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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargames</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kriegsspiel_1824.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kriegsspiel_1824.jpg/200px-Kriegsspiel_1824.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kriegsspiel_1824.jpg/300px-Kriegsspiel_1824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kriegsspiel_1824.jpg/400px-Kriegsspiel_1824.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Wargame#Medium" title="Wargame">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_wargaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Military wargaming">Military wargaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_wargaming" title="Recreational wargaming">Recreational wargaming</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Level of War</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy_wargame" title="Grand strategy wargame">Grand strategy wargame</a></li> <li><i>Strategic wargame</i></li> <li><i>Operational wargame</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_wargame" title="Tactical wargame">Tactical wargame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-to-man_wargame" title="Man-to-man wargame">Skirmish</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Genres</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_wargaming" title="Air wargaming">Air wargaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_wargame" title="Board wargame">Board wargames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_wargame" title="Computer wargame">Computer wargames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_wargaming" title="Miniature wargaming">Miniature wargaming</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naval wargaming</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Wargame#Notable_people" title="Wargame">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <dl><dt>19th century pioneers</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Ludwig_Hellwig" title="Johann Christian Ludwig Hellwig">Johann Hellwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Reisswitz" title="Georg von Reisswitz">Georg von Reisswitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Verdy_du_Vernois" title="Julius von Verdy du Vernois">Julius von Verdy du Vernois</a> (1832–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_T._Jane" title="Fred T. Jane">Fred T. Jane</a> (1865–1916)</li></ul> <dl><dt>20th century Pioneers</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> (1866–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Featherstone_(wargamer)" title="Donald Featherstone (wargamer)">Don Featherstone</a> (1918–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Bath" title="Tony Bath">Tony Bath</a> (1926–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Roberts" title="Charles S. Roberts">Charles S. Roberts</a> (1930–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_B._Calhamer" title="Allan B. Calhamer">Allan B. Calhamer</a> (1931–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Barker" title="Phil Barker">Phil Barker</a> (born 1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gygax" title="Gary Gygax">Gary Gygax</a> (1938–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redmond_A._Simonsen" title="Redmond A. Simonsen">Redmond Simonsen</a> (1942–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Dunnigan" title="Jim Dunnigan">Jim Dunnigan</a> (born 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Berg" title="Richard Berg">Richard Berg</a> (1943-2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hill_(game_designer)" title="John Hill (game designer)">John Hill</a> (1945–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Dalgliesh" title="Tom Dalgliesh">Tom Dalgliesh</a> (born 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Craig_Taylor" title="S. Craig Taylor">S. Craig Taylor</a> (1946–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Griffith" title="Paddy Griffith">Paddy Griffith</a> (1947–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Harris_(game_designer)" title="Larry Harris (game designer)">Larry Harris, Jr.</a> (born 1948)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_%26_Crusade_Society" title="Castle & Crusade Society">Castle & Crusade Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Manufacturers_Association" title="Game Manufacturers Association">Game Manufacturers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Wargaming" title="International Federation of Wargaming">International Federation of Wargaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Wargames_Federation" title="International Wargames Federation">International Wargames Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Reb_Gaming_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johnny Reb Gaming Society (page does not exist)">Johnny Reb Gaming Society</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_Wargames_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naval Wargames Society (page does not exist)">Naval Wargames Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Twentieth_Century_Wargamers" title="Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers">Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Events</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Roberts_Award" title="Charles S. Roberts Award">Charles S. Roberts Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen_Con" title="Gen Con">Gen Con</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_Game_Fair" title="Origins Game Fair">Origins Game Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Boardgaming_Championships" title="World Boardgaming Championships">World Boardgaming Championships</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_board_wargames" title="List of board wargames">List of board wargames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_miniature_wargames" title="List of miniature wargames">List of miniature wargames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wargame_publishers" title="List of wargame publishers">List of wargame publishers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wargaming" title="Template:Wargaming"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wargaming" title="Template talk:Wargaming"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wargaming" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wargaming"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Naval wargaming</b> is a branch of the wider hobby of <a href="/wiki/Miniature_wargaming" title="Miniature wargaming">miniature wargaming</a>. Generally less popular than wargames set on land, naval wargaming nevertheless enjoys a degree of support around the world. Both historical and fantasy rulesets are available. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Model_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Model ships">Model ships</a> have long been used for <a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">wargaming</a>, but it was the introduction of elaborate rules in the early 20th century that made the hobby more popular. Small miniature ships, often in 1:1200 scale and <a href="/wiki/1:1250_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="1:1250 scale">1:1250 scale</a>, were manoeuvred on large playing surfaces to recreate historical battles. These models were basic representations of ship types, with enough detail to make them recognisable. Firms such as <a href="/wiki/Bassett-Lowke" title="Bassett-Lowke">Bassett-Lowke</a> marketed these to the public in England,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with more detailed versions that appealed to collectors. Prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> company <a href="/wiki/Wiking_Modellbau" title="Wiking Modellbau">Wiking</a> became a leader in the field,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the war ended its dominance. </p><p>After World War II, several manufacturers started business in Germany, which remains a major centre of production to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other companies started in Britain and the United States as well, first centering on the wargamer, but as time went by and models became both more detailed and costly, marketing to the collector. There has also been a diversification in scales. Plastic kits in 1/600 and 1/700 became widely available. In the UK Skytrex and Navwar pioneered the "micro scale" with extensive ranges of ships from pre-dreadnought ironclads to modern vessels in 1/3000. In the US CinC and GHQ followed with slightly larger and more detailed models in 1/2400. In recent years Hallmark have moved the scale down to 1/6000. </p><p>A separate branch of <a href="/wiki/Model_warship_combat" title="Model warship combat">naval wargaming</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">radio control</a> ships capable of firing <a href="/wiki/BB_gun" title="BB gun">BB</a> ammo from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> powered cannons, with the aim of sinking opposing ships, whose <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hulls</a> are made of thin <a href="/wiki/Balsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Balsa">balsa wood</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_wargaming&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rules">Rules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_wargaming&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Museum_Copenhagen_tiny_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Naval_Museum_Copenhagen_tiny_model.jpg/220px-Naval_Museum_Copenhagen_tiny_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Naval_Museum_Copenhagen_tiny_model.jpg/330px-Naval_Museum_Copenhagen_tiny_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Naval_Museum_Copenhagen_tiny_model.jpg/440px-Naval_Museum_Copenhagen_tiny_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>The origins of naval-themed board wargaming have obvious connections with the art of making <a href="/wiki/Model_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Model ships">model ships</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As with other arms of the wargaming hobby, rules can vary greatly in complexity. Commercially available historical rulesets cover practically every era of naval warfare from ancient and medieval ships through the fleets of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a>, the ironclad and battleship eras to the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>. Models of most common types of ships are available, but in many cases wargamers have to source their own models, either by conversion or scratch building, especially where more esoteric periods or scales are in use. </p><p>The ancient Romans staged what were probably the first naval "wargames", with mock sea battles acted out in Rome's <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>, specially flooded for the occasion. (These <i><a href="/wiki/Naumachia" title="Naumachia">Naumachiae</a></i> later provided the inspiration for the title of Rod Langton's ancient naval rules.) </p><p>Popular naval wargaming began with the inclusion of wargaming rules in early editions of <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Fighting_Ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's Fighting Ships">Jane's Fighting Ships</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fred_T._Jane" title="Fred T. Jane">Fred T. Jane</a>. Classifications of ships' armour and armament in Janes' were used directly within the rules. Incarnations of the rules are still in use today.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen_Con_Indy_2007_exhibit_hall_-_Pirates!_large_scale_models.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gen_Con_Indy_2007_exhibit_hall_-_Pirates%21_large_scale_models.JPG/220px-Gen_Con_Indy_2007_exhibit_hall_-_Pirates%21_large_scale_models.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gen_Con_Indy_2007_exhibit_hall_-_Pirates%21_large_scale_models.JPG/330px-Gen_Con_Indy_2007_exhibit_hall_-_Pirates%21_large_scale_models.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gen_Con_Indy_2007_exhibit_hall_-_Pirates%21_large_scale_models.JPG/440px-Gen_Con_Indy_2007_exhibit_hall_-_Pirates%21_large_scale_models.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Oversized model pirate ships for the <i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_Constructible_Strategy_Game" title="Pirates Constructible Strategy Game">Pirates Constructible Strategy Game</a></i>, at <a href="/wiki/Gen_Con" title="Gen Con">Gen Con</a> Indy in August 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>A later proponent of popular naval wargaming was American author <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Pratt" title="Fletcher Pratt">Fletcher Pratt</a>. As well as publishing his rules Pratt staged large public games in ballrooms and other large meeting rooms, the events being almost as much a social event as a wargaming meeting. As with Janes' rules various incarnations and revisions of the Fletcher Pratt rule system are still in use today.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a> rules for the 1972 <i><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Give_Up_the_Ship!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't Give Up the Ship!">Don't Give Up The Ship</a></i> call for pencil and paper, six-sided dice, rulers and protractors, and model ships, ideally of 1:1200 scale. Single ship engagements can be played on a tabletop, but fleet battles require more space. The rules are elaborate and cover morale, sinking, fires, broken masts, and boarding. Wind speed and direction are determined by a roll of the dice; a protractor is used to measure the angle between the wind and ship directions and hence determine ship speed. The protractor is also used to determine which cannon can fire on an enemy ship, as well as the damage caused and the chance of hitting at short range (4") and long range (16"). The conclusion of the rulebook provides the statistics necessary to re-enact historical encounters such as during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. The second edition added 4 pages of simplified rules for battles between fleets. </p><p>One of the most popular sets of rules available at present is <i><a href="/wiki/General_Quarters_(rules)" title="General Quarters (rules)">General Quarters</a></i>, written by Lonnie Gill. Quick and easy to play, they have established themselves over the years as one of the leading sets of World War I and II era rules.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Quarters 1 and 2 feature a slightly abstract combat system and ship definition system reminiscent of naval board wargames. However, this approach led to a fast-playing system that was the root of its popularity (probably coupled to an extensive array of supporting information and ship statistics). GQ1 and 2 have recently been replaced by a less abstract version, GQ3 which covers World War II; a World War I version entitled <i>Fleet Action Imminent</i> was released in January 2008. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dont_Give_Up_The_Ship_Cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Dont_Give_Up_The_Ship_Cover.jpg/128px-Dont_Give_Up_The_Ship_Cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Dont_Give_Up_The_Ship_Cover.jpg/192px-Dont_Give_Up_The_Ship_Cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Dont_Give_Up_The_Ship_Cover.jpg/256px-Dont_Give_Up_The_Ship_Cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>The 1975 naval wargame <i><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Give_Up_the_Ship!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't Give Up the Ship!">Don't Give Up The Ship</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Followers of naval wargaming tend to concentrate on historical settings. However, there is a smaller but nonetheless active arm of the hobby that covers fantasy and science fiction naval warfare. The now <a href="/wiki/Out-of-print" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-print">out-of-print</a> fantasy game <i><a href="/wiki/Man_O%27_War_(game)" title="Man O' War (game)">Man O' War</a></i>, set in the realm of <i><a href="/wiki/Warhammer_Fantasy_(setting)" title="Warhammer Fantasy (setting)">Warhammer Fantasy</a></i>, dealt with sea battles where each player typically controlled half a dozen to a dozen model ships. Each model had a corresponding template to record damage, crew levels, and outbreaks of fire, among other bookkeeping activities. In this regard, the game mechanics proved some limiting factors. Ships were split into three categories: <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship of the Line">Ships of the Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">Men O'War</a> and "Independents". The Bretonnian fleet was modelled on ships of the 17th century, while the Empire tended more towards the look of earlier time, with some ships that carried single large <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>. Dwarf ships were <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam powered</a> <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclads</a>, and they also had <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_military_ballooning" title="History of military ballooning">balloons</a>. High Elf ships were fast maneuverable sail powered ships, while Dark Elves mainly used great sea creatures as the basis for their "ships". </p><p>Land-based miniature wargames have also been adapted to naval wargaming. <i><a href="/wiki/All_at_Sea_(ruleset)" title="All at Sea (ruleset)">All at Sea</a></i>, for example, is an adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Strategy_Battle_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game">The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game</a></i> rules for naval conflicts. The game's mechanics centred on <a href="/wiki/Boarding_(attack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding (attack)">boarding parties</a>, with options for <a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">ramming actions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Light artillery">light artillery</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">ballistae</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the ship's scale ratio corresponds to the 25 mm scale miniatures used by The Lord of the Rings. Model ships are built by hobbyists, just as normal miniature terrain, such as "<a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">great ships</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Pelargir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelargir">Pelargir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">cogs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dol_Amroth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dol Amroth">Dol Amroth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Umbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsairs of Umbar">Corsairs of Umbar</a> <a href="/wiki/Galleys#The_Galleas_warship" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleys">galleys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere successful adaptations of the <i>DBA</i> and <i>Fire and Fury</i> land warfare rules have been made to ancient and Renaissance naval battles at the fleet action level (where naval battles shared many characteristics of their land based equivalents). </p><p>An unusual source of recent historical naval wargaming rules has been the adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> <a href="/wiki/Starship" title="Starship">starship</a> combat rules (the reverse is also true, as sci-fi tends to treat starships as being an evolution of "wet navy" shipping). An example of this approach to rule development is <i><a href="/wiki/Victory_at_Sea_(game)" title="Victory at Sea (game)">Victory at Sea</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Mongoose_Publishing" title="Mongoose Publishing">Mongoose Publishing</a>. This is a simple, "entry level" set of rules developed from Mongoose's <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_5:_A_Call_to_Arms_(game)" title="Babylon 5: A Call to Arms (game)">A Call to Arms</a></i> sci-fi rules. <i>Victory at Sea</i> has also spawned a number of period variants including Ironclad and Age of Sail, and a World War I variant set called "Age of dreadnoughts" has also been published.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere a variant of the <i><a href="/wiki/Full_Thrust" title="Full Thrust">Full Thrust</a></i> science fiction starship combat rules exists that covers age of sail battles. Another example, <i><a href="/wiki/Battlefleet_Gothic" title="Battlefleet Gothic">Battlefleet Gothic</a></i> (<i>BFG</i>), is based from the <i><a href="/wiki/Warhammer_40,000" title="Warhammer 40,000">Warhammer 40,000</a></i> land battle game, both developed by <a href="/wiki/Games_Workshop" title="Games Workshop">Games Workshop</a>. Every major army in <i><a href="/wiki/Warhammer_40,000" title="Warhammer 40,000">Warhammer 40,000</a></i> has its representative fleet in <i>BFG</i>, as it is known colloquially. </p><p>Classic space navy battle games such as <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Starship_Tactical_Combat_Simulator" title="Star Trek: Starship Tactical Combat Simulator">Star Trek: Starship Tactical Combat Simulator</a></i> corporation or <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars:_Star_Warriors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Star Wars: Star Warriors (page does not exist)">Star Wars: Star Warriors</a></i> have been heavily influenced by naval terminology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scales">Scales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_wargaming&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to land wargaming, naval wargaming almost exclusively uses ratios to express the scale of the models. Popular scales include: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinnschiffe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Zinnschiffe.jpg/220px-Zinnschiffe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Zinnschiffe.jpg/330px-Zinnschiffe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Zinnschiffe.jpg/440px-Zinnschiffe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1:1250_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="1:1250 scale">1:1250 scale</a> <a href="/wiki/Die-cast_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Die-cast model">die-cast models</a> of ships</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1:6000, 1:4800, 1:3000, 1:2400 - popular for use in games of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Dreadnought" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Dreadnought">pre-Dreadnought</a> era and later, although some notable ranges in earlier periods are available.</li> <li>1:1800 - A growing intermediate scale, made popular by games such as <a href="/wiki/Axis_and_Allies:_War_at_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis and Allies: War at Sea">Axis and Allies: War at Sea</a> that use a "trading card" format. While still less common than smaller and larger scales, the simpler dynamics of "casual" wargaming makes this an increasingly common introductory scale.</li> <li>1:1200, 1:1250 - the popular "collectors'" scale, with models from practically every era and nationality available.</li> <li>1:900 - an unusual scale, used for ancient naval games.</li> <li>1:600, 1:700 - generally used for coastal forces gaming set in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> or post war periods. Due to the availability of plastic kits in this scale, some naval wargamers use these scales to play "in the grand manner" for battleship encounters, often playing on areas measured in yards rather than feet. This is also an extremely popular scale for <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> riverine and other <a href="/wiki/Ironclad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironclad">ironclad</a> era actions.</li> <li>1:450 - another unusual scale, used for <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirate</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail_(computer_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Sail (computer game)">Age of Sail</a> actions (e.g. Peter Pig's "Pieces of Eight" range).</li> <li>1:400, 1:300, 1:285 - some coastal models are available in these scales. Often used for riverine actions involving close liaison with land forces in similar scales.</li> <li>10mm or 1:160 - a newer scale for "collectible" American Civil War naval gaming. Often used for actions involving close liaison with land forces in 10 mm.</li></ul> <p>Notable exceptions to the "ratio" rule are the use of 15 mm to 25 mm games that emphasise boarding actions, and thus make use of figure ranges in those scales. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_control_combat">Radio control combat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_wargaming&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Radio control combat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Model_warship_combat" title="Model warship combat">Model warship combat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leeinwater.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Leeinwater.JPG/220px-Leeinwater.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Leeinwater.JPG/330px-Leeinwater.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Leeinwater.JPG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Large scale model warships in San Diego</figcaption></figure> <p>Rather than simply acting out battles through the use of representative static models, in <a href="/wiki/Model_warship_combat" title="Model warship combat">model warship combat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">radio control</a> ships (usually used in ponds) are constructed and outfitted with <a href="/wiki/BB_gun" title="BB gun">BB cannons</a> capable of damaging and sinking other vessels. The ships are designed to be realistically sunk, and all clubs have very stringent rules requiring ships not to be built with hulls stronger than is appropriate, typically specifying a thickness of the <a href="/wiki/Balsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Balsa">balsa wood</a> <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hulls</a> as well as a test of penetrability. To reduce the chance of spectator injuries, and to prevent a vessel from having an unfair advantage, the propellant gas used in the cannons is limited in pressure, and may be tested by the judges, again disqualifying a ship if it is too high. </p><p>For historic copies any ship traveling faster than the appropriate scale speed may be disqualified or ordered to maintain a slower speed. An inappropriately high top speed gives a ship an unfair advantage, and is frowned upon by other members. 1/144 scale is the most common scale, although others do exist. </p><p>Some events try to recreate historic events, while others create original scenarios, such as all-out war, a subset of ships defending a <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> against an attacking enemy, protection of a group of unarmed <a href="/wiki/Merchant_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant vessel">merchant vessels</a>, or any other scenario the club members decide would be fun. Even in recreations of historic battles, the sequence of events and outcome of the engagements are decided by the actions and luck of the operators, and often do not have much resemblance of the historical events. </p><p>Depending on the rules, a ship may be allowed to <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrender (military)">surrender</a> and receive safe passage back to shore where it is removed from play, or other ships may fire on it until it sinks. Ships are designed to tolerate sinking such that a sunken ship need only be retrieved after the battle is over, minor repairs executed, fresh batteries installed, and returned to the water for the next round. Many ships also contain <a href="/wiki/Bilge_pump" title="Bilge pump">bilge pumps</a>, of a maximum capacity specified by the rules of a specific club for the type of ship, to allow them to sustain minor damage without immediately sinking. </p><p>In some formats, events are scored by the final results, such as which side has more remaining ships (or survives longest) in a two team game, while others are scored on a point systems, with hits and sinkings assigned differing point values. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_wargaming&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_miniature_wargames" title="List of miniature wargames">List of miniature wargames</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_wargaming&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Head, Derek. <i>Bassett-Lowke Waterline Ship Models</i> London 1996 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872727-72-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-872727-72-7">1-872727-72-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schönfeld, Peter <i>Wiking-Modelle Die Schiffe und Flugseuge</i> Hamburg 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7822-0731-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-7822-0731-9">3-7822-0731-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steelnavy.com/1250hist.htm#A%20BRIEF%20HISTORY%20OF%20THE%20HOBBY">Jacobs, Paul 1250 History on the steelnavy.com website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Fred Jane rules have been reprinted at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wargaming.co">http://www.wargaming.co</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pratt rules are available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wargaming.co">http://www.wargaming.co</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey of naval Wargames Rules, NWS journal "Battlefleet" 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Davis" class="citation web cs1">Nick Davis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009185152/http://www.alt-world.com/alt-world/LOTR/undersail.htm">"All At Sea Part One"</a>. <i>Ruleset</i>. White Dwarf. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alt-world.com/alt-world/LOTR/undersail.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ruleset&rft.atitle=All+At+Sea+Part+One&rft.au=Nick+Davis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alt-world.com%2Falt-world%2FLOTR%2Fundersail.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+wargaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313074610/http://www.freewebs.com/portsofpelargir/">"The Ports of Pelargir"</a>. <i>Website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freewebs.com/portsofpelargir">the original</a> on 2007-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Website&rft.atitle=The+Ports+of+Pelargir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freewebs.com%2Fportsofpelargir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+wargaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120630225042/http://www.btinternet.com/~david.manley/naval/VAS/VAS.html">Victory at Sea</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_wargaming&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Give_Up_the_Ship!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't Give Up the Ship!">Don't Give Up the Ship!</a></i>, 1st Edition, 1972, <a href="/wiki/Guidon_Games" title="Guidon Games">Guidon Games</a>, 50 pages, blue & black cover</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Give_Up_the_Ship!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't Give Up the Ship!">Don't Give Up the Ship!</a></i>, 2nd Edition, 1975, <a href="/wiki/TSR,_Inc." title="TSR, Inc.">TSR, Inc.</a>, 58 pages, blue, white & black cover</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Dwarf_(magazine)" title="White Dwarf (magazine)">White Dwarf</a></i> 295 (U.S. ed.)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wargames" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wargames" title="Template:Wargames"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wargames" title="Template talk:Wargames"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wargames" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wargames"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wargames" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargames</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional<br /> wargaming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Professional wargaming</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kriegsspiel" title="Kriegsspiel">Kriegsspiel</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Approaches_Tactical_Unit" title="Western Approaches Tactical Unit">Western Approaches Tactical Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_war_games" title="Sigma war games">Sigma war games</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kriegsspiel_1824.jpg/150px-Kriegsspiel_1824.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kriegsspiel_1824.jpg/225px-Kriegsspiel_1824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kriegsspiel_1824.jpg/300px-Kriegsspiel_1824.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational<br /> wargaming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_wargaming" title="Recreational wargaming">Recreational wargaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_wargaming" title="Miniature wargaming">Miniature wargaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_wargame" title="Board wargame">Board wargame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_wargame" title="Computer wargame">Computer wargame</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naval wargaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th<br /> century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Ludwig_Hellwig" title="Johann Christian Ludwig Hellwig">Johann Hellwig</a> (1743–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Reisswitz" title="Georg von Reisswitz">Georg von Reisswitz</a> (1794–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Verdy_du_Vernois" title="Julius von Verdy du Vernois">Julius von Verdy du Vernois</a> (1832–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCarty_Little" title="William McCarty Little">William McCarty Little</a> (1845–1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br /> century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> (1866–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Scruby" title="Jack Scruby">Jack Scruby</a> (1916–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Featherstone_(wargamer)" title="Donald Featherstone (wargamer)">Don Featherstone</a> (1918–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Bath" title="Tony Bath">Tony Bath</a> (1926–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Roberts" title="Charles S. Roberts">Charles S. Roberts</a> (1930–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_B._Calhamer" title="Allan B. Calhamer">Allan B. Calhamer</a> (1931–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Barker" title="Phil Barker">Phil Barker</a> (born 1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gygax" title="Gary Gygax">Gary Gygax</a> (1938–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redmond_A._Simonsen" title="Redmond A. Simonsen">Redmond Simonsen</a> (1942–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Dunnigan" title="Jim Dunnigan">Jim Dunnigan</a> (born 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Berg" title="Richard Berg">Richard Berg</a> (1943–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hill_(game_designer)" title="John Hill (game designer)">John Hill</a> (1945–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Dalgliesh" title="Tom Dalgliesh">Tom Dalgliesh</a> (born 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Craig_Taylor" title="S. Craig Taylor">S. Craig Taylor</a> (1946–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Griffith" title="Paddy Griffith">Paddy Griffith</a> (1947–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Miller_(game_designer)" title="Marc Miller (game designer)">Marc W. Miller</a> (born 1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Harris_(game_designer)" title="Larry Harris (game designer)">Larry Harris, Jr.</a> (born 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Greenwood_(game_designer)" title="Don Greenwood (game designer)">Don Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chadwick" title="Frank Chadwick">Frank Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_V._Cole" title="Stephen V. Cole">Stephen V. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Costikyan" title="Greg Costikyan">Greg Costikyan</a> (born 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Roberts_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Gilbert Roberts (Royal Navy officer)">Gilbert Roberts</a> (1900–1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br /> century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Besinque" title="Craig Besinque">Craig Besinque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty_Bomba" title="Ty Bomba">Ty Bomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Borg" title="Richard Borg">Richard Borg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Day" title="James M. Day">James M. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_McVey" title="Mike McVey">Mike McVey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Miranda_(game_designer)" title="Joseph Miranda (game designer)">Joseph Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Priestley" title="Rick Priestley">Rick Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Chambers" title="Andy Chambers">Andy Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Simonitch" title="Mark Simonitch">Mark Simonitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Taylor" title="Jerry Taylor">Jerry Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Verssen" title="Dan Verssen">Dan Verssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Wallace_(game_designer)" title="Martin Wallace (game designer)">Martin Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Ward_(game_designer)" title="Matt Ward (game designer)">Matt Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_%26_Crusade_Society" title="Castle & Crusade Society">Castle & Crusade Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Manufacturers_Association" title="Game Manufacturers Association">Game Manufacturers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Wargaming" title="International Federation of Wargaming">International Federation of Wargaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Wargames_Federation" title="International Wargames Federation">International Wargames Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Twentieth_Century_Wargamers" title="Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers">Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Roberts_Award" title="Charles S. Roberts Award">Charles S. Roberts Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen_Con" title="Gen Con">Gen Con</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_Game_Fair" title="Origins Game Fair">Origins Game Fair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins Award">Origins Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Boardgaming_Championships" title="World Boardgaming Championships">World Boardgaming Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_wargaming&oldid=1216043221">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_wargaming&oldid=1216043221</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Miniature_wargames" title="Category:Miniature wargames">Miniature wargames</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_games" title="Category:Naval games">Naval games</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_references_cleanup_from_December_2014" title="Category:Wikipedia references cleanup from December 2014">Wikipedia references cleanup from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_references_cleanup" title="Category:All articles needing references cleanup">All articles needing references cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_December_2014" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2014">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 March 2024, at 18:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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