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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palm_wine_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palm_wine_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Palm wine music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palm_wine_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brass-band_highlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brass-band_highlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Brass-band highlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brass-band_highlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance_and_guitar_band_highlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance_and_guitar_band_highlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Dance and guitar band highlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance_and_guitar_band_highlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Ghanaian_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ghanaian_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The Ghanaian diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ghanaian_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burger_highlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burger_highlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Burger highlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burger_highlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gospel_highlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospel_highlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Gospel highlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospel_highlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jazz_in_Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jazz_in_Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Jazz in Ghana</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jazz_in_Ghana-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Jazz in Ghana subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jazz_in_Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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– German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Highlife" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Highlife" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajlajfo" title="Hajlajfo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hajlajfo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81" title="هایلایف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هایلایف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife_(musique)" title="Highlife (musique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Highlife (musique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84" title="하이라이프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하이라이프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife_(genere_musicale)" title="Highlife (genere musicale) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Highlife (genere musicale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_excelsae_vitae" title="Musica excelsae vitae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musica excelsae vitae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%95" title="ハイライフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハイライフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Highlife" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Highlife" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Highlife" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%84" title="Хайлайф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хайлайф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Highlife" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Highlife" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q963061#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/High_life_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="High life (disambiguation)">High life (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Highlife</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm-wine_music" title="Palm-wine music">Palm-wine music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> music</li><li>Akan folklore</li><li>other <a href="/wiki/African_music" class="mw-redirect" title="African music">African music</a> genres</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">1870s, <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_West_Africa" title="British West Africa">British West Africa</a> <span class="nowrap">(modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makossa" title="Makossa">Makossa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiplife" title="Hiplife">Hiplife</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Raglife" title="Raglife">Raglife</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Highlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo Highlife">Igbo Highlife</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_Highlife&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ijaw Highlife (page does not exist)">Ijaw Highlife</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edo_Highlife&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edo Highlife (page does not exist)">Edo Highlife</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Highlife</b> is a Ghanaian <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a> that originated along the coastal cities of present-day <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> in the 19th century, during its <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">history as a colony</a> of the British and through its trade routes in coastal areas. It encompasses multiple local fusions of African metre and western <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> melodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins-1989_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-1989-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses the melodic and main rhythmic structures of traditional African music, but is typically played with Western instruments. Highlife is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazzy</a> <a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">horns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitars</a> which lead the band and its use of the two-finger plucking <a href="/wiki/Guitar_picking" title="Guitar picking">guitar style</a> that is typical of African music. Recently it has acquired an uptempo, synth-driven sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Eyre_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eyre-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peñalosa_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peñalosa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Highlife gained popularity and the genre spread throughout West African regions. Pioneers like <a href="/wiki/Rex_Lawson" title="Rex Lawson">Cardinal Rex Lawson</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._T._Mensah" title="E. T. Mensah">E.T. Mensah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Uwaifo" title="Victor Uwaifo">Victor Uwaifo</a>, all perfected this sound by infusing traditional Africa drums and western "Native Blues".<sup id="cite_ref-Collins-1989_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-1989-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Second World War its popularity came back within the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, taking their own traditional guitar <a href="/wiki/Riff" title="Riff">riffs</a> and the influence of the diverse culture and flavour of Nigeria, mixed and perfected it to form <a href="/wiki/Igbo_highlife" title="Igbo highlife">Igbo highlife</a> which became the country's most popular music genre in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-SalmFalola2002_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SalmFalola2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Highlife has remained a part of popular music for Ghanaians and <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian diaspora">their diaspora</a> globally through its integration with religious institutions and the positive effect it had on immigrating Ghanaians leaving their homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruxandra-2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruxandra-2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highlife&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">arpeggiated</a> highlife guitar part is modeled after an Afro-Cuban <a href="/wiki/Guajeo" title="Guajeo">guajeo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eyre_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eyre-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pattern of attack-points is nearly identical to the <a href="/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)" title="Clave (rhythm)">3-2 <i>clave motif</i></a> guajeo as shown below. The <a href="/wiki/Bell_pattern" title="Bell pattern">bell pattern</a> known in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> as <i>clave</i> is indigenous to Ghana, and is used in highlife.<sup id="cite_ref-Peñalosa_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peñalosa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highlife_guitar.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Highlife_guitar.tif/lossy-page1-420px-Highlife_guitar.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="420" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Highlife_guitar.tif/lossy-page1-630px-Highlife_guitar.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Highlife_guitar.tif/lossy-page1-840px-Highlife_guitar.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Top: clave. Bottom: highlife guitar part (<span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6d\/Highlife_guitar.mid\/Highlife_guitar.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Highlife guitar.mid"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Highlife_guitar.mid/Highlife_guitar.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Play</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Highlife_guitar.mid" title="File:Highlife guitar.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of Highlife stem from colonialism and trading in West Africa through regional styles of music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palm_wine_music">Palm wine music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highlife&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Palm wine music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Palm-wine_music" title="Palm-wine music">Palm-wine music</a>, also known as maringa in Sierra Leone, was one style that originated on coastal locations when local musicians began using portable instruments brought by traders and fused it with local string and percussion instruments. It was usually played in a syncopated <a href="/wiki/4/4_beat" class="mw-redirect" title="4/4 beat">4/4 metre</a>. This music was played in low class palm-wine bars at ports where sailors, dock workers, and working class locals would drink and listen to the music. Eventually this genre worked its way inland and a more Africanized version came containing 12/8 <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">polyrhythms</a>, this would be known as the "Native Blues". This style would gain popularity up until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> when production of the records was stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins-1989_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-1989-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brass-band_highlife">Brass-band highlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highlife&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Brass-band highlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A style of highlife that resembled western <a href="/wiki/Brass_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Brass bands">brass bands</a> in European forts across West Africa. The military would use local musicians in their brass band regiments and taught them linear <a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">marching music</a>. After these musicians saw how the West Indian regimental bandsmen practiced traditional music in their spare time it inspired them to do the same. The fusion of linear marching music with polyrhythmic local music created a danceable style called <a href="/wiki/Adaha" title="Adaha">adaha</a>, as well as a style with cheaper, local instruments called konkoma. This fusion was similar to the birth of jazz in New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins-1989_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-1989-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance_and_guitar_band_highlife">Dance and guitar band highlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highlife&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dance and guitar band highlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1920s, Ghanaian musicians incorporated foreign influences like the <a href="/wiki/Foxtrot" title="Foxtrot">foxtrot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a> with Ghanaian rhythms like <i>osibisaba</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fante_people" title="Fante people">Fante</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-SalmFalola2002_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SalmFalola2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Highlife was associated with the local African aristocracy during the colonial period, and was played by numerous bands including the <a href="/wiki/Jazz_Kings" title="Jazz Kings">Jazz Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast_Sugar_Babies" title="Cape Coast Sugar Babies">Cape Coast Sugar Babies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a> Orchestra along the country's coast.<sup id="cite_ref-SalmFalola2002_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SalmFalola2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high class audience members who enjoyed the music in select clubs gave the music its name. The dance orchestra leader <a href="/wiki/Yebuah_Mensah" class="mw-redirect" title="Yebuah Mensah">Yebuah Mensah</a> (<a href="/wiki/E.T._Mensah" class="mw-redirect" title="E.T. Mensah">E.T. Mensah</a>'s older brother) told <a href="/wiki/John_Collins_(musician/researcher)" title="John Collins (musician/researcher)">John Collins</a> in 1973 that the term 'highlife' appeared in the early 1920s "as a catch-phrase for the orchestrated indigenous songs played at [exclusive] clubs by such early dance bands as the Jazz Kings, the Cape Coast Sugar Babies, the Sekondi Nanshamang and later the Accra Orchestra. The people outside called it the highlife as they did not reach the class of the couples going inside, who not only had to pay a relatively high entrance fee of about 7s 6d (seven shillings and sixpence), but also had to wear full evening dress, including top-hats if they could afford it."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1930s, highlife spread via Ghanaian workers to <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a> among other West African countries, where the music quickly gained popularity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armstrong-Mensahinvitation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Armstrong-Mensahinvitation.jpg/220px-Armstrong-Mensahinvitation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Armstrong-Mensahinvitation.jpg/330px-Armstrong-Mensahinvitation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Armstrong-Mensahinvitation.jpg/440px-Armstrong-Mensahinvitation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>An invitation to a concert featuring Louis Armstrong "from America" and E. T. Mensah and his Tempos Band "of West African Fame"</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1940s, the music diverged into two distinct streams: dance band highlife and guitar band highlife. Guitar band highlife featured smaller bands and, at least initially, was most common in rural areas. Because of the history of stringed instruments like the <a href="/wiki/Seprewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Seprewa">seprewa</a> in the region, musicians were happy to incorporate the guitar. They also used the <i>dagomba</i> style, borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Kru_people" title="Kru people">Kru</a> sailors from Liberia, to create highlife's two-finger picking style.<sup id="cite_ref-SalmFalola2002_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SalmFalola2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guitar band highlife also featured singing, drums and claves. <a href="/wiki/E.K._Nyame" title="E.K. Nyame">E.K. Nyame</a> and his Akan Trio helped to popularize guitar band highlife,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would release over 400 records during Nyame's lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-SalmFalola2002_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SalmFalola2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dance band highlife, by contrast, was more rooted in urban settings. In the post-war period, larger dance orchestras began to be replaced by smaller professional dance bands, typified by the success of E.T. Mensah and the Tempos. As foreign troops departed, the primary audiences became increasingly Ghanaian, and the music changed to cater to their tastes. Mensah's fame soared after he played with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> in Accra in May 1956, and he eventually earned the nickname, the "King of Highlife".<sup id="cite_ref-SalmFalola2002_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SalmFalola2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also important from the 1950s onward was musician <a href="/wiki/King_Bruce" title="King Bruce">King Bruce</a>, who served as band leader to the Black Beats. Some other early bands were, the Red Spots, the Rhythm Aces, the Ramblers and Broadway-Uhuru. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Ghanaian_diaspora">The Ghanaian diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highlife&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Ghanaian diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Economic problems led to a mass migration of Ghanaians in the 1960s looking for more opportunities and after that political instability in the '70s and '80s would cause more people and many prominent highlife musicians to leave and create clusters of communities across the west with Germany being a preferred destination because of <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">its relaxed immigration laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruxandra-2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruxandra-2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burger_highlife">Burger highlife</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highlife&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Burger highlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghanaians in Germany created a secular style of highlife that combined the genre with funk, disco, and synth-pop. It is believed it was called burger highlife because the largest communities of Ghanaians resided in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. The music became associated with migrants who would travel between Germany and Ghana. It also would become defined by its use of modern technologies; by the late '90s, productions used solely electronic instruments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gospel_highlife">Gospel highlife</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highlife&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gospel highlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Considered one of the most popular music genres to both Ghanaians and its diaspora, gospel highlife has outlived burger highlife because of its success in blurring the lines between religion and pop culture. This genre is similar to burger highlife but its inspiration comes from <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>. Its significance within the communities stems from the religious institution's ability to provide social and cultural infrastructure for the Ghanaian diaspora in Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jazz_in_Ghana">Jazz in Ghana</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highlife&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jazz in Ghana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Highlife" title="Special:EditPage/Highlife">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s">1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highlife&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>E.T. Mensah and <a href="/wiki/Guy_Warren" title="Guy Warren">Kofi Ghanaba</a> were important musicians in Ghana. From the late 1950s, famous jazz musicians began to visit Ghana, such as <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jamal" title="Ahmad Jamal">Ahmad Jamal</a> and Louis Armstrong who played in Ghana (1956 and 1960). Armstrong's All Stars member Edmond Hall came to Ghana in 1959 to set up a short-lived jazz in Accra. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guy_Warren" title="Guy Warren">Guy Warren</a> was one notable musician who played with E.T. Mensah and the Tempos before moving to America and working with musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Red_Saunders_(musician)" title="Red Saunders (musician)">Red Saunders</a> to record the album <i>Africa Speaks, America Answers</i>, as well as playing with Duke Ellington in Chicago for a short time. Warren is credited with introducing highlife to the United States in an attempt to bring <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American musicians</a> back in touch with the music of Africa, as awareness of African influence on Afro-American music was lacking before the "African musical renaissance" of the late '50s.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_examples">Musical examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highlife&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Musical examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Pianist <a href="/wiki/Randy_Weston" title="Randy Weston">Randy Weston</a> recorded an album called <i>Highlife</i> in 1963, featuring compositions by West African musicians <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Benson" title="Bobby Benson">Bobby Benson</a> ("Niger Mambo") and <a href="/wiki/Guy_Warren" title="Guy Warren">Guy Warren</a> (Kofi Ghanaba) ("Mystery of Love").</li> <li>Saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Pharoah_Sanders" title="Pharoah Sanders">Pharoah Sanders</a> recorded a song called "High Life" on <i><a href="/wiki/Rejoice_(Pharoah_Sanders_album)" title="Rejoice (Pharoah Sanders album)">Rejoice</a></i> (1981).</li> <li>Guitarist <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Sharrock" title="Sonny Sharrock">Sonny Sharrock</a> had a song called "Highlife" on the <a href="/wiki/Highlife_(Sonny_Sharrock_album)" title="Highlife (Sonny Sharrock album)">album of the same name</a> (1990).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_S._Harris_(trombonist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig S. Harris (trombonist)">Craig Harris</a> (trombone) had a song called "High Life" on the album <i><a href="/wiki/F-Stops" title="F-Stops">F-Stops</a></i> (1993).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highlife&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Highlife_Forms" title="Ghanaian Highlife Forms">Ghanaian Highlife Forms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highlife&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Collins-1989-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins-1989_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins-1989_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins-1989_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins-1989_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCollins1989" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/931273">"The Early History of West African Highlife Music"</a>. <i>Popular Music</i>. <b>8</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">221–</span>230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0261143000003524">10.1017/S0261143000003524</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-1430">0261-1430</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/931273">931273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Music&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+West+African+Highlife+Music&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0261-1430&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F931273%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0261143000003524&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F931273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyre-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyre_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyre_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eyre, Banning (2006: 9). "Highlife guitar example" <i>Africa: Your Passport to a New World of Music</i>. Alfred Pub. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7390-2474-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7390-2474-4">0-7390-2474-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peñalosa-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peñalosa_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peñalosa_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peñalosa, David (2010: 247). <i>The Clave Matrix; Afro-Cuban Rhythm: Its Principles and African Origins</i>. Redway, CA: Bembe Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886502-80-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-886502-80-3">1-886502-80-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SalmFalola2002-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SalmFalola2002_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SalmFalola2002_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SalmFalola2002_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SalmFalola2002_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SalmFalola2002_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SalmFalola2002_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmFalola2002" class="citation book cs1">Salm, Steven J.; Falola, Toyin (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00salm"><i>Culture and Customs of Ghana</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00salm/page/181">181</a>–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313320507" title="Special:BookSources/9780313320507"><bdi>9780313320507</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Ghana&rft.pages=181-185&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780313320507&rft.aulast=Salm&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.au=Falola%2C+Toyin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof00salm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruxandra-2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruxandra-2014_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruxandra-2014_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuxandra2014" class="citation book cs1">Ruxandra, Krüger, Simone Trandafoiu (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/900017261"><i>The globalization of musics in transit : music migration and tourism</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">252–</span>266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-64007-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-64007-7"><bdi>978-0-415-64007-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900017261">900017261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+globalization+of+musics+in+transit+%3A+music+migration+and+tourism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E252-%3C%2Fspan%3E266&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F900017261&rft.isbn=978-0-415-64007-7&rft.aulast=Ruxandra&rft.aufirst=Kr%C3%BCger%2C+Simone+Trandafoiu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F900017261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighlife" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1986" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John (1986). <i>E. T. Mensah: King of Highlife</i>. London: Off The Record Press. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.+T.+Mensah%3A+King+of+Highlife&rft.place=London&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Off+The+Record+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIHfybGz5HoC&q=ek+nyame&pg=PA21">Musicmakers of West</a> 1985 publisher Lynne Rienner Publishers <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89410-075-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89410-075-8">978-0-89410-075-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2012" class="citation book cs1">Kelley, Robin D. G. (2012-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674065246"><i>Africa Speaks, America Answers</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674065246">10.4159/harvard.9780674065246</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674046245" title="Special:BookSources/9780674046245"><bdi>9780674046245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+Speaks%2C+America+Answers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674065246&rft.isbn=9780674046245&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Robin+D.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674065246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/jazz-ghana">Jazz in Ghana</a> Retrieved 27 January 2021</span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Highlife" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Highlife">Highlife</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highlife&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1985" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicmakersofwes00coll"><i>Music Makers of West Africa</i></a></span>. Washington (DC): Three Continents Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89410-076-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89410-076-9"><bdi>0-89410-076-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Makers+of+West+Africa&rft.place=Washington+%28DC%29&rft.pub=Three+Continents+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-89410-076-9&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicmakersofwes00coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighlife" class="Z3988"></span> also Colorado:Passeggiata Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1992" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John (1992). <i>West African Pop Roots</i>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87722-916-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87722-916-3"><bdi>0-87722-916-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+African+Pop+Roots&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-87722-916-3&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighlife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1996" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John (1996). <i>E. T. Mensah King of Highlife</i>. Anansesem. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-98855-217-3" title="Special:BookSources/9-98855-217-3"><bdi>9-98855-217-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.+T.+Mensah+King+of+Highlife&rft.pub=Anansesem&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9-98855-217-3&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighlife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2016" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John (2016). <i>Highlife Giants: West African Dance Band Pioneers</i>. Abuja (Nigeria): Cassava Republic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-50238-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-50238-1-7"><bdi>978-978-50238-1-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highlife+Giants%3A+West+African+Dance+Band+Pioneers&rft.place=Abuja+%28Nigeria%29&rft.pub=Cassava+Republic+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-978-50238-1-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighlife" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="/wiki/Gh_hiphop" class="mw-redirect" title="Gh hiphop">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivorian hip hop">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan hip hop">Kenyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomba_music" title="Boomba music">Boomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genge" title="Genge">Genge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawian hip hop">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan hip hop">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian hip hop">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_rap" title="Igbo rap">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerien hip hop">Nigerien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Senegalese hip hop">Senegalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_galsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop galsen">Hip hop galsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian hip hop">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_Flava" title="Bongo Flava">Bongo Flava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenji_flava" title="Zenji flava">Zenji flava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolese hip hop">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean hip hop">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_reggae" title="African reggae">African reggae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_reggae" title="Nigerian reggae">Nigerian reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seggae" title="Seggae">Seggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimdancehall" title="Zimdancehall">Zimdancehall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats" title="Afrobeats">Afrobeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro_rock" title="Afro rock">Afro rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_heavy_metal" title="African heavy metal">African heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrock" title="Zamrock">Zamrock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-soul" title="Afro-soul">Afro-soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C3%A9" title="Alté">Alté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amapiano" title="Amapiano">Amapiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambasse_bey" title="Ambasse bey">Ambasse bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apala" title="Apala">Apala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiko" title="Assiko">Assiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azonto" title="Azonto">Azonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajourou" title="Bajourou">Bajourou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantowbol" title="Bantowbol">Bantowbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batuque_(music_and_dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batuque (music and dance)">Batuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bend-skin" title="Bend-skin">Bend-skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benga_music" title="Benga music">Benga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikutsi" title="Bikutsi">Bikutsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_jazz" title="Cape jazz">Cape jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaabi (music)">Chaabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Algeria)" title="Chaabi (Algeria)">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Morocco)" title="Chaabi (Morocco)">Moroccan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimurenga_music" title="Chimurenga music">Chimurenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col%C3%A1" title="Colá">Colá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coladeira" title="Coladeira">Coladeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_rumba" title="Congolese rumba">Congolese rumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9-d%C3%A9cal%C3%A9" title="Coupé-décalé">Coupé-décalé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_Funk" title="Edo Funk">Edo Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_music" title="Fuji music">Fuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funan%C3%A1" title="Funaná">Funaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnawa_music" title="Gnawa music">Gnawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gqom" title="Gqom">Gqom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Highlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burger-highlife" title="Burger-highlife">Burger-highlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_highlife" title="Igbo highlife">Igbo highlife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipco" title="Hipco">Hipco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiplife" title="Hiplife">Hiplife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isicathamiya" title="Isicathamiya">Isicathamiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaiva" title="Jaiva">Jaiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jit" title="Jit">Jit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music" title="Jùjú music">Jùjú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadongo_Kamu" title="Kadongo Kamu">Kadongo Kamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidandali" title="Kidandali">Kidandali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizomba" title="Kizomba">Kizomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuduro" title="Kuduro">Kuduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">Kwaito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwela" title="Kwela">Kwela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logobi" title="Logobi">Logobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiaba" title="Madiaba">Madiaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahraganat" title="Mahraganat">Mahraganat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makossa" title="Makossa">Makossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrabenta" title="Marrabenta">Marrabenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maloya" title="Maloya">Maloya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">Mbalax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbaqanga" title="Mbaqanga">Mbaqanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbube_(genre)" title="Mbube (genre)">Mbube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morna_(music)" title="Morna (music)">Morna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_pop" title="Moroccan pop">Moroccan pop</a></li> <li><a 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