political+Petitioning%2C+c.+1870-1918&rft.degree=Doctoral&rft.inst=Durham+University&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=STEWART&rft.aufirst=CIARA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.dur.ac.uk%2F13941%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> p. 73 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Collins, Peter (1998). "Larkin, James", S. J. Connolly, The Oxford Companion to Irish History. Oxford University Press. p. 302 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1991" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Austen (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4U-vAAAAIAAJ">Labour and Partition: The Belfast Working Class, 1905–1923</a>. London: Pluto Press. pp. 127–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0326-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0326-0"><bdi>978-0-7453-0326-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labour+and+Partition%3A+The+Belfast+Working+Class%2C+1905%E2%80%931923&rft.place=London&rft.pages=127-139&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-0326-0&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Austen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4U-vAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1956" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Alfred Patrick (1956). Mutiny at the Curragh. Macmillan. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-230-01130-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-230-01130-3"><bdi>978-7-230-01130-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutiny+at+the+Curragh&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-7-230-01130-3&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2012" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor, Emmet (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24897202">"Taking its natural place: Labour and the third Home Rule crisis, 1912–14"</a>. Saothar. 37: 31–39. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0332-1169">0332-1169</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24897202">24897202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saothar&rft.atitle=Taking+its+natural+place%3A+Labour+and+the+third+Home+Rule+crisis%2C+1912%E2%80%9314&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=31-39&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24897202%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0332-1169&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Emmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24897202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnel2003" class="citation journal cs1">McConnel, James (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23199761">"The Irish parliamentary party, industrial relations and the 1913 Dublin Lockout"</a>. Saothar. 28: 25–36. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0332-1169">0332-1169</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23199761">23199761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saothar&rft.atitle=The+Irish+parliamentary+party%2C+industrial+relations+and+the+1913+Dublin+Lockout&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=25-36&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23199761%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0332-1169&rft.aulast=McConnel&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23199761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1994" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Pat (1994). Irish republicanism and socialism : the politics of the Republican movement, 1905 to 1994. Belfast: Athol Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85034-071-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85034-071-3"><bdi>0-85034-071-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31929903">31929903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+republicanism+and+socialism+%3A+the+politics+of+the+Republican+movement%2C+1905+to+1994&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Athol+Books&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31929903&rft.isbn=0-85034-071-3&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2017" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Fred (13 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5eU2DwAAQBAJ">The Political Economy of the Irish Welfare State: Church, State and Capital</a>. Policy Press. pp. 69–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-3291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-3291-6"><bdi>978-1-4473-3291-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+the+Irish+Welfare+State%3A+Church%2C+State+and+Capital&rft.pages=69-82&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2017-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4473-3291-6&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5eU2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1989" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Lucy (1989). The Ulster Covenant. Belfast: Ulster society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ulster+Covenant&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Ulster+society&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2003" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Myrtle (2003). Women in Ireland, a Century of Change. Belfast: Blackstaff. pp. 60–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780856407406" title="Special:BookSources/9780856407406"><bdi>9780856407406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Ireland%2C+a+Century+of+Change&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=60-63&rft.pub=Blackstaff&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780856407406&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Myrtle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnollyMcIntosh2012" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, S. J.; McIntosh, Gillian (1 January 2012). "Chapter 7: Whose City? Belonging and Exclusion in the Nineteenth-Century Urban World". In Connolly, S. J. (ed.). Belfast 400: People, Place and History. Liverpool University Press. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-635-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-635-7"><bdi>978-1-84631-635-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Whose+City%3F+Belonging+and+Exclusion+in+the+Nineteenth-Century+Urban+World&rft.btitle=Belfast+400%3A+People%2C+Place+and+History&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-635-7&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft.au=McIntosh%2C+Gillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWomen's_Museum_of_Ireland" class="citation web cs1">Women's Museum of Ireland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womensmuseumofireland.ie/articles/the-ulster-crisis-and-the-emergence-of-the-ulster-women-s-unionist-council">"The Ulster Crisis and the Emergence of the Ulster Women's Unionist Council"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809161357/https://womensmuseumofireland.ie/articles/the-ulster-crisis-and-the-emergence-of-the-ulster-women-s-unionist-council">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ulster+Crisis+and+the+Emergence+of+the+Ulster+Women%27s+Unionist+Council&rft.au=Women%27s+Museum+of+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwomensmuseumofireland.ie%2Farticles%2Fthe-ulster-crisis-and-the-emergence-of-the-ulster-women-s-unionist-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-82"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Vivien (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/irish-suffragettes-at-the-time-of-the-home-rule-crisis/">"Irish Suffragettes at the time of the Home Rule Crisis"</a>. 20th Century, Contemporary History. 4 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218222918/http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/irish-suffragettes-at-the-time-of-the-home-rule-crisis/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020 – via History Ireland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=20th+Century%2C+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Irish+Suffragettes+at+the+time+of+the+Home+Rule+Crisis&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2F20th-century-contemporary-history%2Firish-suffragettes-at-the-time-of-the-home-rule-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Urquhart (2002), p. 280. Irish Citizen, 20 September 1913. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1982" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Margaret (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1394778">"'Suffrage First, Above All Else!' An Account of the Irish Suffrage Movement"</a>. Feminist Review (10): (21–36) 30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1394778">10.2307/1394778</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-7789">0141-7789</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1394778">1394778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Review&rft.atitle=%27Suffrage+First%2C+Above+All+Else%21%27+An+Account+of+the+Irish+Suffrage+Movement&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%2821-36%29+30&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0141-7789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1394778%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1394778&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1394778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Vivien (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/irish-suffragettes-at-the-time-of-the-home-rule-crisis/">"Irish Suffragettes at the time of the Home Rule Crisis"</a>. 20th Century, Contemporary History. 4 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218222918/http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/irish-suffragettes-at-the-time-of-the-home-rule-crisis/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020 – via History Ireland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=20th+Century%2C+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Irish+Suffragettes+at+the+time+of+the+Home+Rule+Crisis&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2F20th-century-contemporary-history%2Firish-suffragettes-at-the-time-of-the-home-rule-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-86"><a href="#cite_ref-:03_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogg2017" class="citation book cs1">Hogg, Elaine (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasthistoryproject.com/thesuffragettes/">The Ulster Suffragettes</a>. Belfast: Glenravel Local History Project. pp. 8–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ulster+Suffragettes&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=8-15&rft.pub=Glenravel+Local+History+Project&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasthistoryproject.com%2Fthesuffragettes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:322-87"><a href="#cite_ref-:322_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToal2014" class="citation web cs1">Toal, Ciaran (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/brutes-mrs-metge-lisburn-cathedral-bomb-1914/">"The brutes – Mrs Metge and the Lisburn Cathedral, bomb 1914"</a>. History Ireland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414224751/https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/brutes-mrs-metge-lisburn-cathedral-bomb-1914/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+brutes+%E2%80%93+Mrs+Metge+and+the+Lisburn+Cathedral%2C+bomb+1914&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Toal&rft.aufirst=Ciaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2F20th-century-contemporary-history%2Fbrutes-mrs-metge-lisburn-cathedral-bomb-1914%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepard1912" class="citation journal cs1">Shepard, Walter James (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1944652">"The Government of Ireland (Home Rule) Bill"</a>. The American Political Science Review. 6 (4): 564–573. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1944652">10.2307/1944652</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1944652">1944652</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147674647">147674647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Government+of+Ireland+%28Home+Rule%29+Bill&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=564-573&rft.date=1912&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147674647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1944652%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1944652&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=Walter+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1944652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> The Northern Whig, editorial "Repeal: Petition in favour of the Union, or 'the Erection of the Kingdom of the North of Ireland", 17 October 1843, cited in British and Irish Communist Organisation (1973) Ulster As It Is: a Review of the Development of the Catholic/Protestant Political Conflict between Catholic Emancipation and the Home Rule Bill, Athol Books, Belfast. p. 21-22 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> R. W. Dale (1887), "The Liberal Party and Home Rule", The Contemporary Review, Vol. LI, June, pp. 773–788, p.784. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._George1990" class="citation book cs1">D. George, Boyce (1990). Nineteenth-Century Ireland: the Search for Stability. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0717116212" title="Special:BookSources/0717116212"><bdi>0717116212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-Century+Ireland%3A+the+Search+for+Stability&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Gill+and+Macmillan&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0717116212&rft.aulast=D.+George&rft.aufirst=Boyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_92-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_92-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggs-Davison1973" class="citation book cs1">Biggs-Davison, John (1973). Hand is Red: Historical Development of Ulster. London: Johnson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853071403" title="Special:BookSources/0853071403"><bdi>0853071403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hand+is+Red%3A+Historical+Development+of+Ulster&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Johnson&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0853071403&rft.aulast=Biggs-Davison&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-proni-93"><a href="#cite_ref-proni_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPRONI" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/PRONI" class="mw-redirect" title="PRONI">PRONI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proni.gov.uk/index/search_the_archives/ulster_covenant/ulster_day.htm">"The Ulster Covenant: Ulster Day"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829093828/http://www.proni.gov.uk/index/search_the_archives/ulster_covenant/ulster_day.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ulster+Covenant%3A+Ulster+Day&rft.au=PRONI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proni.gov.uk%2Findex%2Fsearch_the_archives%2Fulster_covenant%2Fulster_day.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnell_Jr2012" class="citation web cs1">Connell Jr, Joseph E.A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/the-1912-ulster-covenant-by-joseph-e-a-connell-jr/">"The 1912 Ulster Covenant by Joseph E.A. Connell Jr"</a>. History Ireland. Retrieved 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+1912+Ulster+Covenant+by+Joseph+E.A.+Connell+Jr&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Connell+Jr&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fthe-1912-ulster-covenant-by-joseph-e-a-connell-jr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2013" class="citation web cs1">Bowman, Timothy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/the-ulster-volunteers-1913-1914-force-or-farce/">"The Ulster Volunteers 1913–1914: force or farce?"</a>. History Ireland. Retrieved 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Ulster+Volunteers+1913%E2%80%931914%3A+force+or+farce%3F&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fthe-ulster-volunteers-1913-1914-force-or-farce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._J._Q._Adams" title="R. J. Q. Adams">Adams, R. J. Q.</a> (1999). Bonar Law. John Murray (Publishers) Ltd. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-5422-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-5422-5"><bdi>0-7195-5422-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonar+Law&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=John+Murray+%28Publishers%29+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7195-5422-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=R.+J.+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaffan2012" class="citation book cs1">Laffan, Michael (2012). The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-10684-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-10684-9"><bdi>978-1-139-10684-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Resurrection+of+Ireland%3A+The+Sinn+F%C3%A9in+Party%2C+1916%E2%80%931923&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-139-10684-9&rft.aulast=Laffan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Toole2018" class="citation news cs1">O'Toole, Fintan (8 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/fintan-o-toole-the-1918-election-was-an-amazing-moment-for-ireland-1.3719853">"The 1918 election was an amazing moment for Ireland"</a>. The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=The+1918+election+was+an+amazing+moment+for+Ireland&rft.date=2018-12-08&rft.aulast=O%27Toole&rft.aufirst=Fintan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fheritage%2Ffintan-o-toole-the-1918-election-was-an-amazing-moment-for-ireland-1.3719853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1995" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Arthur (1995). Revolutionary Government in Ireland. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7171-2015-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7171-2015-5"><bdi>0-7171-2015-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Government+in+Ireland&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7171-2015-5&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Hansard (Vol 127, cc 925–1036 925), House of Commons, 29 March 1920 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm/">"The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6 December 1921"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218113622/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Irish+Treaty%2C+6+December+1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Fpolitics%2Fdocs%2Fait1921.htm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lowry, Donal (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20720274">"The captive dominion: imperial realities behind Irish diplomacy, 1922—49"</a>. Irish Historical Studies. 36 (142): 202–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021121400007045">10.1017/S0021121400007045</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1214">0021-1214</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20720274">20720274</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159910307">159910307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+captive+dominion%3A+imperial+realities+behind+Irish+diplomacy%2C+1922%E2%80%9449&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=142&rft.pages=202-226&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0021-1214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159910307%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20720274%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021121400007045&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Donal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20720274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_103-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_103-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUtley1975" class="citation book cs1">Utley, T. E. (1975). Lessons of Ulster. London: J. M. Dent & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+of+Ulster&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Utley&rft.aufirst=T.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Sir James Craig in a letter to Lloyd George, quoted in F. S. L. Lyons (1971), Ireland since the Famine. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. p. 696 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> "Despair in Ireland", The Times, 7 October 1920 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Hansard, 29 March 1920, Government of Ireland Bill, p. 980 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> quoted in Arthur, Paul, and Jeffrey, Keith (1988), Northern Ireland Since 1968, Oxford, Institute of Contemporary British History/Basil Blackwell, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Jackson_(historian)" title="Alvin Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Alvin</a> (1994). "Irish Unionism, 1905–1921". In Collins, Peter (ed.). Nationalism and Unionism: Conflict in Ireland 1885–1921. The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queens University Belfast. 35–36, p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853894957" title="Special:BookSources/0853894957"><bdi>0853894957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irish+Unionism%2C+1905%E2%80%931921&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Unionism%3A+Conflict+in+Ireland+1885%E2%80%931921&rft.pages=35-36%2C+p.+35&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Irish+Studies%2C+The+Queens+University+Belfast&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0853894957&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_109-1">b</a> Arthur Aughey (1995), "The Idea of the Union" in The Idea of the Union: Statements and Critiques in Support of the Union of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. John Wilson Foster ed.. Belcouver Press, Vancouver, pp. 8–19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9699464-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9699464-0-6">0-9699464-0-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Lowry, Donal, (2022)."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehistoryofparliament.files.wordpress.com/2022/03/donal-lowry-governorship-of-ni-ppp.pdf">The office of Governor as the Crown's representative, symbolising `the permanence both of the authority of the Northern Ireland Government and the union with Great Britain", 1921–1973</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315155446/https://thehistoryofparliament.files.wordpress.com/2022/03/donal-lowry-governorship-of-ni-ppp.pdf">Archived</a> 15 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study, University of London Parliaments, Politics and People Seminar, 22 March. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews2004" class="citation book cs1">Mathews, Kevin (2004). Fatal Influence: The Impact of Ireland on British Politics. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904558-05-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904558-05-7"><bdi>978-1-904558-05-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatal+Influence%3A+The+Impact+of+Ireland+on+British+Politics&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=University+College+Dublin+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-904558-05-7&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2015" class="citation book cs1">Gibbons, I. (16 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pO6_CQAAQBAJ&q=william+walker+executive+labour+party&pg=PA40">The British Labour Party and the Establishment of the Irish Free State, 1918–1924</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-44408-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-44408-0"><bdi>978-1-137-44408-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809151817/https://books.google.com/books?id=pO6_CQAAQBAJ&q=william+walker+executive+labour+party&pg=PA40">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Labour+Party+and+the+Establishment+of+the+Irish+Free+State%2C+1918%E2%80%931924&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-137-44408-0&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpO6_CQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwilliam%2Bwalker%2Bexecutive%2Blabour%2Bparty%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Aaron Edwards (2015), "The British Labour Party and the tragedy of Northern Ireland Labour" in The British Labour Party and twentieth-century Ireland: The cause of Ireland, the cause of Labour, Lawrence Marley ed.. Manchester University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-9601-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-9601-3">978-0-7190-9601-3</a>. pp. 119–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1965" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, R. J. (1965). The Government of Northern Ireland: Public Finance and Public Services, 1921–1964. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 40–41+.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+of+Northern+Ireland%3A+Public+Finance+and+Public+Services%2C+1921%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=40-41%2B&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Courtney-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Courtney_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtney_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtney2013" class="citation book cs1">Courtney, Roger (2013). Dissenting Voices: Rediscovering the Irish Progressive Presbyterian Tradition. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909556065" title="Special:BookSources/9781909556065"><bdi>9781909556065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dissenting+Voices%3A+Rediscovering+the+Irish+Progressive+Presbyterian+Tradition&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Ulster+Historical+Foundation&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781909556065&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Brendan Lynn (1979), Holding the Ground: The Nationalist Party in Northern Ireland, 1945–1972 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85521-980-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85521-980-8">1-85521-980-8</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/lynn97.htm">CAIN Web Service</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100311072510/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/lynn97.htm">Archived</a> 11 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1955" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Thomas (1955). Ulster under Home Rule. London: Oxford University Press. pp. xx.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ulster+under+Home+Rule&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xx&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_118-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWichert1991" class="citation book cs1">Wichert, Sabine (1991). Northern Ireland Since 1945. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-02392-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-02392-0"><bdi>0-582-02392-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+Since+1945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-582-02392-0&rft.aulast=Wichert&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2001" class="citation journal cs1">Fleming, Neil (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/troubles-in-ni/ni-1920-present/lord-londonderry-education-reform-in-1920s-northern-ireland/">"Lord Londonderry and Education Reform in 1920s Northern Ireland"</a>. 20th Century Social Perspectives, Features. 9 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181806/https://www.historyireland.com/troubles-in-ni/ni-1920-present/lord-londonderry-education-reform-in-1920s-northern-ireland/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021 – via History Ireland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=20th+Century+Social+Perspectives%2C+Features&rft.atitle=Lord+Londonderry+and+Education+Reform+in+1920s+Northern+Ireland&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Ftroubles-in-ni%2Fni-1920-present%2Flord-londonderry-education-reform-in-1920s-northern-ireland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckland1981" class="citation book cs1">Buckland, Patrick (1981). History of Northern Ireland. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-1069-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-1069-8"><bdi>978-0-7171-1069-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Northern+Ireland&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-1069-8&rft.aulast=Buckland&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Derry Journal, 6 August 1965, cited in Kingsley (1989) pp. 98–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill1972" class="citation book cs1">O'Neill, Terence (1972). The Autobiography of Terence O'Neill: Prime Minister of Northern Ireland 1963–1969. Rupert Hart Davis. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780246105868" title="Special:BookSources/9780246105868"><bdi>9780246105868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Terence+O%27Neill%3A+Prime+Minister+of+Northern+Ireland+1963%E2%80%931969&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Rupert+Hart+Davis&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780246105868&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1988" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Michael (1988). "Post-War Social Change and the Catholic Community in Northern Ireland". Studies, an Irish Quarterly. 77 (308): 422–433.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies%2C+an+Irish+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Post-War+Social+Change+and+the+Catholic+Community+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=308&rft.pages=422-433&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume" class="citation news cs1">Hume, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/a-northern-catholic-writes-john-hume-in-1964-1.4321087">"A Northern Catholic writes . . . John Hume in 1964"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215213031/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/a-northern-catholic-writes-john-hume-in-1964-1.4321087">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=A+Northern+Catholic+writes+.+.+.+John+Hume+in+1964&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fireland%2Firish-news%2Fa-northern-catholic-writes-john-hume-in-1964-1.4321087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelow_the_Radar2011" class="citation cs2">Below the Radar (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68agPtnsA9M">HUME – BBC Documentary on John Hume 1</a>, retrieved 1 March 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HUME+%E2%80%93+BBC+Documentary+on+John+Hume+1&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Below+the+Radar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D68agPtnsA9M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_126-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinceWarner2019" class="citation book cs1">Prince, Simon; Warner, Geoffrey (2019). Belfast and Derry in Revolt: a New History of the Start of the Troubles. New Bridge, Ireland: Irish Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78855-093-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78855-093-2"><bdi>978-1-78855-093-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast+and+Derry+in+Revolt%3A+a+New+History+of+the+Start+of+the+Troubles&rft.place=New+Bridge%2C+Ireland&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78855-093-2&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Warner%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCann1993" class="citation book cs1">McCann, Eamon (1993). War and an Irish Town. London: Pluto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+an+Irish+Town&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=McCann&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/derry/events.htm">"The Derry March – Main Events of the Day"</a>. CAIN Web Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707103829/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/derry/events.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAIN+Web+Service&rft.atitle=The+Derry+March+%E2%80%93+Main+Events+of+the+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fderry%2Fevents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianpaisley.org/revivalist/1980/Rev80mar.htm/">"Exit Dr. Craig the Evangelical – Enter Dr. Craig the Ecumenical"</a>. ianpaisley.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624134638/http://www.ianpaisley.org/revivalist/1980/Rev80mar.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ianpaisley.org&rft.atitle=Exit+Dr.+Craig+the+Evangelical+%E2%80%93+Enter+Dr.+Craig+the+Ecumenical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianpaisley.org%2Frevivalist%2F1980%2FRev80mar.htm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-See_1978,_pp._130-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-See_1978,_pp._130_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-See_1978,_pp._130_130-1">b</a> See <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brett" title="Charles Brett">CEB Brett</a>, Long Shadows Cast Before: Nine Lives in Ulster 1625–1977, Edinburgh, 1978, pp. 130–131. ISBN 9780702810589 </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-political-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia-political_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia-political_131-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qps14mSlghcC&dq=%22Ian+Paisley%22+%22Ulster+Protestant+Action%22&pg=PA255">Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102175818/https://books.google.com/books?id=qps14mSlghcC&pg=PA255&lpg=PA255&dq=%22Ian+Paisley%22+%22Ulster+Protestant+Action%22&source=bl&ots=2i9IP_GyUb&sig=2-bdewO6ZBzX7QvyhI0OQy8YsgE&hl=en&ei=ZQ4xS7mdBoGRjAekhunRAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBMQ6AEwBTge">Archived</a> 2 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Peter Barberis, John McHugh, Mike Tyldesley, p.255 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2018" class="citation web cs1">Patterson, Henry (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dib.ie/biography/craig-william-bill-a9999">"Craig, William ('Bill') | Dictionary of Irish Biography"</a>. www.dib.ie. Retrieved 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dib.ie&rft.atitle=Craig%2C+William+%28%27Bill%27%29+%7C+Dictionary+of+Irish+Biography&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dib.ie%2Fbiography%2Fcraig-william-bill-a9999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalfilmarchive.net/media/terence-oneill-on-the-governments-5-5489">"Terence O'Neill on the Government's 5 Point Reform Plan – View media – Northern Ireland Screen | Digital Film Archive"</a>. digitalfilmarchive.net. Retrieved 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalfilmarchive.net&rft.atitle=Terence+O%27Neill+on+the+Government%27s+5+Point+Reform+Plan+%E2%80%93+View+media+%E2%80%93+Northern+Ireland+Screen+%7C+Digital+Film+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalfilmarchive.net%2Fmedia%2Fterence-oneill-on-the-governments-5-5489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/proni/1968/proni_CAB-9-B-205-8_1968-12-09.pdf">"Television Broadcast by Captain Terence O'Neill, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, December 9, 1969"</a> (PDF). cain.ulster.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711105148/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/proni/1968/proni_CAB-9-B-205-8_1968-12-09.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Television+Broadcast+by+Captain+Terence+O%27Neill%2C+Prime+Minister+of+Northern+Ireland%2C+December+9%2C+1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fproni%2F1968%2Fproni_CAB-9-B-205-8_1968-12-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormack2013" class="citation web cs1">McCormack, Vincent (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/route-68-to-burntollet-and-back/">"Route '68: to Burntollet and back"</a>. History Ireland. Retrieved 23 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=Route+%2768%3A+to+Burntollet+and+back&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=McCormack&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Froute-68-to-burntollet-and-back%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/04/20/170464012.pdf">"Civil Rights Rioting in Northern Ireland Leaves 117 Injured"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. New York. 19 April 1969. Retrieved 15 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Civil+Rights+Rioting+in+Northern+Ireland+Leaves+117+Injured&rft.date=1969-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1969%2F04%2F20%2F170464012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/hmso/scarman.htm#3">"Violence and Civil Disturbances in Northern Ireland in 1969: Report of Tribunal of Inquiry. Part 1, Chapter 1"</a>. cain.ulster.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706231125/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/hmso/scarman.htm#3">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Violence+and+Civil+Disturbances+in+Northern+Ireland+in+1969%3A+Report+of+Tribunal+of+Inquiry.+Part+1%2C+Chapter+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fhmso%2Fscarman.htm%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusackMcDonald1997" class="citation book cs1">Cusack, Jim; McDonald, Henry (1997). UVF. Dublin: Poolbeg. pp. 5–10, 28–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85371-687-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85371-687-1"><bdi>1-85371-687-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UVF&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=5-10%2C+28-30&rft.pub=Poolbeg&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85371-687-1&rft.aulast=Cusack&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKitrickKelters2001" class="citation book cs1">McKitrick, David; Kelters, Seamus (2001). Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles. London: Random House. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-504-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-504-1"><bdi>978-1-84018-504-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Lives%3A+The+Stories+of+the+Men%2C+Women+and+Children+who+Died+as+a+Result+of+the+Northern+Ireland+Troubles&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84018-504-1&rft.aulast=McKitrick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Kelters%2C+Seamus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/paisley-expresses-support-for-civil-rights-movement-1.1650266">"Paisley expresses support for civil rights movement"</a>. Irish Times. 10 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024459/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/paisley-expresses-support-for-civil-rights-movement-1.1650266">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Paisley+expresses+support+for+civil+rights+movement&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fpaisley-expresses-support-for-civil-rights-movement-1.1650266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> David McKittrick et al, Lost Lives (Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Publishing" title="Mainstream Publishing">Mainstream Publishing</a>, 2008) p. 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-gillespie-142"><a href="#cite_ref-gillespie_142-0">^</a> Gillespie, Gordon. (2009) The A to Z of the Northern Ireland Conflict. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a> pp.177–178 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch72.htm">Chronology of the Conflict: 1972</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110305015858/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch72.htm">Archived</a> 5 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN). </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-16052382">"IRA left Derry 'before Operation Motorman'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 6 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317195624/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-16052382">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=IRA+left+Derry+%27before+Operation+Motorman%27&rft.date=2011-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-16052382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100721104229/http://www.museumoffreederry.org/history-motorman.html">"History – Operation Motorman"</a>. The Museum of Free Derry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumoffreederry.org/history-motorman.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Museum+of+Free+Derry&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%93+Operation+Motorman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumoffreederry.org%2Fhistory-motorman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2601875.stm">"Adams and IRA's secret Whitehall talks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 1 January 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060325131323/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2601875.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2006. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Adams+and+IRA%27s+secret+Whitehall+talks&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F2601875.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1986" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Hugh (1986). Northern Ireland and the Algerian Analogy: Suitable Case for Gaullism?. Belfast: Athol Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850340310" title="Special:BookSources/9780850340310"><bdi>9780850340310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+and+the+Algerian+Analogy%3A+Suitable+Case+for+Gaullism%3F&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Athol+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780850340310&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1998" class="citation book cs1">Miller, David (1998). Rethinking Northern Ireland: Culture, Ideology and Colonialism. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582302877" title="Special:BookSources/9780582302877"><bdi>9780582302877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Northern+Ireland%3A+Culture%2C+Ideology+and+Colonialism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780582302877&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2000" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Stephen (2000). Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture. Oxford University Press. pp. 169–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191697845" title="Special:BookSources/9780191697845"><bdi>9780191697845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+Empire%3A+Colonial+Legacies+in+Irish+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=169-192&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780191697845&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cainsum-150"><a href="#cite_ref-cainsum_150-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/intern/sum.htm">Internment – Summary of Main Events</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608073225/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/intern/sum.htm">Archived</a> 8 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN) </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1994" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Jack (1994). INLA: Deadly Divisions. Dublin: Torc. pp. 17, 26, 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898142-05-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-898142-05-X"><bdi>1-898142-05-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=INLA%3A+Deadly+Divisions&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=17%2C+26%2C+39&rft.pub=Torc&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-898142-05-X&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Kingsley, P. (1989). Londonderry Revisited. A Loyalist Analysis of the Civil Rights Controversy. Belfast Publications, Belfast, p. 212.. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/parker.htm">The Parker Report, March 1972</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110922223430/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/parker.htm">Archived</a> 22 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN) </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1978/1.html">"Ireland v. The United Kingdom – 5310/71 (1978) ECHR 1 (18 January 1978)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121228080020/http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1978/1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland+v.+The+United+Kingdom+%E2%80%93+5310%2F71+%281978%29+ECHR+1+%2818+January+1978%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldlii.org%2Feu%2Fcases%2FECHR%2F1978%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/parker.htm">The Parker Report, March 1972</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110922223430/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/parker.htm">Archived</a> 22 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN) </li> <li id="cite_note-CAIN_names-156"><a href="#cite_ref-CAIN_names_156-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/bsunday/deadinj.htm">'Bloody Sunday', Derry 30 January 1972 – Names of the Dead and Injured</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806133640/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/bsunday/deadinj.htm">Archived</a> 6 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN). 23 March 2006. Retrieved 28 March 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1984" class="citation book cs1">White, Barry (1984). John Hume: Statesman of the Troubles. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85640-317-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85640-317-0"><bdi>978-0-85640-317-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Hume%3A+Statesman+of+the+Troubles&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Blackstaff+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-85640-317-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Uncivil_Wars:_Ireland_Today-158"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Uncivil_Wars:_Ireland_Today_158-0">^</a> Interview with James Molyneaux, 18 May 1982 quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Malley1983" class="citation book cs1">O'Malley, Padraig (1983). The Uncivil Wars: Ireland Today. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 17, 26, 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/039534414X" title="Special:BookSources/039534414X"><bdi>039534414X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uncivil+Wars%3A+Ireland+Today&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=17%2C+26%2C+39&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=039534414X&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=Padraig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_159-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_159-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevlin1993" class="citation book cs1">Devlin, Paddy (1993). Straight Left: an Autobiography. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85640-514-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85640-514-0"><bdi>0-85640-514-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Straight+Left%3A+an+Autobiography&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Blackstaff+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85640-514-0&rft.aulast=Devlin&rft.aufirst=Paddy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1994" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Don (1994). Fourteen May Days: The Inside Story of the Loyalist Strike of 1974. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7171-2177-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7171-2177-1"><bdi>0-7171-2177-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fourteen+May+Days%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+the+Loyalist+Strike+of+1974&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7171-2177-1&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/uwc/chr.htm">"Ulster Workers' Council Strike – Chronology of the Strike"</a>. cain.ulster.ac.uk. CAIN Web Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707002432/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/uwc/chr.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Ulster+Workers%27+Council+Strike+%E2%80%93+Chronology+of+the+Strike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fuwc%2Fchr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/uwc/uwc-pdfs/eight.pdf">"Strike Bulletin No. 8 Westminster Shifts its Ground"</a> (PDF). cain.ulster.ac.uk. CAIN Web Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710030540/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/uwc/uwc-pdfs/eight.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Strike+Bulletin+No.+8+Westminster+Shifts+its+Ground&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fuwc%2Fuwc-pdfs%2Feight.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKittrickMcVea2000" class="citation book cs1">McKittrick, David; McVea, David (2000). Making Sense of the Troubles. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. pp. 113–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+the+Troubles&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=113-114&rft.pub=Blackstaff+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=McKittrick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=McVea%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonaldCusack2004" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Henry; Cusack, Jim (2004). Inside the Heart of Loyalist Terror. Dublin: Penguin Ireland. pp. 101–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Heart+of+Loyalist+Terror&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Penguin+Ireland&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Cusack%2C+Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Organisation_Summary.html">"Malcolm Sutton: An Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland. Summary of organisations responsible for death"</a>. cain.ulster.ac.uk. CAIN Web Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521082443/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Organisation_Summary.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Malcolm+Sutton%3A+An+Index+of+Deaths+from+the+Conflict+in+Ireland.+Summary+of+organisations+responsible+for+death&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Ftables%2FOrganisation_Summary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Todd1987" class="citation journal cs1">J. Todd (1987). "Two Traditions in Unionist Political Culture". Irish Political Studies. 2: 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07907188708406434">10.1080/07907188708406434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Two+Traditions+in+Unionist+Political+Culture&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07907188708406434&rft.au=J.+Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1994" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Steve (1994). The Edge of the Union: The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edge+of+the+Union%3A+The+Ulster+Loyalist+Political+Vision&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2003" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Ian (2003). God, Guns, and Ulster: A History of Loyalist Paramilitaries. Caxton Editions. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781840675368" title="Special:BookSources/9781840675368"><bdi>9781840675368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%2C+Guns%2C+and+Ulster%3A+A+History+of+Loyalist+Paramilitaries&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Caxton+Editions&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781840675368&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:28-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:28_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:28_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusackMcDonald1997" class="citation book cs1">Cusack, Jim; McDonald, Henry (1997). UVF. Dublin: Poolbeg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853716874" title="Special:BookSources/9781853716874"><bdi>9781853716874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UVF&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Poolbeg&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781853716874&rft.aulast=Cusack&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2013" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, Richard (2013). The Second Coming of Paisley: Militant Fundamentalism and Ulster Politics. Syracuse University Press. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815633136" title="Special:BookSources/9780815633136"><bdi>9780815633136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Coming+of+Paisley%3A+Militant+Fundamentalism+and+Ulster+Politics&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780815633136&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsBloomer2008" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Aaron; Bloomer, Stephen (2008). Transforming the peace process in Northern Ireland: from terrorism to democratic politics. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780716529552" title="Special:BookSources/9780716529552"><bdi>9780716529552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transforming+the+peace+process+in+Northern+Ireland%3A+from+terrorism+to+democratic+politics&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780716529552&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Bloomer%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAughey1989" class="citation book cs1">Aughey, Arthur (1989). Under Siege: Ulster Unionism and the Anglo-Irish Agreement. Belfast: Blacksaff Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Siege%3A+Ulster+Unionism+and+the+Anglo-Irish+Agreement&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Blacksaff+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Aughey&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (London: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 403. </li> <li id="cite_note-aia-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aia_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aia_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aia_174-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/aia/chron.htm">Anglo-Irish Agreement – Chronology of Events</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206111841/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/aia/chron.htm">Archived</a> 6 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN). Retrieved 12 September 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1985" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Jo (24 November 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/24/world/huge-rally-in-belfast-protests-british-irish-accord.html">"Huge Rally in Belfast protests British-Irish Accord"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417024859/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/24/world/huge-rally-in-belfast-protests-british-irish-accord.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Huge+Rally+in+Belfast+protests+British-Irish+Accord&rft.date=1985-11-24&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F11%2F24%2Fworld%2Fhuge-rally-in-belfast-protests-british-irish-accord.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobain2017" class="citation news cs1">Cobain, Ian (27 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/27/troubled-past-the-paramilitary-connection-that-still-haunts-the-dup">"Troubled past: the paramilitary connection that still haunts the DUP"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425084741/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/27/troubled-past-the-paramilitary-connection-that-still-haunts-the-dup">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Troubled+past%3A+the+paramilitary+connection+that+still+haunts+the+DUP&rft.date=2017-06-27&rft.aulast=Cobain&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2017%2Fjun%2F27%2Ftroubled-past-the-paramilitary-connection-that-still-haunts-the-dup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/ian-paisley-death-he-was-lauded-and-reviled-but-a-key-figure-of-our-times-30583426.html">"Ian Paisley death: He was lauded and reviled ... but a key figure of our times"</a>. Belfast Telegraph. 12 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200415124252/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/ian-paisley-death-he-was-lauded-and-reviled-but-a-key-figure-of-our-times-30583426.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Ian+Paisley+death%3A+He+was+lauded+and+reviled+...+but+a+key+figure+of+our+times&rft.date=2015-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Fian-paisley-death-he-was-lauded-and-reviled-but-a-key-figure-of-our-times-30583426.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ian-paisley-death-third-force-were-a-motley-crew-of-teens-and-farmers--30583056.html">"Ian Paisley death: Third Force 'were a motley crew of teens and farmers...'"</a>. Belfast Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224221140/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ian-paisley-death-third-force-were-a-motley-crew-of-teens-and-farmers--30583056.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Ian+Paisley+death%3A+Third+Force+%27were+a+motley+crew+of+teens+and+farmers...%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fian-paisley-death-third-force-were-a-motley-crew-of-teens-and-farmers--30583056.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGudgin1995" class="citation book cs1">Gudgin, Graham (1995). "Peace beyond Paper". In Foster, John (ed.). The Idea of the Union. Belcouver Press. pp. 104–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9699464-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9699464-0-6"><bdi>0-9699464-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peace+beyond+Paper&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+the+Union&rft.pages=104-115&rft.pub=Belcouver+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-9699464-0-6&rft.aulast=Gudgin&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_180-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulter2015" class="citation journal cs1">Coulter, Colin (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282004710">"'British Rights for British Citizens': the Campaign for 'Equal Citizenship' for Northern Ireland"</a>. Contemporary British History. 29 (4): 486–507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13619462.2014.1002774">10.1080/13619462.2014.1002774</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55953265">55953265</a>. Retrieved 4 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+British+History&rft.atitle=%27British+Rights+for+British+Citizens%27%3A+the+Campaign+for+%27Equal+Citizenship%27+for+Northern+Ireland&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=486-507&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13619462.2014.1002774&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55953265%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Coulter&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F282004710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford1982" class="citation book cs1">Clifford, Brendan (1982). Against Ulster Nationalism. Belfast: Athol Books. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Ulster+Nationalism&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Athol+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Clifford&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1989" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Pat (1989). Irish Republicanism and Socialism. Belfast: Athol Books. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/085034039X" title="Special:BookSources/085034039X"><bdi>085034039X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Republicanism+and+Socialism&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Athol+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=085034039X&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/3154222.stm">"Labour NI ban overturned"</a>. BBC News. 1 October 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307232249/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/3154222.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Labour+NI+ban+overturned&rft.date=2003-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F3154222.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/general-election-2019/labour-not-running-candidates-in-ni-elections-is-disappointing-hoey-38668684.html">"Labour not running candidates in NI elections is disappointing: Hoey"</a>. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107233232/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/general-election-2019/labour-not-running-candidates-in-ni-elections-is-disappointing-hoey-38668684.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Labour+not+running+candidates+in+NI+elections+is+disappointing%3A+Hoey&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fgeneral-election-2019%2Flabour-not-running-candidates-in-ni-elections-is-disappointing-hoey-38668684.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2008" class="citation news cs1">McDonald, Henry (7 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/dec/07/conservatives-david-cameron-northern-ireland">"'I want Ulster Unionists in cabinet', says David Cameron"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414154013/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/dec/07/conservatives-david-cameron-northern-ireland">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27I+want+Ulster+Unionists+in+cabinet%27%2C+says+David+Cameron&rft.date=2008-12-07&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2008%2Fdec%2F07%2Fconservatives-david-cameron-northern-ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8586845.stm">MP Lady Sylvia Hermon quits Ulster Unionists</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328171620/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8586845.stm">Archived</a> 28 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News, 25 March 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalonePollack1989" class="citation book cs1">Malone, Ed; Pollack, Andy (1989). Paisley. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905169-75-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-905169-75-1"><bdi>0-905169-75-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paisley&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-905169-75-1&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.au=Pollack%2C+Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> pp. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/trimble-survival-depends-on-support-for-deal-1.142891">"Trimble survival depends on support for deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. 17 April 1998. 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Retrieved 5 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+very+Good+Friday&rft.date=1998-04-12&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F1998%2Fapr%2F12%2Fnorthernireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowney2008" class="citation news cs1">Downey, James (22 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/sad-to-say-end-of-paisley-is-no-reason-to-chuckle-1324793.html">"Sad to say, end of Paisley is no reason to chuckle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117072919/http://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/sad-to-say-end-of-paisley-is-no-reason-to-chuckle-1324793.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Sad+to+say%2C+end+of+Paisley+is+no+reason+to+chuckle&rft.date=2008-03-22&rft.aulast=Downey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fopinion%2Fanalysis%2Fsad-to-say-end-of-paisley-is-no-reason-to-chuckle-1324793.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/sunningdale/chron.htm">CAIN: Sunningdale – Chronology of Main Events</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110114104616/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/sunningdale/chron.htm">Archived</a> 14 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 4 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-NIA98-42-192"><a href="#cite_ref-NIA98-42_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/47/section/42">"Section 42, Northern Ireland Act 1998: Petitions of concern"</a>. legislation.gov.uk. Government of the United Kingdom. 4 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120803205703/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/47/section/42">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Section+42%2C+Northern+Ireland+Act+1998%3A+Petitions+of+concern.&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1998%2F47%2Fsection%2F42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_193-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Trimble1998" class="citation journal cs1">David Trimble (1998). "The Belfast Agreement". Fordham International Law Journal. 2 (4): 1145–1170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fordham+International+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Belfast+Agreement&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1145-1170&rft.date=1998&rft.au=David+Trimble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/sunningdale/chron.htm">"CAIN: Events: The Sunningdale Agreement – Chronology of Main Events"</a>. cain.ulster.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Events%3A+The+Sunningdale+Agreement+%E2%80%93+Chronology+of+Main+Events&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fsunningdale%2Fchron.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Austen Morgan (2011), The Hand of History? Legal Essays on the Belfast Agreement. The Belfast Press Limited, p.. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Richard English (1995), "Unionism and nationalism: the notion of symmetry" in The Idea of the Union: Statements and Critiques in Support of the Union of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. John Wilson Foster ed.. Belcouver Press, Vancouver. pp, 135–139 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9699464-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9699464-0-6">0-9699464-0-6</a>. pp. 8–19, p.19 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2011" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Hanna (2011). Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139502924" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139502924"><bdi>978-1139502924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Constitutions+in+Deeply+Divided+Societies&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1139502924&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurua2019" class="citation web cs1">Murua, Imanol (12 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.estudiosirlandeses.org/2019/03/as-british-as-finchley-the-evolution-of-the-positions-of-the-british-government-and-irish-republicanism-regarding-sovereignty-over-northern-ireland/">"As British as Finchley? The Evolution of the Positions of the British Government and Irish Republicanism Regarding Sovereignty over Northern Ireland"</a>. estudiosirlandeses.org. Estudios Irlandeses. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519094558/https://www.estudiosirlandeses.org/2019/03/as-british-as-finchley-the-evolution-of-the-positions-of-the-british-government-and-irish-republicanism-regarding-sovereignty-over-northern-ireland/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2020. 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Random House. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375508158" title="Special:BookSources/9780375508158"><bdi>9780375508158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Farther+Shore%3A+Ireland%27s+Long+Road+to+Peace&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780375508158&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/politics/election/ref1998.htm">"Results of the Referenda in Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland, Friday 22 May 1998"</a>. cain.ulster.ac.uk. CAIN Web Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706172406/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/politics/election/ref1998.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Results+of+the+Referenda+in+Northern+Ireland+and+Republic+of+Ireland%2C+Friday+22+May+1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Fpolitics%2Felection%2Fref1998.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTongeBraniff2014" class="citation book cs1">Tonge, Jonathan; Braniff, Máire (2014). The Democratic Unionist Party: From Protest to Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 23–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870577-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870577-2"><bdi>978-0-19-870577-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Democratic+Unionist+Party%3A+From+Protest+to+Power&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=23-31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870577-2&rft.aulast=Tonge&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Braniff%2C+M%C3%A1ire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2001" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Derek (2 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jul/02/qanda.northernireland">"Arms decommissioning in Northern Ireland"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407072047/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jul/02/qanda.northernireland">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Arms+decommissioning+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2001-07-02&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2001%2Fjul%2F02%2Fqanda.northernireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2005" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Derek (20 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/dec/20/uk.northernireland">"Hain rules out public inquiry into Stormont spy ring"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407072048/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/dec/20/uk.northernireland">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hain+rules+out+public+inquiry+into+Stormont+spy+ring&rft.date=2005-12-20&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2005%2Fdec%2F20%2Fuk.northernireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1550896/Ian-Paisleys-speech.html">"Ian Paisley's speech"</a>. www.telegraph.co.uk. 8 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204160014/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1550896/Ian-Paisleys-speech.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Ian+Paisley%27s+speech&rft.date=2007-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1550896%2FIan-Paisleys-speech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7353569.stm">"Robinson confirmed as DUP leader"</a>. BBC News. 17 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421144245/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7353569.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Robinson+confirmed+as+DUP+leader&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F7353569.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Robinson is new NI first minister". BBC News. 5 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Robinson+is+new+NI+first+minister&rft.date=2008-06-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenton2020" class="citation news cs1">Fenton, Siobhán (10 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/stormont-deal-sinn-fein-dup-northern-ireland-assembly-nio">"The details of the Stormont deal that allowed the DUP and Sinn Féin to climb down"</a>. Prospect Magazine]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408030204/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/stormont-deal-sinn-fein-dup-northern-ireland-assembly-nio">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prospect+Magazine%5D&rft.atitle=The+details+of+the+Stormont+deal+that+allowed+the+DUP+and+Sinn+F%C3%A9in+to+climb+down&rft.date=2020-01-10&rft.aulast=Fenton&rft.aufirst=Siobh%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2Fstormont-deal-sinn-fein-dup-northern-ireland-assembly-nio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/opinion/jim-allister-stormont-has-failed-and-will-fail-sf-not-government-make-ni-work-1115485">"Jim Allister: Stormont has failed and will fail '" SF is not in government to make NI work"</a>. New Letter. 7 June 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Letter&rft.atitle=Jim+Allister%3A+Stormont+has+failed+and+will+fail+%27%22+SF+is+not+in+government+to+make+NI+work&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsletter.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fjim-allister-stormont-has-failed-and-will-fail-sf-not-government-make-ni-work-1115485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-northern-ireland-50769310/northern-ireland-election-results-pan-nationalist-front-again">"Northern Ireland election results: 'Pan-nationalist front again'"</a>. BBC News. 13 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106011010/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-northern-ireland-50769310/northern-ireland-election-results-pan-nationalist-front-again">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+election+results%3A+%27Pan-nationalist+front+again%27&rft.date=2019-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fuk-northern-ireland-50769310%2Fnorthern-ireland-election-results-pan-nationalist-front-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManley2015" class="citation news cs1">Manley, John (2 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/news/2015/05/02/news/sinn-fe-in-accused-of-hypocrisy-over-election-leaflet-122302/">"Sinn Féin accused of hypocrisy over election leaflet"</a>. Irish News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203234022/https://www.irishnews.com/news/2015/05/02/news/sinn-fe-in-accused-of-hypocrisy-over-election-leaflet-122302/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+News&rft.atitle=Sinn+F%C3%A9in+accused+of+hypocrisy+over+election+leaflet&rft.date=2015-05-02&rft.aulast=Manley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F05%2F02%2Fnews%2Fsinn-fe-in-accused-of-hypocrisy-over-election-leaflet-122302%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClements2019" class="citation news cs1">McClements, Freya (14 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/new-light-shed-on-prospect-of-catholic-majority-in-north-1.3891032">"New light shed on prospect of Catholic majority in North"</a>. Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005113335/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/new-light-shed-on-prospect-of-catholic-majority-in-north-1.3891032">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Times&rft.atitle=New+light+shed+on+prospect+of+Catholic+majority+in+North&rft.date=2019-05-14&rft.aulast=McClements&rft.aufirst=Freya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fnew-light-shed-on-prospect-of-catholic-majority-in-north-1.3891032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow2019" class="citation web cs1">Morrow, Duncan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulster.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/410227/A-Review-Addressing-Sectarianism-in-Northern-Ireland_FINAL.pdf">"Sectarianism in Northern Ireland: A Review"</a> (PDF). Belfast: University of Ulster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809163443/https://www.ulster.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/410227/A-Review-Addressing-Sectarianism-in-Northern-Ireland_FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sectarianism+in+Northern+Ireland%3A+A+Review&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=University+of+Ulster&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulster.ac.uk%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0016%2F410227%2FA-Review-Addressing-Sectarianism-in-Northern-Ireland_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:30-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:30_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:30_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBride2024" class="citation news cs1">McBride, Sam (6 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/columnists/sam-mcbride/as-the-dups-once-lofty-citadels-fall-it-pushes-for-a-unionist-unity-which-would-be-disastrous/a1112708542.html">"As the DUP's once-lofty citadels fall, it pushes for a unionist unity which would be disastrous"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 7 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=As+the+DUP%27s+once-lofty+citadels+fall%2C+it+pushes+for+a+unionist+unity+which+would+be+disastrous&rft.date=2024-07-06&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=McBride&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fsam-mcbride%2Fas-the-dups-once-lofty-citadels-fall-it-pushes-for-a-unionist-unity-which-would-be-disastrous%2Fa1112708542.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManley2019" class="citation news cs1">Manley, John (29 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2019/05/29/news/unionist-vote-continues-to-fall-as-middle-ground-emerges-1630093/">"Unionist vote continues to fall as middle ground emerges"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+News&rft.atitle=Unionist+vote+continues+to+fall+as+middle+ground+emerges&rft.date=2019-05-29&rft.aulast=Manley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnorthernirelandnews%2F2019%2F05%2F29%2Fnews%2Funionist-vote-continues-to-fall-as-middle-ground-emerges-1630093%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry2019" class="citation news cs1">Lowry, Ben (25 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jun/25/northern-ireland-unionism-nationalism-tribalism">"The politics of neither: how Northern Ireland is shunning unionism and nationalism"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809183415/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jun/25/northern-ireland-unionism-nationalism-tribalism">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020. 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BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 17 February 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 11 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+Survey+says+Northern+Ireland+voting+habits+dictated+by+tribalism+%E2%80%93+would+you+vote+for+party+from+different+community%3F&rft.date=2017-02-17&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fpoll-survey-says-northern-ireland-voting-habits-dictated-by-tribalism-would-you-vote-for-party-from-different-community%2F35458352.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonge2020" class="citation news cs1">Tonge, Jon (7 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/news-analysis/alliance-has-enjoyed-an-upturn-and-it-isnt-slowing-down-39022343.html">"Alliance has enjoyed an upturn... and it isn't slowing down"</a>. Belfast Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307154643/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/news-analysis/alliance-has-enjoyed-an-upturn-and-it-isnt-slowing-down-39022343.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Alliance+has+enjoyed+an+upturn...+and+it+isn%27t+slowing+down&rft.date=2020-03-07&rft.aulast=Tonge&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fnews-analysis%2Falliance-has-enjoyed-an-upturn-and-it-isnt-slowing-down-39022343.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2020" class="citation web cs1">Nolan, Paul (25 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedetail.tv/articles/irish-unity-and-disunity">"Border poll to be decided by those with "least commitment to the constitutional issue""</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730091944/https://thedetail.tv/articles/irish-unity-and-disunity">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Border+poll+to+be+decided+by+those+with+%22least+commitment+to+the+constitutional+issue%22&rft.date=2020-02-25&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedetail.tv%2Farticles%2Firish-unity-and-disunity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinceWarner2019" class="citation book cs1">Prince, Simon; Warner, Geoffrey (2019). Belfast and Derry in Revolt: a New History of the Start of the Troubles. New Bridge, Ireland: Irish Academic Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78855-093-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78855-093-2"><bdi>978-1-78855-093-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast+and+Derry+in+Revolt%3A+a+New+History+of+the+Start+of+the+Troubles&rft.place=New+Bridge%2C+Ireland&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78855-093-2&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Warner%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriarty2012" class="citation news cs1">Moriarty, Gerry (24 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/dup-can-gain-catholic-support-1.750704">"DUP can 'gain Catholic support'"</a>. Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515085726/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/dup-can-gain-catholic-support-1.750704">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Times&rft.atitle=DUP+can+%27gain+Catholic+support%27&rft.date=2012-11-24&rft.aulast=Moriarty&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fdup-can-gain-catholic-support-1.750704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthern_Ireland_Life_and_Times" class="citation web cs1">Northern Ireland Life and Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/results/polatt.html#conpref">"Module: Political Attitudes/Constitutional Preference"</a>. ark.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140133/https://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/results/polatt.html#conpref">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ark.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Module%3A+Political+Attitudes%2FConstitutional+Preference&rft.au=Northern+Ireland+Life+and+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ark.ac.uk%2Fnilt%2Fresults%2Fpolatt.html%23conpref&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngoldsby2020" class="citation web cs1">Ingoldsby, Sinéad (20 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedetail.tv/articles/a-majority-favour-a-border-poll-on-the-island-of-ireland-in-the-next-10-yearsl">"Results of a future border poll on a knife edge"</a>. thedetail.tv. Retrieved 19 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thedetail.tv&rft.atitle=Results+of+a+future+border+poll+on+a+knife+edge&rft.date=2020-02-20&rft.aulast=Ingoldsby&rft.aufirst=Sin%C3%A9ad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedetail.tv%2Farticles%2Fa-majority-favour-a-border-poll-on-the-island-of-ireland-in-the-next-10-yearsl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Póilin2018" class="citation book cs1">Mac Póilin, Aodán (2018). Our Tangled Speech. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909556676" title="Special:BookSources/9781909556676"><bdi>9781909556676</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Tangled+Speech&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Ulster+Historical+Foundation&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781909556676&rft.aulast=Mac+P%C3%B3ilin&rft.aufirst=Aod%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hanlon2019" class="citation news cs1">O'Hanlon, Eilis (10 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/news-analysis/eilis-ohanlon-if-northern-ireland-is-to-remain-in-the-uk-the-uup-and-dup-must-appeal-to-catholics-37697535.html">"Eilis O'Hanlon: If Northern Ireland is to remain in the UK, the UUP and DUP must appeal to Catholics"</a>. Belfast Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531174200/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/news-analysis/eilis-ohanlon-if-northern-ireland-is-to-remain-in-the-uk-the-uup-and-dup-must-appeal-to-catholics-37697535.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Eilis+O%27Hanlon%3A+If+Northern+Ireland+is+to+remain+in+the+UK%2C+the+UUP+and+DUP+must+appeal+to+Catholics&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft.aulast=O%27Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Eilis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fnews-analysis%2Feilis-ohanlon-if-northern-ireland-is-to-remain-in-the-uk-the-uup-and-dup-must-appeal-to-catholics-37697535.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/book-reveals-number-of-catholics-in-dup-and-uup/37694408.html">"Book reveals number of Catholics in DUP and UUP"</a>. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 9 January 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 11 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Book+reveals+number+of+Catholics+in+DUP+and+UUP&rft.date=2019-01-09&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fbook-reveals-number-of-catholics-in-dup-and-uup%2F37694408.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/images/symbols/flags.htm">"CAIN: Symbols – Flags Used in Northern Ireland"</a>. cain.ulster.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Symbols+%E2%80%93+Flags+Used+in+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fimages%2Fsymbols%2Fflags.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonge2002" class="citation book cs1">Tonge, Jonathan (2002). Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change. Edinburgh: Pearson/Longman. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582424005" title="Special:BookSources/9780582424005"><bdi>9780582424005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland%3A+Conflict+and+Change&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Pearson%2FLongman&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780582424005&rft.aulast=Tonge&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNic_Craith2003" class="citation book cs1">Nic Craith, Máiréad (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cultureidentityp00crai">Culture and Identity Politics in Northern Ireland</a>. Basingstoke, Hamps.: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cultureidentityp00crai/page/n68">58</a>–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349419982" title="Special:BookSources/9781349419982"><bdi>9781349419982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Identity+Politics+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+Hamps.&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781349419982&rft.aulast=Nic+Craith&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1ir%C3%A9ad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcultureidentityp00crai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"DUP fights back against of Britishness". News Letter. 25 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+Letter&rft.atitle=DUP+fights+back+against+of+Britishness&rft.date=2008-06-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyderKearney2001" class="citation book cs1">Ryder, Chris; Kearney, Vincent (2001). Drumcree: The Orange Order's Last Stand. London: Methuen. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0413762602" title="Special:BookSources/0413762602"><bdi>0413762602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drumcree%3A+The+Orange+Order%27s+Last+Stand&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0413762602&rft.aulast=Ryder&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Kearney%2C+Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cainbackground-231"><a href="#cite_ref-cainbackground_231-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/identity/flag-2012.htm">A background note on the protests and violence related to the Union Flag at Belfast City Hall</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194911/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/identity/flag-2012.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN), 8 February 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-orangeculturewar-232"><a href="#cite_ref-orangeculturewar_232-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-23267038">"Northern Ireland Orange Order leaders warn of cultural war"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710191226/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-23267038">Archived</a> 10 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News. 12 July 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2007" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Tony (2007). A Journey. London: Random House. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-192555-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-192555-0"><bdi>978-0-09-192555-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey&rft.place=London&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-09-192555-0&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2020" class="citation news cs1">Preston, Allan (3 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/loyalists-hold-stormont-protest-against-irish-language-act-38830497.html">"Loyalists hold Stormont protest against Irish Language Act"</a>. Belfast Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200105131859/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/loyalists-hold-stormont-protest-against-irish-language-act-38830497.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Loyalists+hold+Stormont+protest+against+Irish+Language+Act&rft.date=2020-01-03&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Floyalists-hold-stormont-protest-against-irish-language-act-38830497.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCausland2017" class="citation news cs1">McCausland, Nelson (13 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/columnists/nelson-mccausland/nelson-mccausland-a-stand-alone-irish-language-act-is-divisive-and-ignores-ulster-scots-rich-heritage-35618555.html">"Nelson McCausland: A stand-alone Irish Language Act is divisive and ignores Ulster-Scots' rich heritage"</a>. Belfast Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531181315/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/columnists/nelson-mccausland/nelson-mccausland-a-stand-alone-irish-language-act-is-divisive-and-ignores-ulster-scots-rich-heritage-35618555.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2020. 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Retrieved 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Government&rft.atitle=Government+deal+with+the+DUP+to+restore+power+sharing+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2024-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instituteforgovernment.org.uk%2Fexplainer%2Fgovernment-deal-dup-restore-power-sharing-northern-ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-politics-68180505">"Michelle O'Neill appointed Northern Ireland's first nationalist first minister"</a>. BBC News. 3 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Michelle+O%27Neill+appointed+Northern+Ireland%27s+first+nationalist+first+minister&rft.date=2024-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-politics-68180505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnionism+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nationalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Nationalism in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Nationalism in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">British national identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-right politics in the United Kingdom">Far-right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">Fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Federalism in the United Kingdom">Federalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannica_Party" title="Britannica Party">Britannica Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Democratic_Party_(2013)" title="British Democratic Party (2013)">British Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candour_(magazine)" title="Candour (magazine)">Candour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_GB" title="Liberty GB">Liberty GB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a></li></ul> Does not include organisations focused on <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism</a> which do not mention <a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British nationalism</a> in their official makeup. </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cornish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Assembly" title="Cornish Assembly">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_national_identity" title="English national identity">English national identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_independence" title="English independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolved_English_parliament" title="Devolved English parliament">Devolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_to_the_North_of_England" title="Devolution to the North of England">North of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_England" title="Unionism in England">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Constitution_Party" title="English Constitution Party">English Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Democrats" title="English Democrats">English Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Irish_nationalists" title="Protestant Irish nationalists">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">Unification</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_unionist" title="Catholic unionist">Catholic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aont%C3%BA" title="Aontú">Aontú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ir%C3%ADg%C3%AD" title="Éirígí">Éirígí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Party" title="Irish Republican Socialist Party">Irish Republican Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Republican Sinn Féin">Republican Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoradh" title="Saoradh">Saoradh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scottish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Scottish national identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Scotland" title="Unionism in Scotland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Party" title="Alba Party">Alba Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siol_nan_Gaidheal" title="Siol nan Gaidheal">Siol nan Gaidheal</a></li></ul> Does not include organisations supportive of <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a> without mentioning nationalism in their official makeup. </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ulster</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitionism" title="Partitionism">Partitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_nations_theory_(Ireland)" title="Two nations theory (Ireland)">Two nations theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Third_Way" title="Ulster Third Way">Ulster Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Welsh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">Welsh national identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Wales" title="Unionism in Wales">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwlad" title="Gwlad">Gwlad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propel_(political_party)" title="Propel (political party)">Propel</a></li></ul> Does not include organisations supportive of <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a> without mentioning nationalism in their official makeup. </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann (lower house)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann (upper house)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a 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singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_people" title="Yola people">Yola</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Ireland" title="Brazilians in Ireland">Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ireland" title="Chinese people in Ireland">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Ireland" title="Filipinos in Ireland">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_Ireland" title="Lithuanians in Ireland">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Ireland" title="Nigerians in Ireland">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_people_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian people in Ireland">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Ireland" title="Polish minority in Ireland">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ireland" title="Turks in Ireland">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Naturalisation_and_Immigration_Service" title="Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service">Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_4" title="Stamp 4">Stamp 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a 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