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#36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Orphan plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Orphan" role="presentation" style="display: none"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan" title="Wikipedia:Orphan">orphan</a>, as no other articles <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Mussel_toxic_peptide&namespace=0">link to it</a></b>. Please <a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">introduce links</a> to this page from <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Mussel+toxic+peptide&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Mussel+toxic+peptide">related articles</a></span>; try the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Mussel_toxic_peptide">Find link tool</a> for suggestions. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mussel toxic peptide</b> (MTP) is a marine biotoxin that can be found in mussels of the species <i><a href="/wiki/Mytilus_edulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mytilus edulis">Mytilus edulis</a></i> (blue mussel) that are contaminated by <a href="/wiki/Mycotoxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycotoxins">mycotoxins</a> produced by fungi of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Trichoderma" title="Trichoderma">Trichoderma</a></i>. MTP is a <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel" title="Voltage-gated sodium channel">voltage-gated sodium channel</a> blocker, which has a mild effect on voltage-gated potassium channels.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_distribution">Discovery and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel_toxic_peptide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MTP was extracted from mussels harvested from <a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Bizerte</a> lagoon, located in the north of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. It was first discovered during investigation of the cause of a yearly repetitive food poisoning occurring after consumption of mussels from Bizerte lagoon during the autumn-winter season. During this season, changes in temperature and precipitation, which contains phosphates and nitrogen, contribute to conditions that are favourable for the growth of microorganisms that contaminate the <a href="/wiki/Siphon" title="Siphon">siphon</a> of the mussels. As with other marine biotoxins, it is difficult to track MTP’s origin but its occurrence has been increasing over the last decade due to changes in the local environment. This toxin found in mussels appears to contain two fractions, namely C17-<a href="/wiki/Sphinganine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphinganine">sphinganine</a> analog mycotoxin (C17-SAMT) and MTP. C17-SAMT has been found earlier in spoiled food and belongs to a family of toxins produced by fungi (sphinganine-analog mycotoxins). While the C17-SAMT fraction has been studied before<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>., MTP was only investigated recently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel_toxic_peptide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homology_and_family">Homology and family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel_toxic_peptide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Homology and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MTP belongs to a wider group of marine biotoxins. Based on the clinical symptoms that they induce, marine biotoxins are distinguished in two groups: diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins and marine neurotoxic biotoxins.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grouping of marine biotoxins is also delineated based on their mechanism of action, where MTP is included into the channel-blocking neurotoxin family. As cases were not (at least not systematically) reported until the last decade, MTP might be a newly introduced toxin, coming from a species that was recently brought into the Bizerte lagoon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel_toxic_peptide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike most other marine <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotoxins">neurotoxins</a>, MTP is proteinaceous and has a molecular mass of 6.4kDa, which is large compared to the masses of other marine biotoxins. While its toxicity has been investigated, the exact structure of MTP remains unclear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_and_mode_of_action">Target and mode of action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel_toxic_peptide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Target and mode of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MTP blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, but has an almost negligible effect on potassium channels.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mouse neuroblastoma, the IC<sub>50</sub> value was 4.5 μM for sodium and 102.1 μM for potassium channels, showing a much stronger affinity for sodium channels. MTP acts as a pore blocker on sodium channels.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel_toxic_peptide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Injection of MTP in mice caused symptoms of toxicity such as restlessness, breathing difficulties, paralysis of hind limbs and death in less than five minutes. Since a widespread chain of cases in humans has not been reported, its symptomatology has not yet been described. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mussel_toxic_peptide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarrouchi,_R.Benoit,_E.Schlumberger,_S.Marzougui,_Z.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Marrouchi, R.; Benoit, E.; Schlumberger, S.; Marzougui, Z.; Le Caer, JP.; Molgó, J.; Kharrat, R. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7472388">"Purification, Toxicity and Functional Characterization of a New Proteinaceous Mussel Biotoxin from Bizerte Lagoon"</a>. <i>Toxins</i>. <b>12</b> (8): 487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ftoxins12080487">10.3390/toxins12080487</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7472388">7472388</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32751635">32751635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxins&rft.atitle=Purification%2C+Toxicity+and+Functional+Characterization+of+a+New+Proteinaceous+Mussel+Biotoxin+from+Bizerte+Lagoon&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=487&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7472388%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32751635&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Ftoxins12080487&rft.au=Marrouchi%2C+R.&rft.au=Benoit%2C+E.&rft.au=Schlumberger%2C+S.&rft.au=Marzougui%2C+Z.&rft.au=Le+Caer%2C+JP.&rft.au=Molg%C3%B3%2C+J.&rft.au=Kharrat%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7472388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMussel+toxic+peptide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarrouchi,_R.Benoit,_E.Le_Caer,_JP.Belayouni,_N.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Marrouchi, R.; Benoit, E.; Le Caer, JP.; Belayouni, N.; Belghith, H.; Molgó, J.; Kharrat, R. 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(2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ4ZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">"Marine biotoxins: Types of poisoning, underlying mechanisms of action and risk management programs"</a>. <i>Chemical Hazards in Food of Animal Origin</i>. ECVPH Food safety assurance. <b>7</b>: 207–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3920%2F978-90-8686-877-3_09">10.3920/978-90-8686-877-3_09</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8686-326-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8686-326-6"><bdi>978-90-8686-326-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135143802">135143802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Hazards+in+Food+of+Animal+Origin&rft.atitle=Marine+biotoxins%3A+Types+of+poisoning%2C+underlying+mechanisms+of+action+and+risk+management+programs&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=207-239&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135143802%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3920%2F978-90-8686-877-3_09&rft.isbn=978-90-8686-326-6&rft.au=Murk%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Nicolas%2C+J.&rft.au=Smulders%2C+F.J.M.&rft.au=Burk%2C+C.&rft.au=Gerssen%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlJ4ZEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMussel+toxic+peptide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mussel_toxic_peptide&oldid=1224199515">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mussel_toxic_peptide&oldid=1224199515</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ion_channel_toxins" title="Category:Ion channel toxins">Ion channel toxins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proteins" title="Category:Proteins">Proteins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neurotoxins" title="Category:Neurotoxins">Neurotoxins</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orphaned_articles_from_February_2024" title="Category:Orphaned articles from February 2024">Orphaned articles from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_orphaned_articles" title="Category:All orphaned articles">All orphaned articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 May 2024, at 21:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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