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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caractéristiques_physiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Caractéristiques physiques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caractéristiques_physiques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Caractéristiques physiques</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caractéristiques_physiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dimensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rayon_de_charge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rayon_de_charge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Rayon de charge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rayon_de_charge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rayon_de_masse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rayon_de_masse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Rayon de masse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rayon_de_masse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rayon_scalaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rayon_scalaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Rayon scalaire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rayon_scalaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pression_interne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pression_interne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pression interne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pression_interne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stabilité" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stabilité"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Stabilité</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stabilité-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chimie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chimie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chimie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chimie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Notes et références</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table des matières" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Proton</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 152 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-152" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">152 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="بروتون – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروطون – arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پروطون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%27%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="প্ৰ'টন – assamais" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰ'টন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(fizika)" title="Proton (fizika) – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proton (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruotuons" title="Pruotuons – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pruotuons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пратон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пратон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রোটন – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রোটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – bugi" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="bugi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3" title="Protó – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9k-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Cék-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cék-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" title="پرۆتۆن – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆتۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Πρωτόνιο – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protono" title="Protono – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Protono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prooton" title="Prooton – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prooton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Protoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proodon" title="Proodon – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Proodon" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%C3%B3n" title="Prótón – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Prótón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8" title="પ્રોટોન – goudjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રોટોન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="goudjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פרוטון – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwoton" title="Pwoton – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwoton" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Պրոտոն – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրոտոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protono" title="Protono – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Protono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3teind" title="Róteind – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Róteind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone" title="Protone – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%BD%E5%AD%90" title="陽子 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="陽子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruotan" title="Pruotan – créole jamaïcain" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pruotan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="créole jamaïcain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პროტონი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprutun" title="Aprutun – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aprutun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C9%94%C9%94" title="Protɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Protɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ರೋಟಾನ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೋಟಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="양성자 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양성자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%86%D9%86" title="برٛۆن – cachemiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="برٛۆن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cachemiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obukontanyo(Protons)" title="Obukontanyo(Protons) – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Obukontanyo(Protons)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutun" title="Prutun – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Prutun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ໂປຣຕອນ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂປຣຕອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonas" title="Protonas – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Protonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protons" title="Protons – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Protons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन – maïthili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maïthili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B4t%C3%B4na" title="Prôtôna – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Prôtôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="പ്രോട്ടോൺ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രോട്ടോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ပရိုတွန် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပရိုတွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन – népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(deeltje)" title="Proton (deeltje) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Proton (deeltje)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone" title="Protone – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Protone" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirootoonii" title="Pirootoonii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Pirootoonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8" title="ପ୍ରୋଟୋନ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରୋଟୋନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟਾਨ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پروٹان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پروٹان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروټون – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پروټون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3ton" title="Próton – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Próton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purutun" title="Purutun – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Purutun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone" title="Protone – sarde" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Protone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutuni" title="Prutuni – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prutuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پروٽان – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پروٽان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රෝටෝනය – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රෝටෝනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borotoon" title="Borotoon – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Borotoon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="நேர்மின்னி – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேர்மின்னி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ప్రోటాన్ – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రోటాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="โปรตอน – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โปรตอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروٹون – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پروٹون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – flamand occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamand occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feppsaal" title="Feppsaal – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Feppsaal" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90" title="质子 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="质子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – kalmouk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmouk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii-protons" title="Ii-protons – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ii-protons" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פראטאן – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%E1%BB%8D%CC%80n%C3%B9" title="Prótọ̀nù – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Prótọ̀nù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Proton_(homonymie)" class="mw-disambig" title="Proton (homonymie)">Proton (homonymie)</a>. </p> </div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r222901683">.mw-parser-output .infobox hr{height:2px;background-color:#E1E1E1}.mw-parser-output .infobox_v3 .row1col{padding:4px;text-align:center;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-emphasized,#000000)}</style><div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large"><div class="entete" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><div>Proton</div></div><div><div class="images" style="padding:2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fichier:Proton_quark_structure.svg&lang=fr" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proton_quark_structure.svg/langfr-100px-Proton_quark_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proton_quark_structure.svg/langfr-150px-Proton_quark_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proton_quark_structure.svg/langfr-200px-Proton_quark_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="legend">Représentation schématique de la composition en quarks de valence d'un proton, avec deux quarks u et un quark d. L'<a href="/wiki/Interaction_forte" title="Interaction forte">interaction forte</a> est transmise par des <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluons</a> (représentés ici par un tracé sinusoïdal). La couleur des quarks fait référence aux trois types de charges de l'interaction forte : rouge, verte et bleue. Le choix de couleur effectué ici est arbitraire, la charge de couleur circulant à travers les trois quarks.</div></div><table><caption style="text-align:center;background-color:#C0C0C0">Propriétés générales</caption><tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row">Classification</th><td class=""><div> Particule composite (<a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryon</a>)</div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Composition</th><td class=""><div> 2 <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> <a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">up (u)</a><br />1 quark <a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">down (d)</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Famille</th><td class=""><div> <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermion</a></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Groupe</th><td class=""><div> <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">Baryon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9on" title="Nucléon">nucléon</a>)</div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Interaction(s)</th><td class=""><div> <a href="/wiki/Interaction_forte" title="Interaction forte">Forte</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectromagn%C3%A9tisme" title="Électromagnétisme">électromagnétique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interaction_faible" title="Interaction faible">faible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation">gravitation</a></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Symbole</th><td class=""><div> p, p<sup>+</sup></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Antiparticule" title="Antiparticule">Antiparticule</a></th><td class=""><div> <a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">Antiproton</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table><caption style="text-align:center;background-color:#C0C0C0">Propriétés physiques</caption><tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row">Masse</th><td class=""><div> 1,672 621 925 95(52) × 10<sup>−27</sup> <a href="/wiki/Kilogramme" title="Kilogramme">kg</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ou 938,272<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_201504_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon_201504-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron-volt#Unité_de_masse" class="mw-redirect" title="Électron-volt">MeV/c<sup>2</sup></a><br /><small>(1,672 649 × 10<sup>−27</sup> <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme"><a href="/wiki/Kilogramme" title="Kilogramme">kg</a></abbr><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>)</small><br /><small>(1,007 276 466 621 <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_de_masse_atomique_unifi%C3%A9e" title="Unité de masse atomique unifiée">u</a><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA2018_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA2018-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>)</small></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Charge_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Charge électrique">Charge électrique</a></th><td class=""><div> +e = 1,602 176 565 × 10<sup>−19</sup> <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">C</a><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rayon_de_charge" title="Rayon de charge">Rayon de charge</a></th><td class=""><div> 0,877 <abbr class="abbr" title="femtomètre">fm</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><br />0,84184 fm (voir <a href="/wiki/Probl%C3%A8me_de_la_taille_du_proton" title="Problème de la taille du proton">problème de la taille du proton</a>)</div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dip%C3%B4le_%C3%A9lectrostatique" title="Dipôle électrostatique">Moment dipolaire</a></th><td class=""><div> < <span title="1 618 879,273 2 debye" style="cursor:help">5,4</span> × 10<sup>−24</sup> <abbr class="abbr" title="coulomb mètre">C m</abbr></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Polarisabilit%C3%A9" title="Polarisabilité">Polarisabilité électrique</a></th><td class=""><div> 1,2(6) × 10<sup>−3</sup> <abbr class="abbr" title="femtomètre cube">fm<sup>3</sup></abbr></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Moment_magn%C3%A9tique" title="Moment magnétique">Moment magnétique</a></th><td class=""><div> 2,792 847 351(28) μ<sub>N</sub></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Polarisabilité magnétique</th><td class=""><div> 1,9(5) × 10<sup>−4</sup> <abbr class="abbr" title="femtomètre cube">fm<sup>3</sup></abbr></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Charge_de_couleur" title="Charge de couleur">Charge de couleur</a></th><td class=""><div> 0</div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">Spin</a></th><td class=""><div> ½</div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">Isospin</a></th><td class=""><div> ½</div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Parit%C3%A9_(physique)" title="Parité (physique)">Parité</a></th><td class=""><div> +1</div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dur%C3%A9e_de_vie_moyenne" title="Durée de vie moyenne">Durée de vie</a></th><td class=""><div> Théorie : infinie (particule stable) ou ~ 10<sup>34</sup> <abbr class="abbr" title="ans"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e_(calendrier)" title="Année (calendrier)">ans</a></abbr><sup id="cite_ref-FS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FS-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Expérience : > 5,9 × 10<sup>33</sup> ans<sup id="cite_ref-FS_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FS-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Forme condensée</th><td class=""><div> ½</div></td></tr></tbody></table><table><caption style="text-align:center;background-color:#C0C0C0">Historique</caption><tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row">Prédiction</th><td class=""><div> <a href="/wiki/William_Prout" title="William Prout">William Prout</a>, 1815</div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Découverte</th><td class=""><div> 1919</div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Découvreur</th><td class=""><div> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="navbar noprint bordered navigation-not-searchable" style="border-top:1px solid#C0C0C0"><span class="plainlinks" style="text-align:left"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=0">modifier</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=0">modifier le code</a> - <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294" class="extiw" title="d:Q2294">modifier Wikidata</a></span><span style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Particule" title="Documentation du modèle"><img alt="Documentation du modèle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></p></div> <p>Le <b>proton</b> est une <a href="/wiki/Particule_subatomique" title="Particule subatomique">particule subatomique</a> portant une <a href="/wiki/Charge_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire" title="Charge élémentaire">charge électrique élémentaire</a> positive. </p><p>Les protons sont présents dans les <a href="/wiki/Noyau_atomique" title="Noyau atomique">noyaux atomiques</a>, généralement liés à des <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> par l'<a href="/wiki/Interaction_forte" title="Interaction forte">interaction forte</a> (la seule exception, mais celle du <a href="/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9ide" title="Nucléide">nucléide</a> le plus abondant de l'<a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">univers</a>, est le noyau d'<a href="/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Hydrogène">hydrogène</a> ordinaire (<a href="/wiki/Protium" title="Protium">protium</a><sup>1</sup>H), un simple proton). Le nombre de protons d'un noyau est représenté par son <a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_atomique" title="Numéro atomique">numéro atomique</a> <i>Z</i>. </p><p>Le proton n'est pas une <a href="/wiki/Particule_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire" title="Particule élémentaire">particule élémentaire</a> mais une <a href="/wiki/Particule_composite" title="Particule composite">particule composite</a>. Il est composé de trois particules liées par des <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluons</a>, deux <a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">quarks up</a> et un <a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">quark down</a>, ce qui en fait un <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryon</a>. </p><p>Dans le cadre du <a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_standard_(physique_des_particules)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modèle standard (physique des particules)">modèle standard de la physique des particules</a>, et aussi expérimentalement dans l'état actuel de nos connaissances, le proton est également stable à l'état libre, en dehors de tout noyau atomique. Certaines extensions du modèle standard prévoient une (extrêmement faible) <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration_du_proton" title="Désintégration du proton">instabilité du proton libre</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historique">Historique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Historique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Historique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le concept d'une particule analogue à l'<a href="/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Hydrogène">hydrogène</a>, constituant des autres atomes, s'est graduellement développée au cours du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle et du début du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle. Dès <a href="/wiki/1815_en_science" title="1815 en science">1815</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Prout" title="William Prout">William Prout</a> émet l'hypothèse que tous les atomes sont composés d'atomes d'hydrogène, sur la base d'interprétations des valeurs des masses atomiques ; cette hypothèse se révèle fausse lorsque ces valeurs sont mesurées avec plus de précision. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1886_en_science" title="1886 en science">1886</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Goldstein" title="Eugen Goldstein">Eugen Goldstein</a> découvre les <a href="/wiki/Rayons_canaux" title="Rayons canaux">rayons canaux</a> et montre qu'ils sont composés de particules chargées positivement (des <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>) produites par des gaz. Cependant, comme les ions produits par différents gaz possèdent des rapports charge/masse différents, ils ne sont pas identifiés comme une simple particule, à la différence de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron">électron</a> découvert par <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph Thomson</a> en <a href="/wiki/1897_en_science" title="1897 en science">1897</a>. </p><p>À la suite de la découverte du <a href="/wiki/Noyau_atomique" title="Noyau atomique">noyau atomique</a> par <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> en <a href="/wiki/1911_en_science" title="1911 en science">1911</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonius_van_den_Broek" title="Antonius van den Broek">Antonius van den Broek</a> émet l'hypothèse que la place de chaque <a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_chimique" title="Élément chimique">élément</a> dans la <a href="/wiki/Tableau_p%C3%A9riodique_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments" title="Tableau périodique des éléments">classification périodique</a> est égale à la charge de son noyau. Cette hypothèse est confirmée expérimentalement par <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a> en <a href="/wiki/1913_en_science" title="1913 en science">1913</a>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1919_en_science" title="1919 en science">1919</a>, Rutherford prouve que le noyau de l'atome d'hydrogène est présent dans les autres noyaux. Il remarque que lorsque des <a href="/wiki/Particule_%CE%B1" title="Particule α">particules alpha</a> sont envoyées dans un gaz d'<a href="/wiki/Azote" title="Azote">azote</a>, ses détecteurs de scintillation indiquent la signature de noyaux d'hydrogène. Il détermine ensuite que cet hydrogène ne peut provenir que de l'azote. Ce noyau d'hydrogène est donc présent à l'intérieur d'un autre noyau. Rutherford baptise la particule correspondante du nom de proton, d'après le neutre singulier du mot grec pour « premier », <span class="lang-grc" lang="grc">πρῶτον</span> / <span class="lang-grc-latn" lang="grc-latn"><i>prỗton</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caractéristiques_physiques"><span id="Caract.C3.A9ristiques_physiques"></span>Caractéristiques physiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Caractéristiques physiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Caractéristiques physiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description">Description</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Description" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Description"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le proton est un <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermion</a> de <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> <span class="texhtml"><span style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em;">1</span><span style="position:absolute;left:-10000px;top:auto;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden">/</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;">2</span></span></span>. Il est composé de trois <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> de valence, ce qui en fait un <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryon</a>. Les deux <a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">quarks up</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">quark down</a> du proton sont liés par l'<a href="/wiki/Interaction_forte" title="Interaction forte">interaction forte</a>, transmise par des <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluons</a>, ces gluons échangés entre les quarks et qui, par l’énergie de liaison qu’ils représentent, vont constituer environ 99 % de la masse du proton. En plus de ces trois quarks de valence (qui déterminent les <a href="/wiki/Nombre_quantique" title="Nombre quantique">nombres quantiques</a> de la particule) et des gluons, le proton, comme les autres <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadrons</a>, est constitué d'une « mer » de paires de quarks-antiquarks <a href="/wiki/Particule_virtuelle" title="Particule virtuelle">virtuels</a> qui apparaissent et disparaissent en permanence. Les nombres quantiques de ces paires virtuelles s'annulent en moyenne, ne contribuant donc pas à ceux du proton. </p><p>Tout comme le <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>, le proton est un <a href="/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9on" title="Nucléon">nucléon</a> et peut être lié à d'autres nucléons par la <a href="/wiki/Force_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Force nucléaire">force nucléaire</a> à l'intérieur d'un <a href="/wiki/Noyau_atomique" title="Noyau atomique">noyau atomique</a>. Le noyau de l'<a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> le plus courant de l'<a href="/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Hydrogène">hydrogène</a> est un simple proton. Le noyau des isotopes plus lourds, le <a href="/wiki/Deut%C3%A9rium" title="Deutérium">deutérium</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> contiennent un proton lié à un et deux neutrons, respectivement. Tous les autres noyaux atomiques sont composés de deux protons ou plus et d'un certain nombre de neutrons. Le nombre de protons d'un noyau détermine (par l’intermédiaire des électrons qui lui sont associés) les propriétés chimiques de l'<a href="/wiki/Atome" title="Atome">atome</a> et donc quel <a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_chimique" title="Élément chimique">élément chimique</a> il représente. </p><p>La masse du proton est égale à environ 1,007 276 5 <abbr class="abbr" title="unité de masse atomique"><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_de_masse_atomique_unifi%C3%A9e" title="Unité de masse atomique unifiée">u</a></abbr>, soit à peu près 938,272 0 <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ga" title="Méga">M</a><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectronvolt#Unité_de_masse" title="Électronvolt">eV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></a><sup id="cite_ref-Simon_201504_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon_201504-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ou 1,672 62 × 10<sup>−27</sup> <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme">kg</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-pdg_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdg-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La masse du proton est environ 1 836,15 fois celle de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron">électron</a>. Sa <a href="/wiki/Charge_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Charge électrique">charge électrique</a> est très exactement égale à une <a href="/wiki/Charge_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire" title="Charge élémentaire">charge élémentaire</a> positive (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">e</span>), soit +1,602 176 565 × 10<sup>−19</sup> <abbr class="abbr" title="coulomb"><a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">C</a></abbr> ; l'électron possède une charge électrique négative, de valeur opposée à celle du proton. La charge électrique du proton est égale à la somme des charges électriques de ses quarks : celle de chaque quark up vaut +<span class="texhtml"><span style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em;">2</span><span style="position:absolute;left:-10000px;top:auto;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden">/</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;">3</span></span></span><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">e</span> et celle du quark down −<span class="texhtml"><span style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em;">1</span><span style="position:absolute;left:-10000px;top:auto;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden">/</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;">3</span></span></span><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">e</span>. Son rayon est d'environ 0,84 <abbr class="abbr" title="femtomètre">fm</abbr>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Dimensions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Dimensions"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Étant une <a href="/wiki/Particule_composite" title="Particule composite">particule composite</a>, le proton n'est pas <a href="/wiki/Particule_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire" title="Particule élémentaire">ponctuel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rayon_de_charge">Rayon de charge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Rayon de charge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Rayon de charge"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Probl%C3%A8me_de_la_taille_du_proton" title="Problème de la taille du proton">Problème de la taille du proton</a>.</div></div> <p>La taille du proton est généralement définie par son <a href="/wiki/Rayon_de_charge" title="Rayon de charge">rayon de charge</a>, le rayon <a href="/wiki/Moyenne_quadratique" title="Moyenne quadratique">quadratique moyen</a> de sa distribution de <a href="/wiki/Charge_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Charge électrique">charge</a>. </p><p>Pendant plusieurs décennies et jusqu'en 2010, les mesures du rayon de charge du proton, obtenues par des méthodes différentes, sont cohérentes autour de 0,88 <abbr class="abbr" title="femtomètre">fm</abbr>, avec comme meilleure évaluation <span class="nowrap">0,8768(69) <a href="/wiki/Femtom%C3%A8tre" title="Femtomètre">fm</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>a<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En 2010 une nouvelle méthode, impliquant l'<a href="/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne_muonique" title="Hydrogène muonique">hydrogène muonique</a>, fournit une nouvelle valeur très précise, mais incompatible avec les précédentes : 0,841 84(67) <abbr class="abbr" title="femtomètre">fm</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les années suivantes voient s'accumuler les résultats, obtenus par différentes méthodes, qui se répartissent entre des valeurs hautes (autour de 0,877 <abbr class="abbr" title="femtomètre">fm</abbr>) et basses (0,83–0,84 <abbr class="abbr" title="femtomètre">fm</abbr>), en principe très précises mais incompatibles<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, sans qu'on puisse encore les départager fin 2019. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rayon_de_masse">Rayon de masse</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Rayon de masse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Rayon de masse"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La taille du proton peut aussi être définie par son rayon de masse, le rayon <a href="/wiki/Moyenne_quadratique" title="Moyenne quadratique">quadratique moyen</a> de sa distribution de <a href="/wiki/Masse" title="Masse">masse</a>. On peut le mesurer en bombardant une cible riche en protons (par exemple, de l'<a href="/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne_liquide" title="Hydrogène liquide">hydrogène liquide</a>) par des <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_J/%CF%88" title="Méson J/ψ">mésons J/ψ</a>, eux-mêmes produits en bombardant une cible (par exemple de <a href="/wiki/Cuivre" title="Cuivre">cuivre</a>) par des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron">électrons</a> (ce qui produit des <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> de haute énergie, qui se convertissent en J/ψ). Les <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> du méson J/ψ interagissent avec les <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluons</a> du proton. Le méson J/ψ a une durée de vie très courte et se désintègre en une paire électron-<a href="/wiki/Positon" title="Positon">positon</a>, ce sont ces paires que l'on détecte et dont on analyse les caractéristiques. </p><p>La première mesure, obtenue en 2023 à partir d'une expérience menée en 2019, est d'environ 0,75 <abbr class="abbr" title="femtomètre">fm</abbr>. Le fait que le rayon de masse soit significativement plus petit que le rayon de charge signifie que les gluons (qui véhiculent l'essentiel de la masse) sont concentrés près du centre tandis que les quarks circulent au-delà, formant la sphère de charge<sup id="cite_ref-Bailly2023_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailly2023-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duran2023_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duran2023-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rayon_scalaire">Rayon scalaire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Rayon scalaire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Rayon scalaire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'étude des gluons permet aussi de définir un « rayon scalaire », de l'ordre de 1 <abbr class="abbr" title="femtomètre">fm</abbr>. Le fait qu'il soit plus grand que le rayon de charge signifie que les gluons circulent aussi au-delà des distances auxquelles se trouvent les quarks, ce qui conduit à visualiser le proton comme constitué, grossièrement, de trois couches concentriques<sup id="cite_ref-Bailly2023_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailly2023-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duran2023_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duran2023-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Structure" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Structure"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le proton ne contient pas que les trois quarks dits « de valence » (deux u et un d), dont la masse ne compte que pour quelques % de la masse totale. Il contient aussi de nombreuses particules éphémères, des gluons ainsi que des paires quark-antiquark (quarks « de mer ») provenant de la désintégration des gluons<sup id="cite_ref-Gao2021_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao2021-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Chaque paire quark-antiquark est constituée d'un quark u et de son <a href="/wiki/Antiparticule" title="Antiparticule">antiparticule</a>, ou bien d'un quark d et de son antiparticule. Les quarks u et d ayant des masses très voisines, les paires des deux sortes devraient être présentes dans des proportions également voisines. En 2021, l'analyse de collisions proton-proton a montré que les antiquarks d sont plus abondants que les antiquarks u (« asymétrie de saveur »). Ce résultat, encore inexpliqué, est sans doute lié au problème de l'<a href="/wiki/Violation_de_CP#Déséquilibre_matière-antimatière" title="Violation de CP">asymétrie matière-antimatière</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gao2021_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao2021-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pression_interne">Pression interne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Pression interne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Pression interne"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le proton étant constitué de <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> confinés via la présence de <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluons</a>, on peut définir l'équivalent d'une <a href="/wiki/Pression" title="Pression">pression</a> ressentie par les quarks. On peut en calculer la distribution, en fonction de la distance au centre, à l'aide de la <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_Compton" title="Diffusion Compton">diffusion Compton</a> d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron">électrons</a> très énergétiques (DVCS, pour <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">deeply virtual Compton scattering</span></i>). </p> <ul><li>Le résultat obtenu en <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-05" data-sort-value="2018-05">mai 2018</time> avec cette méthode<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> annonce une pression maximale au centre : environ 10<sup>35</sup> <abbr class="abbr" title="pascal">Pa</abbr>, soit plus encore qu'au centre des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_neutrons" title="Étoile à neutrons">étoiles à neutrons</a>. Elle est positive (donc répulsive) jusqu'à une <a href="/wiki/Distance_radiale" title="Distance radiale">distance radiale</a> d'environ 1 <abbr class="abbr" title="femtomètre"><a href="/wiki/Femtom%C3%A8tre" title="Femtomètre">femtomètre</a></abbr> (fm), négative (donc attractive) au-delà, et très faible au-delà d'environ 2 <abbr class="abbr" title="femtomètre">fm</abbr>.</li> <li>Le travail précédent est revisité en <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-06" data-sort-value="2019-06">juin 2019</time><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : ce n'est pas la méthode qui est critiquée, mais le calcul des incertitudes. En fait les données disponibles restent compatibles avec une pression nulle au sein du proton.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stabilité"><span id="Stabilit.C3.A9"></span>Stabilité</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Stabilité" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Stabilité"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration_du_proton" title="Désintégration du proton">Désintégration du proton</a>.</div></div> <p>Le proton libre (non lié à d'autres nucléons ou à d'électrons) est une particule stable, dont la désintégration spontanée en d'autres particules n'a jamais été observée. Des expériences au détecteur de <a href="/wiki/Super-Kamiokande" title="Super-Kamiokande">Super-Kamiokande</a> au Japon ont fourni des limites inférieures aux <a href="/wiki/Dur%C3%A9e_de_vie_moyenne" title="Durée de vie moyenne">durées de vie moyennes</a> du proton égales à 6,6 × 10<sup>33</sup> ans pour la désintégration vers un <a href="/wiki/Antimuon" title="Antimuon">antimuon</a> et un <a href="/wiki/Pion_(particule)" title="Pion (particule)">pion</a> neutre, et à 8,2 × 10<sup>33</sup> ans pour la désintégration vers un <a href="/wiki/Positron" class="mw-redirect" title="Positron">positron</a> et un pion neutre<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Une expérience différente à l'<a href="/wiki/Observatoire_de_neutrinos_de_Sudbury" title="Observatoire de neutrinos de Sudbury">Observatoire de neutrinos de Sudbury</a> au Canada a recherché des <a href="/wiki/Rayon_gamma" title="Rayon gamma">rayons gamma</a> provenant des noyaux residuels découlant de la désintégration d'un proton de l'oxygène-16. Cette deuxième expérience est conçue pour déceler la désintégration vers un produit quelconque, et établit une limite inférieure de 2,1 × 10<sup>29</sup> ans pour le temps de vie du proton<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En revanche, les protons peuvent se transformer en neutrons, par <a href="/wiki/Capture_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Capture électronique">capture électronique</a>. Ce processus n'est pas spontané, et nécessite un apport d'énergie. La réaction produit un neutron et un <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino électronique</a> : </p> <dl><dd>p<sup>+</sup> + <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron">e<sup>−</sup></a> ⟶ <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">n</a> + <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Neutrino électronique"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ν</span><sub>e</sub></a>.</dd></dl> <p>Le processus est réversible : les neutrons peuvent se transformer en protons par <a href="/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9_%CE%B2" title="Radioactivité β">désintégration bêta</a>, une forme de <a href="/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9" title="Radioactivité">désintégration radioactive</a>. De fait, un neutron libre se désintègre de cette façon avec une durée de vie moyenne d'environ 15 minutes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chimie">Chimie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Chimie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Chimie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie">chimie</a> et <a href="/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie">biochimie</a>, le terme <i>proton</i> se réfère le plus souvent au <a href="/wiki/Cation" title="Cation">cation</a> H<sup>+</sup>, dans la mesure où un atome de <a href="/wiki/Protium" title="Protium">protium</a> privé de son unique électron se résume à un proton. De cette appellation découlent les expressions courantes en chimie de <a href="/wiki/Protique" title="Protique">proticité</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solvant_protique" title="Solvant protique">solvant protique</a>/<a href="/wiki/Solvant_aprotique" title="Solvant aprotique">solvant aprotique</a>, réaction de <a href="/wiki/Protonation" title="Protonation">protonation</a>/déprotonation, <a href="/wiki/RMN_du_proton" title="RMN du proton">RMN du proton</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr> </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/Solution_aqueuse" title="Solution aqueuse">solution aqueuse</a>, un proton n'est normalement pas distinguable car il s'associe très facilement aux <a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d%27eau" title="Molécule d'eau">molécules d'eau</a> pour former l'<a href="/wiki/Ion_oxonium" title="Ion oxonium">ion oxonium</a> (également, et improprement, appelé <a href="/wiki/Ion_hydronium" title="Ion hydronium">ion hydronium</a>) H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub>. </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/Union_internationale_de_chimie_pure_et_appliqu%C3%A9e" title="Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée">Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée</a> indique explicitement que le mot <i>proton</i> ne doit pas être utilisé pour désigner l'espèce H<sup>+</sup> dans son abondance naturelle<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En effet, en plus de protons (<sup>1</sup>H<sup>+</sup>, aussi noté simplement H<sup>+</sup> en l'absence d'ambiguïté), ions correspondant à l'<a href="/wiki/Isotopes_de_l%27hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Isotopes de l'hydrogène">isotope de l'hydrogène</a> appelé protium (<sup>1</sup>H, ou simplement H en l'absence d'ambiguïté), les ions H<sup>+</sup> issus d'hydrogène naturel peuvent être des <a href="/wiki/Deut%C3%A9ron" class="mw-disambig" title="Deutéron">deutérons</a> (<sup>2</sup>H<sup>+</sup> ou D<sup>+</sup>) ou des <a href="/wiki/Triton" class="mw-disambig" title="Triton">tritons</a> (<sup>3</sup>H<sup>+</sup> ou T<sup>+</sup>), correspondant respectivement aux isotopes nommés <a href="/wiki/Deut%C3%A9rium" title="Deutérium">deutérium</a> (<sup>2</sup>H ou D) et <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> (<sup>3</sup>H ou T). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small lower-alpha" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Cette notation indique entre parenthèses l'incertitude (deux <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cart_type" title="Écart type">écarts type</a>) portant sur les derniers chiffres : 0,8768(69) est équivalent à 0,876 8 ± 0,006 9).</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="R.K.1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="Adair,_R.K.1989">Adair, R.K., <cite class="italique">The Great Design: Particles, Fields, and Creation</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <time>1989</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 214<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Design%3A+Particles%2C+Fields%2C+and+Creation&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=R.K.&rft.aufirst=Adair%2C&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProton"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">"2018 CODATA recommended values"</cite></a> » <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122130230/https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-01-22" data-sort-value="2018-01-22">22 janvier 2018</time></a>]</small></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-05-31" data-sort-value="2019-05-31">31 mai 2019</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon_201504-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Simon_201504_3-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_201504_3-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Simon2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Eric_Simon2015">Eric Simon, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca-se-passe-la-haut.fr/2015/04/la-difference-de-masse-entre-proton-et.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">La différence de masse entre proton et neutron obtenue par calcul pour la première fois</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">ca-se-passe-la-haut.fr</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-04-17" data-sort-value="2015-04-17">17 avril 2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-03-18" data-sort-value="2016-03-18">18 mars 2016</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CODATA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CODATA_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CODATA_4-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-CODATA_4-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">CODATA 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CODATA2018-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CODATA2018_5-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/Table/allascii.txt"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Fundamental Physical Constants (complete listing, 2018 CODATA adjustment)</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-04-19" data-sort-value="2022-04-19">19 avril 2022</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FS_6-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-FS_6-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Futura-Sciences">Futura-Sciences, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.futura-sciences.com/magazines/matiere/infos/actu/d/physique-protons-disparaitront-ils-univers-55743/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Quand les protons disparaîtront-ils de l'univers ?</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Futura-Sciences</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-05-09" data-sort-value="2016-05-09">9 mai 2016</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdg-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pdg_7-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2009/listings/rpp2009-list-p.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">p</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>, Particle Data Group, <time>2009</time></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pohl2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Randolf_Pohl2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Randolf Pohl <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The size of the proton</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Nature_(revue)" title="Nature (revue)">Nature</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 466,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-07-08" data-sort-value="2010-07-08">8 juillet 2010</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">213-216</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09250">10.1038/nature09250</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+size+of+the+proton&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Randolf&rft.date=2010-07-08&rft.volume=466&rft.pages=213-216&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature09250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProton"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Jan Bernauer et Randolph Pohl, <i>Le proton, un problème de taille</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pour_la_science" title="Pour la science">Pour la science</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 439, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-05" data-sort-value="2014-05">mai 2014</time>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Carlson2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Carl_E._Carlson2015">Carl E. <span class="nom_auteur">Carlson</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">The proton radius puzzle</cite> », <i>Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 82,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-05-01" data-sort-value="2015-05-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mai 2015</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">59–77</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2015.01.002">10.1016/j.ppnp.2015.01.002</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.05314">1502.05314</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146641015000034">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-05-09" data-sort-value="2016-05-09">9 mai 2016</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+proton+radius+puzzle&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Particle+and+Nuclear+Physics&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Carl+E.&rft.date=2015-05-01&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=59%E2%80%9377&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ppnp.2015.01.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProton"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailly2023-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bailly2023_12-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Bailly2023_12-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bailly2023"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sean_Bailly2023">Sean Bailly, « <cite style="font-style:normal">L'anatomie du proton, plus complexe que prévu</cite> », <i><a href="/wiki/Pour_la_science" title="Pour la science">Pour la science</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 547,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-05" data-sort-value="2023-05">mai 2023</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">6-7</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/pourlascience/docs/plsp0547_kiosque150/s/23205146">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=L%27anatomie+du+proton%2C+plus+complexe+que+pr%C3%A9vu&rft.jtitle=Pour+la+science&rft.issue=547&rft.aulast=Bailly&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft.date=2023-05&rft.pages=6-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProton"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duran2023-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Duran2023_13-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Duran2023_13-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="DuranMezianiJoostenJones2023"><span class="ouvrage" id="B._DuranZ.-E._MezianiS._JoostenM._K._Jones2023"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> B. Duran, Z.-E. Meziani, S. Joosten, M. K. Jones, S. Prasad <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Determining the gluonic gravitational form factors of the proton</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Nature_(revue)" title="Nature (revue)">Nature</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 615,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-03-29" data-sort-value="2023-03-29">29 mars 2023</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">813-816</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05730-4">10.1038/s41586-023-05730-4</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Determining+the+gluonic+gravitational+form+factors+of+the+proton&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Duran&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Z.-E.+Meziani&rft.au=S.+Joosten&rft.au=M.+K.+Jones&rft.au=S.+Prasad&rft.date=2023-03-29&rft.volume=615&rft.pages=813-816&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-023-05730-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProton"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gao2021-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gao2021_14-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Gao2021_14-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gao2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Haiyan_Gao2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Haiyan Gao, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Antimatter in the proton is more down than up</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Nature_(revue)" title="Nature (revue)">Nature</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 590,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-02-24" data-sort-value="2021-02-24">24 février 2021</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">559-560</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00430-3">10.1038/d41586-021-00430-3</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Antimatter+in+the+proton+is+more+down+than+up&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Haiyan&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft.volume=590&rft.pages=559-560&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-021-00430-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProton"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="DoveKernsMcClellanMiyasaka2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="J._DoveB._KernsR._E._McClellanS._Miyasaka2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> J. Dove, B. Kerns, R. E. McClellan, S. Miyasaka, D. H. Morton <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The asymmetry of antimatter in the proton</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Nature_(revue)" title="Nature (revue)">Nature</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 590,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-02-24" data-sort-value="2021-02-24">24 février 2021</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">561-565</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03282-z">10.1038/s41586-021-03282-z</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+asymmetry+of+antimatter+in+the+proton&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Dove&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=B.+Kerns&rft.au=R.+E.+McClellan&rft.au=S.+Miyasaka&rft.au=D.+H.+Morton&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft.volume=590&rft.pages=561-565&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03282-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProton"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="BurkertElouadrhiriGirod2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="V._D._BurkertL._ElouadrhiriF._X._Girod2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> V. D. Burkert, L. Elouadrhiri et F. X. Girod, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The pressure distribution inside the proton</cite> », <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(revue)" title="Nature (revue)"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Nature</span></a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 557,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-05-17" data-sort-value="2018-05-17">17 mai 2018</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">396-399</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0060-z">10.1038/s41586-018-0060-z</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+pressure+distribution+inside+the+proton&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=V.+D.&rft.au=L.+Elouadrhiri&rft.au=F.+X.+Girod&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft.volume=557&rft.pages=396-399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0060-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProton"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kumerički2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Krešimir_Kumerički2019"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Krešimir Kumerički, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Measurability of pressure inside the proton</cite> », <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(revue)" title="Nature (revue)"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Nature</span></a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 570,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-06-06" data-sort-value="2019-06-06">6 juin 2019</time>, E1–E2 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1211-6">10.1038/s41586-019-1211-6</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Measurability+of+pressure+inside+the+proton&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Kumeri%C4%8Dki&rft.aufirst=Kre%C5%A1imir&rft.date=2019-06-06&rft.volume=570&rft.pages=E1%E2%80%93E2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1211-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProton"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nishino2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="H._Nishino2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> H. Nishino <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Search for Proton Decay via p → e<sup>+</sup> π<sup>0</sup> and p → μ<sup>+</sup> π<sup>0</sup> in a Large Water Cherenkov Detector</cite> », <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Phys. Rev. Lett.</span></a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 102, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 14,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-04-08" data-sort-value="2009-04-08">8 avril 2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">141801-141805</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.141801">10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.141801</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Search+for+Proton+Decay+via+p+%E2%86%92+e%2B+%CF%800+and+p+%E2%86%92+%CE%BC%2B+%CF%800+in+a+Large+Water+Cherenkov+Detector&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+Lett.&rft.issue=14&rft.aulast=Nishino&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.date=2009-04-08&rft.volume=102&rft.pages=141801-141805&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.102.141801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProton"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ahmed2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="S.N._Ahmed2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> S.N. Ahmed <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Constraints on nucleon decay via <i>invisible</i> modes from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory</cite> », <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Phys. Rev. Lett.</span></a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 92,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2004-03-10" data-sort-value="2004-03-10">10 mars 2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">102004-102007</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.102004">10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.102004</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Constraints+on+nucleon+decay+via+%27%27invisible%27%27+modes+from+the+Sudbury+Neutrino+Observatory&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+Lett.&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=S.N.&rft.date=2004-03-10&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=102004-102007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.92.102004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProton"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/P04903.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Protium</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">goldbook.iupac.org</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-02-24" data-sort-value="2014-02-24">24 février 2014</time></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/proton" class="extiw" title="wikt:proton">proton</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="column-width:12em;column-count:2;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atome" title="Atome">Atome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron">Électron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">Isospin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9on" title="Nucléon">Nucléon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physique_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Physique nucléaire">Physique nucléaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protium" title="Protium">Protium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne_kaonique" title="Hydrogène kaonique">Hydrogène kaonique</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=17" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span class="liste-horizontale noarchive"><span class="wd_identifiers">Ressource relative à la santé<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011522"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Medical Subject Headings</span></a></li> </ul></span> </li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/proton-subatomic-particle"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denstoredanske.lex.dk//proton/"><i>Den Store Danske Encyklopædi</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0135202.xml"><i>Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3962909"><i>Internetowa encyklopedia PWN</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/proton"><i>Store norske leksikon</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/protone"><i>Treccani</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/proton/"><i>Universalis</i></a></li> </ul></div></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951081z">BnF</a></span> (<span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951081z">données</a></span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85107796">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4137643-2">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574364">Japon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541245005171">Israël</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137953">Tchéquie</a></span></li> </ul></div></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/Cnrspresse/n22a3.html">Analyse de la mesure du rayon d'un proton</a> sur le site du <a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique" title="Centre national de la recherche scientifique">CNRS</a></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> C. Amsler <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2009/listings/rpp2009-list-p.pdf">Caractéristiques du proton</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr>, <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Particle Data Group</span>, PL B667, 1 (2008) et mise à jour 2009 partielle pour l'édition 2010 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov">[1]</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Tableau_particules" title="Modèle:Palette Tableau particules"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Tableau_particules&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Physique_des_particules" title="Physique des particules">Particules en physique</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/Particule_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire" title="Particule élémentaire">Élémentaires</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;"><a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">Bosons</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;"><a href="/wiki/Boson_de_jauge" title="Boson de jauge">de jauge</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">Photon (γ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">Gluon (g)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosons_W_et_Z" title="Bosons W et Z">Bosons W et Z</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boson_W" title="Boson W">Boson W<sup>±</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boson_Z" title="Boson Z">Boson Z<sup>0</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;"><a href="/wiki/Boson_de_Higgs" title="Boson de Higgs">scalaire</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boson_de_Higgs" title="Boson de Higgs">Boson de Higgs (H<sup>0</sup>)</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;"><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermions</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;;"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;"><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quarks</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Down</i></span> (d)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Up</i></span> (u)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_%C3%A9trange" title="Quark étrange"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Strange</i></span> (s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_charm%C3%A9" title="Quark charmé"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Charm</i></span> (c)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_bottom" title="Quark bottom"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Bottom</i></span> (b)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_top" title="Quark top"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Top</i></span> (t)</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;"><a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">Leptons</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron">Électron (e<sup>-</sup>)</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Article de qualité"><img alt="Article de qualité" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/10px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/15px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/20px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positon" title="Positon">Positon (e<sup>+</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Muon (μ<sup>-</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimuon" title="Antimuon">Antimuon (μ<sup>+</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_(particule)" title="Tau (particule)">Tau (τ<sup>-</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitau" title="Antitau">Antitau (τ<sup>+</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrinos</a> <ul><li>ν<sub>e</sub></li> <li>ν̅<sub>e</sub></li> <li>ν<sub>μ</sub></li> <li>ν̅<sub>μ</sub></li> <li>ν<sub>τ</sub></li> <li>ν̅<sub>τ</sub></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;">Hypothétiques</th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;"><a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">Bosons</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosons_W%CA%B9_et_Z%CA%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosons Wʹ et Zʹ (page inexistante)">Bosons Wʹ et Zʹ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%27_and_Z%27_bosons" class="extiw" title="en:W' and Z' bosons"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « W' and Z' bosons »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosons_X_et_Y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosons X et Y (page inexistante)">Bosons X et Y</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_and_Y_bosons" class="extiw" title="en:X and Y bosons"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « X and Y bosons »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton (G)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axion" title="Axion">Axion (A<sup>0</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majoron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majoron (page inexistante)">Majoron (J)</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majoron" class="extiw" title="en:Majoron"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Majoron »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particule_X17" title="Particule X17">Particule X17</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;"><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermions</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;;"><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_st%C3%A9rile" title="Neutrino stérile">Neutrino stérile</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;"><a href="/wiki/Superpartenaire" title="Superpartenaire">Super-partenaires</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;">de bosons</th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photino" title="Photino">Photino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralinos</a> <ul><li>Wino</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bino_(particule)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bino (particule) (page inexistante)">Bino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higgsino" title="Higgsino">Higgsino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaugino" title="Jaugino">Jauginos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluino" title="Gluino">Gluino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zino_(particule)" title="Zino (particule)">Zino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitino" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chargino" title="Chargino">Charginos</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;"><a href="/wiki/Sfermion" title="Sfermion">de fermions</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squark" class="mw-redirect" title="Squark">Squarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slepton" class="mw-redirect" title="Slepton">Sleptons</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;">Autres</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptoquarks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leptoquarks (page inexistante)">Leptoquarks</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptoquark" class="extiw" title="en:Leptoquark"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Leptoquark »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflaton" title="Inflaton">Inflaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilaton" title="Dilaton">Dilaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyon" title="Tachyon">Tachyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corde_(physique)" title="Corde (physique)">Corde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9on" title="Préon">Préon</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/Particule_composite" title="Particule composite">Composites</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;"><a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadrons</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son" title="Méson">Mésons</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quarkonium" title="Quarkonium">Quarkoniums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_J/%CF%88" title="Méson J/ψ">J/ψ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_%C3%AAta_charm%C3%A9" title="Méson êta charmé">η<sub>c</sub></a></li></ul></li> <li>Bottomoniums <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_upsilon" title="Méson upsilon">ϒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_%C3%AAta_bottom" title="Méson êta bottom">η<sub>b</sub></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_th%C3%AAta" title="Méson thêta">Méson thêta (θ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_phi" title="Méson phi">Méson phi (φ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pion_(particule)" title="Pion (particule)">Pions</a> <ul><li>π<sup>-</sup></li> <li>π<sup>+</sup></li> <li>π<sup>0</sup></li> <li>π̅<sup>0</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">Kaons</a> <ul><li>K<sup>-</sup></li> <li>K<sup>+</sup></li> <li>K<sup>0</sup></li> <li>K̅<sup>0</sup></li></ul></li> <li>Mésons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_rho" title="Méson rho">rho (ρ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_om%C3%A9ga" title="Méson oméga">oméga (ω)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_D" title="Méson D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_%C3%AAta" title="Méson êta">êta (η)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9son_%C3%AAta_prime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Méson êta prime (page inexistante)">êta prime (ηʹ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_B" title="Méson B">Méson B</a> <ul><li>B<sup>0</sup>-B̅<sup>0</sup></li> <li>B<sub>s</sub><sup>0</sup>-B̅<sub>s</sub><sup>0</sup></li> <li>B<sup>-</sup>, B<sup>+</sup></li> <li>B<sub>c</sub><sup>-</sup>, B<sub>c</sub><sup>+</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_T" title="Méson T">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9traquark" title="Tétraquark">Tétraquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_scalaire" title="Méson scalaire">Méson scalaire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;"><a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">Baryons</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9on" title="Nucléon">Nucléons</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proton (p)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">Antiproton (p̅)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron (n)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineutron" title="Antineutron">Antineutron (n̄)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baryon_Delta" title="Baryon Delta">Baryons Delta</a> <ul><li>Δ<sup>++</sup></li> <li>Δ<sup>+</sup></li> <li>Δ<sup>0</sup></li> <li>Δ<sup>−</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyp%C3%A9ron" title="Hypéron">Hypérons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baryon_Lambda" title="Baryon Lambda">Λ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baryon_Sigma" title="Baryon Sigma">Σ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baryon_Xi" title="Baryon Xi">Ξ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baryon_Om%C3%A9ga" title="Baryon Oméga">Ω</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;">Autres</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atome_exotique" title="Atome exotique">Atomes exotiques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onium" title="Onium">Oniums leptoniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positronium" title="Positronium">Positronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrai_muonium" title="Vrai muonium">Vrai muonium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrai_tauonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vrai tauonium (page inexistante)">Vrai tauonium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onium" title="Onium">Oniums mésoniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pionium" title="Pionium">Pionium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaonium (page inexistante)">Kaonium</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaonium" class="extiw" title="en:Kaonium"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Kaonium »">(en)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muonium" title="Muonium">Muonium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tauonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tauonium (page inexistante)">Tauonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonium" title="Protonium">Protonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lium_antiprotonique" title="Hélium antiprotonique">Hélium antiprotonique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne_muonique" title="Hydrogène muonique">Hydrogène muonique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lium_muonique" class="mw-redirect" title="Hélium muonique">Hélium muonique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne_kaonique" title="Hydrogène kaonique">Hydrogène kaonique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lium_kaonique" title="Hélium kaonique">Hélium kaonique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyau_atomique" title="Noyau atomique">Noyau atomique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernoyau" title="Hypernoyau">Hypernoyau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertriton" title="Hypertriton">Hypertriton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atome" title="Atome">Atome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule" title="Molécule">Molécule</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;">Hypothétiques</th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son" title="Méson">Mésons</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_de_glu" title="Boule de glu">Boule de glu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;"><a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">Baryons</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sonance_de_Roper" title="Résonance de Roper">Résonance de Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibaryon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibaryon (page inexistante)">Dibaryon</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibaryon" class="extiw" title="en:Dibaryon"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Dibaryon »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaquark" title="Hexaquark">Hexaquark</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:50px; background:#e6e6ff;">Autres</th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_m%C3%A9sonique" title="Molécule mésonique">Molécule mésonique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pom%C3%A9ron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poméron (page inexistante)">Poméron</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeron" class="extiw" title="en:Pomeron"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Pomeron »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odd%C3%A9ron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oddéron (page inexistante)">Oddéron</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odderon" class="extiw" title="en:Odderon"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Odderon »">(en)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/Quasi-particule" title="Quasi-particule">Quasi-particules</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exciton" title="Exciton">Exciton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxon" title="Fluxon">Fluxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnon_(physique)" title="Magnon (physique)">Magnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">Phonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmon" title="Plasmon">Plasmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polariton" title="Polariton">Polariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron">Polaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliton" title="Soliton">Soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champ_fant%C3%B4me_de_Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov-DeWitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Champ fantôme de Faddeev–Popov-DeWitt (page inexistante)">Ghost</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faddeev-Popov_ghost" class="extiw" title="en:Faddeev-Popov ghost"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Faddeev-Popov ghost »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roton_(physique)" title="Roton (physique)">Roton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monop%C3%B4le_magn%C3%A9tique" title="Monopôle magnétique">Monopôle magnétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trou_d%27%C3%A9lectron" title="Trou d'électron">Trou d'électron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instanton" title="Instanton">Instanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyon" title="Anyon">Anyon</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_particules" title="Liste des particules">Liste des particules</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Physique" title="Portail de la physique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Circle-icons-physics-logo.svg/24px-Circle-icons-physics-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Circle-icons-physics-logo.svg/36px-Circle-icons-physics-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Circle-icons-physics-logo.svg/48px-Circle-icons-physics-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Physique" title="Portail:Physique">Portail de la physique</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Chimie" title="Portail de la chimie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/36px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/48px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Chimie" title="Portail:Chimie">Portail de la chimie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Portail du nucléaire"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Circle-icons-hazard.svg/24px-Circle-icons-hazard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Circle-icons-hazard.svg/36px-Circle-icons-hazard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Circle-icons-hazard.svg/48px-Circle-icons-hazard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Portail:Nucléaire">Portail du nucléaire</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proton&oldid=222692327">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proton&oldid=222692327</a> ».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégories</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Cation" title="Catégorie:Cation">Cation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Chimie_des_solutions" title="Catégorie:Chimie des solutions">Chimie des solutions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Chimie_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Catégorie:Chimie nucléaire">Chimie nucléaire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Nucl%C3%A9on" title="Catégorie:Nucléon">Nucléon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Physique_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Catégorie:Physique nucléaire">Physique nucléaire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Radioactivit%C3%A9" 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