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ion</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: ferrate (VI) ion"> <meta name="keywords" content="ferrate (VI) ion"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="ferrate (VI) ion"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 6</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: ferrate (VI) ion</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Depression of Copper-Activated Pyrite by Potassium Ferrate in Copper Ore Flotation Using High Salinity Process Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yufan%20Mu">Yufan Mu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> High salinity process water (HSPW) is often applied in copper ore flotation to alleviate freshwater shortage; however, it is detrimental to copper flotation as it strongly enhances copper activation of pyrite. In this study, the depression effect of a strong oxidiser, potassium ferrate (𝐾₂𝐹₄), on the flotation of copper-activated pyrite was tested to realise the selective separation of pyrite from copper minerals (e.g., chalcopyrite) in flotation using HSPW. The flotation results show that when (𝐾₂𝐹₄) was added in the flotation cell during conditioning, (𝐾₂𝐹₄) could selectively depress copper-activated pyrite while improving chalcopyrite flotation. The depression mechanism of (𝐾₂𝐹₄) on pyrite was ascribed to the significant increase in the pulp potential (Eₕ), dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and the amount of ferric oxyhydroxides as a result of ferrate decomposition. In the flotation cell, the high Eh and DO concentration promoted the oxidation of low valency metal species (𝐶⁺𝐹e²⁺) released from mineral surfaces and forged steel grinding media, and the resultant high valency metal oxyhydroxides 𝐶u(𝑂H)₂⁄Fe(OH)₃ together with the ferric oxyhydroxides from ferrate decomposition preferentially precipitated on pyrite surface due to its more cathodic nature compared with chalcopyrite, which increased pyrite surface hydrophilicity and reduced its floatability. This study reveals that (𝐾₂𝐹₄) is a highly efficient depressant for pyrite when separating copper minerals from pyrite in flotation using HSPW if dosed properly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20flotation" title="copper flotation">copper flotation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrite%20depression" title=" pyrite depression"> pyrite depression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper-activated%20pyrite" title=" copper-activated pyrite"> copper-activated pyrite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potassium%20ferrate" title=" potassium ferrate"> potassium ferrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20salinity%20process%20water" title=" high salinity process water"> high salinity process water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165931/depression-of-copper-activated-pyrite-by-potassium-ferrate-in-copper-ore-flotation-using-high-salinity-process-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165931.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">72</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Evaluation of Produced Water Treatment Using Advanced Oxidation Processes and Sodium Ferrate(VI)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erica%20T.%20R.%20Mendon%C3%A7a">Erica T. R. Mendonça</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Caroline%20M.%20B.%20de%20Araujo"> Caroline M. B. de Araujo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Filho"> Filho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osvaldo%20Chiavone"> Osvaldo Chiavone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sobrinho"> Sobrinho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maur%C3%ADcio%20A.%20da%20Motta"> Maurício A. da Motta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oil and gas exploration is an essential activity for modern society, although the supply of its global demand has caused enough damage to the environment, mainly due to produced water generation, which is an effluent associated with the oil and gas produced during oil extraction. It is the aim of this study to evaluate the treatment of produced water, in order to reduce its oils and greases content (OG), by using flotation as a pre-treatment, combined with oxidation for the remaining organic load degradation. Thus, there has been tested Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) using both Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions, as well as a chemical oxidation treatment using sodium ferrate(VI), Na<sub>2</sub>[FeO<sub>4</sub>], as a strong oxidant. All the studies were carried out using real samples of produced water from petroleum industry. The oxidation process using ferrate(VI) ion was studied based on factorial experimental designs. The factorial design was used in order to study how the variables pH, temperature and concentration of Na<sub>2</sub>[FeO<sub>4</sub>] influences the O&G levels. For the treatment using ferrate(VI) ion, the results showed that the best operating point is obtained when the temperature is 28 °C, pH 3, and a 2000 mg.L<sup>-1</sup> solution of Na<sub>2</sub>[FeO<sub>4</sub>] is used. This experiment has achieved a final O&G level of 4.7 mg.L<sup>-1</sup>, which means 94% percentage removal efficiency of oils and greases. Comparing Fenton and photo-Fenton processes, it was observed that the Fenton reaction did not provide good reduction of O&G (around 20% only). On the other hand, a degradation of approximately 80.5% of oil and grease was obtained after a period of seven hours of treatment using photo-Fenton process, which indicates that the best process combination has occurred between the flotation and the photo-Fenton reaction using solar radiation, with an overall removal efficiency of O&G of approximately 89%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advanced%20oxidation%20process" title="advanced oxidation process">advanced oxidation process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferrate%20%28VI%29%20ion" title=" ferrate (VI) ion"> ferrate (VI) ion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oils%20and%20greases%20removal" title=" oils and greases removal"> oils and greases removal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=produced%20water%20treatment" title=" produced water treatment"> produced water treatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60316/evaluation-of-produced-water-treatment-using-advanced-oxidation-processes-and-sodium-ferratevi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60316.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">319</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> The Effectiveness of Pretreatment Methods on COD and Ammonia Removal from Landfill Leachate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Poveda">M. Poveda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Lozecznik"> S. Lozecznik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Oleszkiewicz"> J. Oleszkiewicz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Q.%20Yuan"> Q. Yuan </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The goal of this experiment is to evaluate the effectiveness of different leachate pre-treatment options in terms of COD and ammonia removal. This research focused on the evaluation of physical-chemical methods for pre-treatment of leachate that would be effective and rapid in order to satisfy the requirements of the sewer discharge by-laws. The four pre-treatment options evaluated were: air stripping, chemical coagulation, electro-coagulation and advanced oxidation with sodium ferrate. Chemical coagulation reported the best COD removal rate at 43%, compared to 18 % for both air stripping and electro-coagulation, and 20 % for oxidation with sodium ferrate. On the other hand, air stripping was far superior to the other treatment options in terms of ammonia removal with 86 %. Oxidation with sodium ferrate reached only 16 %, while chemical coagulation and electro-coagulation removed less than 10 %. When combined, air stripping and chemical coagulation removed up to 50 % COD and 85 % ammonia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leachate%20pretreatment" title="leachate pretreatment">leachate pretreatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20stripping" title=" air stripping"> air stripping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20coagulation" title=" chemical coagulation"> chemical coagulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electro-coagulation" title=" electro-coagulation"> electro-coagulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidation" title=" oxidation"> oxidation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28457/the-effectiveness-of-pretreatment-methods-on-cod-and-ammonia-removal-from-landfill-leachate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28457.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">843</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Decolorization and Degradation of Ponceau Red P4R in Aqueous Solution by Ferrate (Vi)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaimaan%20Benhsinat">Chaimaan Benhsinat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amal%20Tazi"> Amal Tazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Azzi"> Mohammed Azzi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Synthetic azo-dyes are widely used in food industry, they product intense coloration, high toxicity and mutagenicity for wastewater; Causing serious damage to aquatic biota and risk factors for humans. The treatment of these effluents remains a major challenge especially for third world countries that have not yet all possibilities to integrate the concept of sustainable development. These aqueous effluents require specific treatment to preserve natural environments. For these reasons and in order to contribute to the fight against this danger, we were interested in this study to the degradation of the dye Ponceau Red E124 'C20H11N2Na3O10S3' 'used in a food industry Casablanca-Morocco, by the super iron ferrate (VI) K3FexMnyO8; Synthesized in our laboratory and known for its high oxidizing and flocculants. The degradation of Ponceau red is evaluated with the objectives of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and discoloration reductions. The results are very satisfying. In fact, we achieved 90% reduction of COD and 99% of discoloration. The recovered floc are subject to various techniques for spectroscopic analysis (UV-visible and IR) to identify by-products formed after the degradation. Moreover, the results will then be compared with those obtained by the application of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4, 7H2O) used by the food industry for the degradation of P4R. The results will be later compared with those obtained by the application of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4, 7H2O) used by the food industry, in the degradation of the P4R. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COD%20removal" title="COD removal">COD removal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=color%20removal" title=" color removal"> color removal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dye%20ponceau%204R" title=" dye ponceau 4R"> dye ponceau 4R</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxydation%20by%20ferrate%20%28VI%29" title=" oxydation by ferrate (VI)"> oxydation by ferrate (VI)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34531/decolorization-and-degradation-of-ponceau-red-p4r-in-aqueous-solution-by-ferrate-vi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34531.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Influence of CA, SR and BA Substitution on lafeo3Performances During Chemical Looping Processes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rong%20Sun">Rong Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laihong%20Shen"> Laihong Shen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> La-based perovskite oxygen carriers, especially the doped-La(M)FeO₃, showed excellent performances during chemical looping processes. However, the mechanisms of the undoped and doped La(M)FeO₃ are not clear at present, making the mechanisms clear may help the development of chemical looping technologies. In this paper, the method based on the density function theory (DFT) was used to analysis the influence of Ca, Sr, and Ba doping of La on the electronic structure, while the CO oxidation mechanisms on the surface of LaFeO₃ and Ca-doped LaFeO₃ oxygen carriers were also analyzed. The results showed that the band gap was decreased by the doping of low valence. While the doping of low valence element Ca, Sr, and Ba at La site simultaneously resulted to the moving of the valence band toward high energy and made the valence band cross the Fermi energy level. This was resulted from the holes generated by divalent ion substitution. The holes can change the total magnetization from antiferromagnet to weakly ferromagnetism. The calculation results about the formation of oxygen vacancy showed that substitutions of Ca, Sr, and Ba caused a large drop in oxygen vacancy formation energy, indicating that the bulk oxygen transport was improved. Based on the optimized bulk of the undoped and Ca-doped LaFeO₃(010) surface, the CO adsorption was analyzed. The results indicated that the adsorption energy increased by divalent ion substitution, meaning that the adsorption stability decreased. The results can provide a certain theoretical basis for the development of perovskite oxides in chemical looping technologies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20looping%20technologies" title="chemical looping technologies">chemical looping technologies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lanthanum%20ferrate%20%28LaFeO%E2%82%83%29" title=" lanthanum ferrate (LaFeO₃)"> lanthanum ferrate (LaFeO₃)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=divalent%20ion%20substitution" title=" divalent ion substitution"> divalent ion substitution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO%20oxidation" title=" CO oxidation"> CO oxidation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149451/influence-of-ca-sr-and-ba-substitution-on-lafeo3performances-during-chemical-looping-processes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149451.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Study of the Hydrodynamic of Electrochemical Ion Pumping for Lithium Recovery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Sofia%20Palagonia">Maria Sofia Palagonia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Doriano%20Brogioli"> Doriano Brogioli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fabio%20La%20Mantia"> Fabio La Mantia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the last decade, lithium has become an important raw material in various sectors, in particular for rechargeable batteries. Its production is expected to grow more and more in the future, especially for mobile energy storage and electromobility. Until now it is mostly produced by the evaporation of water from salt lakes, which led to a huge water consumption, a large amount of waste produced and a strong environmental impact. A new, clean and faster electrochemical technique to recover lithium has been recently proposed: electrochemical ion pumping. It consists in capturing lithium ions from a feed solution by intercalation in a lithium-selective material, followed by releasing them into a recovery solution; both steps are driven by the passage of a current. In this work, a new configuration of the electrochemical cell is presented, used to study and optimize the process of the intercalation of lithium ions through the hydrodynamic condition. Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄) was used as a cathode to intercalate lithium ions selectively during the reduction, while Nickel Hexacyano Ferrate (NiHCF), used as an anode, releases positive ion. The effect of hydrodynamics on the process has been studied by conducting the experiments at various fluxes of the electrolyte through the electrodes, in terms of charge circulated through the cell, captured lithium per unit mass of material and overvoltage. The result shows that flowing the electrolyte inside the cell improves the lithium capture, in particular at low lithium concentration. Indeed, in Atacama feed solution, at 40 mM of lithium, the amount of lithium captured does not increase considerably with the flux of the electrolyte. Instead, when the concentration of the lithium ions is 5 mM, the amount of captured lithium in a single capture cycle increases by increasing the flux, thus leading to the conclusion that the slowest step in the process is the transport of the lithium ion in the liquid phase. Furthermore, an influence of the concentration of other cations in solution on the process performance was observed. In particular, the capturing of the lithium using a different concentration of NaCl together with 5 mM of LiCl was performed, and the results show that the presence of NaCl limits the amount of the captured lithium. Further studies can be performed in order to understand why the full capacity of the material is not reached at the highest flow rate. This is probably due to the porous structure of the material since the liquid phase is likely not affected by the convection flow inside the pores. This work proves that electrochemical ion pumping, with a suitable hydrodynamic design, enables the recovery of lithium from feed solutions at the lower concentration than the sources that are currently exploited, down to 1 mM. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desalination%20battery" title="desalination battery">desalination battery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20ion%20pumping" title=" electrochemical ion pumping"> electrochemical ion pumping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrodynamic" title=" hydrodynamic"> hydrodynamic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lithium" title=" lithium"> lithium</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67174/study-of-the-hydrodynamic-of-electrochemical-ion-pumping-for-lithium-recovery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67174.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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