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0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <p>A <b>by-election</b>, also known as a <b>special election</b> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, or a <b>bypoll</b> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, is an election used to fill an office that has become vacant between <a href="/wiki/General_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="General elections">general elections</a>. </p><p>A vacancy may arise as a result of an incumbent dying or resigning, or when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (because of a <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall</a>, a prohibited <a href="/wiki/Dual_mandate" title="Dual mandate">dual mandate</a>, criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance), or when an election is invalidated by voting irregularities. In some cases a vacancy may be filled by a method other than a by-election (such as the outgoing member's party nominating a replacement) or the office may be left vacant. These elections can be held anytime in the country. </p><p>An election to fill a vacancy created when a general election cannot take place in a particular constituency (such as if a candidate dies shortly before election day) may be called a by-election in some jurisdictions, or may have a distinct name (<i>e.g.</i>, <b>supplementary election</b>, as in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_federal_by-elections" title="List of Australian federal by-elections">Australia</a>). </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#In_single-member_constituencies"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In single-member constituencies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#In_multi-member_constituencies"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">In multi-member constituencies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#In_mixed_systems"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">In mixed systems</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Significance_and_consequences"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Significance and consequences</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Direct_effects"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Direct effects</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Predictive_value"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Predictive value</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Indirect_impact"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Indirect impact</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Upsets"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Upsets</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Hong_Kong"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Hong Kong</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Singapore"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Singapore</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Ireland"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Ireland</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.6</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.7</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The procedure for filling a vacant seat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons of England</a> was developed during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation_Parliament" title="English Reformation Parliament">Reformation Parliament</a> of the 16th century by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a>; previously a seat had remained empty upon the death of a member. Cromwell devised a new election that would be called by the king at a time of the king's choosing. This made it a simple matter to ensure the seat rewarded an ally of the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the eighteen-year <a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">Cavalier Parliament</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, which lasted from 1661 to 1679, by-elections were the primary means by which new members entered the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_single-member_constituencies">In single-member constituencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In single-member constituencies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Brentford_Election_(BM_Y,4.574).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Brentford_Election_%28BM_Y%2C4.574%29.jpg/220px-The_Brentford_Election_%28BM_Y%2C4.574%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="1269"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Brentford_Election_%28BM_Y%2C4.574%29.jpg/220px-The_Brentford_Election_%28BM_Y%2C4.574%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Brentford_Election_%28BM_Y%2C4.574%29.jpg/330px-The_Brentford_Election_%28BM_Y%2C4.574%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Brentford_Election_%28BM_Y%2C4.574%29.jpg/440px-The_Brentford_Election_%28BM_Y%2C4.574%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A 1768 political cartoon about a by-election during the <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_election_affair" title="Middlesex election affair">Middlesex election affair</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>By-elections are held in most nations that elect their parliaments through <a href="/wiki/Single-member_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-member constituencies">single-member constituencies</a>, whether <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">with</a> or <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_election_system" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post election system">without</a> a <a href="/wiki/Runoff_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff election">runoff</a> round. This includes most <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, as well as non-Commonwealth countries such as <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (until 2006).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in some cases, such as the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">French National Assembly</a>, by-elections are only used to fill some vacancies, with the others being filled by the assumption of a seat by a <a href="/wiki/Running_mate" title="Running mate">running mate</a> nominated by the vacator.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the United States, these contests have been called "special elections" because they do not always occur on <a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a> like regular congressional elections. Special elections are held when a seat in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislature</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">local legislature</a> becomes vacant. At the federal level, the <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_4:_Vacancies" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> requires that vacancies in the House of Representatives be filled with a special election<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (unlike the <a href="/wiki/US_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senate">Senate</a>, where it is up to law of the state involved to determine how the vacancy is filled).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases where a vacancy is filled through a special election, a primary will also be held to determine which candidates will represent the major parties. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_multi-member_constituencies">In multi-member constituencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In multi-member constituencies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>When one seat in a <a href="/wiki/Multi-member_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-member district">multi-member constituency</a> becomes vacant, the consequences vary. For example, a by-election may be held to fill just the vacancy, all the seats in the constituency could be contested in the by-election, or the vacancy could be filled by other means. </p><p>Typically, <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a> systems do not hold by-elections. Instead, the most successful unelected candidate named on the vacator's list fills the vacancy automatically. However, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> is an exception, as it holds by-elections when too many seats become vacant in the parliament (as in <a href="/wiki/1986_Turkish_parliamentary_by-elections" title="1986 Turkish parliamentary by-elections">1986</a>) or a repeat vote has to be held (as in <a href="/wiki/2003_Siirt_Province_by-election" title="2003 Siirt Province by-election">2003</a>). </p><p>In multi-member district systems that do not employ party lists – <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">single non-transferable vote</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plurality_at-large" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality at-large">plurality at-large</a> – vacancies may be filled by a by-election. This is done, for example, in the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> (STV), in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Vanuatu" title="Parliament of Vanuatu">Parliament of Vanuatu</a> (SNTV), and in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate of the Philippines</a> (Pl. AL). In those systems, alternatives to holding a by-election include: </p> <ol><li>re-determining the election results with the vacators disregarded, as in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>keeping the seat vacant until the next <a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">general election</a>. This usually occurs if a vacancy arises shortly before a planned general election (within six months in New Zealand).</li> <li>nominating another candidate with the same affiliation as the former member, such as <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> seats in the Republic of Ireland.</li></ol> <p>For the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australian Senate</a> (in which each state forms a multi-member constituency elected via <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a>), the state parliament appoints a replacement in the event of a vacancy; in 1977 a referendum amended the Constitution to require that the person appointed must belong to the same political party (if any) as the Senator originally elected to that seat. The states with an <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> elected via STV (NSW, Victoria, and South Australia) use the same method, except for Western Australia, which holds a recount of ballots to determine the new winner, with sitting members retaining their seats. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_mixed_systems">In mixed systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In mixed systems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional representation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">additional member</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a> systems, in which some members are chosen by <a href="/wiki/Party_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Party list">party lists</a> and some from single-member constituencies, usually hold by-elections to fill a vacancy in a constituency seat; for example, the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a> resulted in a by-election in <a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi_4th_district" title="Yamaguchi 4th district">Yamaguchi's 4th district</a>, which Abe represented in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Japan">House of Representatives of Japan</a> (elected under parallel voting).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a vacancy arises in a party list seat, it would be filled in the manner usual for party-list proportional systems; for example, on the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Darren_Hughes" title="Darren Hughes">Darren Hughes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of New Zealand">Parliament of New Zealand</a> in March 2011, <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Wall" title="Louisa Wall">Louisa Wall</a> filled the seat after all the five candidates above her on the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand Labour Party</a>'s list declined it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exceptions to this rule exist: In the German <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>, which uses mixed-member proportional representation, by-elections were originally held upon the vacancy of any constituency seat. This was changed in January 1953, since which time vacancies in constituency seats have been filled by the next candidate on the state list of the party which won the seat, in the same manner as vacancies among list seats. Confusingly, this change occurred alongside a switch from <a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">mixed single vote</a>, where a single set of votes was used for both constituency and list seats, to a conventional two-vote mixed member proportional system - a change which granted constituency members an electoral mandate distinct from the party's list seats. By-elections are now only held if a vacancy arises in a constituency seat and there is no associated party list with which to fill it – typically, if the former member was elected as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a>. This is referred to as a substitute election (<i>Ersatzwahl</i>). Since no independents have been elected to the Bundestag since the first legislative period, no such substitute election has ever taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Significance_and_consequences">Significance and consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Significance and consequences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_effects">Direct effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Direct effects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>By-elections can be crucial when the ruling party has only a small majority. In <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary systems</a>, party discipline is often so strong that the governing party or coalition can only lose a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a> after losing enough supporters, whether by floor-crossing or through losing by-elections, for it to become a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Callaghan_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Callaghan Ministry">Labour government of James Callaghan 1976–1979</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Major_ministry" title="Second Major ministry">Conservative government of John Major 1992–1997</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Massachusetts,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, 2010">Scott Brown's election</a> in 2010 ended the <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a>-proof <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> formerly enjoyed by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>. </p><p>By-elections can also be important if a minority party needs to gain one or more seats in order to gain <a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">official party status</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(parliament)" title="Balance of power (parliament)">balance of power</a> in a minority or coalition situation. For example, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Horwath" title="Andrea Horwath">Andrea Horwath</a>'s win in an <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> provincial by-election in 2004 allowed the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party" title="Ontario New Democratic Party">Ontario New Democratic Party</a> to regain official party status with important results in terms of parliamentary privileges and funding. </p><p>In Australia, a by-election in 1996 in the <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> state electoral district of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Mundingburra" title="Electoral district of Mundingburra">Mundingburra</a> overturned the results of the <a href="/wiki/1995_Queensland_state_election" title="1995 Queensland state election">1995 state election</a>. In that election, held in July 1995, Wayne Goss and his <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Labor_Party" title="Queensland Labor Party">Labor Party</a> had won by a slim 45-seat majority in a 89-seat parliament. The seat of Mundingburra had been awarded to the Labor Party on the basis of a majority of 16 votes. However, in December 1995 the Court of Disputed Returns threw out the result in Mundingburra after it was found that 22 overseas military personnel had been denied the chance to vote. Consequently, a by-election for Mundingburra was held in February 1996, in which the electorate was won by the opposition <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">Liberal Party</a>, pushing the Goss government into minority. A vote of no confidence in the government was then passed by the opposition, with the support of Independent <a href="/wiki/Liz_Cunningham" title="Liz Cunningham">Liz Cunningham</a>. After the no confidence vote, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Borbidge" title="Rob Borbidge">Rob Borbidge</a> the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_National_Party" title="Queensland National Party">Nationals</a> the senior partner in the coalition became premier until his government's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1998_Queensland_state_election" title="1998 Queensland state election">1998 state election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predictive_value">Predictive value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Predictive value" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Non-experts often interpret by-election results as a <a href="/wiki/Bellwether" title="Bellwether">bellwether</a> or early indicator of the results of the next general election, but political scientists generally caution against overinterpretation. The evidence suggests that while the margin of victory relative to the district's normal performance may be relevant, other indicators generally provide stronger evidence with a larger sample size.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2016 study of special elections to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> found "that while candidate characteristics affect special election outcomes, presidential approval is predictive of special election outcomes as well. Furthermore, we find that the effect of presidential approval on special election outcomes has increased in magnitude from 1995 to 2014, with the 2002 midterm representing an important juncture in the nationalization of special elections."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seats which have unexpectedly changed hands in by-elections often revert to the former party in the next general election. One reason for this is that <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> at by-elections tends to be lower and skewed toward highly motivated supporters of the opposition party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indirect_impact">Indirect impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indirect impact" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaryEllenSmith1918SunsetMag.tif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MaryEllenSmith1918SunsetMag.tif/lossless-page1-200px-MaryEllenSmith1918SunsetMag.tif.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="437"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 286px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MaryEllenSmith1918SunsetMag.tif/lossless-page1-200px-MaryEllenSmith1918SunsetMag.tif.png" data-width="200" data-height="286" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MaryEllenSmith1918SunsetMag.tif/lossless-page1-300px-MaryEllenSmith1918SunsetMag.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MaryEllenSmith1918SunsetMag.tif/lossless-page1-400px-MaryEllenSmith1918SunsetMag.tif.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Smith" title="Mary Ellen Smith">Mary Ellen Smith</a> became the first woman in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia" title="Legislative Assembly of British Columbia">Legislative Assembly of British Columbia</a> in a 1918 by-election, the first election in which women of the province could vote.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By-election upsets can have a psychological impact by creating a sense of momentum for one party or a sense of impending defeat for a government. For example, in Canada, <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Deborah Grey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1989_Beaver_River_federal_by-election" title="1989 Beaver River federal by-election">1989 by-election victory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beaver_River_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Beaver River (federal electoral district)">Beaver River</a> was seen as evidence that the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party of Canada</a> would be a serious political contender and that it posed a serious political threat for the ruling <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservatives</a>. Similarly, the upset 1960 by-election victory of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitman" title="Walter Pitman">Walter Pitman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peterborough_(electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterborough (electoral district)">Peterborough</a> as a "<a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Canada)" title="New Party (Canada)">New Party</a>" candidate was a significant boost for the movement to replace the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> with an unnamed "New Party" which would be integrated with the labour movement. Pitman's candidacy in a riding in which the CCF was traditionally weak was seen as a test of this concept, and his upset victory convinced the CCF and the labour movement to launch the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">New Democratic Party</a> (NDP). <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a>'s 1990 upset landslide by-election victory in <a href="/wiki/Laurier%E2%80%94Sainte-Marie" title="Laurier—Sainte-Marie">Laurier—Sainte-Marie</a> with 66% of the vote on behalf of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> was the first electoral test for what was initially a loose parliamentary formation created two months earlier after several Quebec MPs defected from the Progressive Conservative and Liberal parties to protest the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a> and provided the first indication that the party could be a serious force in the province of Quebec. On the strength of the by-election victory, the BQ went on to be officially formed as a party in 1991 and win 54 seats in the 1993 federal election, enough to form the Official Opposition. </p><p>By-elections may occur singly or in small bunches, especially if the authority responsible for calling them has discretion over the timing and can procrastinate. They are sometimes bunched to save money, as holding multiple by-elections is likely to cost more than holding a by-election to fill the vacancies all at once. In Canada, in 1978, <a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_30th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 30th Canadian Parliament">15 by-elections were held on a single date</a>, restoring the House of Commons to 264 members. The media called it a "mini-election", a test of the Liberal government's popularity with a general election due in less than a year. In Hong Kong, in January 2010, five members of the Legislative Council from the <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-democracy camp</a>, one from each of Hong Kong's five geographical constituencies, resigned and stood in simultaneous by-elections, at which the entire electorate would participate, in an attempt to stage a <a href="/wiki/Five_Constituencies_Referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Constituencies Referendum">de facto referendum</a> on democratizing the Hong Kong political system. The effect of the manoeuvre was blunted when the <a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-Beijing camp</a> refused to stand candidates against them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upsets">Upsets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Upsets" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1918_Swan_by-election" title="1918 Swan by-election">1918 Swan by-election</a> was held following the death of <a href="/wiki/John_Forrest" title="John Forrest">John Forrest</a>. The seat was traditionally a safe seat for the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Australia)" title="Nationalist Party (Australia)">Nationalist Party</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor Party</a>, but the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">Country Party</a> lead to a <a href="/wiki/Vote_splitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote splitting">"three-cornered contest"</a>. As Australia used a <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> system at the time, the conservative vote was split between the Country and Nationalists, allowing Labor candidate <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Corboy" title="Edwin Corboy">Edwin Corboy</a> to come in first place and win the seat. The Swan by-election is cited as the reason for the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">preferential voting</a>, to prevent Labor from benefiting from a divided opposition in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2018_Wentworth_by-election" title="2018 Wentworth by-election">2018 Wentworth by-election</a> was held after the resignation of former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Malcolm Turnbull</a>, who had served as the member for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Wentworth" title="Division of Wentworth">Wentworth</a> since 2004. Wentworth was considered an exceptionally safe seat for the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party</a>, as it had only ever been held by the Liberal Party and its predecessor parties since its creation in 1901. Former Ambassador to Israel <a href="/wiki/Dave_Sharma" title="Dave Sharma">Dave Sharma</a> was preselected as the Liberal Party's candidate for the by-election. The major challenger in the by-election was independent candidate <a href="/wiki/Kerryn_Phelps" title="Kerryn Phelps">Kerryn Phelps</a>. A huge 17.7% <a href="/wiki/Two-party-preferred" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-party-preferred">two-party-preferred</a> swing was required for the Liberal Party to lose the seat. Ultimately, the Liberals suffered a 19.0% swing to Phelps, the largest by-election swing in Australian history, which won her the seat. This loss deprived the Liberal Party of its majority in federal Parliament, forcing them into a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1942, the Conservatives' <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a> (who had already served as Prime Minister during the 1920s) sought to re-enter the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> through a by-election in <a href="/wiki/York_South_(federal_electoral_district)" title="York South (federal electoral district)">York South</a>. His surprise defeat at the hand of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Noseworthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Noseworthy">Joseph Noseworthy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> ended his political career, and may also have been a factor in the Conservative Party's decision to move to the left and rebrand itself the Progressive Conservative Party under Meighen's replacement. Noseworthy's victory was also a significant breakthrough for the CCF giving it credibility as a national party where it has previously been seen as a Western Canadian regional protest party. </p><p>On November 1, 1944, General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_McNaughton" title="Andrew McNaughton">Andrew McNaughton</a> was appointed to Cabinet as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (Canada)">Minister of Defence</a> without having a seat in parliament, after his predecessor resigned during the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">Conscription Crisis of 1944</a>. A by-election was arranged in <a href="/wiki/Grey_North_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Grey North (federal electoral district)">Grey North</a> which the opposition <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative party</a> contested. The major campaign issue became the government's policy of "limited conscription" during World War II, which McNaughton supported, and which the Conservatives rejected. They called, instead, for "full conscription". McNaughton was defeated in the February 1945 by-election. As a result, with confidence in his government undermined, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> called the <a href="/wiki/1945_Canadian_federal_election" title="1945 Canadian federal election">1945 federal election</a> several weeks later; originally he had intended to postpone the election until the war was clearly won. McNaughton sought a seat in the 1945 contest but was again defeated, and resigned shortly after. </p><p>The most recent example of a cabinet minister appointed from outside parliament having to resign after losing a by-election was in 1975, when Minister of Communications <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Juneau" title="Pierre Juneau">Pierre Juneau</a> was appointed to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>'s Liberal cabinet directly from the private sector, and tried to enter parliament through a by-election in <a href="/wiki/Hochelaga_(electoral_district)" title="Hochelaga (electoral district)">Hochelaga</a>. Juneau unexpectedly lost to the Progressive Conservative candidate and resigned from cabinet 10 days after his by-election defeat. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Tory" title="John Tory">John Tory</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario</a> ran in a 2009 by-election in <a href="/wiki/Haliburton%E2%80%94Kawartha_Lakes%E2%80%94Brock_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock (provincial electoral district)">Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock</a>, after he convinced one of his caucus members to step down, in hopes of re-entering the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario legislature">Ontario legislature</a>. His by-election defeat resulted in his resignation as party leader. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hong Kong" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/March_2018_Hong_Kong_by-elections" title="March 2018 Hong Kong by-elections">March 2018 Hong Kong by-elections</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">pro-democracy camp</a> lost their majority status for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_constituency" title="Geographical constituency">Geographical constituency</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council of Hong Kong</a> By-elections were held after six pro-democracy lawmakers were disqualified by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court (Hong Kong)">High Court of Hong Kong</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_oath-taking_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy">oath-taking controversy</a>. The pro-democracy camp was considered safe in the de facto <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">first past the post</a> by-election because both pro-democracy camp and <a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">pro-Beijing camp</a> would only nominate one candidate to fill in the by-election. However, the pro-democracy camp lost twice in <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_West_(1998_constituency)" title="Kowloon West (1998 constituency)">Kowloon West</a>, which had been considered a safe seat for them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Singapore" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/By-elections_in_Singapore" title="By-elections in Singapore">By-elections in Singapore</a></div> <p>Under Article 49(1) of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution of Singapore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a by-election should be called for any vacancy arising from a constituency—particularly <a href="/wiki/Single_Member_Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Member Constituency">Single Member Constituency</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—within a reasonable time period.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the introduction of partial self-governance in 1955, 34 by-elections have been held, and some have been major upsets: </p> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/1957_Cairnhill_by-election" class="mw-redirect" title="1957 Cairnhill by-election">1957 Cairnhill by-election</a>, the then-ruling <a href="/wiki/Labour_Front" title="Labour Front">Labour Front</a> government saw its vote collapse to 19.23% from 47.58% in the <a href="/wiki/1955_Singaporean_general_election" title="1955 Singaporean general election">previous general election</a>.</li> <li>Each by-election in 1961 was important for the survival of the ruling party's small majority. <ul><li>After being dismissed as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Development_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of National Development (Singapore)">Minister for National Development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ong_Eng_Guan" title="Ong Eng Guan">Ong Eng Guan</a> resigned his seat. Standing in the <a href="/wiki/1961_by-election_in_Hong_Lim" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 by-election in Hong Lim">1961 by-election in Hong Lim</a> as an independent, he polled 73.31% of the vote, the largest loss of votes for an incumbent party in a by-election.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1961_by-election_in_Anson" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 by-election in Anson">1961 by-election in Anson</a> saw a comeback by the opposition leader, the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Singapore)" title="Workers' Party (Singapore)">Workers' Party</a> Chairperson and former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Chief Minister of Singapore">Chief Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_(Singaporean_politician)" title="David Marshall (Singaporean politician)">David Marshall</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/1981_Anson_by-election" title="1981 Anson by-election">1981 Anson by-election</a>, the Workers' Party Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/J._B._Jeyaretnam" title="J. B. Jeyaretnam">J. B. Jeyaretnam</a> broke the ruling PAP's monopoly in Parliament, marking the first opposition presence since 1966 and the re-entry of the Workers' Party into Singapore's legislature since 1961.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/2013_Punggol_East_by-election" title="2013 Punggol East by-election">2013 Punggol East by-election</a> was the first time the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> lost a seat in a by-election since 1981 and the last time the ruling party failed to retain a constituency in a by-election.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ireland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/2014_Dublin_South-West_by-election" title="2014 Dublin South-West by-election">by-election</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Dublin_South-West_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)" title="Dublin South-West (Dáil constituency)">Dublin South-West</a> during 2014 provided a very surprising upset. The <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> candidate, Cathal King, was the favourite to take the seat. Sinn Féin had done extremely well in the area during <a href="/wiki/2014_Irish_local_elections" title="2014 Irish local elections">that year's local elections</a>. Sinn Féin captured high percentages of the first preference vote across the constituency. However, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Austerity_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Austerity Alliance">Anti-Austerity Alliance</a> candidate, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Murphy_(Irish_politician)" title="Paul Murphy (Irish politician)">Paul Murphy</a>, was elected on the eighth count. Although Murphy had received a lower first preference total than Cathal King, he outperformed the Sinn Féin candidate in attracting transfers. Murphy then took his seat in the <a href="/wiki/31st_D%C3%A1il" title="31st Dáil">31st Dáil</a>. As a direct result of this defeat in the by-election, Sinn Féin hardened their stance against <a href="/wiki/Irish_Water" title="Irish Water">Irish Water</a> and called for the complete abolition of water charges in Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1965, the <a href="/wiki/British_Foreign_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="British Foreign Secretary">British Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Patrick Gordon Walker</a> stood in the <a href="/wiki/1965_Leyton_by-election" title="1965 Leyton by-election">Leyton by-election</a> for election to the <a href="/wiki/UK_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Parliament">UK Parliament</a>, having been defeated in controversial circumstances in <a href="/wiki/Smethwick_in_the_1964_general_election" title="Smethwick in the 1964 general election">Smethwick</a> at the previous year's <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">general election</a>. His appointment as a senior minister while not a member of either house of Parliament was against convention, and he therefore sought to regularise the position by standing in the first available by-election, which was at <a href="/wiki/Leyton" title="Leyton">Leyton</a> in January 1965. However a strong swing against Labour resulted in Gordon Walker's defeat: as a result, he resigned as Foreign Secretary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Brown_(politician)" title="Scott Brown (politician)">Scott Brown</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Martha_Coakley" title="Martha Coakley">Martha Coakley</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2010 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts">Massachusetts special election to the United States Senate</a>. Coakley, a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, had been widely expected to win, but Brown unexpectedly closed the gap and won, a shocking result in the heavily-Democratic state of Massachusetts. This eliminated the Democratic Party's <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">filibuster-proof</a> majority of 60 votes. Another upset occurred in the <a href="/wiki/2017_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Alabama" title="2017 United States Senate special election in Alabama">2017 special election in Alabama</a>, one of the most heavily Republican states in the nation. Democrat <a href="/wiki/Doug_Jones_(politician)" title="Doug Jones (politician)">Doug Jones</a> defeated Republican <a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Roy Moore</a> in a close race after Moore was <a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore_sexual_misconduct_allegations" title="Roy Moore sexual misconduct allegations">accused of sexual assault by multiple women</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">UK parliamentary by-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow%27s_succession" title="Widow's succession">Widow's succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_democracy_and_elections-related_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of democracy and elections-related topics">List of democracy and elections-related topics</a></li> <li>Lists of by-elections and special elections by jurisdiction <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_federal_by-elections" title="List of Australian federal by-elections">List of Australian federal by-elections</a> <ul><li>New South Wales: <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_South_Wales_state_by-elections" title="List of New South Wales state by-elections">List of New South Wales state by-elections</a></li> <li>Northern Territory: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Territory_by-elections" title="List of Northern Territory by-elections">List of Northern Territory by-elections</a></li> <li>Queensland: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Queensland_state_by-elections" title="List of Queensland state by-elections">List of Queensland state by-elections</a></li> <li>South Australia: <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Australian_state_by-elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of South Australian state by-elections">List of South Australian state by-elections</a></li> <li>Victoria: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Victorian_state_by-elections" title="List of Victorian state by-elections">List of Victorian state by-elections</a></li> <li>Western Australia: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_Australian_state_by-elections" title="List of Western Australian state by-elections">List of Western Australian state by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_by-elections_in_Canada" title="List of federal by-elections in Canada">List of federal by-elections in Canada</a> <ul><li>Alberta: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_by-elections" title="List of Alberta by-elections">List of Alberta by-elections</a></li> <li>British Columbia: <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_by-elections" title="List of British Columbia by-elections">List of British Columbia by-elections</a></li> <li>Manitoba: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Manitoba_by-elections" title="List of Manitoba by-elections">List of Manitoba by-elections</a></li> <li>New Brunswick: <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Brunswick_by-elections" title="List of New Brunswick by-elections">List of New Brunswick by-elections</a></li> <li>Newfoundland and Labrador: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_by-elections" title="List of Newfoundland and Labrador by-elections">List of Newfoundland and Labrador by-elections</a></li> <li>Nova Scotia: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nova_Scotia_by-elections" title="List of Nova Scotia by-elections">List of Nova Scotia by-elections</a></li> <li>Ontario: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ontario_by-elections" title="List of Ontario by-elections">List of Ontario by-elections</a></li> <li>Saskatchewan: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Saskatchewan_by-elections" title="List of Saskatchewan by-elections">List of Saskatchewan by-elections</a></li> <li>Quebec: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_by-elections" title="List of Quebec by-elections">List of Quebec by-elections</a></li> <li>Yukon: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yukon_by-elections" title="List of Yukon by-elections">List of Yukon by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li>Falkland Islands: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Falkland_Islands_by-elections" title="List of Falkland Islands by-elections">List of Falkland Islands by-elections</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/List_of_by-elections_to_the_National_Assembly_(France)" title="List of by-elections to the National Assembly (France)">List of by-elections to the National Assembly (France)</a></li> <li>Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_by-elections" title="List of Hong Kong by-elections">List of Hong Kong by-elections</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_by-elections" title="List of Hungarian by-elections">List of Hungarian by-elections</a></li> <li>Jamaica: <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Parliamentary_by-elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Parliamentary by-elections">Jamaican Parliamentary by-elections</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/List_of_D%C3%A1il_by-elections" title="List of Dáil by-elections">List of Dáil by-elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Seanad_by-elections" title="List of Seanad by-elections">List of Seanad by-elections</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Italian_by-elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian by-elections">Italian by-elections</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_by-elections_in_Malaysia" title="List of parliamentary by-elections in Malaysia">List of parliamentary by-elections in Malaysia</a> <ul><li>States in Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_by-elections_in_Malaysia" title="List of state by-elections in Malaysia">List of state by-elections in Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_by-elections" title="List of New Zealand by-elections">List of New Zealand by-elections</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/List_of_special_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="List of special elections in the Philippines">List of special elections in the Philippines</a></li> <li>Solomon Islands: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solomon_Islands_by-elections" title="List of Solomon Islands by-elections">List of Solomon Islands by-elections</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Korea_by-elections" title="List of South Korea by-elections">List of South Korea by-elections</a></li> <li>Tuvalu: <a href="/wiki/List_of_by-elections_in_Tuvalu" title="List of by-elections in Tuvalu">List of by-elections in Tuvalu</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections" title="Lists of United Kingdom by-elections">Lists of United Kingdom by-elections</a></li> <li>United States: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives">List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of special elections to the United States Senate">List of special elections to the United States Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li>Zimbabwe: <a href="/wiki/2022_Zimbabwean_by-elections" title="2022 Zimbabwean by-elections">2022 Zimbabwean by-elections</a></li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer Loach. <i>Parliament Under the Tudors.</i> Clarendon Press. Oxford. 1990. p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>By-Elections in British Politics.</i> UCL Press, London. 1997 pg. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBuonomo2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buonomo, Giampiero (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2420626"><i>I subentri nelle assemblee parlamentari</i></a> (in Italian). Quaderni costituzionali.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+subentri+nelle+assemblee+parlamentari&rft.pub=Quaderni+costituzionali&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Buonomo&rft.aufirst=Giampiero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2420626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABy-election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 1, Clause 4, Section 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of United States">Constitution of United States</a> (1789)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seventeenth Amendment, Section 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of United States">Constitution of United States</a> (1913)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110423035117/http://www.electoral.tas.gov.au/pages/ElectoralInformation/HareClark.html">"Tasmania's Hare-Clark Electoral System"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electoral.tas.gov.au/pages/ElectoralInformation/HareClark.html">the original</a> on 2011-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tasmania%27s+Hare-Clark+Electoral+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electoral.tas.gov.au%2Fpages%2FElectoralInformation%2FHareClark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABy-election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elections.act.gov.au/elections_and_voting/casual_vacancies_in_the_legislative_assembly">"Casual Vacancies in the Legislative Assembly"</a>. 25 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casual+Vacancies+in+the+Legislative+Assembly&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.act.gov.au%2Felections_and_voting%2Fcasual_vacancies_in_the_legislative_assembly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABy-election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2022072101152/">"Abe's Widow, Akie, Not to Run in Lower House By-Election"</a>. <i>nippon.com</i>. 21 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nippon.com&rft.atitle=Abe%27s+Widow%2C+Akie%2C+Not+to+Run+in+Lower+House+By-Election&rft.date=2022-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nippon.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fyjj2022072101152%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABy-election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10717554">"Louisa Wall back in Parliament"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i>. 6 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Louisa+Wall+back+in+Parliament&rft.date=2011-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D10717554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABy-election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wahlrecht.de/lexikon/nachwahl.html">"Nachwahl"</a>. Wahlrecht.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antony+Green+Election+Guide%3A+Federal+Election+2004&rft.atitle=History+of+Preferential+Voting+in+Australia&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Felections%2Ffederal%2F2004%2Fguide%2Fprefhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABy-election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963?ProvIds=pr49-#pr49-">"Constitution of the Republic of Singapore - Singapore Statutes Online"</a>.</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Elections+Act+1954+-+Singapore+Statutes+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsso.agc.gov.sg%2FAct%2FPEA1954%3FProvIds%3Dpr24-%23pr24-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABy-election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elitigation.sg/gd/s/2013_SGCA_39">"[2013] Sgca 39"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%26%2391%3B2013%26%2393%3B+Sgca+39&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elitigation.sg%2Fgd%2Fs%2F2013_SGCA_39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABy-election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=By-election&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/ese/ese06">Electing Local Authorities</a>—article from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aceproject.org">ACE Project</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8" title="উপনির্বাচন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপনির্বাচন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Частични избори – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Частични избори" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecci%C3%B3_parcial" title="Elecció parcial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elecció parcial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopl%C5%88ovac%C3%AD_volby" title="Doplňovací volby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Doplňovací volby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppleringsvalg" title="Suppleringsvalg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Suppleringsvalg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachwahl" title="Nachwahl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nachwahl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecci%C3%B3n_parcial" title="Elección parcial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elección parcial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="انتخابات میان‌دوره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتخابات میان‌دوره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lection_partielle" title="Élection partielle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élection partielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EB%B3%B4%EA%B6%90%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0" title="재보궐선거 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재보궐선거" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="उपचुनाव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपचुनाव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_sela" title="Pemilihan sela – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemilihan sela" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בחירות ביניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בחירות ביניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95" title="पोटनिवडणूक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोटनिवडणूक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilihan_raya_kecil" title="Pilihan raya kecil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pilihan raya kecil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tussentijdse_verkiezing" title="Tussentijdse verkiezing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tussentijdse verkiezing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E6%AC%A0%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99" title="補欠選挙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="補欠選挙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppleringsvalg" title="Suppleringsvalg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Suppleringsvalg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wybory_uzupe%C5%82niaj%C4%85ce" title="Wybory uzupełniające – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wybory uzupełniające" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_suplementar" title="Eleição suplementar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eleição suplementar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-election" title="By-election – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="By-election" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopunski_izbori" title="Dopunski izbori – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dopunski izbori" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyllnadsval" title="Fyllnadsval – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fyllnadsval" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_se%C3%A7im" title="Ara seçim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ara seçim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ضمنی انتخابات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ضمنی انتخابات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E9%81%B8" title="補選 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="補選" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E9%81%B8" title="補選 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="補選" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last 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