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searchaux" style="display:none">Life support device for a space suit</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A7L_plss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A7L_plss.jpg/170px-A7L_plss.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A7L_plss.jpg/255px-A7L_plss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A7L_plss.jpg/340px-A7L_plss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1958" /></a><figcaption>A portable life support system from the Apollo <a href="/wiki/A7L" class="mw-redirect" title="A7L">A7L</a> suit, with its outer cover removed</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>primary</b> (or <b>portable</b> or <b>personal</b>) <b>life support system</b> (or <b>subsystem</b>) (<b>PLSS</b>), is a device connected to an astronaut or cosmonaut's <a href="/wiki/Spacesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacesuit">spacesuit</a>, which allows <a href="/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-vehicular activity">extra-vehicular activity</a> with maximum freedom, independent of a spacecraft's <a href="/wiki/Life_support_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support system">life support system</a>. A PLSS is generally worn like a backpack. The functions performed by the PLSS include: </p> <ul><li>Regulating suit pressure</li> <li>Providing breathable <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a></li> <li>Removing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, odors, and contaminants from breathing oxygen</li> <li>Cooling and recirculating oxygen through the pressure garment, and water through a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Cooling_and_Ventilation_Garment" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment">Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment</a> or Liquid Cooling Garment.</li> <li>Two-way voice communication</li> <li>Display or <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> of suit health parameters</li> <li>Telemetry of an indicator of the wearer's immediate health (e.g. heart rate)</li></ul> <p>The air handling function of a PLSS is similar to that of a diving <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a>, in that exhaled gases are recycled into the breathing gas in a closed loop. </p><p>When used in a <a href="/wiki/Microgravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Microgravity">microgravity</a> environment, a separate propulsion system is generally needed for safety and control, since there is no physical connection to a spacecraft. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apollo_PLSS">Apollo PLSS</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_life_support_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Apollo PLSS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_portable_life_support_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Apollo_portable_life_support_system.jpg/220px-Apollo_portable_life_support_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Apollo_portable_life_support_system.jpg/330px-Apollo_portable_life_support_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Apollo_portable_life_support_system.jpg/440px-Apollo_portable_life_support_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4711" data-file-height="3727" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the Apollo PLSS</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plss100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Plss100.jpg/220px-Plss100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Plss100.jpg/330px-Plss100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Plss100.jpg/440px-Plss100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the A7L PLSS and OPS, with interfaces to the astronaut and the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a> cabin</figcaption></figure> <p>The portable life support system used in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> lunar landing missions used <a href="/wiki/Lithium_hydroxide" title="Lithium hydroxide">lithium hydroxide</a> to remove the carbon dioxide from the breathing air, and circulated water in an open loop through a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Cooling_and_Ventilation_Garment" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment">liquid-cooled garment</a>, expelling the water into space, where it turned to ice crystals. Some of the water was also used to remove excess heat from the astronaut's breathing air, and collected for dumping into the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">spacecraft</a>'s wastewater tank after an EVA. The PLSS also contained a <a href="/wiki/Radio_transceiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio transceiver">radio transceiver</a> and antenna for communications, which were relayed through the spacecraft's communication system to Earth. PLSS controls were provided in the Remote Control Unit (RCU) mounted on the astronaut's chest. Oxygen and water were rechargeable for multiple EVAs from the spacecraft's environmental control system. </p><p>Lunar surface EVA times for the first four missions (Apollo 11 through 14) were limited to 4 hours, with oxygen stored at 1,020 pounds per square inch (7.0 MPa), 3.0 pounds (1.4 kg) of lithium hydroxide, 8.5 pounds (3.9 liters) of cooling water, and a 279 watt-hour battery. For the extended missions of Apollo 15 through 17, the EVA stay time was doubled to 8 hours by increasing oxygen to 1,430 pounds per square inch (9.9 MPa), lithium hydroxide to 3.12 pounds (1.42 kg), cooling water to 11.5 pounds (5.2 liters), and battery capacity to 390 watt-hours.<sup id="cite_ref-ALSJ_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALSJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An emergency backup was provided in case the main system failed, by a separate unit called the Oxygen Purge System (OPS), mounted on top of the PLSS, immediately behind the astronaut's helmet. The OPS maintained suit pressure and removed carbon dioxide, heat and water vapor through a continuous, one-way air flow vented to space. When activated, the OPS provided oxygen to a separate inlet on the pressure suit, once a vent valve on a separate suit outlet was manually opened. The OPS provided a maximum of about 30 minutes of emergency oxygen for breathing and cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could be extended to 75 to 90 minutes with a "buddy system" hose that used the other astronaut's functional PLSS for cooling (only). This allowed the vent valve to be partly closed to decrease the oxygen flow rate.<sup id="cite_ref-ALSJ_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALSJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JPLucas_testing_PLSS_for_Apollo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/JPLucas_testing_PLSS_for_Apollo.jpg/170px-JPLucas_testing_PLSS_for_Apollo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/JPLucas_testing_PLSS_for_Apollo.jpg/255px-JPLucas_testing_PLSS_for_Apollo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/JPLucas_testing_PLSS_for_Apollo.jpg/340px-JPLucas_testing_PLSS_for_Apollo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>James P. Lucas testing the PLSS at Houston Flight Center</figcaption></figure> <p>The PLSS was 26 inches (66 cm) high, 18 inches (46 cm) wide, and 10 inches (25 cm) deep. It was tested at the Houston Flight Center by James P. Lucas, working for <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Standard" title="Hamilton Standard">Hamilton Standard</a>, and by various astronauts in neutral buoyancy tanks at Dallas. It was tested in space for the first time by <a href="/wiki/Rusty_Schweickart" title="Rusty Schweickart">Rusty Schweickart</a> in a stand-up EVA in Earth orbit on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a>. His PLSS weighed 84 pounds (38 kg) on Earth, but only 14 lb (equivalent to the Earth weight of 6.4 kg) on the Moon. The OPS weighed 41 pounds (19 kg) on Earth (6.8 lb (equivalent to the Earth weight of 3.1 kg) on the Moon).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Space_Shuttle/International_Space_Station_PLSS"><span id="Space_Shuttle.2FInternational_Space_Station_PLSS"></span>Space Shuttle/International Space Station PLSS</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_life_support_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Space Shuttle/International Space Station PLSS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar systems have been used by <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> astronauts, and are currently used by <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> crews. </p><p>The primary life support system for the <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">EMU</a> suit used on the Space Shuttle and International Space Station is manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Sundstrand" title="Hamilton Sundstrand">Hamilton Sundstrand</a>. It is mounted to the back of the <a href="/wiki/Hard_Upper_Torso" title="Hard Upper Torso">Hard Upper Torso</a> (HUT) assembly. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (O<sub>2</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> are drawn from the extremities of the suit by the liquid cooling and ventilation garment or <a href="/wiki/LCVG" class="mw-redirect" title="LCVG">LCVG</a>, which sends the gas to the PLSS. When gas enters the PLSS, <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated charcoal</a> removes odors and <a href="/wiki/Lithium_hydroxide" title="Lithium hydroxide">lithium hydroxide</a> (LiOH) removes carbon dioxide. Next, the gas passes through a fan which maintains a <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">flow rate</a> of about six cubic feet per minute. A sublimator then condenses water vapor, which is removed by a "slurper" and a rotary separator. The removed water is stored and used to supplement the water supply used in the LCVG. The sublimator also cools the remaining oxygen to about 55 °F (13 °C). A <a href="/wiki/Flow_measurement" title="Flow measurement">flow sensor</a> monitors the flow rate. </p><p>Extra oxygen is added to the flow from a storage tank as necessary, downstream of the flow sensor. The oxygen is then returned to the suit at the back of the head, where it flows down over the astronaut's face. By delivering oxygen to the helmet and drawing gas from the extremities, the suit is designed to ensure that the suit occupant breathes the freshest possible oxygen. </p><p>The operating pressure of the space suit is maintained at 4.3 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a> (30 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a>) (0.3 atm ~ one third of Earth <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>) during <a href="/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-vehicular activity">extravehicular operations</a>, and 0.7 psi (4.8 kPa) relative to external pressure while in intravehicular mode (<i>i.e.</i>, inside the pressurized spacecraft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developing_technologies">Developing technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_life_support_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Developing technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Technologies being considered for application in future PLSSs include <a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">pressure swing adsorption</a> (PSA), a process by which CO<sub>2</sub> can be separated from gas more efficiently, and through a repeatable process, as opposed to the current LiOH canisters, which become saturated with each use, and are limited to around eight hours.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By regenenerating the <a href="/wiki/Sorbent" title="Sorbent">sorbent</a> during EVA, the size and weight of the sorbent canister can be greatly reduced. PSA accomplishes this by venting CO<sub>2</sub> and water vapor into space.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_life_support_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioregenerative_life_support_system" title="Bioregenerative life support system">Bioregenerative life support system</a> – Artificial ecosystem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a> – Device which absorbs carbon dioxide from circulated gas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-Lunar" title="Cis-Lunar">Cis-Lunar</a> – Manufacturer of electronically controlled closed-circuit rebreathers for scuba diving</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_separation" title="Gas separation">Gas separation</a> – Techniques to provide multiple products or purify a product</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">Rebreather</a> – Portable apparatus to recycle breathing gas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spome" title="Spome">Spome</a> – Hypothetical matter-closed, energy-open life support system</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_life_support_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Eric M. (January 3, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/plss.html">"PLSS Technical Information"</a>. <i>Apollo Lunar Surface Journal</i>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apollo+Lunar+Surface+Journal&rft.atitle=PLSS+Technical+Information&rft.date=2006-01-03&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Eric+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Falsj%2Fplss.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+life+support+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/LM15_Portable_Life_Support_System_ppP1-5.pdf">"Primary Life Support Subsystem"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nasa.gov</i>. Hamilton Sundstrand<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Bantam Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wereachmoon0000unse/page/221">221</a>–222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Reach+the+Moon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=221-222&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1969-07&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=John+Noble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwereachmoon0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+life+support+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlptekin2005" class="citation web cs1">Alptekin, Gokhan (2005-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/SBIR/abstracts/04/sbir/phase2/SBIR-04-2-X3.01-8100.html">"An Advanced Rapid Cycling CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O Control System for PLSS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_suits" title="Template:Space suits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_suits" title="Template talk:Space suits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_suits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space suits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_suits38" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USSR / Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SK-1_spacesuit" title="SK-1 spacesuit">SK-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkut_spacesuit" title="Berkut spacesuit">Berkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yastreb" title="Yastreb">Yastreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krechet-94" title="Krechet-94">Krechet-94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strizh" class="mw-redirect" title="Strizh">Strizh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_space_suit" title="Sokol space suit">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlan_space_suit" title="Orlan space suit">Orlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Mark_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Mark IV">Navy Mark IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_space_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini space suit">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_spacesuit" title="Apollo/Skylab spacesuit">Apollo/Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit" title="Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit">Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Entry_Suit" title="Launch Entry Suit">Launch Entry Suit (LES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Crew_Escape_Suit" title="Advanced Crew Escape Suit">Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit#SpaceX_suit_("Starman_suit")" title="Space suit">SpaceX suit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shenzhou IVA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlan_space_suit" title="Orlan space suit">Haiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feitian_space_suit" title="Feitian space suit">Feitian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_Space_Suit" title="Constellation Space Suit">Constellation Space Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_III_(space_suit)" title="Mark III (space suit)">Mark III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Suit" title="I-Suit">I-Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_activity_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Space activity suit">Space activity suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratonautical_space_suit" title="Stratonautical space suit">Stratonautical space suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_series_space_suits" title="Z series space suits">Z series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_Upper_Torso" title="Hard Upper Torso">Hard Upper Torso (HUT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Cooling_and_Ventilation_Garment" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment">Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment (LCVG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_Absorbency_Garment" title="Maximum Absorbency Garment">Maximum Absorbency Garment (MAG)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Primary Life Support System (PLSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoopy_cap" title="Snoopy cap">Snoopy cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_Micrometeoroid_Garment" title="Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment">Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG / ITMG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity (EVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_propulsion_unit" title="Astronaut propulsion unit">Astronaut propulsion unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_suit" title="Environmental suit">Environmental suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_suit" title="Pressure suit">Pressure suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuitSat" title="SuitSat">SuitSat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apollo_program_hardware308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apollo_program_hardware" title="Template:Apollo program hardware"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apollo_program_hardware" title="Template talk:Apollo program hardware"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo_program_hardware" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo program hardware"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apollo_program_hardware308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program hardware</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicle<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1" title="Rocketdyne F-1">F-1 engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2" title="Rocketdyne J-2">J-2 engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_instrument_unit" title="Saturn V instrument unit">Instrument unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Vehicle_Digital_Computer" title="Launch Vehicle Digital Computer">Launch Vehicle Digital Computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo command module">Apollo command module</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Columbia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_service_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo service module">Apollo service module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Abort_Guidance_System" title="Apollo Abort Guidance System">Apollo Abort Guidance System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Docking_Mechanism" title="Apollo Docking Mechanism">Apollo Docking Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">Apollo Guidance Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALSE" title="ALSE">Lunar Sounder Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_PGNCS" title="Apollo PGNCS">Primary guidance, navigation, and control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">Apollo Telescope Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_TV_camera" title="Apollo TV camera">Apollo TV camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_propulsion_system" title="Descent propulsion system">Descent propulsion system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascent_propulsion_system" title="Ascent propulsion system">Ascent propulsion system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_antenna" title="Scimitar antenna">Scimitar antenna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space suits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_spacesuit" title="Apollo/Skylab spacesuit">Apollo/Skylab A7L</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_Micrometeoroid_Garment" title="Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment">Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lunar surface<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portable Life Support System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Laser Ranging experiment">Lunar Laser Ranging experiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_retroreflectors_on_the_Moon" title="List of retroreflectors on the Moon">list of retroreflectors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Wind_Composition_Experiment" title="Solar Wind Composition Experiment">Solar Wind Composition Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Seismic_Experiment" title="Active Seismic Experiment">Active Seismic Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12_Passive_Seismic_Experiment" title="Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment">Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14_Passive_Seismic_Experiment" title="Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment">Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charged_Particle_Lunar_Environment_Experiment" title="Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment">Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Ejecta_and_Meteorites_(experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites (experiment)">Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Wind_Spectrometer" title="Solar Wind Spectrometer">Solar Wind Spectrometer Experiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Equipment_Transporter" title="Modular Equipment Transporter">Modular Equipment Transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Seismic_Profiling_Experiment" title="Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment">Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Surface_Gravimeter" title="Lunar Surface Gravimeter">Lunar Surface Gravimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Surface_Magnetometer" title="Lunar Surface Magnetometer">Lunar Surface Magnetometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Traverse_Gravimeter" title="Lunar Traverse Gravimeter">Lunar Traverse Gravimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Cathode_Gauge_Experiment" title="Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment">Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_Flow_Experiment" title="Heat Flow Experiment">Heat Flow Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprathermal_Ion_Detector_Experiment" title="Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment">Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_launcher_platform#Saturn_V_and_Space_Shuttle" title="Mobile launcher platform">Mobile Launcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_launch_umbilical_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo launch umbilical tower">Launch Umbilical Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle" title="Lunar Landing Research Vehicle">Lunar Landing Research Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_quarantine_facility" title="Mobile quarantine facility">Mobile quarantine facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly" title="Lunar Flag Assembly">Lunar Flag Assembly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_escape_systems" title="Lunar escape systems">Lunar escape systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_Docking_Simulator" title="Rendezvous Docking Simulator">Rendezvous Docking Simulator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moon_Museum" title="Moon Museum">Moon Museum</a></i></li></ul> 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