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title="Revolution 9 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Revolution 9" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_9" title="Revolution 9 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolution 9" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_9" title="Revolution 9 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Revolution 9" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_9" title="Revolution 9 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Revolution 9" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_9" title="Revolution 9 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Revolution 9" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_9" title="Revolution 9 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Revolution 9" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_9" title="Revolution 9 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Revolution 9" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_9" title="Revolution 9 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Revolution 9" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_9" title="Revolution 9 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Revolution 9" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B39" title="レボリューション9 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レボリューション9" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_9" title="Revolution 9 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Revolution 9" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_9" title="Revolution 9 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Revolution 9" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_9" title="Revolution 9 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" 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and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="color: #202122;background-color: #E6E8FA; font-size: 125%;">"Revolution 9"</th></tr><tr class="description"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header description" style="color: #202122;background-color: #E6E8FA;"><a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Composition</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a></th></tr><tr class="description"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header description" style="color: #202122;background-color: #E6E8FA;">from the album <i> <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles_(album)" title="The Beatles (album)">The Beatles</a> </i></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Released</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">22 November 1968<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1968-11-22</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recorded</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">June 1968</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">Studio</a></th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios" title="Abbey Road Studios">EMI</a>, London</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></th><td class="infobox-data category hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">Sound collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">musique concrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><span class="duration"><span class="min">8</span>:<span class="s">22</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Label</a></th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Records" title="Apple Records">Apple</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter(s)</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Lennon%E2%80%93McCartney" title="Lennon–McCartney">Lennon–McCartney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Producer(s)</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/George_Martin" title="George Martin">George Martin</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"<b>Revolution 9</b>" is a <a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">sound collage</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>' 1968 <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles_(album)" title="The Beatles (album)">self-titled double album</a> (also known as the "White Album"). The composition, credited to <a href="/wiki/Lennon%E2%80%93McCartney" title="Lennon–McCartney">Lennon–McCartney</a>, was created primarily by <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> with assistance from <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>. Lennon said he was trying to paint a picture of a revolution using sound. The composition was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> style of Ono as well as the <a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">musique concrète</a> works of composers such as <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>. </p><p>The recording began as an extended ending to the album version of Lennon's song "<a href="/wiki/Revolution_(Beatles_song)" title="Revolution (Beatles song)">Revolution</a>". Lennon, Harrison and Ono then combined the unused <a href="/wiki/Coda_(music)" title="Coda (music)">coda</a> with numerous <a href="/wiki/Overdubbing" title="Overdubbing">overdubbed</a> vocals, speech, <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound effects</a>, and short <a href="/wiki/Tape_loop" title="Tape loop">tape loops</a> of speech and musical performances, some of which were reversed. These were further manipulated with echo, distortion, <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereo</a> <a href="/wiki/Panning_(audio)" title="Panning (audio)">panning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fading" title="Fading">fading</a>. At eight minutes and twenty-two seconds, it is the longest track that the Beatles officially released while together as a band. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_inspiration">Background and inspiration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_9&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and inspiration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Revolution 9" was not the first venture by the Beatles into experimental recordings. The group had introduced <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> styling in their 1966 song "<a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Knows" title="Tomorrow Never Knows">Tomorrow Never Knows</a>" and, in January 1967, they recorded an unreleased piece called "<a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Light" title="Carnival of Light">Carnival of Light</a>". McCartney said the work was inspired by composers <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stockhausen was also a favourite of Lennon, and was one of the people included on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_images_on_the_cover_of_Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="List of images on the cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"><i>Sgt. Pepper</i> album cover</a>. Music critic <a href="/wiki/Ian_MacDonald" title="Ian MacDonald">Ian MacDonald</a> wrote that "Revolution 9" may have been influenced by Stockhausen's <i><a href="/wiki/Hymnen" title="Hymnen">Hymnen</a></i> in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1994233–234_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1994233–234-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another influence on Lennon was his relationship with <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a>. Lennon and Ono had recently recorded their own avant-garde album, <i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Music_No._1:_Two_Virgins" title="Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins">Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins</a></i>. Lennon said: "Once I heard her stuff – not just the screeching and howling but her sort of word pieces and talking and breathing and all this strange stuff ... I got intrigued, so I wanted to do one."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheff2000188_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff2000188-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ono attended the recording sessions and, according to Lennon, helped him select which tape loops to use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles2000307_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles2000307-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1992 interview for <i><a href="/wiki/Musician_(magazine)" title="Musician (magazine)">Musician</a></i> magazine, <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a> said that it was he and <a href="/wiki/Ringo_Starr" title="Ringo Starr">Ringo Starr</a> who selected the sounds, sourced from EMI's tape library, including the "Number nine, number nine" dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadman2001486–87_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadman2001486–87-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter write that the content of Harrison's lesser-known experimental piece "<a href="/wiki/Dream_Scene_(song)" title="Dream Scene (song)">Dream Scene</a>", recorded between November 1967 and February 1968 for his <i><a href="/wiki/Wonderwall_Music" title="Wonderwall Music">Wonderwall Music</a></i> album, suggests that Harrison had a greater influence on "Revolution 9" than has been acknowledged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadingerEaster2000419–20,_421_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadingerEaster2000419–20,_421-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book about the Beatles' White Album, titled <i>Revolution</i>, <a href="/wiki/David_Quantick" title="David Quantick">David Quantick</a> lists Lennon, Ono and Harrison as the "actual writers", despite the <a href="/wiki/Lennon%E2%80%93McCartney" title="Lennon–McCartney">Lennon–McCartney</a> composer's credit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuantick2002151_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuantick2002151-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2011 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison:_Living_in_the_Material_World" title="George Harrison: Living in the Material World">George Harrison: Living in the Material World</a></i>, Ono says that "George, John and I made ['Revolution 9']" and that Harrison "sort of instigated it" and pushed them to create the piece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarlane201942_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarlane201942-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recording">Recording</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_9&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Revolution 9" originated on 30 May 1968 during the first recording session for Lennon's composition "<a href="/wiki/Revolution_(Beatles_song)" title="Revolution (Beatles song)">Revolution</a>". Take 20 of that song lasted more than ten minutes and was given additional overdubs over the next two sessions. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lewisohn" title="Mark Lewisohn">Mark Lewisohn</a> describes the last six minutes as "pure chaos ... with discordant instrumental jamming, feedback, John repeatedly screaming 'RIGHT' and then, simply, repeatedly screaming ... with Yoko talking and saying such off-the-wall phrases as 'you become naked', and with the overlaying of miscellaneous, home-made sound effects tapes."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn2000284_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisohn2000284-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lennon soon decided to make the first part of the recording into a conventional Beatles song, "<a href="/wiki/Revolution_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution 1">Revolution 1</a>", and to use the last six minutes as the basis for a separate track, "Revolution 9". He began preparing additional sound effects and tape loops: some newly recorded in the studio, at home and from the studio archives. The work culminated on 20 June, with Lennon performing a live mix from tape loops running on machines in all three studios at <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios" title="Abbey Road Studios">EMI Studios</a>, but during the live mix, the <a href="/wiki/Send_tape_echo_echo_delay" title="Send tape echo echo delay">STEED</a> system ran out and the sound of the tape machine rewinding can be heard at the 5:11 mark<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and additional prose was overdubbed by Lennon and Harrison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988137–138_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988137–138-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More overdubs were added on 21 June followed by final mixing in stereo. The stereo master was completed on 25 June when it was shortened by 53 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988138–139_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988138–139-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although other songs on the album were separately remixed for the mono version, the complexity of "Revolution 9" necessitated making the mono mix a direct reduction of the final stereo master.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988150_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988150-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCartney had been out of the country when "Revolution 9" was assembled and mixed; he was unimpressed when he first heard the finished track, and later tried to persuade Lennon to drop his insistence that it be included on the album.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmerickMassey2006243–244_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmerickMassey2006243–244-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lennon said that the final editing was done by himself and Ono alone.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_content">Structure and content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_9&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure and content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Revolution 9" is a <a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">sound collage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been described as piece of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant-garde</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">musique concrète</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_music" title="Surrealist music">surrealist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">psychedelic</a> music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEchard2017269_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEchard2017269-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The piece begins with a slow piano theme in the key of B minor and the voice of an EMI engineer<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenner2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailslennonremembers00lenn_0page111_111]_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenner2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailslennonremembers00lenn_0page111_111]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> repeating the words "number nine", quickly <a href="/wiki/Panning_(audio)" title="Panning (audio)">panning</a> across the stereo channels. Both the piano theme and the "number nine" loop recur many times during the piece, serving as a <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motif</a>. Lennon later said of the track and its production: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Revolution 9 was an unconscious picture of what I actually think will happen when it happens; just like a drawing of a revolution. All the thing was made with loops. I had about 30 loops going, fed them onto one basic track. I was getting classical tapes, going upstairs and chopping them up, making it backwards and things like that, to get the sound effects. One thing was an engineer's testing voice saying, "This is EMI test series number nine." I just cut up whatever he said and I'd number nine it. Nine turned out to be my birthday and my lucky number and everything. I didn't realise it: it was just so funny the voice saying, "number nine"; it was like a joke, bringing number nine into it all the time, that's all it was.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles2000307_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles2000307-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Much of the track consists of tape loops that are faded in and out, several of which are <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampled</a> from performances of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>. Works that have been specifically identified include the Vaughan Williams <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a> <i><a href="/wiki/O_clap_your_hands_(Vaughan_Williams)" title="O clap your hands (Vaughan Williams)">O Clap Your Hands</a></i>, the final chord from Sibelius' <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Sibelius)">Symphony No. 7</a></i>, and the reversed finale of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumann's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_Studies_(Schumann)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphonic Studies (Schumann)">Symphonic Studies</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverett1999175–176_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverett1999175–176-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other loops include violins from "<a href="/wiki/A_Day_in_the_Life" title="A Day in the Life">A Day in the Life</a>", sped up loops from Tomorrow Never Knows and <a href="/wiki/George_Martin" title="George Martin">George Martin</a> saying "<a href="/wiki/Geoff_Emerick" title="Geoff Emerick">Geoff</a>, put the red light on". Part of the Arabic song "Awal Hamsa" by <a href="/wiki/Farid_al-Atrash" title="Farid al-Atrash">Farid al-Atrash</a> is included shortly after the 7-minute mark. There are also loops of unidentified <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operatic</a> performances, backwards <a href="/wiki/Mellotron" title="Mellotron">mellotron</a>, violins and sound effects, an <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a>/<a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a> duet, a reversed electric guitar in the key of E major, loud cymbals and a reversed <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartet</a> in the key of E-flat major.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverett1999175–176_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverett1999175–176-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Portions of the unused coda of "Revolution 1" can be heard briefly several times during the track, particularly Lennon's screams of "right" and "all right", with a longer portion near the end featuring Ono's discourse about becoming naked. Segments of random prose read by Lennon and Harrison are heard prominently throughout, along with numerous sound effects such as laughter, a cooing <a href="/wiki/Baby" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby">baby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_crowd_noise" title="Artificial crowd noise">crowd noise</a>, breaking glass, car horns, crackling fire and gunfire. Some of the sounds were taken from an <a href="/wiki/Elektra_Records" title="Elektra Records">Elektra Records</a> album of <a href="/wiki/Stock_sound_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock sound effects">stock sound effects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinn2009180_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinn2009180-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The piece ends with a recording of <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> chants ("Hold that line! Block that kick!"). In all, the final mix includes at least 45 different sound sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverett1999175_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverett1999175-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Album_sequencing_and_release">Album sequencing and release</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_9&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Album sequencing and release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During compilation and sequencing of the master tape for the album <i>The Beatles</i>, two unrelated segments were included between the previous song ("<a href="/wiki/Cry_Baby_Cry" title="Cry Baby Cry">Cry Baby Cry</a>") and "Revolution 9".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988162_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988162-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first was a fragment of a song based on the line "<a href="/wiki/Cry_Baby_Cry#"Can_You_Take_Me_Back?"" title="Cry Baby Cry">Can you take me back</a>", an improvisation sung by McCartney that was recorded between takes of "<a href="/wiki/I_Will_(The_Beatles_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Will (The Beatles song)">I Will</a>". The second was a bit of conversation from the studio control room where <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Taylor" title="Alistair Taylor">Alistair Taylor</a> asked Martin for forgiveness for not bringing him a bottle of <a href="/wiki/Claret" class="mw-redirect" title="Claret">claret</a>, and then calling him a "cheeky bitch".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988162_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988162-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Revolution 9" was released as the penultimate track on side four of the double LP. With no gaps in the sequence from "Cry Baby Cry" to "Revolution 9", the point of track division has varied among different reissues of the album. Some versions place the conversation at the end of "Cry Baby Cry", resulting in a length of 8:13 for "Revolution 9", while others start "Revolution 9" with the conversation, for a track length of 8:22. Later CD and digital releases have the conversation at the beginning of "Revolution 9". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_9&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>... compare Lennon's work with <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono's</a> similar <i>Non Consumiamo Marx</i> (1969) to see how much more aesthetically and politically acute Lennon was than most of the vaunted avant-garde composers of the time ... Nono's piece entirely lacks the pop-bred sense of texture and proportion manifested in "Revolution 9".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1994234_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1994234-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">– Ian MacDonald</cite></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Revolution 9" is an embarrassment that stands like a black hole at the end of the White Album, sucking up whatever energy and interest remain after the preceding ninety minutes of music. It is a track that neither invites nor rewards close attention ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007527_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould2007527-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">– Jonathan Gould</cite></div> </div> <p>The unusual nature of "Revolution 9" engendered a wide range of opinions. Lewisohn summarised the public reaction upon its release as "most listeners loathing it outright, the dedicated fans <i>trying</i> to understand it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988139_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988139-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music critics <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a> and John Piccarella called it "an anti-masterpiece" and commented that, in effect, "for eight minutes of an album officially titled <i>The Beatles</i>, there were no Beatles."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristgauPiccarella1998119_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristgauPiccarella1998119-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their respective reviews of the White Album, Alan Walsh of <i><a href="/wiki/Melody_Maker" title="Melody Maker">Melody Maker</a></i> called the track "noisy, boring and meaningless",<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Alan Smith derided it as "a pretentious piece of old codswallop ... a piece of idiot immaturity and a blotch on their own unquestioned talent as well as the album".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005795_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitz2005795-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jann_Wenner" title="Jann Wenner">Jann Wenner</a> was more complimentary, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> that "Revolution 9" was "beautifully organized" and had more political impact than "Revolution 1".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ian MacDonald remarked that "Revolution 9" evoked the era's revolutionary disruptions and their repercussions, and thus was culturally "one of the most significant acts the Beatles ever perpetrated",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1994230–231_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1994230–231-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as "the world's most widely distributed avant-garde artifact".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrontani2007170_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrontani2007170-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among more recent reviews, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Sheffield" title="Rob Sheffield">Rob Sheffield</a> wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide" title="The Rolling Stone Album Guide">The New Rolling Stone Album Guide</a></i> that it was "justly maligned", but "more fun than '<a href="/wiki/Honey_Pie" title="Honey Pie">Honey Pie</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Yer_Blues" title="Yer Blues">Yer Blues</a>'".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield200453_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield200453-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark Richardson of <i><a href="/wiki/Pitchfork_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitchfork Media">Pitchfork</a></i> commented that "the biggest pop band in the world exposed millions of fans to a really great and certainly frightening piece of avant-garde art."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Quantick, writing in 2002, similarly described it as being "after nearly a quarter of a century, [still] the most radical and innovative track ever to bring a rock record to its climax".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuantick2002151_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuantick2002151-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He added that, given the Beatles' popularity ensured that an avant-garde recording was found in millions of homes around the world: "No one in the history of recorded music has ever been so successful in introducing such extreme music to so many people, most of whom, admittedly, will try their best never to hear 'Revolution 9.' Those who do listen to it usually find that it not only rewards repeated playing ... but that it also knocks other tracks on the White Album into a cocked hat."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuantick2002151–52_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuantick2002151–52-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward Sharp-Paul of <a href="/wiki/FasterLouder" class="mw-redirect" title="FasterLouder">FasterLouder</a> wrote that "'Revolution #9' is the sound of an illusion shattering: Yes, the Beatles are human, and sometimes they drop almighty turds."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The track was voted the worst Beatles song in one of the first such polls, conducted in 1971 by <a href="/wiki/WPLJ" title="WPLJ">WPLJ</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaffner1978217_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffner1978217-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing for <i><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)" title="Mojo (magazine)">Mojo</a></i> in 2003, Mark Paytress said that "Revolution 9" remained "the most unpopular piece of music the Beatles ever made", yet it was also their "most extraordinary [recording]".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_9&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Revolution-9-forward.ogg" title="File:Revolution-9-forward.ogg">"Revolution 9" (section)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Revolution-9-forward.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9d/Revolution-9-forward.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/9/9d/Revolution-9-forward.ogg/Revolution-9-forward.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARevolution-9-forward.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARevolution-9-forward.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The claimed backmasked section of Revolution 9.</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Revolution-9-reversed.ogg" title="File:Revolution-9-reversed.ogg">"Revolution 9" (section) (reversed)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Revolution-9-reversed.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e6/Revolution-9-reversed.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/e/e6/Revolution-9-reversed.ogg/Revolution-9-reversed.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARevolution-9-reversed.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The same section, reversed, which was claimed to sound like "turn me on, dead man".</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Lennon said he was "painting in sound a picture of revolution", but he had mistakenly made it "anti-revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles2000307_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles2000307-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his analysis of the song, MacDonald doubted that Lennon conceptualised the piece as representing a revolution in the usual sense, but rather as "a sensory attack on the citadel of the intellect: a revolution in the head" aimed at each listener.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1994231_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1994231-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacDonald also noted that the structure suggests a "half-awake, <a href="/wiki/Channel_surfing" title="Channel surfing">channel-hopping</a>" mental state, with underlying themes of consciousness and quality of awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1994231–232_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1994231–232-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have described the piece as Lennon's attempt at turning "nightmare imagery" into sound,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelangerDalley2006268_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelangerDalley2006268-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as "an autobiographical soundscape".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpignesiLewis200440_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpignesiLewis200440-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loop of "number nine" featured in the recording fuelled <a href="/wiki/Paul_is_dead" title="Paul is dead">the legend of Paul McCartney's death</a> after it was reported that it sounded like "turn me on, dead man" when <a href="/wiki/Backmasking" title="Backmasking">played backwards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeve200411–13_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeve200411–13-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an interview held at his home on 2 December 1968, Lennon was asked if "Revolution 9" was about death, because it seemed like that to the interviewer. Lennon answered: "Well then it is, then, when you heard it ... listen to it another day. In the sun. Outside. And see if it's about death then." He went on: "It's not specifically about anything. It's a set of sounds, like walking down the street is a set of sounds. And I just captured a moment of time, and put it on disc, and it's about that ... It was maybe to do with the sounds of a revolution ... so that's the vague story behind it. But apart from that, it's just a set of sounds."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindle201753_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindle201753-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on interviews and testimony, prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bugliosi" title="Vincent Bugliosi">Vincent Bugliosi</a> asserted that <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manson" title="Charles Manson">Charles Manson</a> believed that many songs on the album <i>The Beatles</i> contained references confirming his prediction of an impending <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalyptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Race_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Race war">race war</a>, a scenario dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(Manson_scenario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helter Skelter (Manson scenario)">Helter Skelter</a>". According to <a href="/wiki/Gregg_Jakobson" title="Gregg Jakobson">Gregg Jakobson</a>, Manson mentioned "Revolution 9" more often than any of the other album tracks, and he interpreted it as a parallel of Chapter 9 of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosiGentry1974243_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugliosiGentry1974243-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manson viewed the piece as a portrayal in sound of the coming black-white revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugliosiGentry1974243_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugliosiGentry1974243-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He misheard Lennon's distorted screams of "Right!" within "Revolution 9" as a command to "Rise!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1997489–490_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1997489–490-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking to music journalist <a href="/wiki/David_Dalton_(writer)" title="David Dalton (writer)">David Dalton</a> before his trial, Manson drew parallels between the animal noises that close Harrison's White Album track "<a href="/wiki/Piggies" title="Piggies">Piggies</a>" and a similar sound, followed by machine-gun fire, that appears in "Revolution 9".<sup id="cite_ref-Dalton/Gadfly_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalton/Gadfly-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_9&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> – spoken vocals, <a href="/wiki/Tape_loop" title="Tape loop">tape loops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound effects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mellotron" title="Mellotron">Mellotron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screaming_(music)" title="Screaming (music)">screaming</a>, mumbling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a> – spoken vocals, tape loops, sound effects, electric guitar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a> – spoken vocals, tape loops, sound effects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Martin" title="George Martin">George Martin</a> – spoken vocals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Taylor" title="Alistair Taylor">Alistair Taylor</a> – spoken vocals</li></ul> <p>Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ringo_Starr" title="Ringo Starr">Ringo Starr</a> performed on the extended "Revolution" coda, elements of which were used intermittently in "Revolution 9". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cover_versions">Cover versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_9&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cover versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kurt Hoffman's Band of Weeds performs "Revolution #9" on the 1992 album <i>Live at the Knitting Factory: Downtown Does the Beatles</i> (Knitting Factory Records).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">jam band</a> <a href="/wiki/Phish" title="Phish">Phish</a> performed "Revolution 9" (along with almost all of the songs from <i>The Beatles</i>) at their <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a> 1994 concert that was released in 2002 as <i><a href="/wiki/Live_Phish_Volume_13" title="Live Phish Volume 13">Live Phish Volume 13</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Band member <a href="/wiki/Jon_Fishman" title="Jon Fishman">Jon Fishman</a> <a href="/wiki/Streaking" title="Streaking">streaked</a> across the stage after the line "if you become naked".) Australian dance rock band <a href="/wiki/Def_FX" title="Def FX">Def FX</a> recorded a version for their 1996 album <i>Majick</i>. <a href="/wiki/Little_Fyodor" title="Little Fyodor">Little Fyodor</a> recorded a cover in 1987 and released it as a CD single in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shazam recorded a cover version of Revolution #9 which appears as the final track on their mini-album "Rev9" released in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary classical</a> chamber ensemble <a href="/wiki/Alarm_Will_Sound" title="Alarm Will Sound">Alarm Will Sound</a> transcribed an orchestral re-creation of "Revolution 9" which they performed on tour<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recorded on their 2016 album "Alarm Will Sound Presents Modernists." Also in 2008, the contemporary jazz trio <a href="/wiki/Neil_Cowley" title="Neil Cowley">The Neil Cowley Trio</a> recorded both "Revolution 9" and <a href="/wiki/Revolution_(Beatles_song)" title="Revolution (Beatles song)">"Revolution"</a> for the magazine <a href="/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)" title="Mojo (magazine)">Mojo</a>. "Revolution 9" has also inspired songs by punk group <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_(band)" title="United Nations (band)">United Nations</a> ("<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_(United_Nations_album)" title="United Nations (United Nations album)">Resolution 9</a>") and rock band <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson_(band)" title="Marilyn Manson (band)">Marilyn Manson</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Get_Your_Gunn#Track_listings" title="Get Your Gunn">Revelation #9</a>"). It also inspired <a href="/wiki/White_Zombie_(band)" title="White Zombie (band)">White Zombie</a>'s "Real Solution #9", which contains samples of a <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Time_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Time Live">Prime Time Live</a></i> interview that <a href="/wiki/Diane_Sawyer" title="Diane Sawyer">Diane Sawyer</a> conducted with <a href="/wiki/Manson_Family" title="Manson Family">Manson Family</a> member <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Krenwinkel" title="Patricia Krenwinkel">Patricia Krenwinkel</a>. In the sample used Krenwinkel is heard saying: "Yeah, I remember her saying, I'm already dead." <a href="/wiki/Skinny_Puppy" title="Skinny Puppy">Skinny Puppy</a> references a reversed melodic fragment from "Revolution #9" on their song "Love in Vein" from their album <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Rights_(album)" title="Last Rights (album)">Last Rights</a></i>. Mexican rock band <a href="/wiki/Botellita_de_Jerez" title="Botellita de Jerez">Botellita de Jerez</a> did a redemption to this theme with the track "Devolución, no hay" included in their second album called <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/es/master/704226-Botellita-De-Jerez-La-Venganza-Del-Hijo-Del-Guacarock">"La venganza del hijo del guacarrock"</a>. Instead of the voice saying "Number nine", they recorded a voice saying "No'mbre, no hay" (translated as "No, man, there isn't"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_9&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2008" class="citation web cs1">Thorpe, Vanessa (16 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/nov/16/paul-mccartney-carnival-of-light">"Forty years on, McCartney wants the world to hear 'lost' Beatles epic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Forty+years+on%2C+McCartney+wants+the+world+to+hear+%27lost%27+Beatles+epic&rft.date=2008-11-16&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2008%2Fnov%2F16%2Fpaul-mccartney-carnival-of-light&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1994233–234-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1994233–234_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1994">MacDonald 1994</a>, pp. 233–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff2000188-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheff2000188_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheff2000">Sheff 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421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuantick2002151-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuantick2002151_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuantick2002151_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuantick2002">Quantick 2002</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarlane201942-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarlane201942_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacFarlane2019">MacFarlane 2019</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisohn2000284-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn2000284_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewisohn2000">Lewisohn 2000</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beatlesbible.com/songs/revolution-9/2/">"Revolution 9 – Page 2 – The Beatles Bible"</a>. 16 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revolution+9+%E2%80%93+Page+2+%E2%80%93+The+Beatles+Bible&rft.date=2008-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beatlesbible.com%2Fsongs%2Frevolution-9%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988137–138-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988137–138_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewisohn1988">Lewisohn 1988</a>, pp. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988138–139-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988138–139_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewisohn1988">Lewisohn 1988</a>, pp. 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988150-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988150_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewisohn1988">Lewisohn 1988</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmerickMassey2006243–244-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmerickMassey2006243–244_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmerickMassey2006">Emerick & Massey 2006</a>, pp. 243–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillman2012" class="citation web cs1">Willman, Chris (8 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/stop-the-presses/john-lennon-letters-reveal-bitterness-toward-george-martin-192300104.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'John Lennon Letters' Reveal Bitterness Toward George Martin As Well as McCartney"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2014</span> – via yahoo!.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27John+Lennon+Letters%27+Reveal+Bitterness+Toward+George+Martin+As+Well+as+McCartney&rft.date=2012-10-08&rft.aulast=Willman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusic.yahoo.com%2Fblogs%2Fstop-the-presses%2Fjohn-lennon-letters-reveal-bitterness-toward-george-martin-192300104.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAthitakis2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Athitakis, Mark (September–October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neh.gov/humanities/2013/septemberoctober/statement/beatles-reflection">"A Beatles Reflection"</a>. <i>Humanities</i>. Vol. 34, no. 5. National Endowment of the Humanities<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>The Beatles, by contrast, was scruffy and centerless, its thirty songs encompassing mock-Beach Boys vocal harmonies ('Back in the U.S.S.R.'), ... proto-punk ('Helter Skelter'), sound collage ('Revolution 9'), and plenty more besides.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities&rft.atitle=A+Beatles+Reflection&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2013-09%2F2013-10&rft.aulast=Athitakis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neh.gov%2Fhumanities%2F2013%2Fseptemberoctober%2Fstatement%2Fbeatles-reflection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKreps2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Kreps, Daniel (27 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-beatles-experimental-revolution-1-take-20-surfaces-20090227">"The Beatles' Experimental "Revolution 1 (Take 20)" Surfaces"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>The track makes it clear why seemingly unrelated 'Revolution 1' and the maniacal 'Revolution 9' sound collage share the same name.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+Beatles%27+Experimental+%22Revolution+1+%28Take+20%29%22+Surfaces&rft.date=2009-02-27&rft.aulast=Kreps&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fthe-beatles-experimental-revolution-1-take-20-surfaces-20090227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorby2015" class="citation web cs1">Worby, Robert (26 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/dec/26/beatles-revolution-9-stockhausen-hymnen-avant-garde-pop">"Crackle goes pop: how Stockhausen seduced the Beatles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>The Beatles' Revolution 9 brought experimental music to a global audience.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Crackle+goes+pop%3A+how+Stockhausen+seduced+the+Beatles&rft.date=2015-12-26&rft.aulast=Worby&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2015%2Fdec%2F26%2Fbeatles-revolution-9-stockhausen-hymnen-avant-garde-pop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKozinn2009" class="citation web cs1">Kozinn, Allan (7 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/08/weekinreview/08kozinn.html">"A Master's in Paul-Is-Definitely-Not-Dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>... the freedom they gave themselves to make experimental works like 'Revolution 9.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Master%27s+in+Paul-Is-Definitely-Not-Dead&rft.date=2009-03-07&rft.aulast=Kozinn&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F08%2Fweekinreview%2F08kozinn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollack" class="citation web cs1">Pollack, Alan W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/AWP/r9.shtml">"Notes on 'Revolution #9'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Soundscapes.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>As one of the more infamous achievements of the mid twentieth century avant garde, this form of musical composition challenges the listener on both psychological and philosophical grounds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soundscapes.info&rft.atitle=Notes+on+%27Revolution+%239%27&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Alan+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icce.rug.nl%2F~soundscapes%2FDATABASES%2FAWP%2Fr9.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnterberger2006">Unterberger 2006</a>, p. 210. "The other Beatles and George Martin probably would have been happy enough to keep 'Revolution 9' under wraps, but John Lennon was probably determined to get at least one of his avant-garde outings on the record."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverett1999">Everett 1999</a>, p. 174. "The six-minute remainder formed the basis of a musique concrète work, largely a Lennon-Ono collaboration 'painting in sound a revolution,' 'Revolution 9'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCourrier2009">Courrier 2009</a>, p. 226. "Composed as a piece of <i>musique concrète</i> by Lennon and Yoko out of various taped pieces, including radio broadcasts, plus outtakes from the outro of 'Revolution 1,' 'Revolution 9' was highly influenced by the pioneers of Dadaist experimentation."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, Carlton J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gadfly+Online&rft.atitle=If+Christ+Came+Back+as+a+Con+Man%3A+Or+how+I+started+out+thinking+Charlie+Manson+was+innocent+and+almost+ended+up+dead&rft.date=1998-10&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gadflyonline.com%2Farchive%2FOctober98%2Farchive-manson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeltonDalton1970" class="citation magazine cs1">Felton, David; Dalton, David (25 June 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/charles-manson-the-incredible-story-of-the-most-dangerous-man-alive-19700625">"Charles Manson: The Incredible Story of the Most Dangerous Man Alive"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Charles+Manson%3A+The+Incredible+Story+of+the+Most+Dangerous+Man+Alive&rft.date=1970-06-25&rft.aulast=Felton&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Dalton%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fculture%2Fnews%2Fcharles-manson-the-incredible-story-of-the-most-dangerous-man-alive-19700625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/live-at-the-knitting-factory-downtown-does-the-beatles-mw0000082191">"Live at the Knitting Factory: Downtown Does the Beatles - Various Artists | Songs, Reviews, Credits"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Live+at+the+Knitting+Factory%3A+Downtown+Does+the+Beatles+-+Various+Artists+%26%23124%3B+Songs%2C+Reviews%2C+Credits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Flive-at-the-knitting-factory-downtown-does-the-beatles-mw0000082191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/live-phish-vol-13-10-31-94-glens-falls-civic-center-glens-falls-ny-mw0000226969">"Live Phish, Vol. 13: 10/31/94, Glens Falls Civic Center, Glens Falls, NY - Phish"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Live+Phish%2C+Vol.+13%3A+10%2F31%2F94%2C+Glens+Falls+Civic+Center%2C+Glens+Falls%2C+NY+-+Phish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Flive-phish-vol-13-10-31-94-glens-falls-civic-center-glens-falls-ny-mw0000226969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.littlefyodor.com/discography.html">"Little Fyodor"</a>. <i>www.littlefyodor.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.littlefyodor.com&rft.atitle=Little+Fyodor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.littlefyodor.com%2Fdiscography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/rev9-mw0000622400">"Rev9 - The Shazam | Songs, Reviews, Credits"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Rev9+-+The+Shazam+%26%23124%3B+Songs%2C+Reviews%2C+Credits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Frev9-mw0000622400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDruckenbrod2009" class="citation news cs1">Druckenbrod, Andrew (19 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09078/956630-42.stm">"Contemporary group revisits watershed year and Beatles classic in '1969'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Contemporary+group+revisits+watershed+year+and+Beatles+classic+in+%271969%27&rft.date=2009-03-19&rft.aulast=Druckenbrod&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F09078%2F956630-42.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_9&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBadman2001" class="citation book cs1">Badman, Keith (2001). <i>The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After the Break-Up 1970–2001</i>. London: Omnibus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7119-8307-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7119-8307-6"><bdi>978-0-7119-8307-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beatles+Diary+Volume+2%3A+After+the+Break-Up+1970%E2%80%932001&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7119-8307-6&rft.aulast=Badman&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Beatles2000" class="citation book cs1">The Beatles (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beatlesanthology0000unse"><i>The Beatles Anthology</i></a></span>. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-2684-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-2684-6"><bdi>978-0-8118-2684-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beatles+Anthology&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8118-2684-6&rft.au=The+Beatles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeatlesanthology0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBelangerDalley2006" class="citation book cs1">Belanger, Jeff; Dalley, Kirsten (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781564147622"><i>The Nightmare Encyclopedia: Your Darkest Dreams Interpreted</i></a>. Franklin Lakes, New Jersey: New Page Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56414-762-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56414-762-2"><bdi>978-1-56414-762-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nightmare+Encyclopedia%3A+Your+Darkest+Dreams+Interpreted&rft.place=Franklin+Lakes%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=New+Page+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-56414-762-2&rft.aulast=Belanger&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Dalley%2C+Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781564147622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBugliosiGentry1974" class="citation book cs1">Bugliosi, Vincent; <a href="/wiki/Curt_Gentry" title="Curt Gentry">Gentry, Curt</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/helterskeltertru00bugl_0"><i>Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders</i></a> (1994 ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08700-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08700-0"><bdi>978-0-393-08700-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helter+Skelter%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Manson+Murders&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1994&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08700-0&rft.aulast=Bugliosi&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft.au=Gentry%2C+Curt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhelterskeltertru00bugl_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristgauPiccarella1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a>; Piccarella, John (1998). "Nothing to Say but Everything, or, As Far as He Could Go: John Lennon". <i>Grown Up All Wrong: 75 Great Rock and Pop Artists from Vaudeville to Techno</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44318-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44318-1"><bdi>978-0-674-44318-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nothing+to+Say+but+Everything%2C+or%2C+As+Far+as+He+Could+Go%3A+John+Lennon&rft.btitle=Grown+Up+All+Wrong%3A+75+Great+Rock+and+Pop+Artists+from+Vaudeville+to+Techno&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-674-44318-1&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Piccarella%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCourrier2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Courrier" title="Kevin Courrier">Courrier, Kevin</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FK9zCgAAQBAJ"><i>Artificial Paradise: The Dark Side of the Beatles' Utopian Dream</i></a>. Westport, CT; London: <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishers">Praeger Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34586-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34586-9"><bdi>978-0-313-34586-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Paradise%3A+The+Dark+Side+of+the+Beatles%27+Utopian+Dream&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT%3B+London&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34586-9&rft.aulast=Courrier&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFK9zCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEchard2017" class="citation book cs1">Echard, William (2017). <i>Psychedelic Popular Music: A History Through Musical Topic Theory</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253025661" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253025661"><bdi>978-0253025661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychedelic+Popular+Music%3A+A+History+Through+Musical+Topic+Theory&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0253025661&rft.aulast=Echard&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis2007" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Erik (2007). Barker, David (ed.). <i>33⅓ Greatest Hits, Volume 1</i>. New York: Continuum International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1903-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1903-3"><bdi>978-0-8264-1903-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=33%E2%85%93+Greatest+Hits%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1903-3&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmerickMassey2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Emerick" title="Geoff Emerick">Emerick, Geoff</a>; Massey, Howard (2006). <i>Here, There and Everywhere: My Life Recording the Music of The Beatles</i>. New York: Gotham. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59240-179-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59240-179-6"><bdi>978-1-59240-179-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here%2C+There+and+Everywhere%3A+My+Life+Recording+the+Music+of+The+Beatles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Gotham&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59240-179-6&rft.aulast=Emerick&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft.au=Massey%2C+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEverett1999" class="citation book cs1">Everett, Walter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eTkHAldi4bEC"><i>The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver through the Anthology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509553-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509553-1"><bdi>978-0-19-509553-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beatles+as+Musicians%3A+Revolver+through+the+Anthology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509553-1&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeTkHAldi4bEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrontani2007" class="citation book cs1">Frontani, Michael R. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beatlesimagemedi0000fron"><i>The Beatles: Image and the Media</i></a></span>. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-966-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-966-8"><bdi>978-1-57806-966-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beatles%3A+Image+and+the+Media&rft.place=Jackson%2C+MS&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-966-8&rft.aulast=Frontani&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeatlesimagemedi0000fron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGould2007" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Jonathan (2007). <i>Can't Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain, and America</i>. New York: Three Rivers Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-35338-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-35338-2"><bdi>978-0-307-35338-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can%27t+Buy+Me+Love%3A+The+Beatles%2C+Britain%2C+and+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-35338-2&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHindle2017" class="citation book cs1">Hindle, Maurice (2017). Burger, Jeff (ed.). <i>Lennon on Lennon: Conversation</i>. Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61374-824-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61374-824-4"><bdi>978-1-61374-824-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lennon+on+Lennon%3A+Conversation&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-61374-824-4&rft.aulast=Hindle&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewisohn1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Lewisohn" title="Mark Lewisohn">Lewisohn, Mark</a> (1988). <i>The Beatles Recording Sessions</i>. New York: Harmony Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-57066-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-57066-1"><bdi>0-517-57066-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beatles+Recording+Sessions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harmony+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-517-57066-1&rft.aulast=Lewisohn&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewisohn2000" class="citation book cs1">Lewisohn, Mark (2000). <i>The Complete Beatles Chronicle</i>. London: Hamlyn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-600-60033-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-600-60033-6"><bdi>978-0-600-60033-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Beatles+Chronicle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-600-60033-6&rft.aulast=Lewisohn&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_MacDonald" title="Ian MacDonald">MacDonald, Ian</a> (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutioninhead0000macd"><i>Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties</i></a></span>. New York: Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4245-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4245-0"><bdi>978-0-8050-4245-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+the+Head%3A+The+Beatles%27+Records+and+the+Sixties&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-4245-0&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolutioninhead0000macd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacFarlane2019" class="citation book cs1">MacFarlane, Thomas (2019). <i>The Music of George Harrison</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-59910-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-59910-9"><bdi>978-1-138-59910-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+George+Harrison&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-138-59910-9&rft.aulast=MacFarlane&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadingerEaster2000" class="citation book cs1">Madinger, Chip; Easter, Mark (2000). <i>Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium</i>. Chesterfield, MO: 44.1 Productions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-615-11724-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-615-11724-4"><bdi>0-615-11724-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eight+Arms+to+Hold+You%3A+The+Solo+Beatles+Compendium&rft.place=Chesterfield%2C+MO&rft.pub=44.1+Productions&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-615-11724-4&rft.aulast=Madinger&rft.aufirst=Chip&rft.au=Easter%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiles1997" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Barry (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paulmccartneyman00mile"><i>Paul McCartney: Many Years from Now</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5249-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5249-7"><bdi>978-0-8050-5249-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+McCartney%3A+Many+Years+from+Now&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-5249-7&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaulmccartneyman00mile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1998" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, R. Gary (1998). <i>The Walrus Was Paul: The Great Beatle Death Clues</i>. New York: Fireside. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85062-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85062-7"><bdi>978-0-684-85062-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Walrus+Was+Paul%3A+The+Great+Beatle+Death+Clues&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fireside&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-684-85062-7&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=R.+Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuantick2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Quantick" title="David Quantick">Quantick, David</a> (2002). <i>Revolution: The Making of the Beatles' White Album</i>. Chicago, IL: A Cappella Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55652-470-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55652-470-6"><bdi>1-55652-470-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution%3A+The+Making+of+the+Beatles%27+White+Album&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=A+Cappella+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-55652-470-6&rft.aulast=Quantick&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReeve2004" class="citation book cs1">Reeve, Andru J. (2004). <i>Turn Me On, Dead Man: The Beatles And The "Paul-Is-Dead" Hoax</i>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-418482947" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-418482947"><bdi>978-1-418482947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turn+Me+On%2C+Dead+Man%3A+The+Beatles+And+The+%22Paul-Is-Dead%22+Hoax&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-418482947&rft.aulast=Reeve&rft.aufirst=Andru+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchaffner1978" class="citation book cs1">Schaffner, Nicholas (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beatlesforever00scha"><i>The Beatles Forever</i></a>. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-055087-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-055087-5"><bdi>0-07-055087-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beatles+Forever&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-07-055087-5&rft.aulast=Schaffner&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeatlesforever00scha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheff2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Sheff" title="David Sheff">Sheff, David</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allwearesayingla00lenn"><i>All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-25464-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-25464-3"><bdi>978-0-312-25464-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+We+Are+Saying%3A+The+Last+Major+Interview+with+John+Lennon+and+Yoko+Ono&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-25464-3&rft.aulast=Sheff&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallwearesayingla00lenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheffield2004" class="citation book cs1">Sheffield, Rob (2004). Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac"><i>The New Rolling Stone Album Guide</i></a> (4th ed.). New York: Fireside. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0169-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0169-8"><bdi>978-0-7432-0169-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Rolling+Stone+Album+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Fireside&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-0169-8&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewrollingstonea00brac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpignesiLewis2004" class="citation book cs1">Spignesi, Stephen J.; Lewis, Michael (2004). <i>Here, There, and Everywhere: The 100 Best Beatles Songs</i>. New York: Black Dog. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57912-369-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57912-369-7"><bdi>978-1-57912-369-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here%2C+There%2C+and+Everywhere%3A+The+100+Best+Beatles+Songs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Black+Dog&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57912-369-7&rft.aulast=Spignesi&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpitz2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Spitz" title="Bob Spitz">Spitz, Bob</a> (2005). <i>The Beatles: The Biography</i>. New York, NY: Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84513-160-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84513-160-6"><bdi>1-84513-160-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beatles%3A+The+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84513-160-6&rft.aulast=Spitz&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToropov2001" class="citation book cs1">Toropov, Brandon (2001). <i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to Urban Legends</i>. Indianapolis: Alpha Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864007-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864007-5"><bdi>978-0-02-864007-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Urban+Legends&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Alpha+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-02-864007-5&rft.aulast=Toropov&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnterberger2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richie_Unterberger" title="Richie Unterberger">Unterberger, Richie</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V-vNuvFrplcC"><i>The Unreleased Beatles: Music & Film</i></a>. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-892-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-892-6"><bdi>978-0-87930-892-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unreleased+Beatles%3A+Music+%26+Film&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-892-6&rft.aulast=Unterberger&rft.aufirst=Richie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV-vNuvFrplcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWenner2000" class="citation book cs1">Wenner, Jann S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lennonremembers00lenn_0/page/111"><i>Lennon Remembers: The Full Rolling Stone Interviews from 1970</i></a>. Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1859846009" title="Special:BookSources/1859846009"><bdi>1859846009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lennon+Remembers%3A+The+Full+Rolling+Stone+Interviews+from+1970&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1859846009&rft.aulast=Wenner&rft.aufirst=Jann+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flennonremembers00lenn_0%2Fpage%2F111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinn2009" class="citation book cs1">Winn, John C. (2009). <i>That Magic Feeling: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume Two, 1966–1970</i>. New York: Three Rivers Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45239-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45239-9"><bdi>978-0-307-45239-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Magic+Feeling%3A+The+Beatles%27+Recorded+Legacy%2C+Volume+Two%2C+1966%E2%80%931970&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-307-45239-9&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_9&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlenn2009" class="citation news cs1">Glenn, Allen (11 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101228202339/http://michigantoday.umich.edu/2009/11/story.php?id=7565&tr=y&auid=5578331">"Paul Is Dead (Said Fred)"</a>. <i>Michigan Today</i>. University of Michigan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michigantoday.umich.edu/2009/11/story.php?id=7565&tr=y&auid=5578331">the original</a> on 28 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Today&rft.atitle=Paul+Is+Dead+%28Said+Fred%29&rft.date=2009-11-11&rft.aulast=Glenn&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmichigantoday.umich.edu%2F2009%2F11%2Fstory.php%3Fid%3D7565%26tr%3Dy%26auid%3D5578331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWesterman2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Westerman, Scott (5 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522131535/http://keenerpodcast.com/?page_id=613">"Russ Gibb"</a>. <i>Keener13.com</i>. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Keener13.com&rft.atitle=Russ+Gibb&rft.date=2009-05-05&rft.aulast=Westerman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkeenerpodcast.com%2F%3Fpage_id%3D613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolution+9" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_9&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916054759/http://www.hornswaggled.com/2009/08/20/090909-beatles-number-9-summary">A minute-by-minute piece summary</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 16 September 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022152531/http://www.geocities.com/hammodotcom/beathoven/revhome.htm">A detailed analysis of Revolution 9</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 22 October 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kingtet.com/number9.htm">A recording of Revolution 9 played backwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_W._Pollack" title="Alan W. Pollack">Alan W. Pollack</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/AWP/r9.shtml"><i>Notes on</i> "Revolution 9"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Beatles_(White_Album)732" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Beatles_(White_Album)" title="Template:The Beatles (White Album)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Beatles_(White_Album)" title="Template talk:The Beatles (White Album)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Beatles_(White_Album)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Beatles (White Album)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Beatles_(White_Album)732" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles_(album)" title="The Beatles (album)"><i>The Beatles</i> (White Album)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles:_50th_Anniversary_Edition" title="The Beatles: 50th Anniversary Edition">50th Anniversary Edition</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Side one</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Back_in_the_U.S.S.R." title="Back in the U.S.S.R.">Back in the U.S.S.R.</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dear_Prudence" title="Dear Prudence">Dear Prudence</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Glass_Onion_(song)" title="Glass Onion (song)">Glass Onion</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ob-La-Di,_Ob-La-Da" title="Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da">Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wild_Honey_Pie" title="Wild Honey Pie">Wild Honey Pie</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Continuing_Story_of_Bungalow_Bill" title="The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill">The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/While_My_Guitar_Gently_Weeps" title="While My Guitar Gently Weeps">While My Guitar Gently Weeps</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Happiness_Is_a_Warm_Gun" title="Happiness Is a Warm Gun">Happiness Is a Warm Gun</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Side two</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Martha_My_Dear" title="Martha My Dear">Martha My Dear</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I%27m_So_Tired" title="I'm So Tired">I'm So Tired</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Blackbird_(Beatles_song)" title="Blackbird (Beatles song)">Blackbird</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Piggies" title="Piggies">Piggies</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rocky_Raccoon" title="Rocky Raccoon">Rocky Raccoon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Pass_Me_By" title="Don't Pass Me By">Don't Pass Me By</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Why_Don%27t_We_Do_It_in_the_Road%3F" title="Why Don't We Do It in the Road?">Why Don't We Do It in the Road?</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Will" title="I Will">I Will</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Julia_(Beatles_song)" title="Julia (Beatles song)">Julia</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Side three</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Birthday_(Beatles_song)" title="Birthday (Beatles song)">Birthday</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yer_Blues" title="Yer Blues">Yer Blues</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mother_Nature%27s_Son" title="Mother Nature's Son">Mother Nature's Son</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Everybody%27s_Got_Something_to_Hide_Except_Me_and_My_Monkey" title="Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey">Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sexy_Sadie" title="Sexy Sadie">Sexy Sadie</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(song)" title="Helter Skelter (song)">Helter Skelter</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Long,_Long,_Long" title="Long, Long, Long">Long, Long, Long</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Side four</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Revolution_(Beatles_song)" title="Revolution (Beatles song)">Revolution 1</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Honey_Pie" title="Honey Pie">Honey Pie</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Savoy_Truffle" title="Savoy Truffle">Savoy Truffle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cry_Baby_Cry" title="Cry Baby Cry">Cry Baby Cry</a>"</li> <li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Revolution 9</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Good_Night_(Beatles_song)" title="Good Night (Beatles song)">Good Night</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-album single</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Hey_Jude" title="Hey Jude">Hey Jude</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Revolution_(Beatles_song)" title="Revolution (Beatles song)">Revolution</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outtakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Beginning" class="mw-redirect" title="A Beginning">A Beginning</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jealous_Guy" title="Jealous Guy">Child of Nature</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Circles_(George_Harrison_song)" title="Circles (George Harrison song)">Circles</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Etcetera_(song)" title="Etcetera (song)">Etcetera</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Junk_(song)" title="Junk (song)">Junk</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Not_Guilty_(song)" title="Not Guilty (song)">Not Guilty</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sour_Milk_Sea" title="Sour Milk Sea">Sour Milk Sea</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What%27s_the_New_Mary_Jane" title="What's the New Mary Jane">What's the New Mary Jane</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles_albums_discography" title="The Beatles albums discography">The Beatles albums discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles_in_India" title="The Beatles in India">The Beatles in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break-up_of_the_Beatles" title="Break-up of the Beatles">Break-up of the Beatles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Nature%27s_Son_(album)" title="Mother Nature's Son (album)">Mother Nature's Son</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Grey_Album" title="The Grey Album">The Grey Album</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_Phish_Volume_13" title="Live Phish Volume 13">Live Phish Volume 13</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b>The Beatles albums</b>:</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Please_Please_Me" title="Please Please Me">Please Please Me</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/With_the_Beatles" title="With the Beatles">With the Beatles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Hard_Day%27s_Night_(album)" title="A Hard Day's Night (album)">A Hard Day's Night</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beatles_for_Sale" title="Beatles for Sale">Beatles for Sale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Help!" title="Help!">Help!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rubber_Soul" title="Rubber Soul">Rubber Soul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolver_(Beatles_album)" title="Revolver (Beatles album)">Revolver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. 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