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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoplatonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Neoplatonism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoplatonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Christian_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christian_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Early Christian philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Christian_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ancient Roman philosophy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آنتیک روم فلسفه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنتیک روم فلسفه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_romana" title="Filosofia romana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filosofia romana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_romana" title="Filosofía romana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filosofía romana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina_filozofio" title="Latina filozofio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latina filozofio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mversk_heimspeki" title="Rómversk heimspeki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómversk heimspeki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_latina" title="Filosofia latina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filosofia latina" 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href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_na_Roma_Antiga" title="Filosofia na Roma Antiga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filosofia na Roma Antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Древнеримская философия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древнеримская философия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_e_lasht%C3%AB_romake" title="Filozofia e lashtë romake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filozofia e lashtë romake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomalainen_filosofia" title="Roomalainen filosofia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roomalainen filosofia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_Roma_felsefesi" title="Antik Roma felsefesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antik Roma felsefesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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philosophy</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Philosophy in the Roman world, influenced by Hellenistic philosophy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Roman philosophy" redirects here. For philosophy in (lands descended from) the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Latin_philosophy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Latin philosophy (disambiguation)">Latin philosophy (disambiguation)</a>. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks philosophy-sidebar plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle sidebar-phi-pre">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle sidebar-phi-title"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image sidebar-phi-img"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg/80px-Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg/120px-Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg/160px-Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above sidebar-phi-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Philosophy_and_thinking" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Philosophy and thinking">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy" title="Outline of philosophy">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy" title="Index of philosophy">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_philosophy" title="Glossary of philosophy">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy" title="Category:Philosophy">Categories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophical_schools_and_traditions" title="Category:Philosophical schools and traditions">Philosophies</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_by_period" title="Category:Philosophy by period">By period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Philosophic_traditions_by_region" title="Outline of philosophy">By region</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Indigenous American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" title="Middle Eastern philosophy">Middle Eastern philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">By religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Taoist</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Branches_of_philosophy" title="Category:Branches of philosophy">Branches</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Meta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_philosophers" title="Lists of philosophers">Philosophers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">Aesthetic philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">Ethicists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_logicians" title="List of logicians">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_mind" title="List of philosophers of mind">Philosophers of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociopolitical_thinkers" title="Index of sociopolitical thinkers">Social and political philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Women in philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_sidebar" title="Template:Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ancient Roman philosophy</b> is philosophy as it was practiced in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and its successor state, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Roman philosophy includes not only philosophy written in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, but also philosophy written in Greek in the late Republic and Roman Empire. Important early Latin-language writers include <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>. Greek was a popular language for writing about philosophy, so much so that the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> chose to write his <i><a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations">Meditations</a></i> in Greek. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interest in philosophy was first excited at Rome in 155 BC, by an Athenian embassy consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Academic skeptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Babylon" title="Diogenes of Babylon">Diogenes of Babylon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Critolaus" title="Critolaus">Critolaus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman philosophy was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a>; however, unique developments in philosophical schools of thought occurred during the Roman period as well, with many philosophers adapting teachings from more than one school. Both leading schools of law of the Roman period, the <a href="/wiki/Sabinian_school" title="Sabinian school">Sabinian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Proculeian_school" title="Proculeian school">Proculean</a> Schools, drew their ethical views from readings on the Stoics and Epicureans respectively,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing for the competition between thought to manifest in a new field in Rome's jurisprudence. </p><p>During the autocratic rule of the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a>, a group of philosophers vocally and politically protested against imperial actions, particularly under <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>. This resulted in Vespasian banishing all philosophers from Rome, save for <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus" title="Gaius Musonius Rufus">Gaius Musonius Rufus</a>; although he, too, was later banished.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Stoic_Opposition" title="Stoic Opposition">Stoic Opposition</a>, as a majority of the protesting philosophers were Stoics. Later in the Roman period, Stoics came to regard this opposition highly; however, the term "Stoic Opposition" was not coined until the 19th century, where it first appears in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Marie-Louis-Antoine-Gaston_Boissier" title="Marie-Louis-Antoine-Gaston Boissier">Gaston Boissier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While philosophy was often admired by jurists and aristocrats, of the emperors the affinity that <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> held for philosophy stands out, a feature that was likely amplified by his <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">philhellenism</a>. Hadrian was recorded to have attended lectures by Epictetus and <a href="/wiki/Favorinus" title="Favorinus">Favorinus</a> on his tours of Greece, and invested heavily in attempting to revive Athens as a cultural center in the ancient world through methods of central planning on his part.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hadrian held philosophy in high regard, something unusual for Roman emperors, who were often indifferent, if not oppositional to it as a practice. These sentiments in favor of philosophy were also shared by the emperors <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian the Apostate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>—the latter two of whom are now considered as philosophers. </p><p>Later, with the spread of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> inside the Roman Empire, came the <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine_of_Hippo" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine of Hippo</a>. One of the last philosophical writers of antiquity was <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>, whose writings are the chief source of information as to Greek philosophy during the first centuries of the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> declined as an intellectual center of thought while new sites such as <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> hosted a variety of philosophical discussion, such as <a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_Aristotle" title="Commentaries on Aristotle">commentary on the works of Aristotle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Annas2000_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annas2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools_of_thought">Schools of thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Schools of thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Platonism">Middle Platonism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Platonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></div> <p>Around 90 BC, <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus of Ascalon</a> rejected skepticism, making way for the period known as <a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a>, in which Platonism was fused with certain <a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmas</a>. In Middle Platonism, the Platonic Forms were not transcendent but immanent to rational minds, and the physical world was a living, ensouled being, the <a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">World-Soul</a>. The eclectic nature of Platonism during this time is shown by its incorporation into <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Numenius_of_Apamea" title="Numenius of Apamea">Numenius of Apamea</a>) and into <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous_(philosopher)" title="Alcinous (philosopher)">Alcinous (philosopher)</a> (2nd century AD)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_of_the_Sextii">School of the Sextii</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: School of the Sextii"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Sextii" title="School of the Sextii">School of the Sextii</a></div> <p>The School of the Sextii was an eclectic Ancient Roman <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">school of philosophy</a> founded around 50 BC by <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sextius_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Sextius the Elder">Quintus Sextius the Elder</a> and continued by his son, <a href="/wiki/Sextius_Niger" title="Sextius Niger">Sextius Niger</a>, however it went extinct shortly after in 19 AD due to the ban on foreign cults.<sup id="cite_ref-Allies_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allies-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school blended elements of <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagorean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> together<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a belief in an elusive incorporeal power pervades the body in order to emphasize asceticism, honesty, and moral training through nightly examinations of conscience as a means of achieving <a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">eudaimonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paola_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paola-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary sources of information on the school are <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>, who was taught by one of its members named <a href="/wiki/Sotion_(Pythagorean)" title="Sotion (Pythagorean)">Sotion</a>, and the 5th century writer <a href="/wiki/Claudianus_Mamertus" title="Claudianus Mamertus">Claudianus Mamertus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paola_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paola-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other members of the school included <a href="/wiki/Papirius_Fabianus" title="Papirius Fabianus">Papirius Fabianus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crassicius_Pasicles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crassicius Pasicles (page does not exist)">Crassicius Pasicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus" title="Aulus Cornelius Celsus">Celsus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paola_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paola-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> often conflates the school with Stoicism, the Sextians were not as inclined to rigorous logical exercises or any abstruse abstract thinking, and unlike the <a href="/wiki/Stoics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoics">Stoics</a>, advocated avoidance of <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, engaging in the correspondence between words and life, and vegetarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Neopythagoreanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagorean</a> views were revived by <a href="/wiki/Nigidius_Figulus" title="Nigidius Figulus">Nigidius Figulus</a> during the Hellenistic period, when pseudo-pythagorean writings began circulating.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD <a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a> came to be recognized. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigidius_Figulus" title="Nigidius Figulus">Nigidius Figulus</a> (98 BC–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secundus_the_Silent" title="Secundus the Silent">Secundus the Silent</a> (2nd century AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a> (245 AD–325)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Epicureanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucretius1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Lucretius1.jpg/220px-Lucretius1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Lucretius1.jpg/330px-Lucretius1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Lucretius1.jpg/440px-Lucretius1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2696" data-file-height="3414" /></a><figcaption>Roman <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a> philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Sidon" title="Zeno of Sidon">Zeno of Sidon</a> (150–75 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_and_Philiscus" title="Alcaeus and Philiscus">Alcaeus and Philiscus</a> (150 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_the_Epicurean" title="Phaedrus the Epicurean">Phaedrus</a> (138–70 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amafinius" title="Amafinius">Gaius Amafinius</a> (125 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Pomponius_Atticus" title="Titus Pomponius Atticus">Titus Pomponius Atticus</a> (110 BC–33 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philodemus" title="Philodemus">Philodemus</a> (110–50 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Albucius" title="Titus Albucius">Titus Albucius</a> (105 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabirius_(Epicurean)" title="Rabirius (Epicurean)">Rabirius</a> (100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patro_the_Epicurean" title="Patro the Epicurean">Patro</a> (70 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siro_the_Epicurean" title="Siro the Epicurean">Siro</a> (50 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catius" title="Catius">Catius</a> (50 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a> (94–55 BC)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_stoics">Roman stoics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roman stoics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius_Louvre_MR561_n02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Marcus_Aurelius_Louvre_MR561_n02.jpg/220px-Marcus_Aurelius_Louvre_MR561_n02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Marcus_Aurelius_Louvre_MR561_n02.jpg/330px-Marcus_Aurelius_Louvre_MR561_n02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Marcus_Aurelius_Louvre_MR561_n02.jpg/440px-Marcus_Aurelius_Louvre_MR561_n02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2773" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>Roman emperor and <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Rutilius_Rufus" title="Publius Rutilius Rufus">Publius Rutillius Rufus</a> (158–75 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius_Stilo_Praeconinus" title="Lucius Aelius Stilo Praeconinus">Lucius Aelius Stilo Praeconinus</a> (154–74 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_the_Stoic" title="Diodotus the Stoic">Diodotus the Stoic</a> (130–59 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vigellius" title="Marcus Vigellius">Marcus Vigellius</a> (125 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Lucilius_Balbus" title="Quintus Lucilius Balbus">Quintus Lucilius Balbus</a> (125 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_of_Tyre" title="Antipater of Tyre">Antipater of Tyre</a> (100–45BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a> (95–46 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcia_(wife_of_Brutus)" title="Porcia (wife of Brutus)">Porcia Catonis</a> (70–43 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonides_(philosopher)" title="Apollonides (philosopher)">Apollonides</a> (46 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sextius_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Sextius the Elder">Quintus Sextius the Elder</a> (40 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> (4 BC – 65 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_(Stoic)" title="Attalus (Stoic)">Attalus</a> (25 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papirius_Fabianus" title="Papirius Fabianus">Papirius Fabianus</a> (30 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musonius_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Musonius Rufus">Musonius Rufus</a> (30–100 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a> (55–135 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (121–180 AD)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skepticism">Skepticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Skepticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Academic skeptic</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> (106 – 43 BC)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Philosophical skepticism</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Favorinus" title="Favorinus">Favorinus</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonist</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodas_of_Laodicea" title="Theodas of Laodicea">Theodas of Laodicea</a> (2nd century AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menodotus_of_Nicomedia" title="Menodotus of Nicomedia">Menodotus of Nicomedia</a> (2nd century AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a> (2nd century AD)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cynicism">Cynicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cynicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism (philosophy)</a></div> <p>Cynic philosophy survived into the Imperial period, and even became "fashionable", though its adherents were criticized for not being fully committed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201516_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201516-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_the_Cynic" title="Demetrius the Cynic">Demetrius the Cynic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Peripatetic">Late Peripatetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Late Peripatetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a> (3rd century AD)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neoplatonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JulianusII-antioch(360-363)-CNG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/JulianusII-antioch%28360-363%29-CNG.jpg/220px-JulianusII-antioch%28360-363%29-CNG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/JulianusII-antioch%28360-363%29-CNG.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Roman emperor and <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic</a> philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>, or <i>Plotinism</i>, is a school of religious and mystical philosophy founded by <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> in the 3rd century AD and based on the teachings of Plato and the other Platonists. The summit of existence was <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">the One</a> or the Good, the source of all things. In <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> the soul had the power to elevate itself to attain union with the One, the true function of human beings. Non-Christian Neoplatonists used to attack Christianity until Christians such as <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eriugena" class="mw-redirect" title="Eriugena">Eriugena</a> adopted Neoplatonism. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> (205 – 278AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelius" title="Amelius">Amelius Gentilianus</a> (3nd century AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a> (232 – 304 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> (331 – 363 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a> (242 – 327 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a> (462 – 540 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a> (490 – 560 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicius_Manlius_Severinus_Boethius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius">Boethius</a> (472 – 524 AD)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Christian_philosophy">Early Christian philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early Christian philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (150 – 215 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354 – 430 AD)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/romanphi/">"Roman Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+Philosophy+%26%23124%3B+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fromanphi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzen1925" class="citation journal cs1">Lorenzen, Ernest G. (1925). "Specification in the Civil Law". <i>The Yale Law Journal</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 29–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F789534">10.2307/789534</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-0094">0044-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/789534">789534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Specification+in+the+Civil+Law&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-47&rft.date=1925&rft.issn=0044-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F789534%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F789534&rft.aulast=Lorenzen&rft.aufirst=Ernest+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Flavian Rome : culture, image, text</i>. Boyle, A. J. (Anthony James), Dominik, William J. Leiden. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11188-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11188-3"><bdi>90-04-11188-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51061501">51061501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flavian+Rome+%3A+culture%2C+image%2C+text&rft.place=Leiden&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51061501&rft.isbn=90-04-11188-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._P._Sullivan1986" class="citation journal cs1">J. P. Sullivan (October 1986). "Literature and Politics in the Age of Nero. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 1985". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F91.4.893">10.1086/ahr/91.4.893</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239">1937-5239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Literature+and+Politics+in+the+Age+of+Nero.+Ithaca%3A+Cornell+University+Press.+1985.&rft.date=1986-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr%2F91.4.893&rft.issn=1937-5239&rft.au=J.+P.+Sullivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane_Fox,_Robin,_1946-2006" class="citation book cs1">Lane Fox, Robin, 1946- (2006). <i>The classical world : an epic history from Homer to Hadrian</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02496-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02496-3"><bdi>0-465-02496-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70149306">70149306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+classical+world+%3A+an+epic+history+from+Homer+to+Hadrian&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70149306&rft.isbn=0-465-02496-3&rft.au=Lane+Fox%2C+Robin%2C+1946-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Annas2000-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Annas2000_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnas,_Julia.2000" class="citation book cs1">Annas, Julia. (2000). <i>Voices of Ancient Philosophy: An Introductory Reader</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512694-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512694-5"><bdi>978-0-19-512694-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/870243656">870243656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+Ancient+Philosophy%3A+An+Introductory+Reader&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F870243656&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512694-5&rft.au=Annas%2C+Julia.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Platonism/Medieval-Platonism#ref32576">"Platonism - Medieval Platonism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Platonism+-+Medieval+Platonism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPlatonism%2FMedieval-Platonism%23ref32576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allies-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allies_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_William_Allies1869" class="citation book cs1">Thomas William Allies (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a544999102alliuoft"><i>The Formation of Christendom</i></a>. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a544999102alliuoft/page/n472">453</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <q>the school of the sextii.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Christendom&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Green%2C+Longman%2C+Roberts%2C+and+Green&rft.date=1869&rft.au=Thomas+William+Allies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fa544999102alliuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Paola2014" class="citation journal cs1">Di Paola, Omar (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ricercafilosofica.it/epekeina/index.php/epekeina/article/view/74">"Philosophical thought of the School of the Sextii - Di Paola - EPEKEINA. International Journal of Ontology. History and Critics"</a>. <i>Ricercafilosofica.it</i>. <b>4</b> (1–2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7408%2Fepkn.v4i1-2.74">10.7408/epkn.v4i1-2.74</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ricercafilosofica.it&rft.atitle=Philosophical+thought+of+the+School+of+the+Sextii+-+Di+Paola+-+EPEKEINA.+International+Journal+of+Ontology.+History+and+Critics&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7408%2Fepkn.v4i1-2.74&rft.aulast=Di+Paola&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ricercafilosofica.it%2Fepekeina%2Findex.php%2Fepekeina%2Farticle%2Fview%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paola-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paola_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paola_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paola_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmar_Di_Paola" class="citation web cs1">Omar Di Paola. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8891772">"The Philosophical Thought of the School of the Sextii, in Epekeina, vol. 4, n. 1-2 (2014), pp. 327-339"</a>. <i>academia.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+Philosophical+Thought+of+the+School+of+the+Sextii%2C+in+Epekeina%2C+vol.+4%2C+n.+1-2+%282014%29%2C+pp.+327-339&rft.au=Omar+Di+Paola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8891772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emily Wilson, <i>The Greatest Empire: A Life of Seneca</i>. Oxford University Press, 2014. p.54-55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Pythagorean Texts of the Hellenistic Period</i>, Collected and Edited by Holger Thesleff, Acta Acedemias Aboensis, Ser. A. Humaniora. Humanistiska Vetenskaper. Socialvetenskaper. Teologi. Vol. 30 nr I. Paperback – January 1, 1965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201516-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201516_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2015">Adamson 2015</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2015" class="citation book cs1">Adamson, Peter (28 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKE1CgAAQBAJ"><i>Philosophy in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds: A history of philosophy without any gaps, Volume 2</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-104389-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-104389-5"><bdi>978-0-19-104389-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+in+the+Hellenistic+and+Roman+Worlds%3A+A+history+of+philosophy+without+any+gaps%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2015-08-28&rft.isbn=978-0-19-104389-5&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKE1CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Roman philosophy</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ancient+Roman+philosophy&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ancient+Roman+philosophy">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ancient+Roman+philosophy&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelliotti2009" class="citation book cs1">Belliotti, Raymond Angelo (15 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UqHgtgPvNn4C"><i>Roman Philosophy and the Good Life</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3971-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3971-4"><bdi>978-0-7391-3971-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Philosophy+and+the+Good+Life&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2009-08-15&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-3971-4&rft.aulast=Belliotti&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Angelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUqHgtgPvNn4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedley2003" class="citation book cs1">Sedley, David, ed. (31 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=otQhAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Philosophy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82632-7"><bdi>978-1-139-82632-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Greek+and+Roman+Philosophy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-07-31&rft.isbn=978-1-139-82632-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DotQhAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrapp2017" class="citation book cs1">Trapp, Michael (15 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JAskDwAAQBAJ"><i>Philosophy in the Roman Empire: Ethics, Politics and Society</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-91141-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-91141-2"><bdi>978-1-351-91141-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+in+the+Roman+Empire%3A+Ethics%2C+Politics+and+Society&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft.isbn=978-1-351-91141-2&rft.aulast=Trapp&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJAskDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsVolk2016" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Gareth D.; Volk, Katharina (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=axppCgAAQBAJ"><i>Roman Reflections: Studies in Latin Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-999976-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-999976-7"><bdi>978-0-19-999976-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Reflections%3A+Studies+in+Latin+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-999976-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Gareth+D.&rft.au=Volk%2C+Katharina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaxppCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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