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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 155 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-155" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">155 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasionale_Fonetiese_Alfabet" title="Internasionale Fonetiese Alfabet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Internasionale Fonetiese Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationales_Phonetisches_Alphabet" title="Internationales Phonetisches Alphabet – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Internationales Phonetisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%93%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%80%E1%8D%8D_%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%9D%E1%8C%BB%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8D%8B%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B5" title="ዓለም አቀፍ ድምጻዊ አልፋቤት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዓለም አቀፍ ድምጻዊ አልፋቤት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ألفبائية صوتية دولية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفبائية صوتية دولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_Fonetico_Internacional" title="Alfabeto Fonetico Internacional – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alfabeto Fonetico Internacional" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfab%C3%A8t_fon%C3%A8tico_ent%C3%A8rnacion%C3%A2l" title="Alfabèt fonètico entèrnacionâl – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alfabèt fonètico entèrnacionâl" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="আন্তৰ্জাতিক ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞানৰ বৰ্ণমালা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আন্তৰ্জাতিক ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞানৰ বৰ্ণমালা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_Fon%C3%A9ticu_Internacional" title="Alfabetu Fonéticu Internacional – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu Fonéticu Internacional" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BDpu%27andu_Raity_Hetatet%C3%A3gua" title="Iñe'ẽpu'andu Raity Hetatetãgua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Iñe'ẽpu'andu Raity Hetatetãgua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернационалаб фонетикияб алфабет – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Интернационалаб фонетикияб алфабет" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyn%C9%99lxalq_fonetik_%C9%99lifba" title="Beynəlxalq fonetik əlifba – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beynəlxalq fonetik əlifba" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="میلتلرآراسی فونتیک الیفبا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میلتلرآراسی فونتیک الیفبا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-ch%C3%A8_Im-phiau" title="Kok-chè Im-phiau – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-chè Im-phiau" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Халыҡ-ара фонетик алфавит – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Халыҡ-ара фонетик алфавит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Міжнародны фанетычны алфавіт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міжнародны фанетычны алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Міжнародны фанэтычны альфабэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міжнародны фанэтычны альфабэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Международна фонетична азбука – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Международна фонетична азбука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationals_Phonetischs_Alphabet" title="Internationals Phonetischs Alphabet – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Internationals Phonetischs Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="རྒྱལ་སྤྱིའི་སྒྲ་རྟགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱལ་སྤྱིའི་སྒྲ་རྟགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodna_fonetska_abeceda" title="Međunarodna fonetska abeceda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Međunarodna fonetska abeceda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenneg_fonetek_etrebroadel" title="Lizherenneg fonetek etrebroadel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherenneg fonetek etrebroadel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_fon%C3%A8tic_internacional" title="Alfabet fonètic internacional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet fonètic internacional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%C4%95" title="Тĕнчери фонетика алфавичĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕнчери фонетика алфавичĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_fonetick%C3%A1_abeceda" title="Mezinárodní fonetická abeceda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezinárodní fonetická abeceda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_foneticu_internaziunale" title="Alfabetu foneticu internaziunale – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Alfabetu foneticu internaziunale" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddor_Seinegol_Ryngwladol" title="Gwyddor Seinegol Ryngwladol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyddor Seinegol Ryngwladol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_internationale_fonetiske_alfabet" title="Det internationale fonetiske alfabet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det internationale fonetiske alfabet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riikkaidgaskasa%C5%A1_fonetihkala%C5%A1_transkriberenvuog%C3%A1dat" title="Riikkaidgaskasaš fonetihkalaš transkriberenvuogádat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Riikkaidgaskasaš fonetihkalaš transkriberenvuogádat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innernatiunaal_Phoneddisch_Alphebedd" title="Innernatiunaal Phoneddisch Alphebedd – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Innernatiunaal Phoneddisch Alphebedd" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationales_Phonetisches_Alphabet" title="Internationales Phonetisches Alphabet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationales Phonetisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%A4%DE%B0%DE%88%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%A9_%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%91%DE%AA%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%A7%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%8A%DE%AA%DE%84%DE%A7" title="ބައިނަލްއަޤްވާމީ އަޑުބިނާގެ އަލިފުބާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބައިނަލްއަޤްވާމީ އަޑުބިނާގެ އަލިފުބާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA" title="IPA – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="IPA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%A6%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%91%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Διεθνές Φωνητικό Αλφάβητο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεθνές Φωνητικό Αλφάβητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="International Phonetic Alphabet" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_Fon%C3%A9tico_Internacional" title="Alfabeto Fonético Internacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internacia_Fonetika_Alfabeto" title="Internacia Fonetika Alfabeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Internacia Fonetika Alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_Fon%C3%A9ticu_Entrenacional" title="Alfabetu Fonéticu Entrenacional – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Alfabetu Fonéticu Entrenacional" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazioarteko_Alfabeto_Fonetikoa" title="Nazioarteko Alfabeto Fonetikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazioarteko Alfabeto Fonetikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C" title="الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" title="Alphabet phonétique international – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet phonétique international" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynternasjonaal_Fonetysk_Alfabet" title="Ynternasjonaal Fonetysk Alfabet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ynternasjonaal Fonetysk Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Aib%C3%ADtir_Idirn%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta_Foghra%C3%ADochta" title="An Aibítir Idirnáisiúnta Foghraíochta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Aibítir Idirnáisiúnta Foghraíochta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbyrlhit_Sheeanagh_Eddyrashoonagh" title="Abbyrlhit Sheeanagh Eddyrashoonagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Abbyrlhit Sheeanagh Eddyrashoonagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aibidil_Eadar-n%C3%A0iseanta_Fogharach" title="Aibidil Eadar-nàiseanta Fogharach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aibidil Eadar-nàiseanta Fogharach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_Fon%C3%A9tico_Internacional" title="Alfabeto Fonético Internacional – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Халкъашта юкъера фонетика алапат – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Халкъашта юкъера фонетика алапат" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="國際音標" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koet-chi_Y%C3%AEm-phi%C3%AAu" title="Koet-chi Yîm-phiêu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Koet-chi Yîm-phiêu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%EC%9D%8C%EC%84%B1_%EA%B8%B0%ED%98%B8" title="국제 음성 기호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제 음성 기호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Միջազգային հնչյունական այբուբեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջազգային հնչյունական այբուբեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodna_fonetska_abeceda" title="Međunarodna fonetska abeceda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međunarodna fonetska abeceda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internaciona_fonetikal_alfabeto" title="Internaciona fonetikal alfabeto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Internaciona fonetikal alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasional_a_Ponetiko_nga_Alpabeto" title="Internasional a Ponetiko nga Alpabeto – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Internasional a Ponetiko nga Alpabeto" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Fonetik_Internasional" title="Alfabet Fonetik Internasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Fonetik Internasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabeto_phonetic_international" title="Alphabeto phonetic international – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alphabeto phonetic international" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%85%D1%81%C3%A6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Æхсæнадæмон фонетикон алфавит – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æхсæнадæмон фонетикон алфавит" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0lega_hlj%C3%B3%C3%B0stafr%C3%B3fi%C3%B0" title="Alþjóðlega hljóðstafrófið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alþjóðlega hljóðstafrófið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_fonetico_internazionale" title="Alfabeto fonetico internazionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto fonetico internazionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="אלפבית פונטי בין-לאומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפבית פונטי בין-לאומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Fon%C3%A8tik_Internasional" title="Abjad Fonètik Internasional – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abjad Fonètik Internasional" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="საერთაშორისო ფონეტიკური ანბანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საერთაშორისო ფონეტიკური ანბანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Халықаралық фонетикалық әліпби – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Халықаралық фонетикалық әліпби" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_ya_kifonetiki_ya_kimataifa" title="Alfabeti ya kifonetiki ya kimataifa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alfabeti ya kifonetiki ya kimataifa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/API" title="API – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="API" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeya_fonet%C3%AEk_a_navnetewey%C3%AE" title="Alfabeya fonetîk a navneteweyî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alfabeya fonetîk a navneteweyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Fonetich_Internazionel" title="Alfabet Fonetich Internazionel – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Alfabet Fonetich Internazionel" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Халкьуннал дянивсса фонетикалул алфавит – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Халкьуннал дянивсса фонетикалул алфавит" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99" title="ສັດທະອັກສອນສາກົນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສັດທະອັກສອນສາກົນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoneticum_Internationale" title="Abecedarium Phoneticum Internationale – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abecedarium Phoneticum Internationale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautiskais_fon%C4%93tiskais_alfab%C4%93ts" title="Starptautiskais fonētiskais alfabēts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautiskais fonētiskais alfabēts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationaalt_Phoneetescht_Alphabet" title="Internationaalt Phoneetescht Alphabet – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Internationaalt Phoneetescht Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarptautin%C4%97_fonetin%C4%97_ab%C4%97c%C4%97l%C4%97" title="Tarptautinė fonetinė abėcėlė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarptautinė fonetinė abėcėlė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationaol_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaol Fonetisch Alfabet – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Internationaol Fonetisch Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_Fonetical_Internasional" title="Alfabeta Fonetical Internasional – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta Fonetical Internasional" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sornai_bacru_alfabeta" title="sornai bacru alfabeta – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sornai bacru alfabeta" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Fonetegh_Internazzional" title="Alfabet Fonetegh Internazzional – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Alfabet Fonetegh Internazzional" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetk%C3%B6zi_fonetikai_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" title="Nemzetközi fonetikai ábécé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetközi fonetikai ábécé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय ध्वन्यात्मक लिपि – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय ध्वन्यात्मक लिपि" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Меѓународна фонетска азбука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меѓународна фонетска азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidy_ara-drafipeo_iraisam-pirenena" title="Abidy ara-drafipeo iraisam-pirenena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abidy ara-drafipeo iraisam-pirenena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ერეფოშქაშე ფონეტიკური ანბანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერეფოშქაშე ფონეტიკური ანბანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81-%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ألف-به دوليه صوتيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ألف-به دوليه صوتيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Fonetik_Antarabangsa" title="Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Fonetik_Antaro_Banso" title="Abjad Fonetik Antaro Banso – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Abjad Fonetik Antaro Banso" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%B3k-ci%C3%A9_%C4%ACng-bi%C4%95u" title="Guók-cié Ĭng-biĕu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Guók-cié Ĭng-biĕu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abc_Fon%C3%A9tico_Anternacional" title="Abc Fonético Anternacional – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Abc Fonético Anternacional" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="နိုင်ငံတကာ သဒ္ဒဗေဒအက္ခရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်ငံတကာ သဒ္ဒဗေဒအက္ခရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasjonaal_Klaankenskrift" title="Internasjonaal Klaankenskrift – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Internasjonaal Klaankenskrift" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E5%A3%B0%E8%A8%98%E5%8F%B7" title="国際音声記号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際音声記号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%93%DF%8D%DF%9B%DF%8E%DF%B2%DF%AB_%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%9B%DF%99%DF%8B%DF%A1%DF%8A_%DF%96%DF%8A%DF%AF%DF%93%DF%A1%DF%8A" title="ߛߓߍߛߎ߲߫ ߞߊ߲ߡߊߛߙߋߡߊ ߖߊ߯ߓߡߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߛߓߍߛߎ߲߫ ߞߊ߲ߡߊߛߙߋߡߊ ߖߊ߯ߓߡߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Халкъашна йуккъера аьзнийн абат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Халкъашна йуккъера аьзнийн абат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA" title="IPA – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="IPA" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entanashunal_Fonetikl_Elphabet" title="Entanashunal Fonetikl Elphabet – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Entanashunal Fonetikl Elphabet" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_internasjonale_fonetiske_alfabetet" title="Det internasjonale fonetiske alfabetet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det internasjonale fonetiske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_internasjonale_fonetiske_alfabetet" title="Det internasjonale fonetiske alfabetet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det internasjonale fonetiske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/API" title="API – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="API" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_fonetic_internacionau" title="Alfabet fonetic internacionau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfabet fonetic internacionau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A4_%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF" title="ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣଗତ ଲିପି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣଗତ ଲିପି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalqaro_fonetik_alifbo" title="Xalqaro fonetik alifbo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xalqaro fonetik alifbo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੌਮਾਂਤਰੀ ਧੁਨਾਤਮਕ ਲਿਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੌਮਾਂਤਰੀ ਧੁਨਾਤਮਕ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="بین الاقوامی صوتیاتی ابجد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بین الاقوامی صوتیاتی ابجد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfab%C3%A8t_Fon%C3%A9tiko_Internashonal" title="Alfabèt Fonétiko Internashonal – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alfabèt Fonétiko Internashonal" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7" title="អក្ខរក្រមសូរវិទ្យាអន្ដរជាតិ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អក្ខរក្រមសូរវិទ្យាអន្ដរជាតិ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singne_dech_Cro%C3%A9z%C3%A8te_Fon%C3%A9tike_Int%C3%A9rnacional" title="Singne dech Croézète Fonétike Intérnacional – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Singne dech Croézète Fonétike Intérnacional" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_fon%C3%A9tich_int%C3%ABrnassional" title="Alfabet fonétich intërnassional – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alfabet fonétich intërnassional" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internatschonal_Phoneetsch_Alphabet" title="Internatschonal Phoneetsch Alphabet – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Internatschonal Phoneetsch Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowy_alfabet_fonetyczny" title="Międzynarodowy alfabet fonetyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Międzynarodowy alfabet fonetyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_fon%C3%A9tico_internacional" title="Alfabeto fonético internacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto fonético internacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationales_Phonetisches_Alphabet" title="Internationales Phonetisches Alphabet – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Internationales Phonetisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetul_Fonetic_Interna%C8%9Bional" title="Alfabetul Fonetic Internațional – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabetul Fonetic Internațional" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Международный фонетический алфавит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международный фонетический алфавит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Аан дойду фонетическай алпабыыта – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аан дойду фонетическай алпабыыта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D_%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_fon%C3%A8ticu_internatzionale" title="Alfabetu fonèticu internatzionale – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Alfabetu fonèticu internatzionale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internaitional_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patis_hengak_kkklangan" title="Patis hengak kkklangan – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Patis hengak kkklangan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_Fonetik_Nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtar" title="Alfabeti Fonetik Ndërkombëtar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti Fonetik Ndërkombëtar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%8A" title="بين الاقوامي وايوڪياتي لپي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بين الاقوامي وايوڪياتي لپي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%A1_fonetick%C3%A1_abeceda" title="Medzinárodná fonetická abeceda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mednarodna_foneti%C4%8Dna_abeceda" title="Mednarodna fonetična abeceda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mednarodna fonetična abeceda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjyndzynorodowe_F%C5%AFnetyczne_Abecad%C5%82o" title="Mjyndzynorodowe Fůnetyczne Abecadło – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjyndzynorodowe Fůnetyczne Abecadło" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Међународна фонетска абецеда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Међународна фонетска абецеда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodna_fonetska_abeceda" title="Međunarodna fonetska abeceda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Međunarodna fonetska abeceda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfab%C3%A9t_Fon%C3%A9tis_Internasional" title="Alfabét Fonétis Internasional – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alfabét Fonétis Internasional" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansainv%C3%A4linen_foneettinen_aakkosto" title="Kansainvälinen foneettinen aakkosto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansainvälinen foneettinen aakkosto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationella_fonetiska_alfabetet" title="Internationella fonetiska alfabetet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internationella fonetiska alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasyonal_na_Ponetikong_Alpabeto" title="Internasyonal na Ponetikong Alpabeto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Internasyonal na Ponetikong Alpabeto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="பன்னாட்டு ஒலிப்பியல் அரிச்சுவடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பன்னாட்டு ஒலிப்பியல் அரிச்சுவடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Халыкара фонетика әлифбасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Халыкара фонетика әлифбасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2" title="అంతర్జాతీయ ధ్వన్యాత్మక వర్ణమాల – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అంతర్జాతీయ ధ్వన్యాత్మక వర్ణమాల" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_Fon%C3%A9tiku_Internasion%C3%A1l" title="Alfabetu Fonétiku Internasionál – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Alfabetu Fonétiku Internasionál" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5" title="สัทอักษรสากล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัทอักษรสากล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Алифбои овонигории байналмилалӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алифбои овонигории байналмилалӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Fonetik_Alfabe" title="Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halkara_Fonetik_Elipbi%C3%BDi" title="Halkara Fonetik Elipbiýi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Halkara Fonetik Elipbiýi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Міжнародний фонетичний алфавіт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міжнародний фонетичний алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="بین الاقوامی صوتیاتی ابجد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بین الاقوامی صوتیاتی ابجد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83_%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%84%D9%89%D9%BE%D8%A8%DB%95" title="خەلقئارالىق فونېتىك ئېلىپبە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خەلقئارالىق فونېتىك ئېلىپبە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_fon%C3%A8tego_internasiona%C5%82e" title="Alfabeto fonètego internasionałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Alfabeto fonètego internasionałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_m%E1%BA%ABu_t%E1%BB%B1_ng%E1%BB%AF_%C3%A2m_qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BF" title="Bảng mẫu tự ngữ âm quốc tế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảng mẫu tự ngữ âm quốc tế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafab_fonetik_bev%C3%BCnetik" title="Lafab fonetik bevünetik – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lafab fonetik bevünetik" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_fonetike_etern%C3%A5cion%C3%A5" title="Alfabet fonetike eternåcionå – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Alfabet fonetike eternåcionå" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99%E5%AD%97" title="萬國音標字 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="萬國音標字" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationoal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationoal Fonetisch Alfabet – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Internationoal Fonetisch Alfabet" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankanasoran_Abakadahan_Fonetiko" title="Pankanasoran Abakadahan Fonetiko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pankanasoran Abakadahan Fonetiko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" title="国际音标 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国际音标" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國際音標" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeyo_%C5%9Earanmiyano_Fonetik" title="Alfabeyo Şaranmiyano Fonetik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alfabeyo Şaranmiyano Fonetik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國際音標" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="plainlinks selfreference noprint">For an introductory guide on IPA symbols with audio, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the usage of the IPA on Wikipedia, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Introduction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Help:IPA/Introduction (not yet started)">Help:IPA/Introduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">Help:IPA/English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9689576">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">International Phonetic Alphabet<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IPA_in_IPA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/IPA_in_IPA.svg/200px-IPA_in_IPA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/IPA_in_IPA.svg/300px-IPA_in_IPA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/IPA_in_IPA.svg/400px-IPA_in_IPA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="61" data-file-height="16" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">"IPA" in IPA (<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[aɪ pʰiː eɪ]</span>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;line-height:1.25em"> Alphabet </div> – partially <a href="/w/index.php?title=Featural_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Featural alphabet (not yet started)">featural</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">since 1888</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Used for <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> transcription of any language</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeotype_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeotype alphabet (not yet started)">Palaeotype alphabet</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Phonotypic_Alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="English Phonotypic Alphabet (not yet started)">English Phonotypic Alphabet</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romic_alphabet" title="Romic alphabet">Romic alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>International Phonetic Alphabet</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref" style="width: 22em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of phonetic symbols.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IPA_chart_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/IPA_chart_2020.svg/330px-IPA_chart_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="427" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/IPA_chart_2020.svg/495px-IPA_chart_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/IPA_chart_2020.svg/660px-IPA_chart_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>The official chart of the IPA, revised in 2020</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>International Phonetic Alphabet</b> (<b>IPA</b>) is a system for writing down sounds. It was created by the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a> in 1886, so that people could write down sounds of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a> in a standard way.<sup id="cite_ref-IPA_1999_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPA_1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguists</a>, language teachers, and <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translators</a> use this system to show the pronunciation for <a href="/wiki/Words" class="mw-redirect" title="Words">words</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> also uses the IPA to show how certain words are meant to be spoken. Most symbols are letters in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, or variations of it. For example, the <i>palatal approximant</i> (the <i>y</i> in <b>y</b>esterday) is written with [<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">j</span>]. In IPA symbols can be written between slashes (called a broad transcription, e.g."little" can be written as /lɪtl/ ) or in square brackets (called a narrow transcription, e.g. "little" can be written [lɪɾɫ], which is how specific groups say it). Narrow translation is more precise than broad. </p><p>The IPA has symbols only for sounds that are used normally in spoken languages. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet (not yet started)">Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (or extIPA) are used to write down other sounds. </p><p>The IPA is sometimes changed, and symbols are added or taken away. Right now there are 107 different letters in the IPA. There are also 52 marks which are added to letters to change their sound. These marks are called "diacritics". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1886, a group of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> language teachers formed the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a>. These teachers used the <a href="/wiki/Romic_alphabet" title="Romic alphabet">Romic alphabet</a> at first. They later changed the alphabet so that different languages would all write the same sounds with the same letters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_the_alphabet">Use of the alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Use of the alphabet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Use of the alphabet"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPA is made to have one symbol for every sound. This means that every letter always makes the same one sound. This is different from English. In English, some letters make multiple sounds. For example, the letter <x> in English normally is spoken as two sounds ([ks]), but could also be spoken as [gz] or [z]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters">Letters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Letters" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Letters"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The International Phonetic Alphabet has letters for three types of sounds: pulmonic consonants, non-pulmonic consonants, and vowels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulmonic_consonants">Pulmonic consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Pulmonic consonants" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Pulmonic consonants"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pulmonic consonants are made by blocking air coming from the lungs. Most consonants (and all English consonants) are pulmonic. The symbols for these sounds are arranged in a table. The rows show how the sound is made (the <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a>), and the columns show where it is made (the <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a>). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8034725">.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-captioned{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background:#f8f9fa;padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-caption{padding:0.2em;text-align:center;background:#f2f2ce}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table .wraplinks .selflink{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th:not(.IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow)[scope="col"]{text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;max-width:4em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th:not(.IPA-pulmonic-placearrow)[scope="row"]{text-align:left;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable td{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable:not(.IPA-common-audiotable) td:not([colspan]){text-align:center;max-width:1.2em;min-width:1.2em;padding:0.1em 0.2em;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-audiotable td{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-noleftborder{border-left:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-norightborder{border-right:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notopborder{border-top:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-nobottomborder{border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-shaded{background-color:#ddd}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes{text-align:left;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div{float:right}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div ul{white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div ul li{word-spacing:-0.125em}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="IPA-common-captioned" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="IPA-common-caption" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IPA</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulmonic_consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulmonic consonant (not yet started)">Pulmonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8034730">.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-placearrow{border-bottom:none;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow{border-top:none;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom}.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(even),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(9):not(.IPA-common-rightborder),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(11):not(.IPA-common-rightborder){border-right:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(odd),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(10):not(.IPA-common-leftborder),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(12):not(.IPA-common-leftborder){border-left:none}</style> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable IPA-pulmonic-main" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a> → </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a> ↓ </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_nasal" title="Voiced linguolabial nasal">n̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiceless retroflex nasal">ɳ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiceless labiodental plosive">p̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiced labiodental plosive">b̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiceless linguolabial plosive">t̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiced linguolabial plosive">d̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t̠ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d̠ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">ʈʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">ɖʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant affricate </th> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiceless bilabial affricate">pɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiced bilabial affricate">bβ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">p̪f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiced labiodental affricate">b̪v</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate">t̪θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate">d̪ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate">tɹ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate">dɹ̝</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">t̠ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">d̠ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">cç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_affricate" title="Voiceless velar affricate">kx</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_affricate" title="Voiced velar affricate">ɡɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">qχ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_affricate" title="Voiced uvular affricate">ɢʁ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiceless epiglottal affricate">ʡʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiced epiglottal affricate">ʡʢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_affricate" title="Voiceless glottal affricate">ʔh</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sibilant <a href="/wiki/Fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative">fricative</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiceless linguolabial fricative">θ̼</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiced linguolabial fricative">ð̼</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">θ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ð̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant" title="Creaky-voiced glottal approximant">ʔ̞</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_flap" title="Voiced bilabial flap">ⱱ̟</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_flap" title="Voiced labiodental flap">ⱱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_tap" title="Voiced linguolabial tap">ɾ̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar tap">ɾ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex flap">ɽ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_tap" title="Voiced velar tap">ɡ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced uvular tap and flap">ɢ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_tap" title="Voiced epiglottal tap">ʡ̆</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_trill" title="Voiceless bilabial trill">ʙ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_trill" title="Voiced bilabial trill">ʙ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_trill" title="Voiceless retroflex trill">ɽ̊r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_trill" title="Voiced retroflex trill">ɽr</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">ʀ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar lateral affricate">dɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate">ʈɭ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex lateral affricate">ɖɭ˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal lateral affricate">cʎ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced palatal lateral affricate">ɟʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless velar lateral affricate">kʟ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced velar lateral affricate">ɡʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative">ɭ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex lateral fricative">ɭ˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">ʟ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced velar lateral fricative">ʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral approximant </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced uvular lateral approximant">ʟ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral tap/flap </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral flap">ɺ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap" title="Voiced alveolar lateral flap">ɺ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral flap">ɭ̥̆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">ɭ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_flap" title="Voiced palatal lateral flap">ʎ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_tap" title="Voiced velar lateral tap">ʟ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Symbols to the right in a cell are <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, to the left are <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a>. <span style="display: inline-block;">Gray areas are sounds which are impossible.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-pulmonic_consonants">Non-pulmonic consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Non-pulmonic consonants" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Non-pulmonic consonants"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-pulmonic consonants are made without air coming from the lungs. There are three types of non-pulmonic consonants. <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive consonants</a> are made by taking air into the mouth. <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective consonants</a> are made by forcing the air out of the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> instead of the lungs. <a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click consonants</a> are made by creating an airtight pocket in the mouth and quickly releasing it. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8034725"> </p> <table role="presentation" class="IPA-common-captioned" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="IPA-common-caption" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IPA</a>: Non-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulmonic_consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulmonic consonant (not yet started)">pulmonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable" style=""> <tbody><tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant"><abbr title="Bilabial">BL</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant"><abbr title="Labiodental">LD</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant"><abbr title="Dental">D</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant"><abbr title="Alveolar">A</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant"><abbr title="Postalveolar">PA</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant"><abbr title="Retroflex">RF</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant"><abbr title="Palatal">P</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant"><abbr title="Velar">V</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant"><abbr title="Uvular">U</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant"><abbr title="Epiglottal">EG</abbr></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_stop" title="Retroflex ejective stop">ʈʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_ejective_stop" title="Palatal ejective stop">cʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_ejective" title="Epiglottal ejective">ʡʼ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_affricate" title="Dental ejective affricate">t̪θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t̠ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_affricate" title="Retroflex ejective affricate">ʈʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">kxʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular ejective affricate">qχʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_fricative" title="Bilabial ejective fricative">ɸʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_fricative" title="Dental ejective fricative">θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_fricative" title="Retroflex ejective fricative">ʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">xʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">χʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Palatal lateral ejective affricate">cʎ̝̊ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Velar lateral ejective affricate">kʟ̝̊ʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a><br />(top: velar;<br />bottom: uvular) </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_bilabial_click" title="Tenuis bilabial click">kʘ<br />qʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">kǀ<br />qǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_click" title="Tenuis alveolar click">kǃ<br />qǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_retroflex_click" title="Tenuis retroflex click">k‼<br />q‼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_palatal_click" title="Tenuis palatal click">kǂ<br />qǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_click" title="Voiced bilabial click">ɡʘ<br />ɢʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_click" title="Voiced dental click">ɡǀ<br />ɢǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_click" title="Voiced alveolar click">ɡǃ<br />ɢǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_click" title="Voiced retroflex click">ɡ‼<br />ɢ‼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_click" title="Voiced palatal click">ɡǂ<br />ɢǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">Nasal</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal click">ŋʘ<br />ɴʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ŋǀ<br />ɴǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">ŋǃ<br />ɴǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal click">ŋ‼<br />ɴ‼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal click">ŋǂ<br />ɴǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Back-released_velar_click" title="Back-released velar click">ʞ</a></span><br />  </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Tenuis <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral click">lateral</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">kǁ<br />qǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Voiced lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_click" title="Voiced alveolar lateral click">ɡǁ<br />ɢǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nasal lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral nasal click">ŋǁ<br />ɴǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a> </th> <th scope="row">Voiced </th> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">ᶑ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_implosive" title="Voiced uvular implosive">ʛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiceless bilabial implosive">ɓ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_implosive" title="Voiceless alveolar implosive">ɗ̥</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiceless retroflex implosive">ᶑ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_implosive" title="Voiceless palatal implosive">ʄ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_implosive" title="Voiceless velar implosive">ɠ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_implosive" title="Voiceless uvular implosive">ʛ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a>|</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_non-pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Gray areas are sounds which are impossible. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Vowels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Vowels"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vowels are sounds made without blocking air at all. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8034725"> </p> <table role="presentation" class="IPA-common-captioned" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="IPA-common-caption" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IPA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8034731">.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-noaudio{background:#f8f9fa url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/320px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png")bottom 10%right 10%no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-audio{background:#f8f9fa url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/600px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png")bottom 10%right 10%no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main{table-layout:fixed;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-nocaption{border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main th{vertical-align:middle;background:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main th[scope="col"]{text-align:center;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main th[scope="row"]{text-align:right;padding-left:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main td{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-noaudio td{width:106.67px;min-width:106.67px;height:32px}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-audio td{width:200px;min-width:200px;height:60px}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-minorcaption{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container{display:flex;justify-content:center;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-dot{text-align:center;width:1em;background:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-left{max-width:1em;min-width:1em;direction:rtl;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-left>span{padding-left:0.2em;background:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-right{max-width:1em;min-width:1em;direction:ltr;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-right>span{padding-right:0.2em;background:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-single{padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;background:#f8f9fa}</style> <table class="nowrap IPA-vowels-main IPA-vowels-noaudio" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); transform: translate(-26px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); transform: translate(-26px, 8px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); transform: translate(-26px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); transform: translate(-6px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); transform: translate(-6px, 8px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); transform: translate(-6px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 8px); transform: translate(13px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 8px); transform: translate(13px, 8px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 8px); transform: translate(13px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-close_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Near-close vowel (not yet started)">Near-close</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(30px, 6px); transform: translate(30px, 6px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(30px, 6px); transform: translate(30px, 6px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(30px, 6px); transform: translate(30px, 6px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); transform: translate(-22px, 6px);"></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); transform: translate(-22px, 6px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); transform: translate(-22px, 6px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close-mid_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close-mid vowel (not yet started)">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(14px, 4px); transform: translate(14px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(14px, 4px); transform: translate(14px, 4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(14px, 4px); transform: translate(14px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(12px, 4px); transform: translate(12px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(12px, 4px); transform: translate(12px, 4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(12px, 4px); transform: translate(12px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 4px); transform: translate(13px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 4px); transform: translate(13px, 4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 4px); transform: translate(13px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(37px, 2px); transform: translate(37px, 2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(37px, 2px); transform: translate(37px, 2px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(37px, 2px); transform: translate(37px, 2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-single" style="-ms-transform: translate(25px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(25px, 2px); transform: translate(25px, 2px);"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 2px); transform: translate(13px, 2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 2px); transform: translate(13px, 2px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 2px); transform: translate(13px, 2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-mid_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open-mid vowel (not yet started)">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(59px, 0px); transform: translate(59px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(59px, 0px); transform: translate(59px, 0px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(59px, 0px); transform: translate(59px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(34px, 0px); transform: translate(34px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(34px, 0px); transform: translate(34px, 0px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(34px, 0px); transform: translate(34px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 0px); transform: translate(13px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 0px); transform: translate(13px, 0px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 0px); transform: translate(13px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-open_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Near-open vowel (not yet started)">Near-open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(80px, -2px); transform: translate(80px, -2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(80px, -2px); transform: translate(80px, -2px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(80px, -2px); transform: translate(80px, -2px);"></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-single" style="-ms-transform: translate(46px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(46px, -2px); transform: translate(46px, -2px);"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(102px, -4px); transform: translate(102px, -4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(102px, -4px); transform: translate(102px, -4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(102px, -4px); transform: translate(102px, -4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(57px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(57px, -4px); transform: translate(57px, -4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(57px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(57px, -4px); transform: translate(57px, -4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(57px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(57px, -4px); transform: translate(57px, -4px);"></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, -4px); transform: translate(13px, -4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, -4px); transform: translate(13px, -4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, -4px); transform: translate(13px, -4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122542">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IPA vowel chart with audio (not yet started)">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_vowels" title="Template:IPA vowels">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Vowels beside dots are: <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded <span style="color: #000;">•</span> rounded</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IPA_1999-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IPA_1999_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Phonetic_Association1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofintern0000inte"><i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65236-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65236-7"><bdi>0-521-65236-7</bdi></a>. (hb); (pb).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-65236-7&rft.au=International+Phonetic+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofintern0000inte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Phonetic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/">Homepage of the International Phonetic Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100502080218/http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/">Archived</a> 2010-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulmeier.com/ipacharts/">Interactive IPA Flash Charts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter1/chapter1.html">Interactive IPA Chart, for all languages</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_History_*_Spread_*_Romanization_*_Roman_numerals_*_Ligatures"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Latin script (not yet started)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spread of the Latin script (not yet started)">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin-script_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin-script alphabet (not yet started)">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_alphabets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Latin-script alphabets (not yet started)">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Latin_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical Latin alphabet (not yet started)">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spelling alphabet (not yet started)">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin-script_multigraph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin-script multigraph (not yet started)">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Latin-script digraphs (not yet started)">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch_(digraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ch (digraph) (not yet started)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dz_(digraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dz (digraph) (not yet started)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%BE_(digraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dž (digraph) (not yet started)">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gh_(digraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gh (digraph) (not yet started)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IJ_(digraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IJ (digraph) (not yet started)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lj_(digraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lj (digraph) (not yet started)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ll (not yet started)">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_ly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian ly (not yet started)">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nh_(digraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nh (digraph) (not yet started)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nj_(digraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nj (digraph) (not yet started)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ny_(digraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ny (digraph) (not yet started)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh_(digraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sh (digraph) (not yet started)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sz_(digraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sz (digraph) (not yet started)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th_(digraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Th (digraph) (not yet started)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs (not yet started)">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_dzs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian dzs (not yet started)">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eau_(trigraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eau (trigraph) (not yet started)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs (not yet started)">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ough_(orthography)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ough (orthography) (not yet started)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs (not yet started)">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tzsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tzsch (not yet started)">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts (not yet started)">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO/IEC_646&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO/IEC 646 (not yet started)">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_script_in_Unicode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin script in Unicode (not yet started)">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Latin character sets (computing) (not yet started)">Western Latin character sets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DIN_91379&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIN 91379 (not yet started)">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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