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href="#During_adulthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>During adulthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_adulthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egosentrisme" title="Egosentrisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Egosentrisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مركزية الذات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركزية الذات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrismu" title="Egocentrismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Egocentrismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eqosentrizm" title="Eqosentrizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eqosentrizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эгацэнтрызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эгацэнтрызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Егоцентризъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Егоцентризъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrisme" title="Egocentrisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Egocentrisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrismus" title="Egocentrismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Egocentrismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egozentrik" title="Egozentrik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Egozentrik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Εγωκεντρισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εγωκεντρισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrismo" title="Egocentrismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Egocentrismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egozentrismo" title="Egozentrismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egozentrismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خودمحوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودمحوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gocentrisme" title="Égocentrisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Égocentrisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9inl%C3%A1rnachas" title="Féinlárnachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Féinlárnachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrismo" title="Egocentrismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Egocentrismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%95%84%EC%A4%91%EC%8B%AC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="자아중심주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자아중심주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Էգոցենտրիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էգոցենտրիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrizam" title="Egocentrizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Egocentrizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egosentrisme" title="Egosentrisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Egosentrisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrismo" title="Egocentrismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Egocentrismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אגוצנטריות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגוצנטריות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эгоцентризм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эгоцентризм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrizmus" title="Egocentrizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egocentrizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Егоцентризам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Егоцентризам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrisme" title="Egocentrisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Egocentrisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%80%A7" title="自己中心性 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自己中心性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egosentrisme" title="Egosentrisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Egosentrisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrisme" title="Egocentrisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Egocentrisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egotsentrizm" title="Egotsentrizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Egotsentrizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ځان‌محوري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځان‌محوري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentryzm" title="Egocentryzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Egocentryzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrismo" title="Egocentrismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Egocentrismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrism" title="Egocentrism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Egocentrism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эгоцентризм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эгоцентризм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrism" title="Egocentrism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Egocentrism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrizmus" title="Egocentrizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Egocentrizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrizem" title="Egocentrizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Egocentrizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Егоцентризам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Егоцентризам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egosentrismi" title="Egosentrismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Egosentrismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrism" title="Egocentrism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Egocentrism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="தன் மையச் சிந்தனைப் போக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தன் மையச் சிந்தனைப் போக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egosantrizm" title="Egosantrizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Egosantrizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Егоцентризм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Egoism" title="Egoism">Egoism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Egotism" title="Egotism">Egotism</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egocentrism1.Musfica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An orange stick figure in the center of orange concentric circles, with six black stick figures scattered on the rim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Egocentrism1.Musfica.png/220px-Egocentrism1.Musfica.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Egocentrism1.Musfica.png/330px-Egocentrism1.Musfica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Egocentrism1.Musfica.png/440px-Egocentrism1.Musfica.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of egocentrism</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Egocentrism</b> refers to difficulty differentiating between self and other. More specifically, it is difficulty in accurately perceiving and understanding perspectives other than one's own.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egocentrism is found across the life span: in <a href="/wiki/Infancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Infancy">infancy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Onishi,_K._H._2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onishi,_K._H._2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Early_childhood" title="Early childhood">early childhood</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wimmer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wimmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Adulthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Adulthood">adulthood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although egocentric behaviors are less prominent in adulthood, the existence of some forms of egocentrism in adulthood indicates that overcoming egocentrism may be a lifelong development that never achieves completion.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adults appear to be less egocentric than children because they are faster to correct from an initially egocentric perspective than children, not because they are less likely to initially adopt an egocentric perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egocentrism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Egocentrism is associated with difficulty differentiating between <a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">self</a> and other. More specifically, it refers to difficulty accurately assuming or understanding a perspective other than one's own.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although egocentrism and <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a> appear similar, they are not the same.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A person who is egocentric believes they are the center of attention but does not necessarily find gratification in others' admiration. Both <a href="/wiki/Egotism" title="Egotism">egotists</a> and narcissists are people whose egos are greatly influenced by the approval of others, while for egocentrists this may or may not be true.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_infancy">During infancy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egocentrism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: During infancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When infants and young children begin to show egocentrism they learn that their <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thoughts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">values</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behaviors</a> are different from those of others, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a>. Initially when children begin to have <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interactions</a> with others, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Caregiver" title="Caregiver">caregivers</a>, they misinterpret that they are one entity, because they are together for a long duration of time and the caregivers often provide for the children's needs. For example, a child may misattribute the act of their mother reaching to retrieve an object that they point to as a sign that they are the same entity, when in fact they are actually separate individuals. As early as 15 months old,<sup id="cite_ref-Onishi,_K._H._2005_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onishi,_K._H._2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> children show a mix of egocentrism and <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a> when an agent acts inconsistently with how the children expect them to behave. In a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3357322/">2005 study</a>, the children observed the experimenter place a toy inside one of two boxes but did not see when the experimenter removed the toy from the original box and placed it in the other box, due to obstruction by a screen. When the screen was removed the children watched the experimenter reach to take the toy out of one of the boxes, yet because the children did not see the switching part, they looked at the experimenter's action much longer when she reached for the box opposite to the one she originally put the toy in. Not only does this show the existence of infants' <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> capacity, but it also demonstrates how they have expectations based on their knowledge, as they are surprised when those expectations are not met. </p><p>Piaget explained that egocentrism during infancy does not mean <a href="/wiki/Selfishness" title="Selfishness">selfishness</a>, self-centeredness, or <a href="/wiki/Egotism" title="Egotism">egotism</a> because it refers to the infant's understanding of the world in terms of their own motor activity as well as an inability to understand it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In children's social development, the infancy is the period where the individual performs very few social functions due to the <a href="/wiki/Conscious" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscious">conscious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subconscious" title="Subconscious">subconscious</a> concern with the fulfilment of <a href="/wiki/Needs" class="mw-redirect" title="Needs">physical needs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_childhood">During childhood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egocentrism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: During childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/George_Butterworth_(psychologist)" title="George Butterworth (psychologist)">George Butterworth</a> and Margaret Harris, during <a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">childhood</a>, one is usually unable to distinguish between what is <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> and <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objective</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Piaget</a>, "an egocentric child assumes that other people see, hear, and feel exactly the same as the child does".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2015)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a> (1896–1980) developed a theory about the development of <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">human intelligence</a>, describing the <a href="/wiki/Piaget%27s_theory_of_cognitive_development" title="Piaget's theory of cognitive development">stages of cognitive development</a>. He claimed that early childhood is the time of pre-operational thought, characterized by children's inability to process logical thought.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Piaget, one of the main obstacles to logic that children possess includes centration, "the tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of others".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A particular type of centration is egocentrism – literally, "self-centeredness". Piaget claimed that young children are egocentric, capable of contemplating the world only from their personal perspective. For example, a three-year-old presented his mother a model truck as her birthday present; "he had carefully wrapped the present and gave it to his mother with an expression that clearly showed he expected her to love it".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three-year-old boy had not chosen the present out of <a href="/wiki/Selfishness" title="Selfishness">selfishness</a> or greediness, but he simply failed to realize that, from his mother's perspective, she might not enjoy the model car as much as he would. </p><p>Piaget was concerned with two aspects of egocentricity in children: <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fogiel_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fogiel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that egocentric children use language primarily for communication with oneself. Piaget observed that children would talk to themselves during <a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">play</a>, and this egocentric speech was merely the child's thoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-Junefelt_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Junefelt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that this speech had no special function; it was used as a way of accompanying and reinforcing the child's current activity. He theorized that as the child matures cognitively and socially the amount of egocentric speech used would be reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Junefelt_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Junefelt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Vygotsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Vygotsky">Vygotsky</a> felt that egocentric speech has more meaning, as it allows the child's growth in social speech and high mental development.<sup id="cite_ref-Junefelt_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Junefelt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Piaget's theory, he believed that when communicating with others, the child believes that others know everything about the topic of discussion and become frustrated when asked to give further detail.<sup id="cite_ref-Fogiel_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fogiel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Piaget also believed that egocentrism affects the child's sense of morality.<sup id="cite_ref-Fogiel_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fogiel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to egocentrism, the child is only concerned with the final outcome of an event rather than another's intentions. For example, if someone breaks the child's toy, the child would not forgive the other and the child would not be able to understand that the person who broke the toy did not intend to break it.<sup id="cite_ref-Fogiel_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fogiel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phenomenon can also be backed by the evidence from the findings of the case study by Nelson, who studied the use of motives and outcomes by young children as aiding to form their moral judgements. </p><p>Piaget did a test to investigate egocentrism called the mountains study. He put children in front of a simple plaster mountain range and then asked them to pick from four pictures the view that he, Piaget, would see. The younger children before age seven picked the picture of the view they themselves saw and were therefore found to lack the ability to appreciate a viewpoint different from their own. In other words, their way of reasoning was egocentric. Only when entering the concrete-operational stage of development at age <a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">seven to twelve</a>, children became less egocentric and could appreciate viewpoints other than their own. In other words, they were capable of cognitive perspective-taking. However, the mountains test has been criticized for judging only the child's visuo-spatial awareness, rather than egocentrism. A follow-up study involving police dolls showed that even young children were able to correctly say what the interviewer would see.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that Piaget overestimated the extent of egocentrism in children. Egocentrism is thus the child's inability to see other people's viewpoints, not to be confused with selfishness. The child at this stage of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">cognitive development</a> assumes that their view of the world is the same as other people's. </p><p>In addition, a more well-known experiment by Wimmer and Perner (1983) called the false-belief task demonstrates how children show their acquisition of theory of mind (ToM) as early as 4 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Wimmer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wimmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this task, children see a scenario where one character hides a marble in a basket, walks out of the scene, and another character that is present takes out the marble and put it in a box. Knowing that the first character did not see the switching task, children were asked to predict where the first character would look to find the marble. The results show that children younger than 4 answer that the character would look inside the box, because they have the superior knowledge of where the marble actually is. It shows egocentric thinking in early childhood because they thought that even if the character itself did not see the entire scenario, it has the same amount of knowledge as oneself and therefore should look inside the box to find the marble. As children start to acquire ToM, their ability to recognize and process others' beliefs and values overrides the natural tendency to be egocentric. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_adolescence">During adolescence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egocentrism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: During adolescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Adolescent_egocentrism" title="Adolescent egocentrism">Adolescent egocentrism</a></div> <p>Although most of the research completed on the study of egocentrism is primarily focused on early childhood, it has been found to also occur during <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Elkind" title="David Elkind">David Elkind</a> was one of the first to identify the presence of egocentrism in adolescence and late adolescence. He argues, "the young adolescent, because of the physiological metamorphosis he is undergoing, is primarily concerned with himself. Accordingly, since he fails to differentiate between what others are thinking about and his own mental preoccupations, he assumes that other people are as obsessed with his behavior and appearance as he is himself."<sup id="cite_ref-Elkind_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elkind-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adolescent exhibits egocentrism by struggling to distinguish whether or not, others are as fond of them as they might think because their own thoughts are so prevalent. Adolescents consider themselves as "unique, special, and much more socially significant than they actually are."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elkind also created terms for egocentric behaviors exhibited adolescents, such as what he calls an <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_audience" title="Imaginary audience">imaginary audience</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Personal_fable" title="Personal fable">personal fable</a> and the invincibility fable. An egocentric adolescent experiencing an imaginary audience believes there is an audience captivated and constantly present to an extent of being overly interested about the egocentric individual. Personal fable refers to many <a href="/wiki/Teenager" class="mw-redirect" title="Teenager">teenagers</a>' belief that their thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique and more extreme than others'.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the invincibility fable, the adolescent believes that he or she is immune to misfortune and cannot be harmed by things that might defeat a normal person.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egocentrism in adolescence is often viewed as a negative aspect of their mental state because they become consumed with themselves and function more poorly in society due to their skewed version of reality and <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">cynicism</a>. </p><p>There are various reasons why adolescents experience egocentrism: </p> <ul><li>Adolescents are often faced with new <a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">social environments</a> (for example, starting <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a>) which require the adolescent to protect, and focus on, the self.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Development of an adolescent's identity may involve perceiving high levels of uniqueness. This manifests as the personal fable.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Parental rejection may lead to heightened levels of self-consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Gender_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender difference">Gender differences</a> have been found in the way egocentrism manifests. Transient Self, as defined by Elkind and Bowen in 1979, refers to an impermanent image of self that is mainly relative to one-time behaviors and temporary appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Elkind1979_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elkind1979-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adolescent females have a greater tendency to view themselves as different from others and tend to be more self-conscious in situations that involve momentary embarrassments (e.g. going to a party with a bad haircut), than their male peers.<sup id="cite_ref-Schonert1994_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schonert1994-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study conducted by Goossens and Beyers (1992) using similar measuring instruments found that boys have stronger beliefs that they are unique, invulnerable and sometimes omnipotent, which are typical characteristics of personal fable.<sup id="cite_ref-Goossens1992_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goossens1992-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout adolescence egocentrism contributes positively to the development of self-identity; in order to achieve self-identity, adolescents go through different pathways of "crisis" and "commitment" stages,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and higher self-identity achievement was found to be correlated with heightened egocentrism.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_adulthood">During adulthood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egocentrism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: During adulthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While decreased egocentrism is found between the ages of 15 and 16,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adults also have reactions or behaviors that can be categorized as egocentric.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frankenberger tested adolescents (14–18 years old) and adults (20–89) on their levels of egocentrism and self-consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was found that egocentric tendencies extended into early adulthood and were still present in the middle adult years. </p><p>Baron and Hanna looked at 152 participants and tested to see how the presence of <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> affected egocentrism.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They tested adults between the ages of 18 and 25 and found that the participants who suffered from depression showed higher levels of egocentrism than those who did not. </p><p>Finally, Surtees and Apperly found that when adults were asked to judge the number of dots they see and the number of dots an avatar in the computer simulation would see, the presence of the avatar interfered with the participants' judgment-making during trials where the number of dots presented to the participant differed from the number of dots presented to the avatar.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such effect on the participants diminished when the avatar was replaced with a simple yellow or blue line, which suggested that participants projected their own vision onto the avatar with human traits. That said, they made more errors when they saw prompts such as "the avatar sees N" when N was the number of dots the participant saw and not the avatar, which shows that egocentric thought is still predominant in making quick judgments, even if the adults are well aware that their thoughts could differ from others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egocentrism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attribution_(psychology)" title="Attribution (psychology)">Attribution (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_virtue" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual virtue">Intellectual virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_defences" title="Narcissistic defences">Narcissistic defences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">Object relations theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Dependence" title="The Anatomy of Dependence">The Anatomy of Dependence</a> (<i>amae</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egocentrism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElkind1967" class="citation journal cs1">Elkind, David (1967). "Egocentrism in Adolescence". <i>Child Development</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 1025–1034. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1127100">10.2307/1127100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-3920">0009-3920</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1127100">1127100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5583052">5583052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Development&rft.atitle=Egocentrism+in+Adolescence&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1025-1034&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5583052&rft.issn=0009-3920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1127100%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1127100&rft.aulast=Elkind&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgocentrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Onishi,_K._H._2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Onishi,_K._H._2005_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onishi,_K._H._2005_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnishi,_K._H.Baillargeon,_R.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Onishi, K. H.; Baillargeon, R. 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"Cognitive egocentrism in institutionalized adult". <i>Journal of Gerontology</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 546–552. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeronj%2F33.4.546">10.1093/geronj/33.4.546</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/752044">752044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Gerontology&rft.atitle=Cognitive+egocentrism+in+institutionalized+adult&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=546-552&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgeronj%2F33.4.546&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F752044&rft.au=Tesch+S.&rft.au=Whitbourne+S.+K.&rft.au=Nehrke+M.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgocentrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankenberger_K._D.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Frankenberger K. D. (2000). "Adolescent egocentrism: A comparison among adolescents and adults". <i>Journal of Adolescence</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 343–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjado.2000.0319">10.1006/jado.2000.0319</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10837112">10837112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adolescence&rft.atitle=Adolescent+egocentrism%3A+A+comparison+among+adolescents+and+adults&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=343-354&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjado.2000.0319&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10837112&rft.au=Frankenberger+K.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgocentrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaronHanna1990" class="citation journal cs1">Baron, P; Hanna, J (1990). "Egocentrism and depressive symptomatology in young adults". <i>Social Behavior and Personality</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 279–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2224%2Fsbp.1990.18.2.279">10.2224/sbp.1990.18.2.279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Behavior+and+Personality&rft.atitle=Egocentrism+and+depressive+symptomatology+in+young+adults&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=279-285&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2224%2Fsbp.1990.18.2.279&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Hanna%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgocentrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurtees,_A._D._R.Apperly,_I._A.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Surtees, A. D. R. & Apperly, I. A. (2012). "Egocentrism and automatic perspective taking in children and adults". <i>Child Development</i>. <b>83</b> (2): 452–460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.2011.01730.x">10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01730.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22335247">22335247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Development&rft.atitle=Egocentrism+and+automatic+perspective+taking+in+children+and+adults&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=452-460&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.2011.01730.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22335247&rft.au=Surtees%2C+A.+D.+R.&rft.au=Apperly%2C+I.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgocentrism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egocentrism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaputi_M.Lecce_S.Pagnin_A.Banerjee_R.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Caputi M.; Lecce S.; Pagnin A.; Banerjee R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/896889">"Longitudinal effects of theory of mind on later peer relations: The role of prosocial behavior"</a>. <i>Developmental Psychology</i>. <b>48</b> (1): 257–270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0025402">10.1037/a0025402</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21895361">21895361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Psychology&rft.atitle=Longitudinal+effects+of+theory+of+mind+on+later+peer+relations%3A+The+role+of+prosocial+behavior&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=257-270&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0025402&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21895361&rft.au=Caputi+M.&rft.au=Lecce+S.&rft.au=Pagnin+A.&rft.au=Banerjee+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F896889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgocentrism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2011" class="citation book cs1">Young, Gerald (2011). <i>Development and Causality: Neo-Piagetian Perspectives</i>. New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-441-99421-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-441-99421-9"><bdi>978-1-441-99421-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+and+Causality%3A+Neo-Piagetian+Perspectives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-441-99421-9&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgocentrism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egocentrism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/egocentrism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/egocentrism">egocentrism</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criticalthinking.org/articles/natural-egocentric.cfm">The Human Mind Is Naturally Prone To the Following Egocentric Tendencies</a> by <i>Foundation for Critical Thinking</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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