Climate Change | Central Bank of Ireland

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alt="Sustainable office building" sf-size="514981" /></p><p>Climate change poses risks to economic and financial stability. At Central Bank of Ireland, we are working to understand these risks, their implications and the responses required. This will help ensure we can continue to serve the public interest by maintaining monetary and financial stability.</p> <div class="panel panel-default standard-accordion"> <div class="panel-heading" id="heading-Climate-Forum-a883fcc2-06f0-4029-8d66-1487015b5d6a"> <div class="panel-title"> <a class="collapsed gtm-expanding" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" href="#Climate-Forum-a883fcc2-06f0-4029-8d66-1487015b5d6a" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="Climate-Forum-a883fcc2-06f0-4029-8d66-1487015b5d6a"> <strong class="gtm-expanding">Climate Forum</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div id="Climate-Forum-a883fcc2-06f0-4029-8d66-1487015b5d6a" class="panel-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-Climate-Forum-a883fcc2-06f0-4029-8d66-1487015b5d6a" aria-expanded="false" style="height: 0px;"> <div class="panel-body"> <p>The Climate Risk and Sustainable Finance Forum (Climate Forum) is a consultative forum. It aims to build a shared approach between the financial sector and Central Bank of Ireland in understanding and managing the financial risks and opportunities posed by climate change.</p> <p><a href="/events/climate-forum" title="Read more about the Climate Forum">Read more about the Climate Forum</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default standard-accordion"> <div class="panel-heading" id="heading-Economic-and-Financial-Interlinkages-5f3d614f-4855-4ba4-8c30-c3620d584dc5"> <div class="panel-title"> <a class="collapsed gtm-expanding" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" href="#Economic-and-Financial-Interlinkages-5f3d614f-4855-4ba4-8c30-c3620d584dc5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="Economic-and-Financial-Interlinkages-5f3d614f-4855-4ba4-8c30-c3620d584dc5"> <strong class="gtm-expanding">Economic and Financial Interlinkages</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div id="Economic-and-Financial-Interlinkages-5f3d614f-4855-4ba4-8c30-c3620d584dc5" class="panel-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-Economic-and-Financial-Interlinkages-5f3d614f-4855-4ba4-8c30-c3620d584dc5" aria-expanded="false" style="height: 0px;"> <div class="panel-body"> <p>Climate change is a long run, intergenerational crisis, and one that can only be averted through significant short-to-medium term technological and behavioural change. </p> <p><a href="/financial-system/climate-change/economic-and-financial-interlinkages">Read more about Economic and Financial Interlinkages.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default standard-accordion"> <div class="panel-heading" id="heading-Financial-Regulation-and-Supervision-e47268ac-4621-4ba4-918f-d91c922d32ae"> <div class="panel-title"> <a class="collapsed gtm-expanding" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" href="#Financial-Regulation-and-Supervision-e47268ac-4621-4ba4-918f-d91c922d32ae" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="Financial-Regulation-and-Supervision-e47268ac-4621-4ba4-918f-d91c922d32ae"> <strong class="gtm-expanding">Financial Regulation and Supervision</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div id="Financial-Regulation-and-Supervision-e47268ac-4621-4ba4-918f-d91c922d32ae" class="panel-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-Financial-Regulation-and-Supervision-e47268ac-4621-4ba4-918f-d91c922d32ae" aria-expanded="false" style="height: 0px;"> <div class="panel-body"> <p>Transitioning to a carbon neutral and more circular economy entails both risks and opportunities for the economy and financial institutions, while physical damage caused by climate change and environmental degradation can have a significant impact on the real economy and the financial system.</p> <p><a href="/financial-system/climate-change/financial-regulation-and-supervision">Read more about Financial Regulation and Supervision.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default standard-accordion"> <div class="panel-heading" id="heading-International-Engagement--4ba4f63d-8f4d-46e5-9e77-14a39accb4ce"> <div class="panel-title"> <a class="collapsed gtm-expanding" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" href="#International-Engagement--4ba4f63d-8f4d-46e5-9e77-14a39accb4ce" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="International-Engagement--4ba4f63d-8f4d-46e5-9e77-14a39accb4ce"> <strong class="gtm-expanding">International Engagement </strong> </a> </div> </div> <div id="International-Engagement--4ba4f63d-8f4d-46e5-9e77-14a39accb4ce" class="panel-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-International-Engagement--4ba4f63d-8f4d-46e5-9e77-14a39accb4ce" aria-expanded="false" style="height: 0px;"> <div class="panel-body"> <p>In recognising that climate change is fundamentally a global issue, Central Bank of Ireland supports international efforts to address it. <br /> <br /> </p> <p><a href="/financial-system/climate-change/international-engagement">Read more about International Engagement.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default standard-accordion"> <div class="panel-heading" id="heading-The-Central-Bank-and-Sustainability-7498ba94-00ed-44e1-8a3b-eea7d719d51e"> <div class="panel-title"> <a class="collapsed gtm-expanding" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" href="#The-Central-Bank-and-Sustainability-7498ba94-00ed-44e1-8a3b-eea7d719d51e" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="The-Central-Bank-and-Sustainability-7498ba94-00ed-44e1-8a3b-eea7d719d51e"> <strong class="gtm-expanding">The Central Bank and Sustainability</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div id="The-Central-Bank-and-Sustainability-7498ba94-00ed-44e1-8a3b-eea7d719d51e" class="panel-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-The-Central-Bank-and-Sustainability-7498ba94-00ed-44e1-8a3b-eea7d719d51e" aria-expanded="false" style="height: 0px;"> <div class="panel-body"> <p>As an integral part of the Central Bank’s culture of acting sustainably, we aim to invest our financial assets in a sustainable manner and manage our operations in an environmentally friendly way. </p> <p><a href="/financial-system/climate-change/the-central-bank-and-sustainability">Read more about the Central Bank and Sustainability.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <h2><strong>Speeches</strong></h2><p><a href="/news/article/meeting-the-climate-challenge---remarks-by-deputy-governor-sharon-donnery" title="27 November 2024: “Meeting the climate challenge” – Remarks by Deputy Governor Sharon Donnery at the Global Insurance Summit Europe" data-sf-ec-immutable="">27 November 2024: “Meeting the climate challenge” – Remarks by Deputy Governor Sharon Donnery at the Global Insurance Summit Europe</a></p><p><a href="/news/article/speech-gabriel-makhlouf-climate-change-adapting-to-avoid-the-prisoners-emissions-dilemma-epa-annual-climate-change-conference-15-may-2024" title="15 May 2024 - Climate change: adapting to avoid the prisoner’s emissions dilemma - Remarks by Governor Makhlouf at EPA Annual Climate Change Conference" data-sf-ec-immutable="">15 May 2024 - Climate change: adapting to avoid the prisoner’s emissions dilemma - Remarks by Governor Makhlouf at EPA Annual Climate Change Conference</a></p><p><a href="/news/article/speech-sharon-donnerywalking-the-path-the-transition-to-net-zero-21-november-2023" data-sf-ec-immutable="">21 November 2023: "Walking the path – the transition to Net-Zero" -  Remarks by Deputy Governor Sharon Donnery at Climate Finance Week</a></p><p><a href="/news-media/press-releases/speech-insurance-regulation-and-the-transition-to-a-net-zero-economy-remarks-by-gerry-cross-director-financial-regulation-policy-and-risk-22-jun-2023" data-sf-ec-immutable="">22 June 2023: Insurance, regulation, and the transition to a net zero economy – Remarks by Gerry Cross, Director of Financial Regulation, Policy & Risk</a></p><p><a href="/news-media/press-releases/much-done-much-more-to-do-climate-risks-and-the-banking-sector-remarks-by-deputy-governor-sharon-donnery-12-june-2023" data-sf-ec-immutable="">12 June 2023: “Much done, much more to do – climate risks and the banking sector” – Remarks by Deputy Governor Sharon Donnery</a></p><p><a href="/news-media/press-releases/climate-change-in-a-challenging-and-uncertain-environment-we-should-not-lose-sight-of-climate-related-risks-and-our-collective-roles-in-addressing-those-risks-27-march-2023" data-sf-ec-immutable="">27 March 2023: Climate Change: “In a challenging and uncertain environment, we should not lose sight of climate-related risks and our collective roles in addressing those risks”</a></p><p><a href="/news-media/press-releases/no-time-to-wait-addressing-climate-risk-in-the-financial-system-today-18-october-2022" data-sf-ec-immutable="">18 October 2022: No time to wait: Addressing Climate Risk in the Financial System today – Remarks by Sharon Donnery, Deputy Governor, Central Bank of Ireland and Member of the Supervisory Board of the ECB, at Climate Finance Week 2022</a></p><p><a href="/news/article/speech-gabriel-makhlouf-chatham-house-waddesdon-club-of-financial-leaders-01-june-2022" data-sf-ec-immutable="">1 June 2022: Climate Change: Avoiding the 'Do I Feel Lucky?' school of policymaking - Governor Gabriel Makhlouf at Chatham House's Waddesdon Club of Financial Leaders</a><span style="text-decoration:underline;"></span></p><p><a href="/news/article/speech-vasileios-madouros-climate-change-the-financial-system-and-the-role-of-central-bank-28-february-2020" data-sf-ec-immutable="">28 February 2020: Climate Change, the Financial System and the role of Central Bank - Vasileios Madouros, Director of Financial Stability, Central Bank of Ireland.</a></p><h2>Central Bank of Ireland Internal Publications</h2><p><a title="January 2025 - Measuring Flood Risk in Business Lending" href="/statistics/statistical-publications/behind-the-data/measuring-flood-risk-in-business-lending">January 2025 - Measuring Flood Risk in Business Lending</a></p> <a href="/docs/default-source/publications/quarterly-bulletins/quarterly-bulletin-signed-articles/climate-change-and-financial-sector-introducing-the-new-escb-analytical-indicators-carbon-emissions.pdf?sfvrsn=7867661a_6" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>Climate change and the financial sector: introducing the new ESCB analytical indicators of carbon emissions (Kennedy)</strong> | pdf 905 KB </a> <p><a href="https://www.climatecouncil.ie/media/CBWG Report Macroeconomic Impact.pdf" title="Assessing the Macroeconomic Impact of Carbon Budgets (McInerney and FitzGerald) " data-sf-ec-immutable="">Assessing the Macroeconomic Impact of Carbon Budgets (McInerney and FitzGerald)  (PDF 360.71KB)</a></p> <a href="/docs/default-source/publications/climate-observatory/climate-observatory-2024.pdf?sfvrsn=64a5641a_4" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>Climate Observatory 2024</strong> | pdf 4430 KB </a> <a href="/docs/default-source/publications/climate-observatory/climate-observatory-chartpack-2024.xlsx?sfvrsn=fa6641a_4" class="document-download xls" target="_blank"> <strong>Climate Observatory Chartpack 2024</strong> | xlsx 732 KB </a> <a href="/docs/default-source/publications/quarterly-bulletins/quarterly-bulletin-signed-articles/fiscal-priorities-for-short-and-medium-term.pdf?sfvrsn=13db601a_5" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>Fiscal Priorities for the Short and Medium Term (Conefrey, Hickey, Lozej, McInerney, Staunton and Walsh)</strong> | pdf 1095 KB </a> <a href="/docs/default-source/publications/research-technical-papers/macroeconomics-effects-of-carbon-transition-policies.pdf?sfvrsn=31549c1d_9" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>08RT23 Macroeconomics Effects of Carbon Transition Policies: An Assessment Based on the ECB's New Area-Wide Model with a Disaggregated Energy Sector (Coenen, Lozej and Priftis)</strong> | pdf 1409 KB </a> <a href="/docs/default-source/regulation/industry-market-sectors/insurance-reinsurance/solvency-ii/requirements-and-guidance/guidance-re-insurance-undertakings-on-climate-change-risk.pdf?sfvrsn=a232991d_6" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>Guidance for (Re)Insurance Undertakings on Climate Change Risk</strong> | pdf 525 KB </a> <a href="/docs/default-source/financial-system/climate-hub/may-2024-account-of-climate-forum-meeting.pdf?sfvrsn=49da601a_1" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>May 2024 Account of Climate Forum Meeting</strong> | pdf 268 KB </a> <a href="/docs/default-source/financial-system/climate-hub/sfdr-cp-response-letter.pdf?sfvrsn=457621a_12" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>SFDR CP Response Letter</strong> | pdf 88 KB </a> <a href="/docs/default-source/financial-system/climate-hub/account-of-meeting-december-2023.pdf?sfvrsn=27f621a_4" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>December 2023: Account of Climate Forum Meeting</strong> | pdf 249 KB </a> <a href="/docs/default-source/publications/climate-observatory/climate-observatory-2023.pdf?sfvrsn=e3ef9d1d_7" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>Climate Observatory 2023</strong> | pdf 2516 KB </a> <p><a title="November 2023 - Surveying the Green Lending Landscape to Households and Non-Financial Corporations" href="/statistics/statistical-publications/behind-the-data/surveying-the-green-lending-landscape-to-households-and-non-financial-corporations">November 2023 - Surveying the Green Lending Landscape to Households and Non-Financial Corporations</a></p><p><a href="/statistics/statistical-publications/behind-the-data/understanding-the-carbon-intensity-of-ireland-s-financial-sector-s-securities-holdings" title="November 2023 - Understanding the Carbon Intensity of Ireland’s Financial Sectors' Securities Holdings">November 2023 - Understanding the Carbon Intensity of Ireland’s Financial Sectors' Securities Holdings</a></p><p></p> <a href="/docs/default-source/publications/financial-stability-notes/going-green-the-growth-in-green-mortgage-financing-in-ireland.pdf?sfvrsn=d7659e1d_5" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>No.4 Going Green - The Growth in Green Mortgage Financing in Ireland (Lambert, Lyons and Carroll)</strong> | pdf 833 KB </a> <a href="/docs/default-source/monetary-policy/management-of-investment-assets/climate-related-financial-disclosures-report.pdf?sfvrsn=e6df991d_8" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>Climate-related Financial Disclosures Report 2023</strong> | pdf 866 KB </a> <a href="/docs/default-source/publications/financial-stability-notes/an-estimate-climate-related-transition-risk-irish-mortgages-lending.pdf?sfvrsn=ffea981d_5" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>No.1 An Estimate of Climate-Related Transition Risk in Irish Mortgages Lending (Adhikari, Carroll and Lambert)</strong> | pdf 454 KB </a> <a href="/docs/default-source/regulation/industry-market-sectors/funds/industry-communications/sustainable-finance-asset-management-sector-disclosures-investment-processes-risk-management.pdf?sfvrsn=996f9b1d_5" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>Information note - Sustainable finance and the asset management sector: Disclosures, investment processes & risk management</strong> | pdf 723 KB </a> <a href="/docs/default-source/publications/consultation-papers/cp151/cp151-climate-change-guidance-for-re-insurers.pdf?sfvrsn=f759941d_5" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>CP151 Climate Change Guidance for (Re)insurers</strong> | pdf 432 KB </a> <a href="/docs/default-source/publications/financial-stability-notes/climate-risks-in-the-financial-system.pdf?sfvrsn=19e9941d_5" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>No. 7 Climate Risks in the Financial System - An Overview of Channels Impact and Heterogeneity (Carroll)</strong> | pdf 1047 KB </a> <a href="/docs/default-source/publications/quarterly-bulletins/quarterly-bulletin-signed-articles/macroeconomic-implications-of-climate-change-for-central-banks.pdf?sfvrsn=3f1f931d_7" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>The Macroeconomic Implications of Climate Change for Central Banks (McInerney)</strong> | pdf 1414 KB </a> <a href="/docs/default-source/news-and-media/press-releases/governor-letter-climate-expectations-november-2021.pdf?sfvrsn=1e4f921d_9" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>Governor Letter – Climate Expectations (November 2021)</strong> | pdf 4533 KB </a> <a href="/docs/default-source/publications/economic-letters/vol-2019-no-1-climate-change-and-the-irish-financial-system-(lane).pdf?sfvrsn=2942b51d_8" class="document-download pdf" target="_blank"> <strong>Vol.2019, No.1 Climate Change and the Irish Financial System (Lane)</strong> | pdf 834 KB </a> <h2>EU and International Climate Related Publications</h2> <p><a href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpops/ecb.op367~16f0cba571.en.pdf" target="_blank">ECB Investing in Europe’s green future</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.eba.europa.eu/activities/single-rulebook/sustainable-finance/guidelines-management-esg-risks" target="_blank">EBA Guidelines on the management of ESG risks</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ngfs.net/system/files/import/ngfs/medias/documents/ngfs_synthesis_report_on_the_greening_of_the_financial_system.pdf" target="_blank">NGFS Synthesis report on the greening of the financial system</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/ecb.report_fit-for-55_stress_test_exercise~7fec18f3a8.en.pdf" target="_blank">ECB and European Supervisory Authorities Fit-for-55 climate scenario analysis</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ngfs.net/system/files/import/ngfs/medias/documents/ngfs_conceptual_note_on_adaptation.pdf" target="_blank">NGFS Conceptual Note on Adaptation</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ngfs.net/en/publications-and-statistics/publications/ngfs-climate-scenarios-central-banks-and-supervisors-phase-v" target="_blank">NGFS Climate Scenarios for central banks and supervisors - Phase V</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ngfs.net/en/publications-and-statistics/publications/climate-change-macroeconomy-and-monetary-policy" target="_blank">NGFS Climate change, the macroeconomy and monetary policy</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ngfs.net/en/publications-and-statistics/publications/climate-macroeconomic-modelling-handbook" target="_blank">NGFS Climate macroeconomic modelling handbook</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ngfs.net/en/publications-and-statistics/publications/green-transition-and-macroeconomy-monetary-policy-perspective" target="_blank">NGFS The green transition and the macroeconomy: a monetary policy perspective</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ngfs.net/en/publications-and-statistics/publications/acute-physical-impacts-climate-change-and-monetary-policy" target="_blank">NGFS Acute physical impacts from climate change and monetary policy</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ngfs.net/sites/default/files/medias/documents/ngfs-conceptual-framework-nature-risks.pdf" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">NGFS Nature-related Financial Risks: a Conceptual Framework to guide Action by Central Banks and Supervisors</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ngfs.net/sites/default/files/medias/documents/report-nature-related-litigation-emerging-trends-lessons-climate.pdf" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">NGFS Nature-related litigation: emerging trends and lessons learned from climate-related litigation</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/ecb/climate/climate-related-financial-disclosures/shared/pdf/ecb.crfd2024_MPPs.en.pdf?25ad31ac0ac528fac9ef179d5aefa0ec" title="This link will open in new window" target="_blank">ECB Climate-related financial disclosures of Eurosystem assets and foreign reserves</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/ecb/climate/climate-related-financial-disclosures/shared/pdf/ecb.crfd2024_NMPPs.en.pdf" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">ECB Climate-related financial disclosure's of the ECB's non-monetary portfolios</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-06/ESMA36-287652198-2699_Final_Report_on_Greenwashing.pdf" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">ESMA Final report on greenwashing 2024</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ngfs.net/sites/default/files/medias/documents/ngfs_guide_on_climate-related_disclosure_for_central_banks_-_second_edition.pdf" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">NGFS Guide on Climate-related disclosures for Central Banks</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-06/JC_2024_06_Joint_ESAs_Opinion_on_SFDR.pdf" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">ESA Opinion on the SFDR</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/esas-call-enhanced-supervision-and-improved-market-practice-sustainability-related-claims" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">EBA Greenwashing monitoring and supervision</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.eiopa.europa.eu/publications/eiopas-final-report-and-opinion-greenwashing-advice-european-commission_en" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">EIOPA Report on greenwashing</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-05/ESMA34-472-440_Final_Report_Guidelines_on_funds_names.pdf" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">ESMA 2024 Guidelines on funds' names using ESG terms</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ngfs.net/en/sustainable-and-responsible-investment-central-banks-portfolio-management-practices-and" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">NGFS Sustainable and responsible investment in central banks' portfolio management</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2023-05/JC_2023_18_-_Consolidated_JC_SFDR_QAs.pdf" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">ESA Consolidated Q&A on the SFDR</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d573.htm" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">BCBS Core Principals for Effective Banking Supervision</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ngfs.net/sites/default/files/media/2024/04/17/ngfs_connecting_transition_plans.pdf" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">NGFS Connecting Transition Plans - Financial and nonfinancial firms</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ngfs.net/sites/default/files/media/2024/04/17/ngfs_credible_transition_plans.pdf" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">NGFS Credible Transition Plans: The micro-prudential perspective</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ngfs.net/sites/default/files/media/2024/04/17/ngfs_tailoring_transition_plans.pdf.pdf" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">NGFS Tailoring Transition Plans: Considerations for EMDEs</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.bankingsupervision.europa.eu/ecb/pub/pdf/ssm.bankingsectoralignmentreport202401~49c6513e71.en.pdf" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">ECB Assessment of the alignment of the European banking sector with EU climate objectives</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-proposes-voluntary-eu-green-loan-label-help-spur-markets" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">EBA Report on green loans and mortgages</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.iosco.org/library/pubdocs/pdf/IOSCOPD750.pdf" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">Supervisory Practices to Address Greenwashing</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-recommends-enhancements-pillar-1-framework-capture" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">EBA Report on environmental and social risks in the prudential framework</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.esma.europa.eu/document/report-disclosures-climate-related-matters-financial-statements" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">ESMA Disclosures of Climate-Related Matters in Financial Statements</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ngfs.net/sites/default/files/medias/documents/ngfs_climate_scenarios_for_central_banks_and_supervisors_phase_iv.pdf" title="This link will open in a new window" target="_blank">NGFS Climate Scenarios for central banks and supervisors - Phase IV</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.eiopa.europa.eu/document/download/f472de85-ec4c-4dfe-b62f-841b43b38965_en?filename=ecb.policyoptions_EIOPA~c0adae58b7.en_.pdf" title="This link will open in a new window" 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