CINXE.COM
PLOS One
<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" class="no-js"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/resource/css/home.css?76e559307c04719bc34c8788c3343923"/> <!-- allows for extra head tags --> <!-- hello --> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,400i,600"> <link media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/resource/css/print.css"/> <script type="text/javascript"> var siteUrlPrefix = "/plosone/"; </script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/modernizr-v2.7.1.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/detectizr.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/resource/img/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <!-- DoubleClick overall ad setup script --> <script type='text/javascript'> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; (function() { var gads = document.createElement('script'); gads.async = true; gads.type = 'text/javascript'; var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; gads.src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); })(); </script> <!-- DoubleClick ad slot setup script --> <script id="doubleClickSetupScript" type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PONE_728x90_ATF', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PONE_160x600_BTF', [160, 600], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-1').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PONE_300x250_ITB1', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-2').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PONE_300x250_ITB2', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-3').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PONE_300x250_ITB3', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-4').addService(googletag.pubads()); var personalizedAds = window.plosCookieConsent && window.plosCookieConsent.hasConsented('advertising'); googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(personalizedAds ? 0 : 1); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var WombatConfig = WombatConfig || {}; WombatConfig.journalKey = "PLoSONE"; WombatConfig.journalName = "PLOS One"; WombatConfig.figurePath = "/plosone/article/figure/image"; WombatConfig.figShareInstitutionString = "plos"; WombatConfig.doiResolverPrefix = "https://dx.plos.org/"; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var WombatConfig = WombatConfig || {}; WombatConfig.metrics = WombatConfig.metrics || {}; WombatConfig.metrics.referenceUrl = "http://lagotto.io/plos"; WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarUrl = "https://scholar.google.com/scholar"; WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarCitationUrl = WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarUrl + "?hl=en&lr=&q="; WombatConfig.metrics.crossrefUrl = "https://www.crossref.org"; </script> <script defer="defer" src="/resource/js/defer.js?94d25648e7eaf3e1771c"></script><script src="/resource/js/sync.js?94d25648e7eaf3e1771c"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/fastclick/lib/fastclick.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/underscore-min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/underscore.string.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/moment.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery-ui-effects.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.tooltip.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.dropdown.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.tab.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.reveal.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.slider.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/util/utils.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/toggle.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/truncate_elem.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/tooltip_hover.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.dotdotdot.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <!--For Google Tag manager to be able to track site information --> <script> dataLayer = [{ 'mobileSite': 'false', 'desktopSite': 'true' }]; </script> <title>PLOS One</title> <!-- for lemur --> <script> $(document).ready(()=> { let lemurTitle = $('article > h1').text(); if (lemurTitle && lemurTitle != '') { $('title').text(lemurTitle + ' | ' + 'PLOS One'); } }); </script> </head> <body class="home plosone"> <div id="test"></div> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-TP26BH" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-TP26BH'); </script> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQQMGF" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MQQMGF');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- Start of HubSpot Embed Code --> <script> // from https://developers.hubspot.com/docs/reference/api/analytics-and-events/cookie-banner/cookie-banner-api#example-using-a-third-party-cookie-banner-to-control-hubspot-cookies window.disableHubSpotCookieBanner = true; window._hsp = window._hsp || []; window._hsp.push(['setHubSpotConsent', { analytics: window.plosCookieConsent?.hasConsented('analytics'), advertisement: window.plosCookieConsent?.hasConsented('advertising'), functionality: window.plosCookieConsent?.hasConsented('functionality') } ]); </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="hs-script-loader" async defer src="//js.hs-scripts.com/44092021.js"></script> <!-- End of HubSpot Embed Code --> <!-- New Relic --> <script type="text/javascript"> ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(t,e,n){function r(n){if(!e[n]){var o=e[n]={exports:{}};t[n][0].call(o.exports,function(e){var o=t[n][1][e];return r(o||e)},o,o.exports)}return e[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<n.length;o++)r(n[o]);return r}({1:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){try{s.console&&console.log(t)}catch(e){}}var o,i=t("ee"),a=t(32),s={};try{o=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(s.console=!0,o.indexOf("dev")!==-1&&(s.dev=!0),o.indexOf("nr_dev")!==-1&&(s.nrDev=!0))}catch(c){}s.nrDev&&i.on("internal-error",function(t){r(t.stack)}),s.dev&&i.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){r(n.stack)}),s.dev&&(r("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),r("flags: "+a(s,function(t,e){return t}).join(", ")))},{}],2:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r,s){try{l?l-=1:o(s||new UncaughtException(t,e,n),!0)}catch(f){try{i("ierr",[f,c.now(),!0])}catch(d){}}return"function"==typeof u&&u.apply(this,a(arguments))}function UncaughtException(t,e,n){this.message=t||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=e,this.line=n}function o(t,e){var n=e?null:c.now();i("err",[t,n])}var i=t("handle"),a=t(33),s=t("ee"),c=t("loader"),f=t("gos"),u=window.onerror,d=!1,p="nr@seenError";if(!c.disabled){var l=0;c.features.err=!0,t(1),window.onerror=r;try{throw new Error}catch(h){"stack"in h&&(t(14),t(13),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7),c.xhrWrappable&&t(15),d=!0)}s.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){d&&(l+=1)}),s.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){d&&!n[p]&&(f(n,p,function(){return!0}),this.thrown=!0,o(n))}),s.on("fn-end",function(){d&&!this.thrown&&l>0&&(l-=1)}),s.on("internal-error",function(t){i("ierr",[t,c.now(),!0])})}},{}],3:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("loader");r.disabled||(r.features.ins=!0)},{}],4:[function(t,e,n){function r(){U++,L=g.hash,this[u]=y.now()}function o(){U--,g.hash!==L&&i(0,!0);var t=y.now();this[h]=~~this[h]+t-this[u],this[d]=t}function i(t,e){E.emit("newURL",[""+g,e])}function a(t,e){t.on(e,function(){this[e]=y.now()})}var s="-start",c="-end",f="-body",u="fn"+s,d="fn"+c,p="cb"+s,l="cb"+c,h="jsTime",m="fetch",v="addEventListener",w=window,g=w.location,y=t("loader");if(w[v]&&y.xhrWrappable&&!y.disabled){var x=t(11),b=t(12),E=t(9),R=t(7),O=t(14),T=t(8),P=t(15),S=t(10),M=t("ee"),N=M.get("tracer"),C=t(23);t(17),y.features.spa=!0;var L,U=0;M.on(u,r),b.on(p,r),S.on(p,r),M.on(d,o),b.on(l,o),S.on(l,o),M.buffer([u,d,"xhr-resolved"]),R.buffer([u]),O.buffer(["setTimeout"+c,"clearTimeout"+s,u]),P.buffer([u,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+s]),T.buffer([m+s,m+"-done",m+f+s,m+f+c]),E.buffer(["newURL"]),x.buffer([u]),b.buffer(["propagate",p,l,"executor-err","resolve"+s]),N.buffer([u,"no-"+u]),S.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"]),a(T,m+s),a(T,m+"-done"),a(S,"new-jsonp"),a(S,"jsonp-end"),a(S,"cb-start"),E.on("pushState-end",i),E.on("replaceState-end",i),w[v]("hashchange",i,C(!0)),w[v]("load",i,C(!0)),w[v]("popstate",function(){i(0,U>1)},C(!0))}},{}],5:[function(t,e,n){function r(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(function(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();s(v,[n])});try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}function o(t){if(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(w)]),window.performance["c"+p])try{window.performance[h](m,o,!1)}catch(t){}else try{window.performance[h]("webkit"+m,o,!1)}catch(t){}}function i(t){}if(window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&window.performance.getEntriesByType){var a=t("ee"),s=t("handle"),c=t(14),f=t(13),u=t(6),d=t(23),p="learResourceTimings",l="addEventListener",h="removeEventListener",m="resourcetimingbufferfull",v="bstResource",w="resource",g="-start",y="-end",x="fn"+g,b="fn"+y,E="bstTimer",R="pushState",O=t("loader");if(!O.disabled){O.features.stn=!0,t(9),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7);var T=NREUM.o.EV;a.on(x,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&(this.bstStart=O.now())}),a.on(b,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&s("bst",[n,e,this.bstStart,O.now()])}),c.on(x,function(t,e,n){this.bstStart=O.now(),this.bstType=n}),c.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),this.bstType])}),f.on(x,function(){this.bstStart=O.now()}),f.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),"requestAnimationFrame"])}),a.on(R+g,function(t){this.time=O.now(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash}),a.on(R+y,function(t){s("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time])}),u()?(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")]),r()):l in window.performance&&(window.performance["c"+p]?window.performance[l](m,o,d(!1)):window.performance[l]("webkit"+m,o,d(!1))),document[l]("scroll",i,d(!1)),document[l]("keypress",i,d(!1)),document[l]("click",i,d(!1))}}},{}],6:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(){return"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver}},{}],7:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){for(var e=t;e&&!e.hasOwnProperty(u);)e=Object.getPrototypeOf(e);e&&o(e)}function o(t){s.inPlace(t,[u,d],"-",i)}function i(t,e){return t[1]}var a=t("ee").get("events"),s=t("wrap-function")(a,!0),c=t("gos"),f=XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener";e.exports=a,"getPrototypeOf"in Object?(r(document),r(window),r(f.prototype)):f.prototype.hasOwnProperty(u)&&(o(window),o(f.prototype)),a.on(u+"-start",function(t,e){var n=t[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var r=c(n,"nr@wrapped",function(){function t(){if("function"==typeof n.handleEvent)return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)}var e={object:t,"function":n}[typeof n];return e?s(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n});this.wrapped=t[1]=r}}),a.on(d+"-start",function(t){t[1]=this.wrapped||t[1]})},{}],8:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){var r=t[e];"function"==typeof r&&(t[e]=function(){var t=i(arguments),e={};o.emit(n+"before-start",[t],e);var a;e[m]&&e[m].dt&&(a=e[m].dt);var s=r.apply(this,t);return o.emit(n+"start",[t,a],s),s.then(function(t){return o.emit(n+"end",[null,t],s),t},function(t){throw o.emit(n+"end",[t],s),t})})}var o=t("ee").get("fetch"),i=t(33),a=t(32);e.exports=o;var s=window,c="fetch-",f=c+"body-",u=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],d=s.Request,p=s.Response,l=s.fetch,h="prototype",m="nr@context";d&&p&&l&&(a(u,function(t,e){r(d[h],e,f),r(p[h],e,f)}),r(s,"fetch",c),o.on(c+"end",function(t,e){var n=this;if(e){var r=e.headers.get("content-length");null!==r&&(n.rxSize=r),o.emit(c+"done",[null,e],n)}else o.emit(c+"done",[t],n)}))},{}],9:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("history"),o=t("wrap-function")(r);e.exports=r;var i=window.history&&window.history.constructor&&window.history.constructor.prototype,a=window.history;i&&i.pushState&&i.replaceState&&(a=i),o.inPlace(a,["pushState","replaceState"],"-")},{}],10:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}function n(){f.emit("jsonp-error",[],l),f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}var r=t&&"string"==typeof t.nodeName&&"script"===t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(r){var o="function"==typeof t.addEventListener;if(o){var a=i(t.src);if(a){var d=s(a),p="function"==typeof d.parent[d.key];if(p){var l={};u.inPlace(d.parent,[d.key],"cb-",l),t.addEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.addEventListener("error",n,c(!1)),f.emit("new-jsonp",[t.src],l)}}}}}function o(){return"addEventListener"in window}function i(t){var e=t.match(d);return e?e[1]:null}function a(t,e){var n=t.match(l),r=n[1],o=n[3];return o?a(o,e[r]):e[r]}function s(t){var e=t.match(p);return e&&e.length>=3?{key:e[2],parent:a(e[1],window)}:{key:t,parent:window}}var c=t(23),f=t("ee").get("jsonp"),u=t("wrap-function")(f);if(e.exports=f,o()){var d=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,p=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,l=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/,h=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];Node&&Node.prototype&&Node.prototype.appendChild?u.inPlace(Node.prototype,h,"dom-"):(u.inPlace(HTMLElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLHeadElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLBodyElement.prototype,h,"dom-")),f.on("dom-start",function(t){r(t[0])})}},{}],11:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("mutation"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i=NREUM.o.MO;e.exports=r,i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(t){return this instanceof i?new i(o(t,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype)},{}],12:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=i.context(),n=s(t,"executor-",e,null,!1),r=new f(n);return i.context(r).getCtx=function(){return e},r}var o=t("wrap-function"),i=t("ee").get("promise"),a=t("ee").getOrSetContext,s=o(i),c=t(32),f=NREUM.o.PR;e.exports=i,f&&(window.Promise=r,["all","race"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(n){function r(t){return function(){i.emit("propagate",[null,!o],a,!1,!1),o=o||!t}}var o=!1;c(n,function(e,n){Promise.resolve(n).then(r("all"===t),r(!1))});var a=e.apply(f,arguments),s=f.resolve(a);return s}}),["resolve","reject"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(t){var n=e.apply(f,arguments);return t!==n&&i.emit("propagate",[t,!0],n,!1,!1),n}}),f.prototype["catch"]=function(t){return this.then(null,t)},f.prototype=Object.create(f.prototype,{constructor:{value:r}}),c(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(f),function(t,e){try{r[e]=f[e]}catch(n){}}),o.wrapInPlace(f.prototype,"then",function(t){return function(){var e=this,n=o.argsToArray.apply(this,arguments),r=a(e);r.promise=e,n[0]=s(n[0],"cb-",r,null,!1),n[1]=s(n[1],"cb-",r,null,!1);var c=t.apply(this,n);return r.nextPromise=c,i.emit("propagate",[e,!0],c,!1,!1),c}}),i.on("executor-start",function(t){t[0]=s(t[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),t[1]=s(t[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)}),i.on("executor-err",function(t,e,n){t[1](n)}),i.on("cb-end",function(t,e,n){i.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)}),i.on("propagate",function(t,e,n){this.getCtx&&!e||(this.getCtx=function(){if(t instanceof Promise)var e=i.context(t);return e&&e.getCtx?e.getCtx():this})}),r.toString=function(){return""+f})},{}],13:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("raf"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i="equestAnimationFrame";e.exports=r,o.inPlace(window,["r"+i,"mozR"+i,"webkitR"+i,"msR"+i],"raf-"),r.on("raf-start",function(t){t[0]=o(t[0],"fn-")})},{}],14:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",null,n)}function o(t,e,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(t[1])?0:+t[1],t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",this,n)}var i=t("ee").get("timer"),a=t("wrap-function")(i),s="setTimeout",c="setInterval",f="clearTimeout",u="-start",d="-";e.exports=i,a.inPlace(window,[s,"setImmediate"],s+d),a.inPlace(window,[c],c+d),a.inPlace(window,[f,"clearImmediate"],f+d),i.on(c+u,r),i.on(s+u,o)},{}],15:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){d.inPlace(e,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",s)}function o(){var t=this,e=u.context(t);t.readyState>3&&!e.resolved&&(e.resolved=!0,u.emit("xhr-resolved",[],t)),d.inPlace(t,y,"fn-",s)}function i(t){x.push(t),m&&(E?E.then(a):w?w(a):(R=-R,O.data=R))}function a(){for(var t=0;t<x.length;t++)r([],x[t]);x.length&&(x=[])}function s(t,e){return e}function c(t,e){for(var n in t)e[n]=t[n];return e}t(7);var f=t("ee"),u=f.get("xhr"),d=t("wrap-function")(u),p=t(23),l=NREUM.o,h=l.XHR,m=l.MO,v=l.PR,w=l.SI,g="readystatechange",y=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],x=[];e.exports=u;var b=window.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){var e=new h(t);try{u.emit("new-xhr",[e],e),e.addEventListener(g,o,p(!1))}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}return e};if(c(h,b),b.prototype=h.prototype,d.inPlace(b.prototype,["open","send"],"-xhr-",s),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){r(t,e),i(e)}),u.on("open-xhr-start",r),m){var E=v&&v.resolve();if(!w&&!v){var R=1,O=document.createTextNode(R);new m(a).observe(O,{characterData:!0})}}else f.on("fn-end",function(t){t[0]&&t[0].type===g||a()})},{}],16:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(!s(t))return null;var e=window.NREUM;if(!e.loader_config)return null;var n=(e.loader_config.accountID||"").toString()||null,r=(e.loader_config.agentID||"").toString()||null,f=(e.loader_config.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!r)return null;var h=l.generateSpanId(),m=l.generateTraceId(),v=Date.now(),w={spanId:h,traceId:m,timestamp:v};return(t.sameOrigin||c(t)&&p())&&(w.traceContextParentHeader=o(h,m),w.traceContextStateHeader=i(h,v,n,r,f)),(t.sameOrigin&&!u()||!t.sameOrigin&&c(t)&&d())&&(w.newrelicHeader=a(h,m,v,n,r,f)),w}function o(t,e){return"00-"+e+"-"+t+"-01"}function i(t,e,n,r,o){var i=0,a="",s=1,c="",f="";return o+"@nr="+i+"-"+s+"-"+n+"-"+r+"-"+t+"-"+a+"-"+c+"-"+f+"-"+e}function a(t,e,n,r,o,i){var a="btoa"in window&&"function"==typeof window.btoa;if(!a)return null;var s={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:r,ap:o,id:t,tr:e,ti:n}};return i&&r!==i&&(s.d.tk=i),btoa(JSON.stringify(s))}function s(t){return f()&&c(t)}function c(t){var e=!1,n={};if("init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&(n=NREUM.init.distributed_tracing),t.sameOrigin)e=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var r=0;r<n.allowed_origins.length;r++){var o=h(n.allowed_origins[r]);if(t.hostname===o.hostname&&t.protocol===o.protocol&&t.port===o.port){e=!0;break}}return e}function f(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.enabled}function u(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.exclude_newrelic_header}function d(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_newrelic_header!==!1}function p(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}var l=t(29),h=t(18);e.exports={generateTracePayload:r,shouldGenerateTrace:s}},{}],17:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var r=0;r<p;r++)t.removeEventListener(d[r],this.listener,!1);e.aborted||(n.duration=a.now()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==e.status&&(e.status=0):i(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,s("xhr",[e,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this))}}function o(t,e){var n=c(e),r=t.params;r.hostname=n.hostname,r.port=n.port,r.protocol=n.protocol,r.host=n.hostname+":"+n.port,r.pathname=n.pathname,t.parsedOrigin=n,t.sameOrigin=n.sameOrigin}function i(t,e){t.params.status=e.status;var n=v(e,t.lastSize);if(n&&(t.metrics.rxSize=n),t.sameOrigin){var r=e.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");r&&(t.params.cat=r.split(", ").pop())}t.loadCaptureCalled=!0}var a=t("loader");if(a.xhrWrappable&&!a.disabled){var s=t("handle"),c=t(18),f=t(16).generateTracePayload,u=t("ee"),d=["load","error","abort","timeout"],p=d.length,l=t("id"),h=t(24),m=t(22),v=t(19),w=t(23),g=NREUM.o.REQ,y=window.XMLHttpRequest;a.features.xhr=!0,t(15),t(8),u.on("new-xhr",function(t){var e=this;e.totalCbs=0,e.called=0,e.cbTime=0,e.end=r,e.ended=!1,e.xhrGuids={},e.lastSize=null,e.loadCaptureCalled=!1,e.params=this.params||{},e.metrics=this.metrics||{},t.addEventListener("load",function(n){i(e,t)},w(!1)),h&&(h>34||h<10)||t.addEventListener("progress",function(t){e.lastSize=t.loaded},w(!1))}),u.on("open-xhr-start",function(t){this.params={method:t[0]},o(this,t[1]),this.metrics={}}),u.on("open-xhr-end",function(t,e){"loader_config"in NREUM&&"xpid"in NREUM.loader_config&&this.sameOrigin&&e.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",NREUM.loader_config.xpid);var n=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(n){var r=!1;n.newrelicHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("newrelic",n.newrelicHeader),r=!0),n.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("traceparent",n.traceContextParentHeader),n.traceContextStateHeader&&e.setRequestHeader("tracestate",n.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r&&(this.dt=n)}}),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){var n=this.metrics,r=t[0],o=this;if(n&&r){var i=m(r);i&&(n.txSize=i)}this.startTime=a.now(),this.listener=function(t){try{"abort"!==t.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==t.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof e.onload))&&o.end(e)}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}};for(var s=0;s<p;s++)e.addEventListener(d[s],this.listener,w(!1))}),u.on("xhr-cb-time",function(t,e,n){this.cbTime+=t,e?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof n.onload||this.end(n)}),u.on("xhr-load-added",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[n]&&(this.xhrGuids[n]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}),u.on("xhr-load-removed",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[n]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[n],this.totalCbs-=1)}),u.on("xhr-resolved",function(){this.endTime=a.now()}),u.on("addEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof y&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-added",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("removeEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof y&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-removed",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){e instanceof y&&("onload"===n&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(t[0]&&t[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=a.now()))}),u.on("fn-end",function(t,e){this.xhrCbStart&&u.emit("xhr-cb-time",[a.now()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,e],e)}),u.on("fetch-before-start",function(t){function e(t,e){var n=!1;return e.newrelicHeader&&(t.set("newrelic",e.newrelicHeader),n=!0),e.traceContextParentHeader&&(t.set("traceparent",e.traceContextParentHeader),e.traceContextStateHeader&&t.set("tracestate",e.traceContextStateHeader),n=!0),n}var n,r=t[1]||{};"string"==typeof t[0]?n=t[0]:t[0]&&t[0].url?n=t[0].url:window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL&&(n=t[0].href),n&&(this.parsedOrigin=c(n),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var o=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(o&&(o.newrelicHeader||o.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof t[0]||window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),e(i.headers,o)&&(this.dt=o),t.length>1?t[1]=i:t.push(i)}else t[0]&&t[0].headers&&e(t[0].headers,o)&&(this.dt=o)}),u.on("fetch-start",function(t,e){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=a.now(),this.dt=e,t.length>=1&&(this.target=t[0]),t.length>=2&&(this.opts=t[1]);var n,r=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?n=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof g?n=i.url:window.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(n=i.href),o(this,n);var s=(""+(i&&i instanceof g&&i.method||r.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=s,this.txSize=m(r.body)||0}),u.on("fetch-done",function(t,e){this.endTime=a.now(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=e?e.status:0;var n;"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var r={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:a.now()-this.startTime};s("xhr",[this.params,r,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this)})}},{}],18:[function(t,e,n){var r={};e.exports=function(t){if(t in r)return r[t];var e=document.createElement("a"),n=window.location,o={};e.href=t,o.port=e.port;var i=e.href.split("://");!o.port&&i[1]&&(o.port=i[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===i[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=e.hostname||n.hostname,o.pathname=e.pathname,o.protocol=i[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var a=!e.protocol||":"===e.protocol||e.protocol===n.protocol,s=e.hostname===document.domain&&e.port===n.port;return o.sameOrigin=a&&(!e.hostname||s),"/"===o.pathname&&(r[t]=o),o}},{}],19:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.responseType;return"json"===n&&null!==e?e:"arraybuffer"===n||"blob"===n||"json"===n?o(t.response):"text"===n||""===n||void 0===n?o(t.responseText):void 0}var o=t(22);e.exports=r},{}],20:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t,e,n,r){return function(){return u.recordSupportability("API/"+e+"/called"),i(t+e,[f.now()].concat(s(arguments)),n?null:this,r),n?void 0:this}}var i=t("handle"),a=t(32),s=t(33),c=t("ee").get("tracer"),f=t("loader"),u=t(25),d=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=d);var p=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",h=l+"ixn-";a(p,function(t,e){d[e]=o(l,e,!0,"api")}),d.addPageAction=o(l,"addPageAction",!0),d.setCurrentRouteName=o(l,"routeName",!0),e.exports=newrelic,d.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(t,e){var n={},r=this,o="function"==typeof e;return i(h+"tracer",[f.now(),t,n],r),function(){if(c.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[f.now(),r,o],n),o)try{return e.apply(this,arguments)}catch(t){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],n),t}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[f.now()],n)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(t,e){m[e]=o(h,e)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(t,e){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),u.recordSupportability("API/noticeError/called"),i("err",[t,f.now(),!1,e])}},{}],21:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(NREUM.init){for(var e=NREUM.init,n=t.split("."),r=0;r<n.length-1;r++)if(e=e[n[r]],"object"!=typeof e)return;return e=e[n[n.length-1]]}}e.exports={getConfiguration:r}},{}],22:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(t){if("string"==typeof t&&t.length)return t.length;if("object"==typeof t){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&t instanceof ArrayBuffer&&t.byteLength)return t.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&t instanceof Blob&&t.size)return t.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&t instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(t).length}catch(e){return}}}},{}],23:[function(t,e,n){var r=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){r=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),window.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(i){}e.exports=function(t){return r?{passive:!0,capture:!!t}:!!t}},{}],24:[function(t,e,n){var r=0,o=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);o&&(r=+o[1]),e.exports=r},{}],25:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[a,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeMetric",n,null,"api"),n}function o(t,e){var n=[s,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeEventMetrics",n,null,"api"),n}var i=t("handle"),a="sm",s="cm";e.exports={constants:{SUPPORTABILITY_METRIC:a,CUSTOM_METRIC:s},recordSupportability:r,recordCustom:o}},{}],26:[function(t,e,n){function r(){return s.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-a}function o(){return i}var i=(new Date).getTime(),a=i,s=t(34);e.exports=r,e.exports.offset=a,e.exports.getLastTimestamp=o},{}],27:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){return!(!t||!t.protocol||"file:"===t.protocol)}e.exports=r},{}],28:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();n.forEach(function(t){"first-paint"===t.name?p("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&p("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)])})}function o(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var r=n[n.length-1];if(c&&c<r.startTime)return;p("lcp",[r])}}function i(t){t.getEntries().forEach(function(t){t.hadRecentInput||p("cls",[t])})}function a(t){if(t instanceof v&&!g){var e=Math.round(t.timeStamp),n={type:t.type};e<=l.now()?n.fid=l.now()-e:e>l.offset&&e<=Date.now()?(e-=l.offset,n.fid=l.now()-e):e=l.now(),g=!0,p("timing",["fi",e,n])}}function s(t){"hidden"===t&&(c=l.now(),p("pageHide",[c]))}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var c,f,u,d,p=t("handle"),l=t("loader"),h=t(31),m=t(23),v=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){f=new PerformanceObserver(r);try{f.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(w){}u=new PerformanceObserver(o);try{u.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(w){}d=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{d.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(w){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var g=!1,y=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];y.forEach(function(t){document.addEventListener(t,a,m(!1))})}h(s)}},{}],29:[function(t,e,n){function r(){function t(){return e?15&e[n++]:16*Math.random()|0}var e=null,n=0,r=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",a="",s=0;s<i.length;s++)o=i[s],"x"===o?a+=t().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&t()|8,a+=o.toString(16)):a+=o;return a}function o(){return a(16)}function i(){return a(32)}function a(t){function e(){return n?15&n[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}var n=null,r=0,o=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;o&&o.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(n=o.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],a=0;a<t;a++)i.push(e().toString(16));return i.join("")}e.exports={generateUuid:r,generateSpanId:o,generateTraceId:i}},{}],30:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){if(!o)return!1;if(t!==o)return!1;if(!e)return!0;if(!i)return!1;for(var n=i.split("."),r=e.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==n[a])return!1;return!0}var o=null,i=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var s=navigator.userAgent,c=s.match(a);c&&s.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&s.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(o="Safari",i=c[1])}e.exports={agent:o,version:i,match:r}},{}],31:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){t(s&&document[s]?document[s]:document[i]?"hidden":"visible")}"addEventListener"in document&&a&&document.addEventListener(a,e,o(!1))}var o=t(23);e.exports=r;var i,a,s;"undefined"!=typeof document.hidden?(i="hidden",a="visibilitychange",s="visibilityState"):"undefined"!=typeof document.msHidden?(i="msHidden",a="msvisibilitychange"):"undefined"!=typeof document.webkitHidden&&(i="webkitHidden",a="webkitvisibilitychange",s="webkitVisibilityState")},{}],32:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[],r="",i=0;for(r in t)o.call(t,r)&&(n[i]=e(r,t[r]),i+=1);return n}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],33:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){e||(e=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=n-e||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=t[e+r];return i}e.exports=r},{}],34:[function(t,e,n){e.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t){function e(t){return t&&t instanceof r?t:t?f(t,c,a):a()}function n(n,r,o,i,a){if(a!==!1&&(a=!0),!l.aborted||i){t&&a&&t(n,r,o);for(var s=e(o),c=m(n),f=c.length,u=0;u<f;u++)c[u].apply(s,r);var p=d[y[n]];return p&&p.push([x,n,r,s]),s}}function i(t,e){g[t]=m(t).concat(e)}function h(t,e){var n=g[t];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===e&&n.splice(r,1)}function m(t){return g[t]||[]}function v(t){return p[t]=p[t]||o(n)}function w(t,e){l.aborted||u(t,function(t,n){e=e||"feature",y[n]=e,e in d||(d[e]=[])})}var g={},y={},x={on:i,addEventListener:i,removeEventListener:h,emit:n,get:v,listeners:m,context:e,buffer:w,abort:s,aborted:!1};return x}function i(t){return f(t,c,a)}function a(){return new r}function s(){(d.api||d.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,d=l.backlog={})}var c="nr@context",f=t("gos"),u=t(32),d={},p={},l=e.exports=o();e.exports.getOrSetContext=i,l.backlog=d},{}],gos:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){if(o.call(t,e))return t[e];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return t[e]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r){o.buffer([t],r),o.emit(t,e,n)}var o=t("ee").get("handle");e.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=typeof t;return!t||"object"!==e&&"function"!==e?-1:t===window?0:a(t,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=t("gos");e.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(t,e,n){function r(){if(!P++){var t=T.info=NREUM.info,e=v.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(f.abort,3e4),!(t&&t.licenseKey&&t.applicationID&&e))return f.abort();c(R,function(e,n){t[e]||(t[e]=n)});var n=a();s("mark",["onload",n+T.offset],null,"api"),s("timing",["load",n]);var r=v.createElement("script");0===t.agent.indexOf("http://")||0===t.agent.indexOf("https://")?r.src=t.agent:r.src=h+"://"+t.agent,e.parentNode.insertBefore(r,e)}}function o(){"complete"===v.readyState&&i()}function i(){s("mark",["domContent",a()+T.offset],null,"api")}var a=t(26),s=t("handle"),c=t(32),f=t("ee"),u=t(30),d=t(27),p=t(21),l=t(23),h=p.getConfiguration("ssl")===!1?"http":"https",m=window,v=m.document,w="addEventListener",g="attachEvent",y=m.XMLHttpRequest,x=y&&y.prototype,b=!d(m.location);NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:m.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:y,REQ:m.Request,EV:m.Event,PR:m.Promise,MO:m.MutationObserver};var E=""+location,R={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-spa-1212.min.js"},O=y&&x&&x[w]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),T=e.exports={offset:a.getLastTimestamp(),now:a,origin:E,features:{},xhrWrappable:O,userAgent:u,disabled:b};if(!b){t(20),t(28),v[w]?(v[w]("DOMContentLoaded",i,l(!1)),m[w]("load",r,l(!1))):(v[g]("onreadystatechange",o),m[g]("onload",r)),s("mark",["firstbyte",a.getLastTimestamp()],null,"api");var P=0}},{}],"wrap-function":[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){function n(e,n,r,c,f){function nrWrapper(){var i,a,u,p;try{a=this,i=d(arguments),u="function"==typeof r?r(i,a):r||{}}catch(l){o([l,"",[i,a,c],u],t)}s(n+"start",[i,a,c],u,f);try{return p=e.apply(a,i)}catch(h){throw s(n+"err",[i,a,h],u,f),h}finally{s(n+"end",[i,a,p],u,f)}}return a(e)?e:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[p]=e,i(e,nrWrapper,t),nrWrapper)}function r(t,e,r,o,i){r||(r="");var s,c,f,u="-"===r.charAt(0);for(f=0;f<e.length;f++)c=e[f],s=t[c],a(s)||(t[c]=n(s,u?c+r:r,o,c,i))}function s(n,r,i,a){if(!h||e){var s=h;h=!0;try{t.emit(n,r,i,e,a)}catch(c){o([c,n,r,i],t)}h=s}}return t||(t=u),n.inPlace=r,n.flag=p,n}function o(t,e){e||(e=u);try{e.emit("internal-error",t)}catch(n){}}function i(t,e,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var r=Object.keys(t);return r.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(e,n,{get:function(){return t[n]},set:function(e){return t[n]=e,e}})}),e}catch(i){o([i],n)}for(var a in t)l.call(t,a)&&(e[a]=t[a]);return e}function a(t){return!(t&&t instanceof Function&&t.apply&&!t[p])}function s(t,e){var n=e(t);return n[p]=t,i(t,n,u),n}function c(t,e,n){var r=t[e];t[e]=s(r,n)}function f(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;++n)e[n]=arguments[n];return e}var u=t("ee"),d=t(33),p="nr@original",l=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,h=!1;e.exports=r,e.exports.wrapFunction=s,e.exports.wrapInPlace=c,e.exports.argsToArray=f},{}]},{},["loader",2,17,5,3,4]); ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"804283",trustKey:"804283",agentID:"402703674",licenseKey:"cf99e8d2a3",applicationID:"402703674"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"cf99e8d2a3", // Modified this value from the generated script, to pass prod vs dev applicationID: window.location.hostname.includes('journals.plos.org') ? "402703674" : "402694889", sa:1} </script> <!-- End New Relic --> <header> <div id="topslot" class="head-top"> <a id="skip-to-content" tabindex="0" class="button" href="#main-content"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="center"> <div class="title">Advertisement</div> <!-- DoubleClick Ad Zone --> <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0' style='width:728px; height:90px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div id="user" class="nav" data-user-management-url="https://community.plos.org"> </div> <div id="pagehdr"> <nav class="nav-main"> <h1 class="logo"> <a href="/plosone/.">PLOS One</a> </h1> <section class="top-bar-section"> <ul class="nav-elements"> <li class="multi-col-parent menu-section-header has-dropdown" id="publish"> Publish <div class="dropdown mega "> <ul class="multi-col" id="publish-dropdown-list"> <li class="menu-section-header " id="submissions"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Submissions </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="submissions-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/getting-started" >Getting Started</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/submission-guidelines" >Submission Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/figures" >Figures</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/tables" >Tables</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/supporting-information" >Supporting Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/latex" >LaTeX</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/what-we-publish" >What We Publish</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/preprints" >Preprints</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/revising-your-manuscript" >Revising Your Manuscript</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/submit-now" >Submit Now</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://collections.plos.org/s/calls-for-papers" >Calls for Papers</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header " id="policies"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Policies </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="policies-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/best-practices-in-research-reporting" >Best Practices in Research Reporting</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/human-subjects-research" >Human Subjects Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/animal-research" >Animal Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/competing-interests" >Competing Interests</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/disclosure-of-funding-sources" >Disclosure of Funding Sources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/licenses-and-copyright" >Licenses and Copyright</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/data-availability" >Data Availability</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/complementary-research" >Complementary Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/materials-software-and-code-sharing" >Materials, Software and Code Sharing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/ethical-publishing-practice" >Ethical Publishing Practice</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/authorship" >Authorship</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/corrections-expressions-of-concern-and-retractions" >Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header " id="manuscript-review-and-publication"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Manuscript Review and Publication </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="manuscript-review-and-publication-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/criteria-for-publication" >Criteria for Publication</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/editorial-and-peer-review-process" >Editorial and Peer Review Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/resources/editor-center" >Editor Center</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/resources-for-editors" >Resources for Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/reviewer-guidelines" >Guidelines for Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/accepted-manuscripts" >Accepted Manuscripts</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/comments" >Comments</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="calloutcontainer"> <h3 class="callout-headline">Submit Your Manuscript</h3> <div class="action-contain"> <p class="callout-content"> Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. <em>PLOS ONE</em> promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. </p> <p class="button-contain special"> <a class="button button-default" href="/plosone/static/publish"> Learn More </a> <a class="button-link" href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/default.asp"> Submit Now </a> </p> </div> <!-- opens in siteMenuCalloutDescription --> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-section-header has-dropdown " id="about"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> About </span> <ul class="menu-section dropdown " id="about-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/plosone/static/publish" >Why Publish with PLOS ONE</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/journal-information" >Journal Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/staff-editors" >Staff Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/static/editorial-board" >Editorial Board</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/section-editors" >Section Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/advisory-groups" >Advisory Groups</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/find-and-read-articles" >Find and Read Articles</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/publishing-information" >Publishing Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/publication-fees" >Publication Fees</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/press-and-media" >Press and Media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/s/contact" >Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li data-js-tooltip-hover="trigger" class="subject-area menu-section-header"> Browse </li> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.hoverIntent.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/menu_drop.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/hover_delay.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <li id="navsearch" class="head-search"> <form name="searchForm" action="/plosone/search" method="get"> <fieldset> <legend>Search</legend> <label for="search">Search</label> <div class="search-contain"> <input id="search" type="text" name="q" placeholder="SEARCH" required/> <button id="headerSearchButton" type="submit" aria-label="Submit search"> <i title="Submit search" class="search-icon"></i> </button> </div> </fieldset> <input type="hidden" name="filterJournals" value="PLoSONE"/> </form> <a id="advSearch" href="/plosone/search"> advanced search </a> <script src="/resource/js/components/placeholder_style.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </li> </ul> </section> </nav> </div> </header> <section id="taxonomyContainer"> <script src="/resource/js/taxonomy-browser.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <div id="taxonomy-browser" class="areas" data-search-url="/plosone/browse"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="taxonomy-header"> Browse Subject Areas <div id="subjInfo">?</div> <div id="subjInfoText"> <p>Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field.</p> <p>For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click <a href="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus/blob/master/README.md" target="_blank" title="Link opens in new window">here</a>. </p> </div> </div> <div class="levels"> <div class="levels-container cf"> <div class="levels-position"></div> </div> <a href="#" class="prev"></a> <a href="#" class="next active"></a> </div> </div> <div class="taxonomy-browser-border-bottom"></div> </div> </section> <main id="main-content"> <div id="home-content"> <div class="row top"> <div class="hero light-text overlay-dark" id="hero"> <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submit-now" alt="We believe in a better future where science is open to all, for all."><img alt="We believe in a better future where science is open to all, for all." data-file-extension="jpg" src="/plosone/indirect/c15be56c9b98b99b56914c3deda653b34d7b3182e42beb5a8dfb5532dd690671"> </a> <div class="hero-content"> <p class="published_at">February 11, 2025</p> <h1 class="title"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submit-now" alt="We believe in a better future where science is open to all, for all.">We believe in a better future where science is open to all, for all.</a></h1> <div class="blurb authors"></div> <p class="credit">Image credit: PLOS One</p> </div> </div> <div id="billboard"> <h3>Calling all experts!</h3> <h4>PLOS One is seeking talented individuals to join our editorial board. </h4><a href="https://survey.alchemer.com/s3/4051452/4766e7220404">APPLY NOW</a> </div> </div> <div class="row one"> <article class="block medium image" id="cellcat-1-1"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">03/19/2025</p> <p class="category">Neurodevelopmental conditions</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="A randomized controlled trial of the effects of dog-assisted versus robot dog-assisted therapy for children with autism or Down syndrome" href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0319939">A randomized controlled trial of the effects of dog-assisted versus robot dog-assisted therapy for children with autism or Down syndrome</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>Van Der Steel and colleagues observed improvements in emotional regulation and attunement in children with autism or Down's syndrome who received dog assisted therapy compared to control groups receiving robot dog-assisted therapy or no treatment.</p> </div> </div> <p class="credits">Image credit: <a href="https://pixabay.com/photos/child-dog-pet-dress-girl-1867463/">Child and Dog</a> by Pexels, <a href="https://pixabay.com/service/license-summary/">Pixabay</a></p><a class="block-image" alt="A randomized controlled trial of the effects of dog-assisted versus robot dog-assisted therapy for children with autism or Down syndrome" href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0319939"><img alt="A randomized controlled trial of the effects of dog-assisted versus robot dog-assisted therapy for children with autism or Down syndrome" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/plosone/indirect/3d83471f31a31d49cf1927651f33c4ae0b98a631f1ffcc53ea63b6ec1b66246f"></a> </article> <article class="block medium image" id="cellcat-1-1"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">03/18/2025</p> <p class="category">Oral Health</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="The association between oral health and risk behaviours of university students" href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0309183">The association between oral health and risk behaviours of university students</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>Azam and colleagues examined changes in first-year university students’ self-reported oral health and health-risk behaviors.</p> </div> </div> <p class="credits">Image credit: <a href="https://pixabay.com/photos/blue-toothbrush-clay-macro-small-2729261/">Toothbrush</a> by Engin Akyurt, <a href="https://pixabay.com/service/license-summary/">Pixabay</a></p><a class="block-image" alt="The association between oral health and risk behaviours of university students" href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0309183"><img alt="The association between oral health and risk behaviours of university students" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/plosone/indirect/a992cfb298c2467b5de9bb9832e84a5b4c11a002347c1559f515e973e082ff50"></a> </article> </div> <div class="row two"> <article class="block medium image" id="cellcat-1-2"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">03/31/2025</p> <p class="category">Cell Biology</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Development of label-free cell tracking for discrimination of the heterogeneous mesenchymal migration" href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0320287">Development of label-free cell tracking for discrimination of the heterogeneous mesenchymal migration</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>Endo and colleagues develop a label-free method for tracking cell migration to distinguish between cancerous and non-cancerous cells. The method is simple to use and does not require large training datasets, with a broad range of potential applications.</p> </div> </div> <p class="credits">Image credit: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320287.g003">Fig 3</a> by Endo et al., <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a></p><a class="block-image" alt="Development of label-free cell tracking for discrimination of the heterogeneous mesenchymal migration" href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0320287"><img alt="Development of label-free cell tracking for discrimination of the heterogeneous mesenchymal migration" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/plosone/indirect/dac7adf826c020304e48705ed137048df74e9cfc2c97d59fb35a7dea189e8159"></a> </article> <article class="block medium image" id="cellcat-1-3"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">03/26/2025</p> <p class="category">Archaeology</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="The 12th century bronze doors of Barisanus of Trani in Trani, Ravello and Monreale" href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0319697">The 12<sup>th</sup> century bronze doors of Barisanus of Trani in Trani, Ravello and Monreale</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>Mödlinger and colleagues use chemical and digital-twin analysis to age Middle Age bronze and brass doors. </p> </div> </div> <p class="credits">Image credit: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319697.g010">Fig 10</a> by Mödlinger et al., <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a></p><a class="block-image" alt="The 12th century bronze doors of Barisanus of Trani in Trani, Ravello and Monreale" href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0319697"><img alt="The 12th century bronze doors of Barisanus of Trani in Trani, Ravello and Monreale" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/plosone/indirect/4dcbb28019f8dea36d9e658a86201157530c2c240342ebca22d3e6e8b989262d"></a> </article> </div> <div class="row three"> <div class="column left"> <article class="block large image" id="cellcat2-1"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">03/17/2025</p> <p class="category">EveryOne</p> <h2 class="title"><a href="https://everyone.plos.org/2025/03/17/editor-spotlight-adrian-diaz-faes/" alt="Editor Spotlight: Adrián Diaz-Faes">Editor Spotlight: Adrián Diaz-Faes</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>In this interview, PLOS One Academic Editor Adrián Diaz-Faes shares his experience with PLOS, as an author, reviewer and editor, his research interests, and advice to researchers about building their networks.</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" href="https://everyone.plos.org/2025/03/17/editor-spotlight-adrian-diaz-faes/" alt="Editor Spotlight: Adrián Diaz-Faes"><img alt="Editor Spotlight: Adrián Diaz-Faes" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/plosone/indirect/2b7257c92b1187e4f6580fb2bc728b4eabc46a1a42fd44261357eff330774eb0"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: <a href="https://everyone.plos.org/2025/03/17/editor-spotlight-adrian-diaz-faes/">Dr. Adrián A. Díaz-Faes</a> by Dr. Adrián A. Díaz-Faes, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a></p> </article> <article class="block large image" id="cellcat2-2"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">02/17/2025</p> <p class="category">EveryOne</p> <h2 class="title"><a href="https://everyone.plos.org/2025/02/17/editor-spotlight-claudia-trindade-mattos/" alt="Editor Spotlight: Claudia Trindade Mattos">Editor Spotlight: Claudia Trindade Mattos</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>In this interview, PLOS One Academic Editor Claudia Trindade Mattos shares with us how to select reviewers, her career in dental research and clinical practice, and her role as a mentor to students and early-career researchers.</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" href="https://everyone.plos.org/2025/02/17/editor-spotlight-claudia-trindade-mattos/" alt="Editor Spotlight: Claudia Trindade Mattos"><img alt="Editor Spotlight: Claudia Trindade Mattos" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/plosone/indirect/016d5730e2945a25337d2d1f9ad952be0bd2fdafeb7ea4d6d1748c2090f58506"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: <a href="https://everyone.plos.org/2025/02/17/editor-spotlight-claudia-trindade-mattos/4">Dr. Claudia Trindade Mattos</a> by Dr. Claudia Trindade Mattos, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a></p> </article> <article class="block large image" id="cellcat2-3"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">02/11/2025</p> <p class="category">EveryOne</p> <h2 class="title"><a href="https://everyone.plos.org/2025/02/11/ten-years-of-international-women-and-girls-in-science-day-progress-and-barriers-to-equal-representation/" alt="Ten Years of International Women and Girls in Science Day: Progress and barriers to equal representation">Ten Years of International Women and Girls in Science Day: Progress and barriers to equal representation</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>PLOS One Associate Editor Jenny Tucker discusses increasing representation of female STEM graduates and researchers over the last decade, and examines challenges leading to persisting under-representation of women in some areas of science.</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" href="https://everyone.plos.org/2025/02/11/ten-years-of-international-women-and-girls-in-science-day-progress-and-barriers-to-equal-representation/" alt="Ten Years of International Women and Girls in Science Day: Progress and barriers to equal representation"><img alt="Ten Years of International Women and Girls in Science Day: Progress and barriers to equal representation" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/plosone/indirect/f0e0885253d5dde6f2f42e97cdff30cbf2dbdffbd2f7de0efe1c26b0dd217e5e"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: <a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/flat-international-day-women-girls-science-background_133721442.htm">Image by Freepik</a> by Freepik, <a href="https://www.freepik.com/legal/terms-of-use#nav-freepik-agreement">Freepik</a></p> </article> <div class="row-small-blocks"> <article class="block small image" id="cellcat3-1"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">03/19/2025</p> <p class="category">Conservation Biology</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Outcomes of orangutan wild-to-wild translocations reveal conservation and welfare risks" href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0317862">Outcomes of orangutan wild-to-wild translocations reveal conservation and welfare risks</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>Sherman and colleagues analyze wild-to-wild orangutan translocations during 2005-2022, and argue that forest should be conserved to avoid the need for translocations.</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="Outcomes of orangutan wild-to-wild translocations reveal conservation and welfare risks" href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0317862"><img alt="Outcomes of orangutan wild-to-wild translocations reveal conservation and welfare risks" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/plosone/indirect/0e38abd23a481ef6c6e5e7da3444f9c14e64ccc8b5db2a622deb966ddb209d87"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: <a href="https://pixabay.com/photos/orangutan-ape-thoughtful-think-4950525/">Orangutan</a> by Andrea Bohl, <a href="https://pixabay.com/service/license-summary/">Pixabay</a></p> </article> <article class="block small image" id="cellcat3-2"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">03/26/2025</p> <p class="category">Open Science</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Reproducibility and replicability in research: What 452 professors think in Universities across the USA and India" href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0319334">Reproducibility and replicability in research: What 452 professors think in Universities across the USA and India</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>Chakravorti and colleagues find both national and disciplinary gaps in attention to reproducibility and transparency in science.</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="Reproducibility and replicability in research: What 452 professors think in Universities across the USA and India" href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0319334"><img alt="Reproducibility and replicability in research: What 452 professors think in Universities across the USA and India" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/plosone/indirect/886c9026a9363c3d0f45838fae53b4a1cf088117855d0e365987110ad98b224d"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: <a href="https://pixabay.com/photos/research-artificial-intelligence-7232614/">Artificial Intelligence</a> by Markus Winkler, <a href="https://pixabay.com/service/license-summary/">Pixabay</a></p> </article> <article class="block small image" id="cellcat3-3"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">03/31/2025</p> <p class="category">Economics</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="A political economy of the tobacco supply chain in an Eastern Mediterranean country: The case of Lebanon" href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0320050">A political economy of the tobacco supply chain in an Eastern Mediterranean country: The case of Lebanon</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>Abboud and colleagues qualitatively explore the dynamics of supply chains and practices within the tobacco industry using Lebanon as a case study.</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="A political economy of the tobacco supply chain in an Eastern Mediterranean country: The case of Lebanon" href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0320050"><img alt="A political economy of the tobacco supply chain in an Eastern Mediterranean country: The case of Lebanon" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/plosone/indirect/73e96b9a0ad1ebc396d0d9f9aa1e807685c9e0d3165666efea9314240078859e"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: <a href="https://pixabay.com/photos/tobacco-smoker-cigarette-nicotine-19997/">Tobacco</a> by PublicDomainPictures, <a href="https://pixabay.com/service/license-summary/">Pixabay</a></p> </article> <article class="block small image" id="cellcat3-4"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">04/01/2025</p> <p class="category">Exercise</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Does physical activity-based intervention decrease repetitive negative thinking? A systematic review" href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0319806">Does physical activity-based intervention decrease repetitive negative thinking? A systematic review</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>Wang and colleagues conclude in this systematic review that physical activity-based interventions have the potential to reduce repetitive negative thinking.</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="Does physical activity-based intervention decrease repetitive negative thinking? A systematic review" href="/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0319806"><img alt="Does physical activity-based intervention decrease repetitive negative thinking? A systematic review" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/plosone/indirect/85474338049e24643620a8a811e1b525f349184a9afbe3b2be6f585ca3abe862"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: <a href="https://pixabay.com/photos/girl-running-motion-3678653/">Girl running</a> by MabelAmber, <a href="https://pixabay.com/service/license-summary/">Pixabay</a></p> </article> </div> <div class="row-small-blocks"> <article class="carousel-wrap jcarousel-wrapper small" id="carousel-1"> <div class="block-header"> Collections </div> <div class="jcarousel carousel"> <ul> <li> <h3><a href="https://collections.plos.org/collection/aging-human-health-disease/" alt="Aging in Human Health and Disease">Aging in Human Health and Disease</a></h3> <p></p> <p>In this collection, PLOS One highlights multidisciplinary research in the area of aging.</p> <p></p></li> <li> <h3><a href="https://collections.plos.org/collection/complex-systems-healthcare/" alt="Complex Systems in Healthcare">Complex Systems in Healthcare</a></h3> <p></p> <p>This joint collection of PLOS One and PLOS Complex Systems articles focuses on the use of complex systems research in the healthcare context.</p> <p></p></li> <li> <h3><a href="https://collections.plos.org/" alt="Collections">Collections</a></h3> <p></p> <p>Browse the lastest collections of papers from across PLOS.</p> <p></p></li> </ul> </div> <div class="carousel-control"> <a class="jcarousel-prev" href="#"></a> <div class="numbers"> <span class="number" data-js="carousel-current-item"></span> <span> of </span> <span class="number" data-js="carousel-total-index"></span> </div><a class="jcarousel-next" href="#"></a> </div> </article> <article class="carousel-wrap jcarousel-wrapper small" id="carousel-2"> <div class="block-header"> Meet our staff at conferences </div> <div class="jcarousel carousel"> <ul> <li> <h3><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/" alt="Conferences 2025">Conferences 2025</a></h3> <p></p> <p>New opportunities to meet our editorial staff in 2025 will be announced soon.</p> <p></p></li> <li> <h3><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/" alt="Conferences 2025">Conferences 2025</a></h3> <p></p> <p>New opportunities to meet our editorial staff in 2025 will be announced soon.</p> <p></p></li> </ul> </div> <div class="carousel-control"> <a class="jcarousel-prev" href="#"></a> <div class="numbers"> <span class="number" data-js="carousel-current-item"></span> <span> of </span> <span class="number" data-js="carousel-total-index"></span> </div><a class="jcarousel-next" href="#"></a> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="column right"> <div id="external-content-top"> <div id="submission-links"> <h3>Publish with PLOS</h3> <ul class="split-container"> <li class="split-item"><a href="/plosone/s/submit-now" id="submissionInstruct">Submission Instructions</a></li> <li class="split-item"><a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone" id="submissionManu" target="_blank">Submit Your Manuscript</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="blogs" data-host-name="https://blogs.plos.org/" data-blog-title="EveryONE" data-blog-url="https://blogs.plos.org/everyone/" data-feed-url="https://blogs.plos.org/everyone/?feed=json" data-post-count="4"> </div> <div id="social-links"> <h3>Connect with Us</h3> <ul class="social-media"> <li id="social-link-email"><a href="/plosone/s/contact" class="social" title="Contact Us"> <span class="icon-email" icon-hidden="true"></span> <span class="icon-text">Contact Us</span> </a></li> <li id="social-link-RSS"><a href="/plosone/feed/atom" class="social" title="RSS"> <span class="icon-rss" icon-hidden="true"></span> <span class="icon-text">RSS</span> </a></li> <li id="social-link-bluesky"><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/plosone.org" class="social" title="PLOS One on Bluesky" target="_blank"> <span class="icon-bluesky" icon-hidden="true"></span> <span class="icon-text">PLOS One on Bluesky</span> </a></li> <li id="social-link-facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/plos.org" class="social" title="PLOS on Facebook" target="_blank"> <span class="icon-facebook" icon-hidden="true"></span> <span class="icon-text">PLOS on Facebook</span> </a></li> <li id="social-link-blogs"><a href="https://blogs.plos.org/" class="social-blogs" title="PLOS Blogs">PLOS Blogs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="external-content-bottom"> </div> </div> </div> </div><script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.carousel.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/carousel.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <div class="plos-row"> <div class="home-email-subscription" id="etocs-signup"> <h2>Get new content from PLOS One in your inbox</h2> <div class="form-container"> <iframe src="https://cdn.forms-content.sg-form.com/86acbb55-f12c-11ee-abf2-3a2f5caf8370" frameborder="0"></iframe> </div> <div class="consent"> <div class="email_consent"> PLOS will use your email address to provide content from <span style="font-style: italic;">PLOS One</span>. You can find out more about how PLOS processes your data by reading our <a href="https://plos.org/privacy-policy" target="_blank" title="Page opens in new window">Privacy Policy</a>. You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link in our emails or by contacting us at privacy@plos.org. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="spotlight"> <section id="ad-slot-bottom"> <div class="ad-item"> <!-- DoubleClick Ad Zone --> <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-2' style='width:300px; height:250px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-2'); }); </script> </div> </div> <div class="ad-item"> <!-- DoubleClick Ad Zone --> <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-3' style='width:300px; height:250px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-3'); }); </script> </div> </div> <div class="ad-item"> <!-- DoubleClick Ad Zone --> <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-4' style='width:300px; height:250px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-4'); }); </script> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="journal-issn">PLOS One | ISSN: 1932-6203 (online)</div> </main> <footer id="pageftr"> <div class="row"> <div class="block x-small"> <ul class="nav nav-secondary"> <li class="ftr-header"><a href="https://plos.org/our-journals/">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/plosbiology/" id="ftr-bio">PLOS Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/climate/" id="ftr-climate">PLOS Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/complexsystems/" id="ftr-complex-systems">PLOS Complex Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/ploscompbiol/" id="ftr-compbio">PLOS Computational Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/digitalhealth/" id="ftr-digitalhealth">PLOS Digital Health</a></li> <li><a href="/plosgenetics/" id="ftr-gen">PLOS Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/globalpublichealth/" id="ftr-globalpublichealth">PLOS Global Public Health</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="block x-small"> <ul class="nav nav-secondary"> <li class="ftr-header"> </li> <li><a href="/plosmedicine/" id="ftr-med">PLOS Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/mentalhealth/" id="ftr-mental-health">PLOS Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/plosntds/" id="ftr-ntds">PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/plosone/" id="ftr-one">PLOS One</a></li> <li><a href="/plospathogens/" id="ftr-path">PLOS Pathogens</a></li> <li><a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/" id="ftr-sustainabilitytransformation">PLOS Sustainability and Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/water/" id="ftr-water">PLOS Water</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="block xx-small"> <ul class="nav nav-tertiary"> <li> <a href="https://plos.org" id="ftr-home">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://blogs.plos.org" id="ftr-blog">Blogs</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://collections.plos.org/" id="ftr-collections">Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="mailto:webmaster@plos.org" id="ftr-feedback">Give feedback</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosone/lockss-manifest" id="ftr-lockss">LOCKSS</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="block xx-small"> <ul class="nav nav-primary"> <li><a href="https://plos.org/privacy-policy" id="ftr-privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/terms-of-use" id="ftr-terms">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/advertise/" id="ftr-advertise">Advertise</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/media-inquiries" id="ftr-media">Media Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/contact" id="ftr-contact">Contact</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <p> <img src="/resource/img/logo-plos-footer.png" alt="PLOS" class="logo-footer"/> <span class="footer-non-profit-statement">PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in California, US</span> </p> <div class="block"> </div> </div> <script src="/resource/js/global.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </footer> <script src="/resource/js/pages/home.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/jsapi?autoload=%7B%22modules%22%3A%5B%7B%22name%22%3A%22feeds%22%2C%22version%22%3A%221.0%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%7D%5D%7D"></script> </body> </html>