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Tillgänglig på 28 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84_1876" title="انتفاضة أبريل 1876 – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتفاضة أبريل 1876" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_(1876)" title="Красавіцкае паўстанне (1876) – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Красавіцкае паўстанне (1876)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Априлско въстание – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Априлско въстание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_d%27abril" title="Revolta d'abril – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolta d'abril" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubnov%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Dubnové povstání – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dubnové povstání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprilaufstand" title="Aprilaufstand – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aprilaufstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprilli%C3%BClest%C3%B5us" title="Aprilliülestõus – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aprilliülestõus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Uprising_of_1876" title="April Uprising of 1876 – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="April Uprising of 1876" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublevaci%C3%B3n_de_Abril" title="Sublevación de Abril – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sublevación de Abril" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprila_ribelo_de_1876" title="Aprila ribelo de 1876 – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aprila ribelo de 1876" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apirileko_Altxaldia" title="Apirileko Altxaldia – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apirileko Altxaldia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection_bulgare_d%27avril_1876" title="Insurrection bulgare d'avril 1876 – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Insurrection bulgare d'avril 1876" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_April" title="Pemberontakan April – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan April" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolta_d%27aprile" title="Rivolta d'aprile – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivolta d'aprile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9C_(%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94)" title="מרד אפריל (בולגריה) – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרד אפריל (בולגריה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="აპრილის აჯანყება – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აპრილის აჯანყება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%83%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96_(%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Сәуір көтерілісі (Болгария) – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сәуір көтерілісі (Болгария)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Априлско востание – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Априлско востание" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprilopstand" title="Aprilopstand – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aprilopstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_kwietniowe" title="Powstanie kwietniowe – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie kwietniowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_de_Abril_(1876)" title="Revolta de Abril (1876) – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolta de Abril (1876)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_bulgar%C4%83_din_aprilie_1876" title="Revolta bulgară din aprilie 1876 – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revolta bulgară din aprilie 1876" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(1876)" title="Апрельское восстание (1876) – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Апрельское восстание (1876)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apr%C3%ADlov%C3%A9_povstanie" title="Aprílové povstanie – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aprílové povstanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Априлски устанак – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Априлски устанак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar_%C4%B0syanlar%C4%B1" title="Bulgar İsyanları – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bulgar İsyanları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97_(1876)" title="Квітневе повстання в Болгарії (1876) – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Квітневе повстання в Болгарії (1876)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A1876%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="保加利亚1876年起义 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保加利亚1876年起义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><p><b>Aprilupproret</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgariska" title="Bulgariska">bulgariska</a>: Априлско въстание) var ett uppror som organiserades av <a href="/wiki/Bulgarer" title="Bulgarer">bulgarer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Osmanska_riket" title="Osmanska riket">Osmanska riket</a> från april till maj <a href="/wiki/1876" title="1876">1876</a> och som indirekt ledde till <a href="/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien">Bulgariens</a> frigörelse <a href="/wiki/1878" title="1878">1878</a>. </p><p>Upproret bröt ut som ett resultat av de svåra inre och yttre problem som Osmanska riket upplevde i mitten av <a href="/wiki/1870-talet" title="1870-talet">1870-talet</a>. <a href="/wiki/1875" title="1875">1875</a> höjdes de skatter som togs ut av icke-muslimer, därför att man fruktade att staten skulle bli bankrutt. Skattehöjningen orsakade i sin tur spänningar mellan <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">muslimer</a> och <a href="/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom">kristna</a> och ledde till ett uppror i <a href="/wiki/Bosnien_och_Hercegovina" title="Bosnien och Hercegovina">Bosnien och Hercegovina</a>. När den osmanska överheten inte kunde hantera upproret med framgång visades hur svag staten var, samtidigt som de grymheter som följde diskrediterade imperiet inför omvärlden. </p><p>I november <a href="/wiki/1875" title="1875">1875</a> möttes aktivister från <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgariska_revolution%C3%A4ra_centralkommitt%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgariska revolutionära centralkommittén [inte skriven än]">Bulgariska revolutionära centralkommittén</a> i den <a href="/wiki/Rum%C3%A4nien" title="Rumänien">rumänska</a> staden <a href="/wiki/Giurgiu" title="Giurgiu">Giurgiu</a> och bestämde att den politiska situationen var lämpad för ett allmänt uppror. Upproret planerades till april eller maj 1876. Bulgariens territorium indelades i fem revolutionsdistrikt med centrum i <a href="/wiki/Vratsa" title="Vratsa">Vratsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veliko_T%C4%83rnovo" title="Veliko Tărnovo">Veliko Tărnovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sliven" title="Sliven">Sliven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> och <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>. </p><p>Under förberedelserna för upproret gav organisatörerna upp idén om ett femte revolutionsdistrikt i <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> på grund av det dåliga tillståndet hos de lokala revolutionskommittéerna, och flyttade det fjärde revolutionsdistriktets centrum från <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> till <a href="/wiki/Panagjurisjte" title="Panagjurisjte">Panagjurisjte</a>. <a href="/wiki/14_april" title="14 april">14 april</a> <a href="/wiki/1876" title="1876">1876</a> hölls ett allmänt möte av kommittéerna från det fjärde revolutionsdistriktet i området Oborisjte nära Panagjurisjte för att diskutera utropandet av upproret. En av delegaterna avslöjade dock planerna för de osmanska myndigheterna. <a href="/wiki/20_april" title="20 april">20 april</a> <a href="/wiki/1876" title="1876">1876</a> försökte den osmanska polisen gripa ledaren för den lokala revolutionskommittén i <a href="/wiki/Koprivsjtitsa" title="Koprivsjtitsa">Koprivsjtitsa</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Todor_Kablesjkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Todor Kablesjkov [inte skriven än]">Todor Kablesjkov</a>. </p><p>I enlighet med de beslut som tagits i Oborisjte angrep den lokala kommittén den osmanska polisens högkvarter i staden och utropade upproret två veckor i förväg. Inom några dagar spreds upproret till hela <a href="/wiki/Sredna_Gora" title="Sredna Gora">Sredna Goraområdet</a> och till ett antal städer och byar i nordvästra <a href="/wiki/Rodopibergen" title="Rodopibergen">Rodopibergen</a>. Upproret bröt ut även i de andra revolutionsdistrikten, fast i mycket mindre skala. Områdena <a href="/wiki/Gabrovo" title="Gabrovo">Gabrovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trjavna" title="Trjavna">Trjavna</a> och <a href="/wiki/Pavlikeni,_Bulgarien" title="Pavlikeni, Bulgarien">Pavlikeni</a> gjorde också uppror, liksom flera byar norr och söder om Sliven och nära <a href="/wiki/Berovo" title="Berovo">Berovo</a> (i nuvarande <a href="/wiki/Nordmakedonien" title="Nordmakedonien">Nordmakedonien</a>). </p><p>De osmanska myndigheterna reagerade snabbt och skoningslöst. Grupper av reguljära och irreguljära osmanska trupper (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basjibosuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basjibosuk [inte skriven än]">basjibosuker</a>) mobiliserades och anföll de första upprorsstäderna så tidigt som 25 april. I mitten av maj var upproret helt underkuvat. Ungefär 30 000 människor dödades, 80 byar och städer brändes ner och 200 andra plundrades. Grymheterna som medföljde underkuvandet av upproret var som värst i norra Rodopibergen. Nästan hela befolkningen i staden <a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> (3 000 människor) dödades av osmanska irreguljära trupper som lämnade högar av lik runt torget och kyrkan. </p><p>Även om själva upproret var ett misslyckande i sig självt orsakade det ett väldigt ramaskri i Europa. Bilderna av brända och slaktade människokroppar och artiklarna om osmanernas grymheter gick runt bland alla europeiska tidningar och väckte fördömanden från ett antal ledande europeiska politiker och kulturpersonligheter, däribland <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> och <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>. Den oro som orsakades av upproret ledde till <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantinopelkonferensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantinopelkonferensen [inte skriven än]">Konstantinopelkonferensen</a> 1876 och <a href="/wiki/Rysk-turkiska_kriget_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Rysk-turkiska kriget (1877–1878)">rysk-turkiska kriget</a> 1877–1878. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aprilupproret&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aprilupproret&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="plainlinks"><i>Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från <a href="/wiki/Engelskspr%C3%A5kiga_Wikipedia" title="Engelskspråkiga Wikipedia">engelskspråkiga Wikipedia</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Uprising">April Uprising</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising&oldid=22948706">8 oktober 2005</a>.</i></span></dd></dl>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aprilupproret&oldid=55789989">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aprilupproret&oldid=55789989</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bulgarien_under_1800-talet" title="Kategori:Bulgarien under 1800-talet">Bulgarien under 1800-talet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Osmanska_riket_under_1870-talet" title="Kategori:Osmanska riket under 1870-talet">Osmanska riket under 1870-talet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Krigs%C3%A5ret_1876" title="Kategori:Krigsåret 1876">Krigsåret 1876</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Dold kategori: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Enwp" title="Kategori:Enwp">Enwp</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 21 augusti 2024 kl. 15.41.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. 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