CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"abbeb713-6212-4133-b359-b7240ee98ec1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language","wgTitle":"The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language","wgCurRevisionId":1241138438,"wgRevisionId":1241138438,"wgArticleId":8903109,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: untitled periodical","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Cambridge University Press books","English grammar books","2002 non-fiction books","Leonard Bloomfield Book Award books"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language","wgRelevantArticleId":8903109, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7721055","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1e/TheCambridgeGrammarOfTheEnglishLanguage.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1718"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1e/TheCambridgeGrammarOfTheEnglishLanguage.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1145"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="916"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language rootpage-The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contributors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lexical_and_phrasal_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexical_and_phrasal_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lexical and phrasal categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexical_and_phrasal_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntactic_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntactic_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Syntactic functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntactic_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivative_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivative_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Derivative works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivative_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language" title="The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7721055#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&oldid=1241138438" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&id=1241138438&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7721055" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2002 compendium on the English language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft.author=%5B%5BRodney+Huddleston%5D%5D%3Cbr+%2F%3E%5B%5BGeoffrey+K.+Pullum%5D%5D&rft.date=April+15%2C+2002&rft.pub=%5B%5BCambridge+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.pages=1%2C860&rft_id=info:oclcnum/46641801"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TheCambridgeGrammarOfTheEnglishLanguage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/TheCambridgeGrammarOfTheEnglishLanguage.jpg/220px-TheCambridgeGrammarOfTheEnglishLanguage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1e/TheCambridgeGrammarOfTheEnglishLanguage.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="375" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Book cover</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Huddleston" title="Rodney Huddleston">Rodney Huddleston</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_K._Pullum" title="Geoffrey K. Pullum">Geoffrey K. Pullum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data">Comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive grammar">descriptive grammar</a> of the English language</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">April 15, 2002</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (<a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">1,860</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8">0-521-43146-8</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46641801">46641801</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</b></i> (<i><b>CamGEL</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a descriptive grammar of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>. Its primary authors are <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Huddleston" title="Rodney Huddleston">Rodney Huddleston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_K._Pullum" title="Geoffrey K. Pullum">Geoffrey K. Pullum</a>. Huddleston was the only author to work on every chapter. It was published by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> in 2002 and has been cited more than 8,000 times.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1988, Huddleston published a very critical review of the 1985 book <i><a href="/wiki/A_Comprehensive_Grammar_of_the_English_Language" title="A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language">A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-RH_ComGEL_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RH_ComGEL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>[T]here are some respects in which it is seriously flawed and disappointing. A number of quite basic categories and concepts do not seem to have been thought through with sufficient care; this results in a remarkable amount of unclarity and inconsistency in the analysis, and in the organization of the grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-RH_ComGEL_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RH_ComGEL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A year later, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland" title="University of Queensland">University of Queensland</a> provided a special projects grant to launch a project for an alternative reference grammar, and Huddleston began work on what was provisionally titled <i>The Cambridge Grammar of English</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1989 to 1995, "workshops were held regularly in Brisbane and Sydney to develop ideas for the framework and content of the grammar".<sup id="cite_ref-CP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pullum joined the project in 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Culicover_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Culicover-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after Huddleston "bemoaned the problems he was having in maintaining the momentum of this huge project, at that time already five years underway".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributors">Contributors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contributors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Huddleston is the sole author of seven of the chapters and co-author of the other thirteen. Pullum is co-author of six chapters. In alphabetical order, the other authors are <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Bauer" title="Laurie Bauer">Laurie Bauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Birner" title="Betty Birner">Betty J. Birner</a>, Ted Briscoe, Peter Collins, Anita Mittwoch, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Nunberg" title="Geoffrey Nunberg">Geoffrey Nunberg</a>, John Payne, <a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer" title="Frank R. Palmer">Frank Palmer</a>, Peter Peterson, Lesley Stirling, and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Ward" title="Gregory Ward">Gregory Ward</a>. </p><p>Additionally, Ray Cattell, <a href="/wiki/David_Denison" title="David Denison">David Denison</a> and David Lee provided "crucial draft material".<sup id="cite_ref-CP_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A board of consultants comprised <a href="/wiki/Barry_Blake" title="Barry Blake">Barry Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Bernard Comrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greville_G_Corbett" title="Greville G Corbett">Greville Corbett</a>, Edward Finegan, <a href="/wiki/John_Lyons_(linguist)" title="John Lyons (linguist)">John Lyons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hugoe_Matthews" title="Peter Hugoe Matthews">Peter Matthews</a>, Keith Mitchell, <a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer" title="Frank R. Palmer">Frank Palmer</a>, John Payne, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Smith_(linguist)" title="Neil Smith (linguist)">Neil Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Sussex" title="Roland Sussex">Roland Sussex</a>, and the late <a href="/wiki/James_D._McCawley" title="James D. McCawley">James D. McCawley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CP_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>CamGEL</i> is a descriptive grammar with the main objective of reducing "the large gap that exists between traditional grammar and the partial descriptions of English grammar proposed by those working in the field of linguistics."<sup id="cite_ref-CP_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ostensibly, it is written for a reader with no background in English grammar or linguistics, though, as Leech notes, "in practice the intensity of detail, including much unfamiliar terminology, is likely to deter the nonspecialist."<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Leech-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 125">: 125 </span></sup> It includes a list of sources for further reading but does not cite any sources in the main text. It is informal in the sense that it is not based on a grammatical <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(linguistics)" title="Formalism (linguistics)">formalism</a>. </p><p>Though it includes a lexical index and a conceptual index, it is not structured to facilitate the simple look-up of a particular fact or concept. Instead, it is mostly expository, with many lists and examples and 40 tree diagrams. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>CamGEL</i> does not explicitly put forward a theory of grammar, but the implicit theory is a <a href="/wiki/Model-theoretic_grammar" title="Model-theoretic grammar">model theoretic</a> <a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">phrase structure grammar</a>, rejecting any kind of <a href="/wiki/Transformational_grammar" title="Transformational grammar">transformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every node in the <a href="/wiki/Parse_tree" title="Parse tree">phrase structure tree</a> is denoted with a category label, either lexical or phrasal. The edges are labelled with a function label that denotes the syntactic function (always distinguished from category) of the child node in the parent node. The result is a tree like the following. This presents <i>this is a tree</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>. The clause is made up of a <a href="/wiki/English_nouns#The_syntax_of_nouns_and_noun_phrases" title="English nouns">noun phrase</a> (NP) which functions as the subject of the clause and a verb phrase (VP), which functions as the head of the clause. The VP, in turn, is made up of a verb (V), which functions as its head and an NP which functions as its predicative complement (PredComp). (As indicated by the triangle, the internal details of each NP are not shown.) </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_diagram_for_%22This_is_a_tree%22.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tree diagram for "This is a tree""><img alt="Tree diagram for "This is a tree"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tree_diagram_for_%22This_is_a_tree%22.png/220px-Tree_diagram_for_%22This_is_a_tree%22.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tree_diagram_for_%22This_is_a_tree%22.png/330px-Tree_diagram_for_%22This_is_a_tree%22.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Tree_diagram_for_%22This_is_a_tree%22.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="246" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexical_and_phrasal_categories">Lexical and phrasal categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lexical and phrasal categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lexical and phrasal categories are given in the following table. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Lexical and phrasal categories in <i>CamGEL</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><blockquote><p>Lexical category</p></blockquote> </th> <th colspan="2">Phrasal category </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_nouns" title="English nouns">Noun</a> (N) </td> <td>Nominal (Nom) </td> <td>Noun phrase (NP) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_verbs" title="English verbs">Verb</a> (V) </td> <td>Verb phrase (VP) </td> <td>Clause </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_adjectives" title="English adjectives">Adjective (Adj)</a> </td> <td>Adjective phrase (AdjP) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_adverbs" title="English adverbs">Adverb</a> (Adv) </td> <td>Adverb phrase (AdvP) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_prepositions" title="English prepositions">Preposition</a> (P) </td> <td>Preposition phrase (PP) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Determinative (D) </td> <td>Determinative phrase (DP) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_interjections" title="English interjections">Interjection</a> </td> <td>Interjection phrase<sup id="cite_ref-C15_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1361n">: 1361n </span></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coordinator </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subordinator </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The category Noun includes <a href="/wiki/English_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="English pronoun">Pronoun</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-C05_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C05-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 327">: 327 </span></sup> the category Verb includes <a href="/wiki/English_auxiliary_verbs" title="English auxiliary verbs">Auxiliary Verb</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-C03_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 74–75">: 74–75 </span></sup> the categories Adverb and Preposition are respectively much reduced and enlarged from those in traditional accounts of grammar;<sup id="cite_ref-C06_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C06-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 564">: 564 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C07_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C07-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 599–601">: 599–601 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Leech-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 130–134">: 130–134 </span></sup> the category Determinative is by some other authors called "<a href="/wiki/English_determiners" title="English determiners">determiner</a>" (a term that <i>CamGEL</i> uses for a function<sup id="cite_ref-C01_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C01-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 24–25">: 24–25 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C05_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C05-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 354–358">: 354–358 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Leech-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 130–134">: 130–134 </span></sup>); the category Coordinator approximates to what are traditionally termed "<a href="/wiki/Coordinating_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating conjunction">coordinating conjunctions</a>";<sup id="cite_ref-C15_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1278n">: 1278n </span></sup> the category Subordinator is used for a small subset of what have traditionally been termed "<a href="/wiki/Subordinating_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordinating conjunction">subordinating conjunctions</a>" (the great majority of which are categorized as Prepositions).<sup id="cite_ref-C07_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C07-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 599–600">: 599–600 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Leech-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 130–134">: 130–134 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rev_Aarts_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Aarts-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 376">: 376 </span></sup> </p><p>Syntacticians tend to analyse a constituent such as <i>the good weather</i> either as headed by <i>weather</i> or as headed by <i>the</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>CamGEL</i> argues<sup id="cite_ref-C05_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C05-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 357–358">: 357–358 </span></sup> for the former approach, whereby <i>the good weather</i> is termed a Noun Phrase, and its head <i>good weather</i> is termed a Nominal.<sup id="cite_ref-C05_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C05-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 329">: 329 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rev_Aarts_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Aarts-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 370">: 370 </span></sup> It also follows <a href="/wiki/John_R._Ross" title="John R. Ross">John Ross</a> in analyzing auxiliaries as main verbs (a "catenative-auxiliary analysis") rather than dependents (a "dependent-auxiliary analysis").<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 104">: 104 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C14_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C14-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1176–1178">: 1176–1178 </span></sup> </p><p>According to <i>CamGEL</i>, a clause is a kind of phrase headed by a VP,<sup id="cite_ref-C02_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C02-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 50">: 50 </span></sup> but <i>CamGEL</i> includes a discussion of "verbless clauses", which lack a head VP.<sup id="cite_ref-C14_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C14-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1266–1268">: 1266–1268 </span></sup> This apparent discrepancy is not explained. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_and_Pat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kim_and_Pat.png/220px-Kim_and_Pat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kim_and_Pat.png/330px-Kim_and_Pat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kim_and_Pat.png/440px-Kim_and_Pat.png 2x" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Tree diagram for "Kim and Pat" in the style of <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Along with the above, <i>CamGEL</i> includes the category of coordination, which is neither lexical nor, lacking a head, phrasal. The structure of the coordination is taken to be two or more coordinates with the last coordinate typically including a coordinator in marker function as in the tree <i>Kim and Pat</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntactic_functions">Syntactic functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Syntactic functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full list of functions is presented in the following diagram.<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CGELFunctions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CGELFunctions.png/500px-CGELFunctions.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="691" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CGELFunctions.png/750px-CGELFunctions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CGELFunctions.png/1000px-CGELFunctions.png 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="2634" /></a></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_diagram_showing_a_fused_modifier-head_in_English.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tree_diagram_showing_a_fused_modifier-head_in_English.png/220px-Tree_diagram_showing_a_fused_modifier-head_in_English.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="465" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tree_diagram_showing_a_fused_modifier-head_in_English.png/330px-Tree_diagram_showing_a_fused_modifier-head_in_English.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tree_diagram_showing_a_fused_modifier-head_in_English.png/440px-Tree_diagram_showing_a_fused_modifier-head_in_English.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption>Tree diagram showing a fused modifier-head in English</figcaption></figure> <p>As Leech observes, "the headedness of constructions is a pervasive principle."<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Leech-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 25">: 25 </span></sup> That is to say that every phrase has a head. An innovative analysis involves fusion of functions to account for a noun phrase that lacks a head noun. Here, <i>CamGEL</i> claims that the function of determiner, modifier, or predeterminer may be "fused" with the head, as in <i>the poor</i> (see the accompanying diagram). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a description and general praise, an early (2002) review of <i>CamGEL</i> by Joybrato Mukherjee changed gear with "There are many analyses that I feel uneasy about". He outlined three, in particular one that "concerns the data and the 'evidence' that have been drawn on by the authors". Mukherjee expected the English whose grammatical structure was described to have been attested in naturally occurring utterances. The book's failure to do this, he suggested, was what allowed <i>CamGEL</i> to describe sentences without extraposition to be described<sup id="cite_ref-C16_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C16-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1403">: 1403 </span></sup> as more "basic" than their far more commonly occurring extraposed equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite calling the book a "notable and outstanding achievement", he wrote that it "comes across as a quaint anachronism: too many axiomatic assumptions (such as a strictly binary-branching constituent structure) are taken for granted prima facie, and the language data are not consistently and systematically obtained from naturally occurring discourse".<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Mukherjee_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Mukherjee-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a sharp response, Pullum pointed out that Mukherjee had mischaracterized not only <i>CamGEL</i> but also the two reference grammars he had compared it with, and had made various misunderstandings, among them that "basic" in the particular context meant something other than "syntactically simple".<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Pullum_response_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Pullum_response-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reviewing the book for the journal <i>Computational Linguistics</i>, Chris Brew suggested computational applications never envisaged by its authors. And for a wider readership: </p> <blockquote><p>[<i>CamGEL</i>] is both a modern complement to existing descriptive grammars (Quirk et al. 1985; Biber et al. 1999) and an important resource for anyone interested in working with or finding out about English. In addition, the book is a very complete and convincing demonstration that the ideas of modern theoretical linguistics can be deployed in the detailed description of a particular language.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Brew_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Brew-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Reviewing <i>CamGEL</i>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_McColl_Millar" title="Robert McColl Millar">Robert McColl Millar</a> welcomed the inclusion of examples of Australian English, but wished that "more space had been given to the variation inherent in British varieties of Standard English and in particular the Scottish variety thereof". The book, he wrote, "probably would not be the first point of reference for a learner of [English]. . . . It would be very useful to advanced learners, nonetheless. . . .<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Millar_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Millar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lori Morris particularly appreciated the first chapter ("Preliminaries"), the book's canonical–non-canonical distinction (for its help in structuring the content of the book), the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, its "excellent, accessible look at sentence structure, semantics, and pragmatics", and the treatment of information packaging. However, she was dissatisfied by the conception of <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense, aspect and mood</a> and its exposition. </p> <blockquote><p>Thus, at the risk of being labelled a grammatical Luddite, I can conclude that [<i>CamGEL</i>] is unlikely to replace or even displace [Q et al] on my shelf. For those with an interest in sentence-level grammar, however, Huddleston and Pullum’s work might well prove more appealing than [Q et al]'s and ultimately come to be their grammar of predilection.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Morris_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Morris-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bas Aarts wrote: "<i>CaGEL</i> is an awe-inspiring tome which offers a comprehensive descriptive account of the grammar of English. It is based on recent descriptive and theoretical research, and is without doubt the most up-to-date and wide-ranging grammar of English currently available."<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Aarts_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Aarts-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 365–366">: 365–366 </span></sup> Nevertheless, he regretted "that <i>CaGEL</i> used exclusively written material, especially in an age when spoken material is readily available"<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Aarts_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Aarts-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 368">: 368 </span></sup> and implied that the "strictly Aristotelian (all-or-none) framework" which required each word or phrase to be of a single category caused problems for certain analyses such as <a href="/wiki/Raising_(syntax)" title="Raising (syntax)">raising to object</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Aarts_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Aarts-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 374">: 374 </span></sup> He also questioned the analysis of infinitival <i>to</i> as <a href="/wiki/English_subordinators" title="English subordinators">subordinator</a> rather than as <a href="/wiki/Defective_verb" title="Defective verb">defective</a> auxiliary verb.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Aarts_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Aarts-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 375">: 375 </span></sup> Finally, he noted "the very sparse bibliographical information that it supplies", which he finds "woefully inadequate".<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Aarts_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Aarts-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 379">: 379 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean_Aitchison" title="Jean Aitchison">Jean Aitchison</a> regretted the book's concentration on written English (and particularly on certain kinds of written English), and the lack of information of the sources of those examples that were not simply made up for the book. She also regretted analytical and terminological innovation, which she found no more rewarding than attempts to reform English spelling. ("Minor tidying up may be all that is feasible.")<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "A plus point is the clear distinction it makes between structure and function"; and she particularly appreciated chapter 16, on information packaging. But all in all Aitchison put the book in third place in usefulness to the reader, behind both Quirk et al's <i><a href="/wiki/A_Comprehensive_Grammar_of_the_English_Language" title="A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language">A Comprehensive Grammar</a></i> and Douglas Biber et al's <i><a href="/wiki/Longman_Grammar_of_Spoken_and_Written_English" title="Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English">Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Aitchison_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Aitchison-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After stating that this is "an important work – well written, impeccably organized, and full of insight into the structure of contemporary standard English", <a href="/wiki/Alan_S._Kaye" title="Alan S. Kaye">Alan S. Kaye</a> quoted <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a>'s adage that "all grammars leak",<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and explored what <i>CamGEL</i> terms the <i>bare genitive</i>: exemplified by "the Jones' car" (as an optional alternative to "the Jones's car"), the genitive inflection signalled by an apostrophe for the reader but phonologically bare for the listener).<sup id="cite_ref-C18_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C18-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1595–1596">: 1595–1596 </span></sup> Kaye argued a number of minor points related to this, among them that what <i>CamGEL</i> presents as <i>for convenience' sake</i> lacked an apostrophe for his American informants.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Kaye_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Kaye-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pieter de Haan saw the book as "a series of remarks about syntactic points, which in themselves are generally interesting enough but do not all contribute to a unified description of the language".<sup id="cite_ref-rev_deHaan_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_deHaan-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 337">: 337 </span></sup> He pointed out a number of omissions, for example that one difference between <i>He was dripping blood</i> and <i>He was dripping with blood</i><sup id="cite_ref-C03_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 299">: 299 </span></sup> is illuminated by the grammaticality contrast between *<i>He was dripping rain</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>He was dripping with rain</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_deHaan_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_deHaan-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 338">: 338 </span></sup> He was also dissatisfied by the recategorization as prepositions of the vast majority of what had traditionally been classed as subordinating conjunctions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas <i>since</i> in <i>since yesterday</i> and <i>since we met</i> have very different complements and thus are traditionally assigned to different categories, "[t]his is no ground for distinguishing them, according to Huddleston, because we see the same variation in complementation in verbs." Yet, says de Haan: "The flaw in Huddleston's argument is of course that the class of verbs is established independently from the complementation they take, and on quite different grounds, for instance the ability of being marked for tense."<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 340">: 340 </span></sup> De Haan concluded that <i>CamGEL</i> was an excellent grammar by and for linguists, but not for language teachers. </p><p>Huddleston and Pullum responded to a number of aspects of de Haan's review, notably by arguing for the coherence of their expanded category of Preposition. They concluded by saying that: </p> <blockquote><p>This short and necessarily selective response is not an objection to critical scrutiny of our work or disagreement with it. In our view the whole canon of English grammar has received too little critical attention these last hundred years or more. Our work should certainly be subjected to close examination and perhaps argued against.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Mair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Mair (page does not exist)">Christian Mair</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Mair_(Sprachwissenschaftler)" class="extiw" title="de:Christian Mair (Sprachwissenschaftler)">de</a>]</span>'s review of <i>CamGEL</i> saw it as "the first direct challenge" to <i>A Comprehensive Grammar</i>. He found that the authors "have done an admirable job, covering a vast range of facts in a theoretical and terminological framework which [is] as a whole certainly more coherent" than that of the older work. The freshness of this framework contrasted, however, with the concentration on "relatively conservative written English". Mair found <i>CamGEL</i> less informative than <i>A Comprehensive Grammar</i> about regional variation. Despite finding the descriptions in certain places not fully adequate, </p> <blockquote><p>The final verdict [<i>CamGEL</i> must] be an almost unreservedly positive one. [It] has achieved its major aim because it represents an advance on [<i>A Comprehensive Grammar</i>] – first for the obvious reason that the results of recent research have been incorporated but secondly also because the authors have, on the whole, been successful in their attempt to make the description as theoretically coherent as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Mair_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Mair-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Leech" title="Geoffrey Leech">Geoffrey Leech</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>[E]very so often, there appears a book which is important enough to fill the reviewer with something like awe... [Its] strength lies more in being a consolidation and synthesis of existing linguistic theory and description. But to suggest that The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language is backward-looking in any sense is misleading, as it also contains a great deal that is new, if not daringly provocative, in its reworking of the well-tilled territory of English grammar. The depth and richness of detail, as well as the breadth of coverage, are extraordinarily impressive, so that there is scarcely a topic that grammatical old-timers like myself cannot read without fresh insight and understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Leech-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 121">: 121 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some of Leech's criticism echoed Aarts's. He too regretted the lack of spoken material and support from corpora.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Leech-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 127, 129">: 127, 129 </span></sup> He too noted the Aristotelian framework in pointing out the authors' "determination to arrive at a single correct analysis"<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Leech-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 125">: 125 </span></sup> and felt that "the desire to seek a decisive answer to all research questions is too strong, in particular, when examples of borderline acceptability are judged to be either fully grammatical or fully ungrammatical."<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Leech-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 127">: 127 </span></sup> </p><p>The literary critic <a href="/wiki/Eric_Griffiths_(critic)" title="Eric Griffiths (critic)">Eric Griffiths</a> was dissatisfied with the book's criteria for acceptability. He conceded that linguists "are witnesses not judges"; however, he added that "the members of this excellent Cambridge team . . . rightly decline to prescribe usage, but they exceed their remit when they proscribe prescription." Griffiths also regretted that the book did not consider the English of poetry, or that of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Griffiths_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Griffiths-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tony Bex opined that "it will, deservedly, replace its predecessor <i>A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language</i>." At the same time, he found "it bizarre that there is no reference to Indian or Caribbean English," and asked rhetorically, "are these not varieties of ‘Standard English’, or do the speakers of these variants only achieve the grammaticality described in this volume when they adopt one of the white varieties?"<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Herbst_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Herbst (linguist) (page does not exist)">Thomas Herbst</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Herbst_(Anglist)" class="extiw" title="de:Thomas Herbst (Anglist)">de</a>]</span> praised the fresh approach that the book took to a variety of grammatical phenomena, and recommended the blue-shaded, more advanced discussions to "any student of English linguistics".<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Herbst_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Herbst-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, two years after the book was published, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Culicover" title="Peter Culicover">Peter Culicover</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p><i>The Cambridge grammar of the English language</i> (<i>CGEL</i>) is a monumentally impressive piece of work. Already published reviews of this work do not overstate its virtues: 'a notable achievement'; 'authoritative, interesting, reasonably priced (for a book of this size), beautifully designed, well proofread, and enjoyable to handle'; 'superbly produced and designed'; 'one of the most superb works of academic scholarship ever to appear on the English linguistics scene ... a monumental work that offers easily the most comprehensive and thought-provoking treatment of English grammar to date. Nothing rivals this work, with respect to breadth, depth and consistency of coverage'. I fully agree with these sentiments. Huddleston, Pullum, and collaborators definitely deserve a prize for this achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_Culicover_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev_Culicover-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 127">: 127 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The book won the <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield_Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Bloomfield Book Award">Leonard Bloomfield Book Award</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Society_of_America" title="Linguistic Society of America">Linguistic Society of America</a> in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivative_works">Derivative works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Derivative works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A much simpler distillation by Huddleston and Pullum, titled <i>A Student's Introduction to English Grammar</i>, was published in 2005. As a textbook, it differs from the original work in having exercises for students.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second, extensively revised edition of <i>A Student's Introduction</i>, with Brett Reynolds as coauthor, came out in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Comprehensive_Grammar_of_the_English_Language" title="A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language">A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longman_Grammar_of_Spoken_and_Written_English" title="Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English">Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_the_English_Language" title="The Cambridge History of the English Language">The Cambridge History of the English Language</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The abbreviation <i>CamGEL</i> is less commonly used for the work than is <i>CGEL</i>, but the latter has also often been used for the earlier work <i><a href="/wiki/A_Comprehensive_Grammar_of_the_English_Language" title="A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language">A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The eventual title – whose obvious abbreviation <i>CGEL</i> was already in wide use for <i><a href="/wiki/A_Comprehensive_Grammar_of_the_English_Language" title="A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language">A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language</a></i> – was imposed by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">the publisher</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullum2002" class="citation web cs1">Pullum, Geoffrey K. (29 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308060237/https://old.linguistlist.org/issues/13/13-2005.html">"Some points of agreement about the Cambridge Grammar"</a>. <i>Linguist List</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.linguistlist.org/issues/13/13-2005.html">the original</a> on March 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linguist+List&rft.atitle=Some+points+of+agreement+about+the+Cambridge+Grammar&rft.date=2002-07-29&rft.aulast=Pullum&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.linguistlist.org%2Fissues%2F13%2F13-2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The latter, often termed the "DP analysis", was first put forward by Steven Abney, <i>The English noun phrase in its sentential aspect</i> (PhD dissertation, MIT, 1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To take an example from <i>CamGEL</i>: <i>That he hasn't phoned worries me</i> is more "basic" than a version with subject extraposition: <i>It worries me that he hasn't phoned.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[T]he non-canonical version is syntactically less basic by virtue of its greater syntactic complexity [thanks to] the addition of one or more elements, such as . . . <i>it</i> . . ." (<i>CamGEL</i>, p. 1367). "[W]here the element concerned is a content clause or an infinitival clause, the version with extraposition is much more frequent than the basic one . . ." (<i>CamGEL</i>, p. 1404).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Despite her praise for the book's clear distinction between category and function, she wrote "<i>CamGEL</i> does indeed use the word determiner, but restricts its use to a subtype of determinatives." (<i>CamGEL</i> uses it, but for a function.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Were a language ever completely 'grammatical', it would be a perfect engine of conceptual expression. Unfortunately, or luckily, no language is tyrannically consistent. All grammars leak." Edward Sapir, <i>Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech</i> (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1921), p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaye did not mention that <i>CamGEL</i> itself hedges here: "An optional bare genitive is found in certain types of proper names. . . . There is a good deal of variation here and it is not possible to give hard and fast rules" (p. 1596).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In accordance with linguistics convention, an asterisk indicates ungrammaticality.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rather than "subordinating conjunction", de Haan used the term "subordinator".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Haan responded to this with a brief "Rejoinder" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00138380600989678">10.1080/00138380600989678</a>) on the following pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2005" class="citation book cs1">Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2005). <i>A Student's Introduction to English Grammar</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61288-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61288-3"><bdi>978-0-521-61288-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Student%27s+Introduction+to+English+Grammar&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61288-3&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Pullum%2C+Geoffrey+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddlestonPullumReynolds2022" class="citation book cs1">Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Reynolds, Brett (2022). <i>A Student's Introduction to English Grammar</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-08574-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-08574-8"><bdi>978-1-009-08574-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1255520272">1255520272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Student%27s+Introduction+to+English+Grammar&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1255520272&rft.isbn=978-1-009-08574-8&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Pullum%2C+Geoffrey+K.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Brett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&q=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&btnG=">"The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language"</a>. <i>Google Scholar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-25</span></span>. <q>Cited by 8462</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Scholar&rft.atitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.ca%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%2C5%26q%3DThe%2BCambridge%2BGrammar%2Bof%2Bthe%2BEnglish%2BLanguage%26btnG%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RH_ComGEL-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RH_ComGEL_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RH_ComGEL_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddleston1988" class="citation journal cs1">Huddleston, Rodney (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/comprehensivegra00englrich">"<i>A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language</i> by Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, Jan Svartvik"</a>. <i>Language</i>. <b>64</b>: 345–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F415437">10.2307/415437</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/415437">415437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=A+Comprehensive+Grammar+of+the+English+Language+by+Randolph+Quirk%2C+Sidney+Greenbaum%2C+Geoffrey+Leech%2C+Jan+Svartvik&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=345-354&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F415437&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F415437%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomprehensivegra00englrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CP-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CP_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullumHuddleston" class="citation book cs1">Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Huddleston, Rodney. "Preface". In Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. xv–xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"><bdi>0-521-43146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=xv-xvii&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-43146-8&rft.aulast=Pullum&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+K.&rft.au=Huddleston%2C+Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev_Culicover-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Culicover_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Culicover_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulicover2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Culicover" title="Peter Culicover">Culicover, Peter W.</a> (2004). Review of <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. <i>Language</i>. <b>80</b> (1): 127–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2004.0018">10.1353/lan.2004.0018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1535-0665">1535-0665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140478848">140478848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=127-141&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140478848%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1535-0665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flan.2004.0018&rft.aulast=Culicover&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical" title="Category:CS1 maint: untitled periodical">link</a>)</span> Also a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/culicover.1/Publications/CGEL_Review.pdf">preprint</a> (with different pagination).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal">Crystal, David</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidcrystal.com/Files/BooksAndArticles/-4092.pdf">"Indexing aids"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Review of <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. <i>The Indexer</i>. <b>23</b>: 108–109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indexer&rft.atitle=Indexing+aids&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=108-109&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidcrystal.com%2FFiles%2FBooksAndArticles%2F-4092.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev_Leech-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Leech_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeech2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Leech" title="Geoffrey Leech">Leech, Geoffrey</a> (2004). "A new Gray's Anatomy of English grammar". Review of <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. <i>English Language and Linguistics</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 121–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1360674304001273">10.1017/S1360674304001273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59711140">59711140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+new+Gray%27s+Anatomy+of+English+grammar&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-147&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1360674304001273&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59711140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Leech&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullumRogers2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_K._Pullum" title="Geoffrey K. Pullum">Pullum, Geoffrey K.</a>; Rogers, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/~gpullum/EssexLAGB.pdf">"Expressive power of the syntactic theory implicit in the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annual Meeting of the Linguistics Association of Great Britain</i>: 1–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Meeting+of+the+Linguistics+Association+of+Great+Britain&rft.atitle=Expressive+power+of+the+syntactic+theory+implicit+in+the+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Pullum&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+K.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lel.ed.ac.uk%2F~gpullum%2FEssexLAGB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C15-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C15_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C15_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddlestonPaynePeterson" class="citation book cs1">Huddleston, Rodney; Payne, John; Peterson, Peter. "15. Coordination and supplementation". In Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1273–1362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"><bdi>0-521-43146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15.+Coordination+and+supplementation&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1273-1362&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-43146-8&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Payne%2C+John&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C05-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C05_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C05_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C05_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C05_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayneHuddleston" class="citation book cs1">Payne, John; Huddleston, Rodney. "5. Nouns and noun phrases". In Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 323–523. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"><bdi>0-521-43146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+Nouns+and+noun+phrases&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=323-523&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-43146-8&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Huddleston%2C+Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C03-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C03_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C03_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddleston" class="citation book cs1">Huddleston, Rodney. "3. The verb". In Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"><bdi>0-521-43146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+The+verb&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=71-212&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-43146-8&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C06-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C06_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullumHuddleston" class="citation book cs1">Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Huddleston, Rodney. "6. Adjectives and adverbs". In Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 525–595. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"><bdi>0-521-43146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+Adjectives+and+adverbs&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=525-595&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-43146-8&rft.aulast=Pullum&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+K.&rft.au=Huddleston%2C+Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C07-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C07_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C07_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullumHuddleston" class="citation book cs1">Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Huddleston, Rodney. "7. Prepositions and preposition phrases". In Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 597–661. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"><bdi>0-521-43146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Prepositions+and+preposition+phrases&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=597-661&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-43146-8&rft.aulast=Pullum&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+K.&rft.au=Huddleston%2C+Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C01-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C01_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullumHuddleston" class="citation book cs1">Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Huddleston, Rodney. "1. Preliminaries". In Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"><bdi>0-521-43146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Preliminaries&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-41&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-43146-8&rft.aulast=Pullum&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+K.&rft.au=Huddleston%2C+Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev_Aarts-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Aarts_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Aarts_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Aarts_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Aarts_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Aarts_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Aarts_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_Aarts_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAarts2004" class="citation journal cs1">Aarts, Bas (2004). "Grammatici certant". Review of <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. <i>Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>40</b>: 365–382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022226704002555">10.1017/S0022226704002555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Grammatici+certant&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=365-382&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022226704002555&rft.aulast=Aarts&rft.aufirst=Bas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C14-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C14_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C14_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddleston" class="citation book cs1">Huddleston, Rodney. "14. Non-finite and verbless clauses". In Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1171–1274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"><bdi>0-521-43146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14.+Non-finite+and+verbless+clauses&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1171-1274&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-43146-8&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C02-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C02_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddleston" class="citation book cs1">Huddleston, Rodney. "2. Syntactic overview". In Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"><bdi>0-521-43146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Syntactic+overview&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=43-69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-43146-8&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C16-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C16_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardBirnerHuddleston" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Gregory; Birner, Betty; Huddleston, Rodney. "16. Information packaging". In Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1363–1447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"><bdi>0-521-43146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=16.+Information+packaging&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1363-1447&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-43146-8&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Birner%2C+Betty&rft.au=Huddleston%2C+Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev_Mukherjee-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rev_Mukherjee_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2002" class="citation web cs1">Mukherjee, Joybrato (4 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075648/https://old.linguistlist.org/issues/13/13-1853.html">"Huddleston & Pullum (2002) Lang description: Cambridge Grammar of English"</a>. <i>Linguist List</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.linguistlist.org/issues/13/13-1853.html">the original</a> on March 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linguist+List&rft.atitle=Huddleston+%26+Pullum+%282002%29+Lang+description%3A+Cambridge+Grammar+of+English&rft.date=2002-07-04&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Joybrato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.linguistlist.org%2Fissues%2F13%2F13-1853.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev_Pullum_response-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rev_Pullum_response_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullum2002" class="citation web cs1">Pullum, Geoffrey K. (17 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075649/https://old.linguistlist.org/issues/13/13-1932.html">"A response concerning The Cambridge Grammar"</a>. <i>Linguist List</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.linguistlist.org/issues/13/13-1932.html">the original</a> on March 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linguist+List&rft.atitle=A+response+concerning+The+Cambridge+Grammar&rft.date=2002-07-17&rft.aulast=Pullum&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.linguistlist.org%2Fissues%2F13%2F13-1932.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev_Brew-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rev_Brew_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrew2003" class="citation journal cs1">Brew, Chris (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aclanthology.org/J03-1007/">"Book review: <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>"</a>. <i>Computational Linguistics</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 144–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F089120103321337476">10.1162/089120103321337476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computational+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Book+review%3A+The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=144-147&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F089120103321337476&rft.aulast=Brew&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faclanthology.org%2FJ03-1007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev_Millar-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rev_Millar_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar2003" class="citation journal cs1">Millar, Robert McColl (2003). Review of <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. <i>Journal of Germanic Linguistics</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 359–361.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Germanic+Linguistics&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=359-361&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Robert+McColl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical" title="Category:CS1 maint: untitled periodical">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev_Morris-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rev_Morris_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2003" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Lori (March–June 2003). Review of <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. <i>The Canadian Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>48</b> (1/2): 90–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcjl.2004.0007">10.1353/cjl.2004.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143620202">143620202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=90-92&rft.date=2003-03%2F2003-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcjl.2004.0007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143620202%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Lori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical" title="Category:CS1 maint: untitled periodical">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev_Aitchison-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rev_Aitchison_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitchison2003" class="citation journal cs1">Aitchison, Jean (July 2003). Review of <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. <i>The Modern Language Review</i>. <b>98</b> (3): 803–805. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3738393">10.2307/3738393</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3738393">3738393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Review&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=803-805&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3738393&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3738393%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Aitchison&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical" title="Category:CS1 maint: untitled periodical">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C18-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C18_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerHuddlestonPullum" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Frank; Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. "18. Inflectional morphology and related matters". In Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1565–1619. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"><bdi>0-521-43146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=18.+Inflectional+morphology+and+related+matters&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1565-1619&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-43146-8&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Huddleston%2C+Rodney&rft.au=Pullum%2C+Geoffrey+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev_Kaye-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rev_Kaye_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaye2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kaye, Alan S. (July 2004). "On the bare genitive". <i>English Today</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 57–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0266078404003116">10.1017/S0266078404003116</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145230933">145230933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Today&rft.atitle=On+the+bare+genitive&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=57-58&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0266078404003116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145230933%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=Alan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev_deHaan-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rev_deHaan_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_deHaan_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Haan2005" class="citation journal cs1">de Haan, Pieter (August 2005). "Review article: <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>". <i>English Studies</i>. <b>86</b> (4): 335–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00138380500164166">10.1080/00138380500164166</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218497297">218497297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+article%3A+The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=335-341&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00138380500164166&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218497297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=de+Haan&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2006" class="citation journal cs1">Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (December 2006). "Some remarks about <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>". <i>English Studies</i>. <b>87</b> (6): 740–751. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00138380600869854">10.1080/00138380600869854</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162155094">162155094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+remarks+about+The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=740-751&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00138380600869854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162155094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Pullum%2C+Geoffrey+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev_Mair-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rev_Mair_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mair, Christian (2003). Review of <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. <i>AAA: Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 175–182. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43025696">43025696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAA%3A+Arbeiten+aus+Anglistik+und+Amerikanistik&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=175-182&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43025696%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical" title="Category:CS1 maint: untitled periodical">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev_Griffiths-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rev_Griffiths_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2002" class="citation news cs1">Griffiths, Eric (13 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/jul/13/referenceandlanguages.highereducation">"The lavender of the subjunctive"</a>. Review of <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+lavender+of+the+subjunctive&rft.date=2002-07-13&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2002%2Fjul%2F13%2Freferenceandlanguages.highereducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBex2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bex, Tony (2004). "Book Review: The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language". <i>Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 367–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096394700401300406">10.1177/096394700401300406</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143319540">143319540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Literature%3A+International+Journal+of+Stylistics&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=367-370&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096394700401300406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143319540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bex&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev_Herbst-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rev_Herbst_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbst2005" class="citation journal cs1">Herbst, Thomas (2005). Review of <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. <i>Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 193–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzaa-2005-0209">10.1515/zaa-2005-0209</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67148932">67148932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anglistik+und+Amerikanistik&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-194&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzaa-2005-0209&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A67148932%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Herbst&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical" title="Category:CS1 maint: untitled periodical">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/leonard-bloomfield-book-award-previous-holders">"Leonard Bloomfield Book Award Previous Holders"</a>. <i>Linguistic Society of America</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bloomfield+Book+Award+Previous+Holders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguisticsociety.org%2Fcontent%2Fleonard-bloomfield-book-award-previous-holders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/cambridge-grammar-english-language">Cambridge University Press page about the book</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/~gpullum/cgelerrata.html">Typographical and other errors</a>" in the book</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050208140505/http://www.uq.edu.au/news/index.phtml?article=3004">The definitive text on English grammar for the 21st century</a>", UQ News Online, 22 April 2002; as accessed by the Wayback Machine on 8 February 2005.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&oldid=1241138438">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&oldid=1241138438</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cambridge_University_Press_books" title="Category:Cambridge University Press books">Cambridge University Press books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_grammar_books" title="Category:English grammar books">English grammar books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2002_non-fiction_books" title="Category:2002 non-fiction books">2002 non-fiction books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leonard_Bloomfield_Book_Award_books" title="Category:Leonard Bloomfield Book Award books">Leonard Bloomfield Book Award books</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical" title="Category:CS1 maint: untitled periodical">CS1 maint: untitled periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 August 2024, at 15:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-rjz5x","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.956","walltime":"1.084","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12314,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":98138,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5115,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":143647,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 992.687 1 -total"," 27.63% 274.303 38 Template:Rp"," 26.51% 263.152 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.93% 257.437 38 Template:R/superscript"," 19.25% 191.122 1 Template:Infobox_book"," 14.10% 139.985 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.86% 127.647 114 Template:R/where"," 11.32% 112.335 16 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.97% 98.939 13 Template:Cite_book"," 9.29% 92.205 5 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.502","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6970792,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7649cfcddd-jfj55","timestamp":"20241127133640","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7721055","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7721055","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-01-13T14:01:11Z","dateModified":"2024-08-19T15:03:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/1\/1e\/TheCambridgeGrammarOfTheEnglishLanguage.jpg","headline":"book by Rodney Huddleston"}</script> </body> </html>