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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li 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height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cari</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Besi" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Besi" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Besi" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Besi" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri_jelas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri_jelas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ciri-ciri jelas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri_jelas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kegunaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kegunaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kegunaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kegunaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ragam_Kewujudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ragam_Kewujudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ragam Kewujudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ragam_Kewujudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sebatian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sebatian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sebatian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sebatian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peranan_biologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peranan_biologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Peranan biologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peranan_biologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Isotop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Langkah_berhati-hati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Langkah_berhati-hati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Langkah berhati-hati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Langkah_berhati-hati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Besi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 219 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-219" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">219 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yster" title="Yster – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Yster" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisen" title="Eisen – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eisen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" title="ብረት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብረት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryevdi" title="Ryevdi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ryevdi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="लोहा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लोहा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAsen" title="Īsen – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Īsen" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="حديد – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حديد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierro" title="Fierro – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fierro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%99%DC%A0%DC%90" title="ܦܪܙܠܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܪܙܠܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heru" title="Heru – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Heru" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B" title="লো – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লো" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierro" title="Fierro – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fierro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8" title="आइरन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="आइरन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itakandua" title="Itakandua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itakandua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99mir" title="Dəmir – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəmir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="دمیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دمیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuwate" title="Wuwate – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Wuwate" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besi" title="Besi – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Besi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesi" title="Wesi – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wesi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE" title="লোহা – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লোহা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasi" title="Wasi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Wasi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thih" title="Thih – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thih" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тимер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тимер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Жалеза – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жалеза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Жалеза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жалеза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="लोहा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लोहा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakal" title="Bakal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bakal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aien" title="Aien – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Aien" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%95%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྕགས། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྕགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Željezo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houarn" title="Houarn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Houarn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Желязо – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Желязо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Түмэр – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түмэр" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ferro" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yero" title="Yero – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Yero" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="Тимĕр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тимĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezo" title="Železo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Železo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utare" title="Utare – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Utare" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferru" title="Ferru – Corsica" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ferru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haearn" title="Haearn – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Haearn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurugu" title="Kurugu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kurugu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jern" title="Jern – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jern" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="حديد – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حديد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisen" title="Eisen – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eisen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ދަގަނޑު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދަގަނޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_(Fe)" title="Béésh (Fe) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh (Fe)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raud" title="Raud – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Σίδηρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σίδηρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Iron" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кшни – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кшни" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierro" title="Hierro – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hierro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fero" title="Fero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierru" title="Hierru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Hierru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burdina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86" title="آهن – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loha" title="Loha – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Loha" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarn" title="Jarn – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jarn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer" title="Fer – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izer" title="Izer – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Izer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fier" title="Fier – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fier" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarann" title="Iarann – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iarann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiarn" title="Yiarn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yiarn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarann" title="Iarann – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iarann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ferro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BA" title="Аьшк – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Аьшк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5" title="鐵 – Cina Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鐵" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Cina Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron – Kikuya" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Iron" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="લોખંડ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લોખંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3" title="लोखण – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="लोखण" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiet" title="Thiet – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thiet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%80" title="Төмр – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Төмр" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0" title="철 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="철" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Երկաթ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկաթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="लोहा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोहा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Željezo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fero" title="Fero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ferro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferre" title="Ferre – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ferre" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%84%D1%81%C3%A6%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Æфсæйнаг – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æфсæйнаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insimbi" title="Insimbi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Insimbi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1rn" title="Járn – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Járn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ferro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%9C" title="ברזל – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברזל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesi" title="Wesi – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wesi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91%C9%A9%C9%A3t%CA%8A_%C3%B1%C9%A9%C9%A3%C9%96%C9%9B" title="Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3" title="ಕಬ್ಬಿಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಬ್ಬಿಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რკინა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რკინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A0%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%95%D8%B1" title="شؠشتٕر – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شؠشتٕر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Темір – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Темір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn" title="Horn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Horn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Темир – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Темир" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuma" title="Chuma – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chuma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D1%80%D1%82" title="Кӧрт – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кӧрт" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibende" title="Kibende – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kibende" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azil" title="Azil – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Azil" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8_(non)" title="Fè (non) – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fè (non)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8" title="Fè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesin" title="Hesin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hesin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer" title="Fer – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fer" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Мах – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Мах" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81" title="ທາດເຫຼັກ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທາດເຫຼັກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrum" title="Ferrum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ferrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzelzs" title="Dzelzs – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzelzs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisen" title="Eisen – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eisen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C" title="Ракь – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ракь" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gele%C5%BEis" title="Geležis – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geležis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A6ro" title="Færo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Færo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iezer" title="Iezer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iezer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebend%C3%A9" title="Ebendé – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ebendé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fero" title="Fero – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fero" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudu" title="Raudu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Raudu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tirse" title="tirse – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tirse" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kkalwe_(Iron)" title="Kkalwe (Iron) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kkalwe (Iron)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer" title="Fer – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vas" title="Vas – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="लोहा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लोहा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Железо – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Железо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy" title="Vy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇരുമ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇരുമ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6adid" title="Ħadid – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ħadid" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rino" title="Rino – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rino" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="लोखंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लोखंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რკინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რკინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="حديد – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حديد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A0" title="ꯌꯣꯠ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯌꯣꯠ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basi" title="Basi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Basi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A9k" title="Tiék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tiék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кшни – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кшни" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Төмөр (химийн элемент) – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төмөр (химийн элемент)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6_(%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF)" title="သံ (သတ္တု) – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံ (သတ္တု)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tliltic_tepoztli" title="Tliltic tepoztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tliltic tepoztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aironi" title="Aironi – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Aironi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJzer_(element)" title="IJzer (element) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJzer (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iezer" title="Iezer – Saxon Rendah" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Iezer" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Saxon Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="फलाम – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फलाम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%81" title="नँ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%84" title="鉄 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierro" title="Fierro – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fierro" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4lj" title="Stälj – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stälj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiyen" title="Aiyen – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Aiyen" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jern" title="Jern – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jern" title="Jern – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jern" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9" title="Fé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Fé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fèrre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE" title="ଲୁହା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲୁହା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayinanii" title="Ayinanii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ayinanii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temir" title="Temir – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Temir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE" title="ਲੋਹਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਹਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marad" title="Marad – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Marad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7" title="لوہا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوہا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%82%8F" title="ပသီႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပသီႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heru" title="Heru – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Heru" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%87" title="وسپنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وسپنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayan" title="Ayan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ayan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D1%80%D1%82" title="Кӧрт – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кӧрт" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer" title="Fer – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesen" title="Iesen – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Iesen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBelazo" title="Żelazo – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żelazo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ferro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temir" title="Temir – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Temir" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisen" title="Eisen – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Eisen" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fier" title="Fier – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fier" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khillay" title="Khillay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Khillay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Желїзо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Желїзо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Железо – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Железо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Тимир – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тимир" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="अयः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अयः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB" title="ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferru" title="Ferru – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ferru" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airn" title="Airn – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Airn" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iersen" title="Iersen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Iersen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hekuri" title="Hekuri – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hekuri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferru" title="Ferru – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ferru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A9" title="යකඩ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යකඩ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iron" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%BE" title="لوھ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لوھ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezo" title="Železo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Železo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezo" title="Železo – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Železo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%A3%EA%99%81%D0%BE" title="Жєлѣꙁо – Slavik Gereja" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Жєлѣꙁо" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Slavik Gereja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xadiid" title="Xadiid – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xadiid" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ئاسن – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاسن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%92%D0%B5" title="Гвожђе – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гвожђе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Željezo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beusi" title="Beusi – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Beusi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauta" title="Rauta – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rauta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rn" title="Järn – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Järn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakal" title="Bakal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bakal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="இரும்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரும்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzzal" title="Uzzal – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Uzzal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тимер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тимер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ఇనుము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇనుము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%ABu" title="Wëu – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Wëu" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="เหล็ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหล็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFt" title="Sắt – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sắt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оҳан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оҳан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B7%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಕರ್ಬೊದ ಅದುರು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕರ್ಬೊದ ಅದುರು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demir" title="Demir – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Demir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Залізо – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Залізо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7" title="لوہا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوہا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%DB%88%D8%B1" title="تۆمۈر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۆمۈر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet" title="Diet – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Diet" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fero" title="Fero – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fero" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raud" title="Raud – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Raud" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferin" title="Ferin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ferin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raud" title="Raud – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Raud" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fier" title="Fier – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fier" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5" title="鐵 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鐵" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yzer_(element)" title="Yzer (element) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Yzer (element)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puthaw" title="Puthaw – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Puthaw" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9F" title="אייזן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אייזן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Iron" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5" title="鐵 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鐵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C4%B1n" title="Asın – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Asın" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%C5%BE%C4%97s" title="Gelžės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gelžės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0n" title="Gàn – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Gàn" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%A3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D" title="ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ – Tamazight Maghribi Standard" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maghribi Standard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q677#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Besi" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Besi"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Besi"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Besi" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Besi" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&oldid=6197320" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Besi&id=6197320&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBesi"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBesi"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Besi"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Besi&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Iron" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q677" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Rencana ini <b>memerlukan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan">petikan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_yang_boleh_dipercayai" title="Wikipedia:Sumber yang boleh dipercayai">rujukan</a> tambahan untuk <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pengesahan" title="Wikipedia:Pengesahan">pengesahan</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Sila bantu <a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=edit">memperbaiki rencana ini</a> dengan menambahkan petikan ke <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_yang_boleh_dipercayai" title="Wikipedia:Sumber yang boleh dipercayai">sumber-sumber yang boleh dipercayai</a>. Bahan yang tidak disahkan mungkin akan dipertikai dan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pengesahan" title="Wikipedia:Pengesahan">dipadam</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Cari sumber:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Besi%22">"Besi"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Besi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">berita</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Besi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">akhbar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Besi%22+-wikipedia">buku</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Besi%22">sarjana</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Besi%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" class="extiw" title="en:Help:Maintenance template removal">Ketahui cara dan masa untuk membuang pesanan templat ini</a>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table align="right" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold">26</span> </td> <td align="center" style="padding-left:2em"><span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a></span> ← <span style="font-size:120%">besi</span> → <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalt</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:95%">-</span><br />↑<br /><span style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold">Fe</span><br />↓<br /><span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruthenium (laman tidak wujud)">Ru</a></span> </td> <td> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Fe-TableImage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fe-TableImage.svg/300px-Fe-TableImage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fe-TableImage.svg/450px-Fe-TableImage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fe-TableImage.svg/600px-Fe-TableImage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="195" /></a></span><div align="right"><a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala">Jadual berkala</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffc0c0; color:black">Umum </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_nama" title="Senarai unsur mengikut nama">Nama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_simbol" title="Senarai unsur mengikut simbol">Simbol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_nombor" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai unsur mengikut nombor">Nombor</a> </td> <td>besi, Fe, 26 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siri_kimia" title="Siri kimia">Siri kimia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_peralihan" title="Logam peralihan">logam peralihan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_Jadual_Berkala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumpulan Jadual Berkala">Kumpulan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kala_Jadual_Berkala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kala Jadual Berkala">Kala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blok_Jadual_Berkala" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok Jadual Berkala">Blok</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_8" title="Unsur kumpulan 8">8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_4" title="Unsur kala 4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">d</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warna" title="Warna">Rupa</a></td> <td>logam berkilat <br />kekelabuan <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Fe,26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fe%2C26.jpg/125px-Fe%2C26.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fe%2C26.jpg/188px-Fe%2C26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fe%2C26.jpg/250px-Fe%2C26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="313" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jisim atom</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_E-26_kg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1 E-26 kg (laman tidak wujud)">55.845(2)</a> g/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td>Konfigurasi elektron</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d<sup>6</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bilangan elektron per petala</td> <td>2, 8, 14, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffc0c0; color:black">Sifat fizikal </th></tr> <tr> <td>Keadaan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pepejal" title="Pepejal">pepejal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ketumpatan" title="Ketumpatan">Ketumpatan</a> (sekitar <a href="/wiki/Suhu_bilik" title="Suhu bilik">suhu bilik</a>)</td> <td>7.86 g/cm³ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ketumpatan cecair pada takat lebur</td> <td>6.98 g/cm³ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Takat_lebur" title="Takat lebur">Takat lebur</a></td> <td>1811 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a><br />(1538 °<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a>, 2800 °<a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">F</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Takat didih</td> <td>3134 K <p>(2861 °C, 5182 °F) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haba pelakuran</td> <td>13.81 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haba pengewapan</td> <td>340 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muatan haba</td> <td>(25 °C) 25.10 J/(mol·K) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Tekanan_wap" title="Tekanan wap">Tekanan wap</a> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><i>P</i>/Pa</td> <td>1</td> <td>10</td> <td>100</td> <td>1 k</td> <td>10 k</td> <td>100 k </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>pada <i>T</i>/K</td> <td>1728</td> <td>1890</td> <td>2091</td> <td>2346</td> <td>2679</td> <td>3132 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffc0c0; color:black">Sifat atom </th></tr> <tr> <td>Struktur hablur</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubus_berpusat_jasad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kubus berpusat jasad (laman tidak wujud)">kubus berpusat jasad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keadaan_pengoksidaan" title="Keadaan pengoksidaan">Keadaan pengoksidaan</a></td> <td>2, <b>3</b>, 4, 6<br />(oksida <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amfoterik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amfoterik (laman tidak wujud)">amfoterik</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Keelektronegatifan</td> <td>1.83 (skala Pauling) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Tenaga_pengionan" title="Tenaga pengionan">Tenaga pengionan</a> </td> <td>pertama: 762.5 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td>kedua: 1561.9 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td>ketiga: 2957 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jejari atom</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_E-10_m" class="mw-redirect" title="1 E-10 m">140</a> pm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jejari atom (kiraan)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_E-10_m" class="mw-redirect" title="1 E-10 m">156</a> pm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jejari kovalen</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_E-10_m" class="mw-redirect" title="1 E-10 m">125</a> pm </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffc0c0; color:black">Lain-lain </th></tr> <tr> <td>Sifat kemagnetan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keferomagnetan" title="Keferomagnetan">feromagnetik</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rintangan elektrik</td> <td>(20 °C) 96.1 nΩ·m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keberkonduktan_haba" class="mw-redirect" title="Keberkonduktan haba">Keberkonduktan haba</a></td> <td>(300 K) 80.4 W/(m·K) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pengembangan terma</td> <td>(25 °C) 11.8 µm/(m·K) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kelajuan bunyi (rod halus)</td> <td>(suhu bilik) (elektrolitik)<br />5120 m/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>Modulus Young</td> <td>211 GPa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Modulus ricih</td> <td>82 GPa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modulus_pukal" title="Modulus pukal">Modulus pukal</a></td> <td>170 GPa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nisbah Poisson</td> <td>0.29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Skala kekerasan Mohs</td> <td>4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kekerasan Vickers</td> <td>608 MPa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kekerasan Brinell</td> <td>490 MPa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nombor_CAS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nombor CAS">Nombor CAS</a></td> <td>7439-89-6 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffc0c0; color:black">Isotop </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">iso</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_semulajadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan semulajadi">NA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Separuh_hayat" title="Separuh hayat">separuh hayat</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cara_reputan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cara reputan (laman tidak wujud)">DM</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenaga_reputan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenaga reputan (laman tidak wujud)">DE</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_volt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron volt (laman tidak wujud)">MeV</a>)</small> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasil_reputan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasil reputan (laman tidak wujud)">DP</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><sup>54</sup>Fe </td> <td>5.8% </td> <td>>3.1×10<sup>22</sup><a href="/wiki/Tahun" title="Tahun">thn</a> </td> <td>tawanan 2ε </td> <td>? </td> <td><sup>54</sup><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>55</sup>Fe </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioisotop_sintetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radioisotop sintetik (laman tidak wujud)">syn</a> </td> <td>2.73 tahun </td> <td>tawanan ε </td> <td>0.231 </td> <td><sup>55</sup><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>56</sup>Fe </td> <td>91.72% </td> <td colspan="4">Fe <a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a> dengan 30 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>57</sup>Fe </td> <td>2.2% </td> <td colspan="4">Fe <a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a> dengan 31 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>58</sup>Fe </td> <td>0.28% </td> <td colspan="4">Fe <a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a> dengan 32 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>59</sup>Fe </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioisotop_sintetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radioisotop sintetik (laman tidak wujud)">syn</a> </td> <td>44.503 hari </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reputan_Beta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reputan Beta (laman tidak wujud)">β</a> </td> <td>1.565 </td> <td><sup>59</sup><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>60</sup>Fe </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioisotop_sintetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radioisotop sintetik (laman tidak wujud)">syn</a> </td> <td>1.5E6 tahun </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reputan_Beta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reputan Beta (laman tidak wujud)">β</a><sup>-</sup> </td> <td>3.978 </td> <td><sup>60</sup><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffc0c0; color:black"><a class="external text" 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title="Melayu (bahasa makro)-language text"><span lang="ms"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5953951"><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">فيروم</span>‎</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span>‎</span>; serapan <a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <i>ferrum</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) dalah unsur dalam <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala">jadual berkala</a> yang mempunyai simbol <b>Fe</b> dan <a href="/wiki/Nombor_atom" title="Nombor atom">nombor atom</a> 26. Besi ialah <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a> yang berada dalam kumpulan 8 dan <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala">kala</a> 4. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ciri-ciri_jelas">Ciri-ciri jelas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Ciri-ciri jelas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ciri-ciri jelas"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a> besi biasa mempunyai 56 ganda jisim atom <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> biasa. Besi ialah logam paling banyak, dan dipercayai unsur kimia kesepuluh paling banyak di alam sejagat. Besi juga ialah unsur paling banyak (menurut jisim, 34.6%) membentuk <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a>; penumpuan besi pada lapisan berlainan di Bumi berbeza antara tinggi peratusannya pada lapisan dalam sehingga 5% pada kerak bumi; terdapat kemungkinan bahawa teras dalam Bumi mengandungi hablur besi tunggal walaupun ia berkemungkinan sebatian besi dan <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a>; jumlah besar besi dalam Bumi dijangka menyumbang kepada <a href="/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera">medan magnet Bumi</a>. </p><p>Besi ialah logam yang dihasilkan dari bijih besi, dan jarang dijumpai dalam keadaan unsur bebas. Untuk mendapatkan unsur besi, campuran lain mesti disingkir melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengurangan_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengurangan kimia (laman tidak wujud)">pengurangan kimia</a>. Besi digunakan dalam penghasilan <a href="/wiki/Besi_waja" class="mw-redirect" title="Besi waja">besi waja</a>, yang bukannya unsur tetapi <a href="/wiki/Aloi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloi">aloi</a>, sebatian logam berlainan (dan sebahagian bukan-logam, terutamanya <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>). </p><p>Nukleus besi adalah antara nukleus-nukleus yang mempunyai tenaga pengikat tertinggi per nukleon, dan hanya diatasi oleh isotop nikel <sup>62</sup>Ni. Nukleid stabil yang paling banyak di dalam alam semesta ialah <sup>56</sup>Fe. Ini hasil daripada pelakuran nuklear pada bintang. Walaupun perolehan tenaga yang lebih tinggi boleh didapati dengan mensintesis <sup>62</sup>Ni, namun proses ini tidak digemari kerana keadaan yang kurang sesuai pada bintang-bintang. Apabila bintang gergasi mengecut pada penghujung hayatnya, tekanan dalaman dan suhu akan meningkat, membolehkan bintang seterusnya menghasilkan unsur yang lebih berat, walaupun keadaan ini kurang stabil berbanding dengan unsur-unsur pada sekitar nombor jisim 60 ("kumpulan besi"). Ini menjurus kepada berlakunya <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>. </p><p>Model kosmologi dengan alam sejagat terbuka meramalkan bahawa terdapatnya fasa di mana semua benda akan bertukar menjadi besi, hasil daripada tindak balas pembelahan dan pelakuran yang perlahan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kegunaan">Kegunaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Kegunaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kegunaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besi ialah logam paling biasa digunakan di antara semua logam, iaitu merangkumi sebanyak 95 peratus daripada semua tan logam yang dihasilkan di seluruh dunia. Gabungan harganya yang murah dengan kekuatannya menjadikan ia amat diperlukan, terutamanya dalam penggunaan seperti <a href="/wiki/Kereta" title="Kereta">kereta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badan_kapal" title="Badan kapal">badan kapal</a> bagi <a href="/wiki/Kapal" title="Kapal">kapal</a> besar, dan komponen struktur bagi bangunan. Besi waja ialah aloi besi paling dikenali, dan sebahagian dari bentuk yang dibentuk oleh besi termasuk: </p> <ul><li>Besi mentah atau <i>Pig iron</i> yang mengandungi 4% – 5% karbon dengan sejumlah bendasing seperti <a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">belerang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">fosforus</a>. Kepentingannya ialah perantaraan daripada <a href="/wiki/Bijih_besi" title="Bijih besi">bijih besi</a> kepada <a href="/wiki/Besi_tuang" title="Besi tuang">besi tuang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Besi_waja" class="mw-redirect" title="Besi waja">besi waja</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besi_tuang" title="Besi tuang">Besi tuang (<i>Cast iron</i>)</a> mengandungi 2% – 3.5% <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> dan sejumlah kecil <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a>. Bendasing yang terdapat di dalam besi mentah yang dapat memberikan kesan buruk kepada sifat bahan, seperti belerang dan fosforus, telah dikurangkan kepada tahap boleh diterima. Ia mempunyai takat lebur pada julat 1420–1470 K, yang lebih rendah berbanding dua komponen utamanya, dan menjadikannya hasil pertama yang melebur apabila karbon dan besi dipanaskan serentak. Sifat mekanikalnya berubah-ubah, bergantung kepada bentuk <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> yang diterap ke dalam aloi. Besi tuang 'putih' mengandungi karbon dalam bentuk <i>cementite</i>, atau besi karbida. Sebatian keras dan rapuh ini mendominasi sifat-sifat utama besi tuang 'putih', menyebabkannya keras, tetapi tidak tahan kejutan. Dalam besi tuang 'kelabu', karbon hadir dalam bentuk serpihan halus <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a>, dan ini juga menyebabkan bahan menjadi rapuh kerana ciri-ciri grafit yang mempunyai pinggir-pinggir tajam iaitu kawasan tegasan tinggi. Jenis besi kelabu yang baru, yang dinamakan 'besi mulur', dicampur dengan kandungan surih <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> untuk mengubah bentuk grafit menjadi sferoid, atau nodul, lantas meningkatkan ketegaran dan kekuatan besi.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi_karbon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besi karbon (laman tidak wujud)">Besi karbon</a> mengandungi antara 0.5% dan 1.5% <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>, dengan sejumlah kecil <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">belerang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">fosforus</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi_tempa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besi tempa (laman tidak wujud)">Besi tempa (<i>Wrought iron</i>)</a> mengandungi kurang daripada 0.5% karbon. Ia keras, mudah lentur, dan tidak mudah dilakurkan berbanding dengan besi mentah. Ia mempunyai sejumlah kecil karbon, beberapa persepuluh peratus. Jika ditajamkan menjadi tirus, ia cepat kehilangan ketajamannya.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi_aloi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besi aloi (laman tidak wujud)">Besi aloi (<i>Alloy steel</i>)</a> mengandungi kandungan karbon yang berubah-ubah dan juga logam-logam lain, seperti <a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">kromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">molibdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> dsb.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi_oksida_(III)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besi oksida (III) (laman tidak wujud)">Besi oksida (III)</a> digunakan dalam penghasilan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Storan_magnetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Storan magnetik (laman tidak wujud)">storan magnetik</a> dalam komputer. Ia sering dicampurkan dengan bahan lain, dan mengekalkan ciri-ciri mereka dalam larutan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tanda-tanda pertama kegunaan besi datangnya dari <a href="/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria">Sumeria</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir">Mesir</a>, di mana sekitar <a href="/wiki/Milenium_ke-4" title="Milenium ke-4">4000 SM</a>, benda kecil, seperti mata lembing dan perhiasan, dihasilkan dari besi yang didapati dari <a href="/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor">meteor</a>. Sekitar <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-30" title="Abad ke-30">3000 SM</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-20_SM" title="Abad ke-20 SM">2000 SM</a>, semakin banyak objek besi yang dikerjakan dihasilkan (dibezakan dengan besi meteor melalui ketiadaan nikel dalam barangan besi tersebut) di <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir">Mesir</a>. Bagaimanapun, kegunaannya kemungkinannya untuk upacara tertentu, dan besi ialah logam yang mahal, lebih mahal berbanding <a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">emas</a>. Dalam epik <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, kebanyakan senjata ialah <a href="/wiki/Gangsa" title="Gangsa">gangsa</a>, tetapi ketulan besi digunakan untuk perdagangan. Sebahagian sumber (lihat rujukan <i>What Caused the Iron Age?</i> di bawah) mencadangkan bahawa besi dihasilkan sebagai hasil sampingan dari penyucian tembaga ketika itu, sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi_span&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besi span (laman tidak wujud)">besi span</a>, dan tidak dihasilkan oleh pakar logam masa itu. Pada <a href="/wiki/1600-an_SM" title="1600-an SM">1600 SM</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/1200-an_SM" title="1200-an SM">1200 SM</a>, besi digunakan secara lebih meluas di Timur Tengah, tetapi tidak menggantikan kegunaan <a href="/wiki/Gangsa" title="Gangsa">gangsa</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Axe_of_iron_from_Swedish_Iron_Age,_found_at_Gotland,_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Axe_of_iron_from_Swedish_Iron_Age%2C_found_at_Gotland%2C_Sweden.jpg/200px-Axe_of_iron_from_Swedish_Iron_Age%2C_found_at_Gotland%2C_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Axe_of_iron_from_Swedish_Iron_Age%2C_found_at_Gotland%2C_Sweden.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Kapak besi dari Zaman Besi Sweden yang ditemui di Gotland, Sweden.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dari tempoh <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-12_SM" title="Abad ke-12 SM">abad ke-12 SM</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-10_SM" title="Abad ke-10 SM">abad ke-10 SM</a>, terdapat peralihan pantas di Timur Tengah dari segi peralatan dan senjata gangsa kepada besi. Faktor utama peralihan ini tidak kelihatannya sebagai kelebihan teknologi kerjabesi, tetapi sebaliknya disebabkan gangguan bekalan <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a>. Tempoh peralihan ini, yang berlaku pada tempoh berlainan ditempat berlainan di dunia, mengorak langkah ke zaman tamadun yang dikenali sebagai <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Besi" title="Zaman Besi">Zaman Besi</a>. </p><p>Serentak dengan peralihan dari gangsa kepada besi ialah jumpaan proses pengkarbonan, iaitu proses menambah karbon kepada besi masa itu. Besi yang dihasilkan adalah besi span, campuran besi dan sanga dengan karbon dan karbida, yang kemudiannya diketuk dan dilipat untuk menyingkirkan <a href="/wiki/Sanga" title="Sanga">sanga</a> sambil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengoksidakan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mengoksidakan (laman tidak wujud)">mengoksidakan</a> kandungan karbonmenghasilkan besi tempa. Besi tempa amat kurang kandungan karbon dan tidak mudah dikeraskan melalui celupan. Orang-orang Timur Tengah mendapati bahawa hasil yang lebih keras boleh dihasilkan dengan memanaskan objek besi tempa dalam campuran arang untuk tempoh yang lama, dan kemudiannya dicelup dalam air atau minyak. Barangan yang terhasil, yang mempunyai permukaan <a href="/wiki/Besi_waja" class="mw-redirect" title="Besi waja">besi waja</a>, adalah lebih keras dan tahan berbanding gangsa yang digantikannya. </p><p>Di negara China besi pertama digunakan juga ialah besi meteor, dengan bukti arkeologi mengenai barangan besi tempa muncul di barat laut, berhampiran <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-8_SM" title="Abad ke-8 SM">abad ke-8 SM</a>. Barangan ini dibuat dengan besi tempa, dicipta melalui proses yang sama dengan yang digunakan di Timur Tengah dan Eropah, dan dipercayai diimport oleh penduduk bukan Cina. </p><p>Pada tahun-tahun terakhir <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Zhou" title="Dinasti Zhou">Dinasti Zhou</a> (ca 550 BC), keupayaan penghasilan barangan besi bermula disebabkan teknologi tanur yang berkembang tinggi. Menghasilkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rerelau_bagas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rerelau bagas (laman tidak wujud)">rerelau bagas</a> (<i>blast furnace</i>) yang berupaya menghasilkan suhu melebihi 1,300 K, negara Cina telah memajukan penghasilan <a href="/wiki/Besi_tuang" title="Besi tuang">besi tuang</a>, atau besi mentah. Pengetahuan besi dalam kalangan orang <a href="/wiki/Orang_Austronesia" title="Orang Austronesia">Austronesia</a> dianggap telah mula terkembang dengan bahasa proto dituturkan tetapi ilmu pertukangan datang jauh lebih lewat secara dua titik berasingan:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orang_Cam" title="Orang Cam">orang Cam</a> telah menerajukan pertukangan alat senjata besi asas peluasan <a href="/wiki/Campa" title="Campa">kerajaan mereka</a> sejak 2000 tahun lagi hasil pengaruh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budaya_Dong_Son&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budaya Dong Son (laman tidak wujud)">Budaya Dong Son</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Budaya_Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh" title="Budaya Sa Huỳnh">Sa Huỳnh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kaum_asli_Taiwan" title="Kaum asli Taiwan">masyarakat peribumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Taiwan" title="Pulau Taiwan">Taiwan</a> pula mengembangkan persenjataan yang berasingan dari abad ke-2 Masihi lepas bertembung dengan orang luar di Shisanhang (di <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Baru" title="Taipei Baru">Taipei Baru</a> kini) berdasarkan peninggalan arkeologi kosakata besi dan karat pada <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Formosa" title="Bahasa-bahasa Formosa">bahasa-bahasa tuturan serumpun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jika bijih besi dipanaskan serentak dengan karbon sehingga 1420–1470 K, cecair likat terbentuk, satu <a href="/wiki/Aloi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloi">aloi</a> sekitar 96.5% besi dan 3.5% karbon. Hasil ini kuat, boleh dibentuk menjadi bentuk halus, tetapi terlalu rapuh untuk dibentuk, kecuali ia dinyahkarbon (<i>decarburized</i>) untuk menyingkir kebanyakan karbon. Sebahagian besar penghasilan besi zaman Dinasti Zhou berikut, ialah besi tuang. Besi, bagaimanapun, kekal sebagai penghasilan orang bawahan, digunakan oleh peladang selama beberapa ratus tahun, dan tidak menarik minat kaum bangsawan China sehingga <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Qin" title="Dinasti Qin">Dinasti Qin</a> (sekitar 221 SM). </p><p>Besi tuang mundur di Eropah, disebabkan pelebur Eropah hanya mampu mencapai suhu sekitar 1000 K. Sebahagian besar Abad Pertengahan, di Eropah Barat, besi masih dihasilkan dengan menggunakan besi sponge menjadi besi tempa. Contoh besi tuang yang terawal di Eropah dijumpai dua tempat di <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, Lapphyttan dan Vinarhyttan, antara <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>. Terdapat cadangan oleh para penyelidik bahawa ia mungkin diperkenalkan oleh puak <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> menyeberangi <a href="/wiki/Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia">Russia</a> ketapak tersebut, tertapi tidak terdapat bukti kepada hipothesis ini. Bagaimanapun, menjelang akhir abad ke empat belas, pasaran bagi besi tuang mulai terbentuk, sebagai permintaan bagi peluru meriam yang diperbuat daripada besi tuang. </p><p>Peleburan besi awal (sebagaimana proses ini dikenali) menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Arang" title="Arang">arang</a> sebagai sumber haba dan <a href="/wiki/Agen_penurun" class="mw-redirect" title="Agen penurun">agen penurun</a>. Pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-18" title="Abad ke-18">abad ke-18</a> bekalan kayu di England kehabisan dan kok(arang), bahan api fosil, digunakan sebagai ganti. Innovasi ini oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Darby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Darby (laman tidak wujud)">Abraham Darby</a> membekalkan tenaga untuk Revolusi Perindustrian di England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ragam_Kewujudan">Ragam Kewujudan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Ragam Kewujudan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ragam Kewujudan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:IronInRocksMakeRiverRed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/IronInRocksMakeRiverRed.jpg/250px-IronInRocksMakeRiverRed.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/IronInRocksMakeRiverRed.jpg/375px-IronInRocksMakeRiverRed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/IronInRocksMakeRiverRed.jpg/500px-IronInRocksMakeRiverRed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Warna merah pada air disebabkan oleh kehadiran bijih besi dalam batu</figcaption></figure> <p>Besi ialah salah satu unsur paling biasa di Bumi, membentuk 5% daripada kerak Bumi. Kebanyakan besi ini hadir dalam pelbagai jenis oksida besi, seperti bahan galian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hematit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hematit (laman tidak wujud)">hematit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetit (laman tidak wujud)">magnetit</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Takonit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takonit (laman tidak wujud)">takonit</a>. Sebahagian besar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teras_bumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teras bumi (laman tidak wujud)">teras bumi</a> dipercayai mengandungi aloi logam besi-nikel. Sekitar 5% daripada <a href="/wiki/Meteorit" title="Meteorit">meteorit</a> turut mengandungi aloi besi-nikel. Walaupun jarang, ini ialah bentuk utama logam besi semulajadi dipermukaan bumi. </p><p><br /> Dalam perindustrian, besi dihasilkan daripada <a href="/wiki/Bijih" title="Bijih">bijih</a>, kebanyakannya hematit (sedikit Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) dan magnetit (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), melalui <a href="/wiki/Penurunan" class="mw-redirect" title="Penurunan">penurunan</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relau_hembus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relau hembus (laman tidak wujud)">relau hembus</a> (<i>blast furnace</i>) pada suhu sekitar 2000 °C. Dalam relau hembus, bijih besi, karbon dalam bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kok_(arang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kok (arang) (laman tidak wujud)">kok</a>, dan fluks seperti <a href="/wiki/Batu_kapur" title="Batu kapur">batu kapur</a> diisikan di bahagian atas relau, sementara semburan udara panas dipaksa untuk masuk ke dalam relau di bahagian bawah. </p><p>Dalam relau, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kok_(arang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kok (arang) (laman tidak wujud)">kok</a> bertindak balas dengan <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> dalam hembusan udara untuk menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">karbon monoksida</a>: </p> <dl><dd>2 <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a> + <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O<sub>2</sub></a> → 2 <a href="/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">CO</a></dd></dl> <p>Karbon monoksida mengurangkan bijih besi (dalam <a href="/wiki/Persamaan_kimia" title="Persamaan kimia">persamaan kimia</a> di bawah, hematit) kepada besi lebur, menjadi <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> di dalam proses tersebut: </p> <dl><dd>3 <a href="/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">CO</a> + <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hematit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hematit (laman tidak wujud)">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a> → 2 Fe + 3 <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">CO<sub>2</sub></a></dd></dl> <p>Fluks ditambah untuk meleburkan bendasing dalam bijih, terutamanya <a href="/wiki/Silikon_dioksida" title="Silikon dioksida">silikon dioksida</a> <a href="/wiki/Pasir" title="Pasir">pasir</a> dan lain-lain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silikat (laman tidak wujud)">silikat</a>. Fluks biasa termasuklah batu kapur (terutamanya <a href="/wiki/Kalsium_karbonat" title="Kalsium karbonat">kalsium karbonat</a>) dan dolomit (<a href="/wiki/Magnesium_karbonat" title="Magnesium karbonat">magnesium karbonat</a>). Fluks yang lain boleh digunakan bergantung kepada jenis bendasing yang perlu diasingkan daripada bijih. Di bawah kepanasan relau, batu kapur mengurai menjadi <a href="/wiki/Kalsium_oksida" title="Kalsium oksida">kalsium oksida</a> (kapur tohor): </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kalsium_karbonat" title="Kalsium karbonat">CaCO<sub>3</sub></a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcium_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcium oxide (laman tidak wujud)">CaO</a> + <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">CO<sub>2</sub></a></dd></dl> <p>Kalsium oksida bergabung dengan silikon dioksida untuk menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Sanga" title="Sanga">sanga</a>. </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kalsium_oksida" title="Kalsium oksida">CaO</a> + <a href="/wiki/Silikon_dioksida" title="Silikon dioksida">SiO<sub>2</sub></a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wollastonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wollastonite (laman tidak wujud)">CaSiO<sub>3</sub></a></dd></dl> <p>Sanga melebur oleh kerana haba di dalam relau, berbanding dengan silikon dioksida yang tidak akan melebur di bawah haba yang sama. Pada dasar relau, sanga yang melebur terapung atas leburan besi yang lebih tumpat, dan hanyut ke tepi relau yang mungkin akan dibuka untuk mengalirkan sanga keluar daripada leburan besi. Besi ini, apabila disejukkan, akan dipanggil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi_mentah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besi mentah (laman tidak wujud)">besi mentah</a>, sementara sanga boleh digunakan sebagai bahan untuk pembinaan <a href="/wiki/Jalan_raya" title="Jalan raya">jalan raya</a> atau untuk menyuburkan tanah yang kurang mineral untuk <a href="/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">pertanian</a>. </p><p>Anggaran sebanyak 1,100 Jt (juta tan) bijih besi dihasilkan di seluruh dunia dalam tahun <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>, dengan nilai pasaran kasar mencecah lebih kurang 25 <a href="/wiki/Bilion" class="mw-disambig" title="Bilion">bilion</a> dolar Amerika. Pengeluaran bijih berlangsung di 48 negara, dengan lima pengeluar terbesar ialah <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, menghasilkan 70% daripada pengeluaran bijih besi dunia. 1100 Jt bijih besi digunakan untuk menghasilkan lebih kurang 572 Jt besi mentah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sebatian">Sebatian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Sebatian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sebatian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg/250px-LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg/375px-LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg/500px-LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Timbunan palet <a href="/wiki/Bijih_besi" title="Bijih besi">bijih besi</a> akan digunakan dalam penghasilan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi_keluli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besi keluli (laman tidak wujud)">besi keluli</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Keadaan pengoksidaan biasa untuk besi termasuk: </p> <ul><li>Bentuk <b>Ferum(II)</b>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, dahulunya dinamakan ferus amat biasa.</li> <li>Bentuk <b>Ferum(III)</b>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, dahulunya dinamakan ferik, juga biasa, sebagai contoh dalam <a href="/wiki/Karat" title="Karat">karat</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Bentuk <b>Ferum(IV)</b>, Fe<sup>4+</sup>, dahulunya dinamakan feril, stabil dalam sebahagian enzim (contoh. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroksidase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peroksidase (laman tidak wujud)">peroksidase</a>).</li> <li><b>Ferum(VI)</b> juga ada, walaupun jarang dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalium_ferat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalium ferat (laman tidak wujud)">Kalium ferat</a>.</li> <li>karbide besi Fe<sub>3</sub>C juga dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cementite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cementite (laman tidak wujud)">cementite</a>.</li> <li>Lihat juga <a href="/wiki/Besi_oksida" title="Besi oksida">besi oksida</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peranan_biologi">Peranan biologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Peranan biologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Peranan biologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besi dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Zat_besi" title="Zat besi">zat besi</a> amat penting bagi semua organisma, kecuali bagi sebahagian kecil <a href="/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria">bakteria</a>. Ia kebanyakannya disisipkan dengan stabil dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logamprotein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logamprotein (laman tidak wujud)">logamprotein (<i>metalloprotein</i>)</a>, kerana sekiranya terdedah atau dalam bentuk bebas ia menyebabkan penghasilan <a href="/wiki/Radikal_bebas" title="Radikal bebas">radikal bebas</a> yang kebiasaannya toksik kepada sel. Mengatakan bahawa besi bergerak bebas tidaklah bermaksud ia diangkut secara bebas dalam bendalir badan, sebaliknya besi terikat ketat dengan hampir kesemua biomolekul-biomolekul agar ia dapat melekap secara tak khusus kepada membran sel, asid nukleik, protein dsb. </p><p>Haiwan menerapkan besi ke dalam kompleks <a href="/wiki/Hem" title="Hem">hem</a>, sejenis komponen penting dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitokrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sitokrom (laman tidak wujud)">sitokrom</a>, iaitu protein yang terlibat dalam tindakbalas <a href="/wiki/Redoks" class="mw-redirect" title="Redoks">redoks</a> (termasuk respirasi tetapi tidak terhad kepada respirasi sahaja), dan juga protein-protein pengangkut oksigen, iaitu <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mioglobin" title="Mioglobin">mioglobin</a>. Besi tak organik yang terlibat dalam tindakbalas redoks juga terdapat dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_besi-sulfur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelompok besi-sulfur (laman tidak wujud)">kelompok besi-sulfur</a> dalam kebanyakan <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a>, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrogenase (laman tidak wujud)">nitrogenase</a> (terlibat dalam sintesis <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> daripada <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>) dan juga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogenase (laman tidak wujud)">hidrogenase</a>. Satu kelas yang bernama <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi_bukan_hem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besi bukan hem (laman tidak wujud)">besi bukan hem</a> berperanan dalam pelbagai fungsi dalam hidupan, protein-protein ini termasuklah <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metana_monooksigenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metana monooksigenase (laman tidak wujud)">metana monooksigenase</a> (mengoksidakan <a href="/wiki/Metana" title="Metana">metana</a> kepada <a href="/wiki/Metanol" title="Metanol">metanol</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribonukeotida_reduktase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribonukeotida reduktase (laman tidak wujud)">ribonukeotida reduktase</a> (menurunkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribose (laman tidak wujud)">ribose</a> kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioksiribose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioksiribose (laman tidak wujud)">dioksiribose</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pereplikaan_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Pereplikaan DNA">biosintesis DNA</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemeritrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemeritrin (laman tidak wujud)">hemeritrin</a> (pengangkutan dan pengikatan <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Biologi_marin#lain-lain_hidupan_laut" title="Biologi marin">invertebrat marin</a>) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_fosfatase_ungu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asid fosfatase ungu (laman tidak wujud)">asid fosfatase ungu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hidrolisis" title="Hidrolisis">hidrolisis</a> <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfate (laman tidak wujud)">fosfate</a>). Apabila tubuh menentang <a href="/wiki/Jangkitan" title="Jangkitan">jangkitan</a> bakteria, tubuh menyorokkan (<i>sequester</i>) besi dalam pengangkut protein <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transferrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transferrin (laman tidak wujud)">transferrin</a> supaya tidak dapat digunakan oleh bakteria. </p><p>Taburan besi dikawalatur secara ketat di dalam badan haiwan <a href="/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia">mamalia</a>. Besi yang diserap dalam <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> akan melekat pada transferrin, dan diangkut oleh <a href="/wiki/Darah" title="Darah">darah</a> sehingga tiba ke <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">sel-sel</a>. Di situ besi diterap ke dalam protein sasaran melalui mekanisme yang belum lagi diketahui. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000079">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040507172002/http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000079">Diarkibkan</a> 2004-05-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </p><p>Sumber-sumber gizi besi termasuklah <a href="/wiki/Daging" title="Daging">daging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikan" title="Ikan">ikan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayam" title="Ayam">ayam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kacang_dal" title="Kacang dal">kacang dal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kacang" title="Kacang">kacang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayam" title="Bayam">bayam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tauhu" title="Tauhu">tauhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kacang_kuda" title="Kacang kuda">kacang kuda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kacang_bol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kacang bol (laman tidak wujud)">kacang bol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strawberi" title="Strawberi">strawberi</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farina (laman tidak wujud)">farina</a>. </p><p>Besi yang dibekalkan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makanan_tambahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makanan tambahan (laman tidak wujud)">makanan tambahan</a> selalunya dalam bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrous_fumarate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferrous fumarate (laman tidak wujud)">Besi (II) fumarate</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keperluan_harian_yang_disyorkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keperluan harian yang disyorkan (laman tidak wujud)">RDA</a> untuk besi berbeza-beza bergantung kepada umur, jantina, dan sumber gizi besi (besi berasaskan <a href="/wiki/Hem" title="Hem">hem</a> mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Keterbiosediaan" title="Keterbiosediaan">keterbiosediaan</a> yang lebih tinggi)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/294/0.pdf">[2]</a>. Lihat nota <a href="#Langkah_berhati-hati">langkah berhati-hati</a> di bawah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotop">Isotop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Isotop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Isotop"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besi mempunyai empat <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> stabil yang wujud secara semula jadi, <sup>54</sup>Fe, <sup>56</sup>Fe, <sup>57</sup>Fe and <sup>58</sup>Fe. Kelimpahan semulajadi isotop-isotop Fe dalam alam sekitar adalah lebih kurang <sup>54</sup>Fe (5.8%), <sup>56</sup>Fe (91.7%), <sup>57</sup>Fe (2.2%) dan <sup>58</sup>Fe (0.3%). <sup>60</sup>Fe ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuklida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radionuklida (laman tidak wujud)">radionuklida</a> yang telah <a href="/wiki/Kepupusan" title="Kepupusan">pupus</a> dan mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Separuh_hayat" title="Separuh hayat">separuh hayat</a> yang panjang (1.5 juta tahun). Kebanyakan hasil penyelidikan terdahulu dalam pengiraan komposisi Fe bertumpu kepada penentuan variasi <sup>60</sup>Fe akibat daripada <a href="/wiki/Nukleosintesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleosintesis">nukleosintesis</a> (iaitu, kajian <a href="/wiki/Meteorit" title="Meteorit">meteorit</a>) dan pembentukan bijih. Isotop <sup>56</sup>Fe menimbulkan minat saintis nuklear kerana ia nukleus yang paling stabil yang boleh dikecapi. Adalah mustahil untuk menjalankan proses pelakuran atau pembelahan ke atas <sup>56</sup>Fe untuk membebaskan tenaga. Ini tidak sama dengan lain-lain unsur. </p><p>Dalam fasa-fasa meteorit <i>Semarkona</i> und <i>Chervony Kut</i> perkaitan antara kepekatan <sup>60</sup><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasil_reputan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasil reputan (laman tidak wujud)">hasil reputan</a> <sup>60</sup>Fe, dan kelimpahan isotop stabil besi boleh ditemui dan ini menjadi bukti kepada kewujudan isotop <sup>60</sup>Fe sejak saat pembentukan sistem solar. Kemungkinan tenaga yang dibebaskan dalam reputan <sup>60</sup>Fe, bersama dengan tenaga yang dibebaskan dalam penguraian radionuklida <sup>26</sup><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>, membantu dalam peleburan semula dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembezaan_planet-planet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembezaan planet-planet (laman tidak wujud)">pembezaan</a> <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> selepas pembentukannya 4.6 bilion tahun yang lalu. Kelimpahan <sup>60</sup><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a> yang hadir pada bahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luar_daratan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luar daratan (laman tidak wujud)">luar daratan</a> dapat memberikan petunjuk yang lebih lanjut mengenai asal <a href="/wiki/Sistem_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem solar">sistem solar</a> dan sejarah awalnya. </p><p>Di antara isotop-isotop yang stabil ini, hanya <sup>57</sup>Fe mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Spin_(fizik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin (fizik)">spin</a> (−1/2). Oleh sebab itu, <sup>57</sup>Fe mempunyai kegunaan sebagai isotop spin dalam bidang kimia dan biokimia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Langkah_berhati-hati">Langkah berhati-hati</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Langkah berhati-hati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Langkah berhati-hati"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pemakanan zat besi berlebihan adalah toksik, kerana besi ferus berlebihan bertindak balas dengan peroksida dalam badan, menghasilkan radikal bebas. Besi dalam jumlah normal, mekanisma antioksida dalam badan mampu mengawal proses ini. Sekiranya berlebihan, sejumlah radikal bebas yang luar kawal akan terhasil. </p><p>Sukatan zat besi yang boleh membawa maut bagi budak berumur dua tahun adalah lebih kurang tiga gram besi. Satu gram boleh mengakibatkan keracunan berat. Terdapat kes-kes yang dilaporkan mengenai kanak-kanak yang mengalami keracunan setelah memakan 10-50 tablet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferus_sulfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferus sulfat (laman tidak wujud)">ferus sulfat</a> dalam tempoh beberapa jam. Lebihan dos zat besi ialah punca kematian kanak-kanak tertinggi antara lain-lain keracunan akibat pemakanan farmaseutikal secara tidak sengaja. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saranan_Pengambilan_Makanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saranan Pengambilan Makanan (laman tidak wujud)">DRI</a> menyenaraikan paras tinggi pengambilan yang boleh diterima untuk orang dewasa adalah 45 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miligram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miligram (laman tidak wujud)">mg</a>/hari. Untuk kanak-kanak di bawah 14 tahun, paras tinggi ialah 40 mg/hari. </p><p>Jika besi diambil secara berlebihan, berbagai-bagai jenis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gangguan_akibat_lebihan_zat_besi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gangguan akibat lebihan zat besi (laman tidak wujud)">gangguan akibat lebihan zat besi</a> boleh berlaku, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemokromatosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemokromatosis (laman tidak wujud)">hemokromatosis</a>. Oleh sebab itu, makanan tambahan besi tidak patut diambil kecuali jika seseorang itu mengalami gangguan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekurangan_besi_(perubatan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekurangan besi (perubatan) (laman tidak wujud)">kekurangan besi</a> dan telah mendapat nasihat doktor. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendermaan_darah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendermaan darah (laman tidak wujud)">Penderma darah</a> adalah antara yang berisiko tinggi menghidap gangguan kekurangan besi dan selalunya akan disyorkan untuk mengambil makanan tambahan besi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlust2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Blust, Robert</a> (2005). "Borneo and iron: Dempwolff's *besi revisited". <i>Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association</i>. <b>3</b> (25): 31–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7152%2Fbippa.v25i0.11912">10.7152/bippa.v25i0.11912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Indo-Pacific+Prehistory+Association&rft.atitle=Borneo+and+iron%3A+Dempwolff%27s+%2Abesi+revisited&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=31-40&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7152%2Fbippa.v25i0.11912&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABesi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"ferum". K. Prent, J. Adisubrata, W. J. S. Poerwadarminta (1969). <i>Kamus Latin-Indonesia</i>. Jogjakarta: Penerbitan Jajasan Kanisius. m/s. 334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Bellwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Bellwood (laman tidak wujud)">Bellwood, Peter</a> (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt24hf81.13">"The Early Metal Phase: A Protohistoric Transition toward Supra-Tribal Societies"</a>, <i>Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago</i> (ed. revised), Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaiʻi Press, m/s. 268–307, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0824819071" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0824819071"><bdi>0824819071</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Metal+Phase%3A+A+Protohistoric+Transition+toward+Supra-Tribal+Societies&rft.btitle=Prehistory+of+the+Indo-Malaysian+Archipelago&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pages=268-307&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0824819071&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt24hf81.13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABesi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBlust2013" class="citation journal cs1">Blust, Robert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43286769">"Formosan Evidence for Early Austronesian Knowledge of Iron"</a>. <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 255–264. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0029-8115">0029-8115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Formosan+Evidence+for+Early+Austronesian+Knowledge+of+Iron&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=255-264&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0029-8115&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43286769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABesi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/26.html">Los Alamos National Laboratory – Iron</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="extiw" title="commons:Laman Utama">Wikimedia Commons</a> mempunyai media berkaitan: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iron" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Iron">Besi</a></b></i>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Fe/index.html">WebElements.com – Iron</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele026.html">It's Elemental – Iron</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iron-manufacturers.ane.com.tw/">iron manufacturers directory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050405172121/http://iron-manufacturers.ane.com.tw/">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-04-05 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5868370">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Chem_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ikon tunas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chem_template.svg/33px-Chem_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chem_template.svg/50px-Chem_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chem_template.svg/66px-Chem_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">Rencana berkenaan <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a> ini ialah <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tunas">rencana tunas</a>. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan <a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=edit">mengembangkannya</a>.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tunas-kimia" title="Templat:Tunas-kimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan_templat:Tunas-kimia" title="Perbincangan templat:Tunas-kimia"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tunas-kimia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5868370"><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Nuvola_apps_kfig.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ikon tunas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nuvola_apps_kfig.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_kfig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nuvola_apps_kfig.svg/45px-Nuvola_apps_kfig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nuvola_apps_kfig.svg/59px-Nuvola_apps_kfig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="110" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">Rencana berkaitan <a href="/wiki/Kejuruteraan" title="Kejuruteraan">kejuruteraan</a> ini ialah <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tunas">rencana tunas</a>. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan <a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Besi&action=edit">mengembangkannya</a>.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tunas-kejuruteraan" title="Templat:Tunas-kejuruteraan"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Tunas-kejuruteraan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Tunas-kejuruteraan (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tunas-kejuruteraan&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> <table class="navbox collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="32"><div style="float:left; text-align:left; width:6em;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style=""><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Jadual_berkala_padat" title="Templat:Jadual berkala padat"><span title="Lihat templat ini" style="">p</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Jadual_berkala_padat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Jadual berkala padat (laman tidak wujud)"><span title="Bincang templat ini" style="">b</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Jadual_berkala_padat&action=edit"><span title="Sunting templat ini" style="">s</span></a></li></ul></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><span style="padding-left: 1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala">Jadual berkala</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" colspan="30">  </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24">  </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">F</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24">  </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">P</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Zink" class="mw-redirect" title="Zink">Zn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Arsenik" title="Arsenik">As</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Br</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">Y</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Teknetium" title="Teknetium">Tc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Pd</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Antimoni" title="Antimoni">Sb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">I</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">Cs</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">La</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">Ce</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">Pr</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">Nd</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">Pm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">Tm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Au</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Hg</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Tl</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Plumbum" title="Plumbum">Pb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">Fr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">Ac</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Th</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">Pa</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">Am</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">Cm</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">Cf</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium">Lr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">Hs</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium">Cn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Tennessin" title="Tennessin">Ts</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="32"> <table border="1" align="center" style="border:1px solid #ffffff; border-collapse:collapse; font-size: smaller; width:100%" rules="all" cellpadding="1"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_bumi" title="Logam alkali bumi">Logam alkali bumi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffbfff" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Lantanid" title="Lantanid">Lantanid</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Aktinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktinid">Aktinid</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Logam_peralihan" title="Logam peralihan">Logam peralihan</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">Logam</a> lain </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Bukan_logam" title="Bukan logam">Bukan logam</a> lain </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogen</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Gas_adi" title="Gas adi">Gas adi</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="32"> <table 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