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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of ancient aliens beliefs and their proponents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_ancient_aliens_beliefs_and_their_proponents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of ancient aliens beliefs and their proponents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_ancient_aliens_beliefs_and_their_proponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shklovskii_and_Sagan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shklovskii_and_Sagan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Shklovskii and Sagan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shklovskii_and_Sagan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erich_von_Däniken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erich_von_Däniken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Erich von Däniken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erich_von_Däniken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zecharia_Sitchin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zecharia_Sitchin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Zecharia Sitchin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zecharia_Sitchin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robert_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Robert Temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UFO_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UFO_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>UFO religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UFO_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claims_of_proponents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_of_proponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Claims of proponents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Claims_of_proponents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Claims of proponents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Claims_of_proponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_religious_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_religious_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient religious texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_religious_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ramayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span><i>Ramayana</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>The Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_of_Genesis_and_Book_of_Enoch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Genesis_and_Book_of_Enoch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.1</span> <span>Book of Genesis and Book of Enoch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Genesis_and_Book_of_Enoch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_Ezekiel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Ezekiel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.2</span> <span>Book of Ezekiel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Ezekiel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere_in_the_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere_in_the_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.3</span> <span>Elsewhere in the Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere_in_the_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Book_of_Invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Book_of_Invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>The Book of Invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Book_of_Invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_artwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_artwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ancient artwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_artwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Worldwide_petroglyphic_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_petroglyphic_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Worldwide petroglyphic evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_petroglyphic_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_Renaissance_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_Renaissance_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Medieval and Renaissance art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_Renaissance_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazca_Lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazca_Lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Nazca Lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazca_Lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ancient artifacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_flying_machines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_flying_machines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Ancient flying machines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_flying_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_structures_and_megalithic_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_structures_and_megalithic_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ancient structures and megalithic sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_structures_and_megalithic_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pyramids_of_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyramids_of_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Pyramids of Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyramids_of_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Moai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_cultural_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_cultural_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Religious and cultural practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_cultural_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Akenaten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akenaten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Akenaten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akenaten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proponents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Proponents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="رواد فضاء قدماء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رواد فضاء قدماء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Палеоконтакт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Палеоконтакт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B2tesi_dels_antics_astronautes" title="Hipòtesi dels antics astronautes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hipòtesi dels antics astronautes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoastronautika" title="Paleoastronautika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paleoastronautika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4-Astronautik" title="Prä-Astronautik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Prä-Astronautik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Αρχαίοι αστροναύτες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαίοι αστροναύτες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tesis_de_los_antiguos_astronautas" title="Hipótesis de los antiguos astronautas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hipótesis de los antiguos astronautas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فضانوردان باستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فضانوردان باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_des_anciens_astronautes" title="Théorie des anciens astronautes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théorie des anciens astronautes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EB%B9%84%ED%96%89%EC%82%AC%EC%84%A4" title="고대 우주비행사설 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 우주비행사설" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF" title="Հնէակոնտակտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնէակոնտակտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleokontakti" title="Paleokontakti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paleokontakti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antariksawan_kuno" title="Antariksawan kuno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antariksawan kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothese_del_ancian_astronautas" title="Hypothese del ancian astronautas – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hypothese del ancian astronautas" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_degli_antichi_astronauti" title="Teoria degli antichi astronauti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teoria degli antichi astronauti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חייזרים קדומים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חייזרים קדומים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ежелгі ғарышкерлер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ежелгі ғарышкерлер" 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href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Древни астронаути – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Древни астронаути" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkasawan_purba" title="Angkasawan purba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Angkasawan purba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocontacthypothese" title="Paleocontacthypothese – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paleocontacthypothese" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E5%A3%AB%E8%AA%AC" title="古代宇宙飛行士説 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代宇宙飛行士説" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleokontakt" title="Paleokontakt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paleokontakt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4-Astronautik" title="Prä-Astronautik – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Prä-Astronautik" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pseudoscientific claims of past alien contact</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the idea that aliens visited ancient humans. For the idea that aliens seeded life on earth, see <a href="/wiki/Directed_panspermia" title="Directed panspermia">Directed panspermia</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the real-life topic. For the plot device from works of fiction, see <a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts in popular culture</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Ancient astronauts</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Antropomorfi_detti_astronauti_(b)_-_R_1_-_Area_di_Zurla_-_Nadro_(ph_Luca_Giarelli).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Antropomorfi_detti_astronauti_%28b%29_-_R_1_-_Area_di_Zurla_-_Nadro_%28ph_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/220px-Antropomorfi_detti_astronauti_%28b%29_-_R_1_-_Area_di_Zurla_-_Nadro_%28ph_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Antropomorfi_detti_astronauti_%28b%29_-_R_1_-_Area_di_Zurla_-_Nadro_%28ph_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/330px-Antropomorfi_detti_astronauti_%28b%29_-_R_1_-_Area_di_Zurla_-_Nadro_%28ph_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Antropomorfi_detti_astronauti_%28b%29_-_R_1_-_Area_di_Zurla_-_Nadro_%28ph_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/440px-Antropomorfi_detti_astronauti_%28b%29_-_R_1_-_Area_di_Zurla_-_Nadro_%28ph_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Petroglyphs from Val Camonica</a>, Italy; ancient astronauts proponents believe that these figures resemble <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Claims</th><td class="infobox-data">Intelligent extraterrestrial life visited the Earth in ancient times and affected human civilization.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related scientific disciplines</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">(Overview of pseudoscientific concepts)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal" title="Category:Paranormal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">Breatharianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_spot_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold spot (paranormal)">Cold spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_gazing" title="Crystal gazing">Crystal gazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Conjuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Demonic possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forteana" class="mw-redirect" title="Forteana">Forteana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(optics)#Paranormal_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (optics)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">Preternatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape">Stone Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_for_evidence_of_the_paranormal" title="List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal">Prizes for evidence of the paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_experiences" title="Anomalous experiences">Anomalous experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empath" title="Empath">Empath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_awakening" title="False awakening">False awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistics" title="Anomalistics">Anomalistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paranormal" title="Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paranormal" title="Template talk:Paranormal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ancient astronauts</b> (or <b>ancient aliens</b>) refers to a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> set of beliefs<sup id="cite_ref-Lieb_1998_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieb_1998-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammer-Swartz_2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-Swartz_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vetterling-Braggin_1983_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vetterling-Braggin_1983-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that hold that <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Extraterrestrial intelligence">intelligent</a> <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial beings</a> (alien <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a>) visited <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> and made contact with <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-Lieb_1998_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieb_1998-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammer-Swartz_2021_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-Swartz_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vetterling-Braggin_1983_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vetterling-Braggin_1983-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of the theory suggest that this contact influenced the development of modern cultures, technologies, religions, and human biology.<sup id="cite_ref-Lieb_1998_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieb_1998-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammer-Swartz_2021_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-Swartz_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common position is that <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> from most (if not all) religions are extraterrestrial in origin, and that advanced technologies brought to Earth by ancient astronauts were interpreted as evidence of divine status<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by early humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Lieb_1998_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieb_1998-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammer-Swartz_2021_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-Swartz_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea that ancient astronauts existed and visited Earth is not taken seriously by <a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a>, who identify such claims as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">pseudoarchaeological</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Unscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Unscientific">unscientific</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has received no credible attention in <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> studies.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When proponents of the idea present evidence in favor of their beliefs, it is often distorted or <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">fabricated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hines_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hines-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the history of thought surrounding the subject shows that proponents have adopted <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacist</a> beliefs to argue that <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous cultures">indigenous cultures</a> around the world were incapable of the feats of technology and culture that they achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-Lieb_1998_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieb_1998-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Well-known proponents of these beliefs in the latter half of the 20th century who have written numerous books or appear regularly in <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> include <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bergier" title="Jacques Bergier">Jacques Bergier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sendy" title="Jean Sendy">Jean Sendy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_D%C3%A4niken" title="Erich von Däniken">Erich von Däniken</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lieb_1998_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieb_1998-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammer-Swartz_2021_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-Swartz_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vetterling-Braggin_1983_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vetterling-Braggin_1983-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazantsev" title="Alexander Kazantsev">Alexander Kazantsev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zecharia_Sitchin" title="Zecharia Sitchin">Zecharia Sitchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._G._Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert K. G. Temple">Robert K. G. Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_A._Tsoukalos" title="Giorgio A. Tsoukalos">Giorgio A. Tsoukalos</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hatcher_Childress" title="David Hatcher Childress">David Hatcher Childress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kolosimo" title="Peter Kolosimo">Peter Kolosimo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mauro_Biglino" title="Mauro Biglino">Mauro Biglino</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesopotamian_cylinder_seal_impression.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mesopotamian_cylinder_seal_impression.jpg/220px-Mesopotamian_cylinder_seal_impression.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mesopotamian_cylinder_seal_impression.jpg/330px-Mesopotamian_cylinder_seal_impression.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mesopotamian_cylinder_seal_impression.jpg/440px-Mesopotamian_cylinder_seal_impression.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Various terms are used to reference claims about ancient astronauts, such as ancient aliens,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ancient ufonauts,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ancient space pilots,<sup id="cite_ref-Grünschloß_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grünschloß-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> paleocontact,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> astronaut- or alien gods,<sup id="cite_ref-Hiscock_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiscock-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or paleo- or biblical-SETI (<a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">search for extraterrestrial intelligence</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Richter_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Believers in such ancient astronaut stories often maintain that all or some humans are either descendants or creations of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Extraterrestrial intelligence">extraterrestrial intelligence</a> who landed on Earth at some point in the ancient past. An associated idea is that human knowledge, religion, and culture came from extraterrestrial visitors in ancient times, in that ancient astronauts acted as a "<a href="/wiki/Mother_culture" title="Mother culture">mother culture</a>". Additionally, proponents often claim that travelers from outer space built many of the structures on Earth (such as <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a> stone heads of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>) or aided humans in building them.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents contend that the evidence for ancient astronauts comes from documentary gaps in historical and archaeological records while citing <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">archaeological artifacts</a> that they believe, contrary to the mainstream explanations, are <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronistic</a> and supposedly beyond the technical capabilities of the people who made them. These are sometimes referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Out-of-place_artifact" title="Out-of-place artifact">out-of-place artifacts</a>"; and include artwork and legends which believers reinterpret to fit stories of extraterrestrial contact or technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoarcheology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoarcheology">pseudoarcheology</a>, the idea receives notice in fringe <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">pulp</a> media, such as the <a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History Channel</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aliens" title="Ancient Aliens">Ancient Aliens</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such shows use a strategy known as '<a href="/wiki/Gish_gallop" title="Gish gallop">fire-hosing</a>’ to co-mingle fact with fiction in order to spread theories of an alternate past with tropes that follow <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler-colonial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a> beliefs relevant to the past.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The celebrity proponents of ancient aliens profess to be a part of an oppressed minority of academics that 'big archaeology' is <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiring</a> to disenfranchise while their identity of being a maverick or a rogue aligns with the individuals' lack of credentials.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like archaeological endeavors of the criticized past, these proponents focus primarily on <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">monumental archaeological structures</a> claiming they could have only been constructed with extraterrestrial intervention. The implication is that the <a href="/wiki/Person_of_color" title="Person of color">non-white</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">Indigenous people</a> in the regions in which these monuments appear could not have built them on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Dakota/Lakota Sioux writer Ruth H. Burns, in <i>Atmos</i> magazine, counters that ancient alien theory and the idea of extraterrestrials in general supports the viewpoints of indigenous, non-European peoples. She believes the denial of extraterrestrial encounters and indigenous peoples’ stories tracing their origins to extraterrestrials is part of “Indigenous erasure,” as it minimizes or completely discounts the viewpoints of indigenous peoples. Many indigenous peoples trace their ancestry to “star-people” or the like—extraterrestrials who as the progenitors of indigenous peoples cannot by definition be white or “Aryan.”<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common feature in the stories portray the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_aliens" title="Nordic aliens">aliens as light-skinned</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> in complexion, as prominent alien astronaut proponent <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_D%C3%A4niken" title="Erich von Däniken">Erich von Däniken</a> claims in his foundational work <i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_the_Gods%3F" title="Chariots of the Gods?">Chariots of the Gods?</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ancient astronaut proponents are thus associated with white supremacism, although their theories are sometimes applied to European cultures as well.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These claims are so outlandish that up until recently, mainstream archaeologists essentially ignored them as absurdities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The few dedicated popular science explainers and skeptics who did offer opinions on the ideas universally panned them. For example, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> wrote, "In the long litany of 'ancient astronaut' pop archaeology, the cases of apparent interest have perfectly reasonable alternative explanations, or have been misreported, or are simple prevarications, <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoaxes</a> and distortions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagan2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvYpP6zmD9G8CqancientastronautpgPP1_65–68,_79]_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagan2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvYpP6zmD9G8CqancientastronautpgPP1_65–68,_79]-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_ancient_aliens_beliefs_and_their_proponents">History of ancient aliens beliefs and their proponents</h2></div> <p>Paleocontact or "ancient astronaut" narratives first appeared in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">early science fiction</a> of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the 1898 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Edison%27s_Conquest_of_Mars" title="Edison's Conquest of Mars">Edison's Conquest of Mars</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the works of <a href="/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="H.P. Lovecraft">H.P. Lovecraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was proposed in earnest by journalist <a href="/wiki/Harold_T._Wilkins" title="Harold T. Wilkins">Harold T. Wilkins</a> in 1954. It grew in popularity in the 1960s, mainly due to the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> and the success of Erich von Däniken's works, although it also received limited consideration as a serious hypothesis. Critics emerged throughout the 1970s, discrediting Von Däniken's claims. Ufologists separated the idea from the UFO controversy. By the early 1980s little remaining support could be found.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shklovskii_and_Sagan">Shklovskii and Sagan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_statue,_late_Jomon_period.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG/170px-Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG/255px-Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG/340px-Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="3453" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dog%C5%AB" title="Dogū">Dogū</a> figurine made during Jōmon period (dated 1000–400 BCE).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1150882_Louvre_Relief_Dudu_AO2394_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/P1150882_Louvre_Relief_Dudu_AO2394_rwk.jpg/170px-P1150882_Louvre_Relief_Dudu_AO2394_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/P1150882_Louvre_Relief_Dudu_AO2394_rwk.jpg/255px-P1150882_Louvre_Relief_Dudu_AO2394_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/P1150882_Louvre_Relief_Dudu_AO2394_rwk.jpg/340px-P1150882_Louvre_Relief_Dudu_AO2394_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Votive relief of the winged priest of Dudu on display at the Louvre Museum, France</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> co-authored a widely popular book <i>Intelligent Life in the Universe</i>, with Soviet astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Shklovsky" title="Iosif Shklovsky">Iosif Shklovsky</a> and published in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1979 book <i><a href="/wiki/Broca%27s_Brain" title="Broca's Brain">Broca's Brain</a></i>, Sagan suggested that he and Shklovsky might have inspired the wave of 1970s ancient astronaut books, expressing disapproval of "von Däniken and other uncritical writers" who seemingly built on these ideas not as guarded speculations but as "valid evidence of extraterrestrial contact."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sagan pointed out that while many legends, artifacts, and purported out-of-place artifacts were cited in support of ancient astronaut hypotheses, "very few require more than passing mention" and could be <a href="/wiki/Sagan_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagan standard">easily explained with more conventional hypotheses</a>. Sagan also reiterated his earlier conclusion that extraterrestrial visits to Earth were possible but unproven and improbable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShklovskiiSagan1966_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShklovskiiSagan1966-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erich_von_Däniken"><span id="Erich_von_D.C3.A4niken"></span>Erich von Däniken</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_D%C3%A4niken" title="Erich von Däniken">Erich von Däniken</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacal_the_Great_tomb_lid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pacal_the_Great_tomb_lid.svg/170px-Pacal_the_Great_tomb_lid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pacal_the_Great_tomb_lid.svg/255px-Pacal_the_Great_tomb_lid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pacal_the_Great_tomb_lid.svg/340px-Pacal_the_Great_tomb_lid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="1375" /></a><figcaption>The sarcophagus lid of <a href="/wiki/K%27inich_Janaab%27_Pakal" class="mw-redirect" title="K'inich Janaab' Pakal">Pacal the Great</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Erich von Däniken was a leading proponent of this hypothesis in the late 1960s and early 1970s, gaining a large audience through the 1968 publication of his best-selling book <i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_the_Gods%3F" title="Chariots of the Gods?">Chariots of the Gods?</a></i> and its sequels. </p><p>According to von Däniken, certain artifacts require a more sophisticated technological ability in their construction than that which was available to the ancient cultures who constructed them. Von Däniken maintains that these artifacts were constructed either directly by extraterrestrial visitors or by humans who learned the necessary knowledge from said visitors. These include <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumapunku" title="Pumapunku">Pumapunku</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Battery" title="Baghdad Battery">ancient Baghdad electric batteries</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hieroglif_z_Abydos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hieroglif_z_Abydos.jpg/220px-Hieroglif_z_Abydos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hieroglif_z_Abydos.jpg/330px-Hieroglif_z_Abydos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hieroglif_z_Abydos.jpg/440px-Hieroglif_z_Abydos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Helicopter_hieroglyphs" title="Helicopter hieroglyphs">Helicopter hieroglyphs</a>", at <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos, Egypt</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>Von Däniken writes that ancient art and <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> throughout the world illustrates air and space vehicles, non-human but intelligent creatures, ancient astronauts, and artifacts of an anachronistically advanced technology. Von Däniken also states that geographically separated historical cultures share artistic themes, which he argues imply a common origin. One such example is von Däniken's interpretation of the sarcophagus lid recovered from the tomb of the Classic-era <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacal_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacal the Great">Pacal the Great</a>. Von Däniken writes that the design represented a seated astronaut. The iconography and accompanying <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya text</a>, however, identifies it as a portrait of the ruler himself with the <a href="/wiki/Wacah_Chan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wacah Chan">World Tree</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Maya mythology</a>. </p><p>The origins of many religions are interpreted by von Däniken as reactions to encounters with an alien race. According to his view, humans considered the technology of the aliens to be <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> and the aliens themselves to be <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">gods</a>. Von Däniken states that the oral and written traditions of most religions contain references to alien visitors in the way of descriptions of stars and vehicular objects traveling through air and space. One such is <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>'s revelation, which Däniken interprets as a detailed description of a landing spacecraft (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceships_of_Ezekiel" title="The Spaceships of Ezekiel">The Spaceships of Ezekiel</a></i>). </p><p>Von Däniken's hypotheses became popularized in the U.S. after the <a href="/wiki/NBC-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC-TV">NBC-TV</a> documentary <i>In Search of Ancient Astronauts</i> hosted by <a href="/wiki/Rod_Serling" title="Rod Serling">Rod Serling</a>, and the film <i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_the_Gods_(film)" title="Chariots of the Gods (film)">Chariots of the Gods</a></i>. </p><p>Critics argue that von Däniken misrepresented data, that many of his claims were unfounded, and that none of his core claims have been validated.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Creationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Creationist">creationist</a> community is highly critical of most of von Däniken's work. <a href="/wiki/Young_earth_creationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Young earth creationist">Young Earth creationist</a> author Clifford A. Wilson published <i>Crash Go the Chariots</i> in 1972 in which he attempted to discredit all the claims made in <i>Chariots of the Gods</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Chariots of the Gods?</i>, regarding the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Lines">Nazca Lines</a>, von Däniken states that "Seen from the air, the clear-cut impression that the 60 km [37-mile] long plain of Nazca made on me was that of an airfield."<sup id="cite_ref-Chariots_of_the_Gods?_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chariots_of_the_Gods?-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering he was in the process of seeking evidence of ancient aliens, von Däniken exhibits <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation bias</a>, as he does not consider the Nazca Lines to be man-made until after the publication of <i>Chariots of the Gods?</i> This <a href="/wiki/Etic" class="mw-redirect" title="Etic">etic</a> perspective that he presents could be easily accepted by a reader familiar with air travel, and an undeveloped knowledge of the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Geoglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoglyphs">geoglyphs</a>. Furthermore, since the majority of readers of <i>Chariots of the Gods?</i> are not educated in viewing artifacts from ancient civilizations, their interpretations are highly subject to von Däniken's opinions of the artifacts. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_L._Feder" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth L. Feder">Kenneth L. Feder</a> argues a reader seeing the Nazca Lines for the first time in a book about aliens would be much more likely to associate those features with extraterrestrial origins, rather than from a civilization that existed on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Frauds,_Myths,_and_Mysteries_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frauds,_Myths,_and_Mysteries-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970, von Däniken admitted that the Nazca markings "could have been laid out on their gigantic scale by working from a model using a system of coordinates."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zecharia_Sitchin">Zecharia Sitchin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zecharia_Sitchin" title="Zecharia Sitchin">Zecharia Sitchin</a></div> <p>Zecharia Sitchin's series <i>The Earth Chronicles</i>, beginning with <i>The 12th Planet</i>, revolves around Sitchin's unique interpretation of ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> texts, <a href="/wiki/Megalithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic">megalithic</a> sites, and artifacts from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Skepdic_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skepdic-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT,_Kilgannon_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT,_Kilgannon-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hypothesizes that the gods of old <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> were astronauts from the planet "<a href="/wiki/Nibiru_(Sitchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nibiru (Sitchin)">Nibiru</a>", which Sitchin states the Sumerians believed to be a remote "12th planet" (counting the Sun, Moon, and <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> as planets) associated with the god <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>. According to Sitchin, Nibiru continues to orbit the Sun on a 3,600-year elongated orbit. Modern <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> has found no evidence to support Sitchin's ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-Skepdic_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skepdic-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sitchin argues that there are Sumerian texts that tell the story that 50 <a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a>, inhabitants of a planet named Nibiru, came to Earth approximately 400,000 years ago with the intent of mining raw materials, especially gold, for transport back to Nibiru. With their small numbers they soon grew tired of the task and set out to genetically engineer laborers to work the mines. After much trial and error they eventually created <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens sapiens">Homo sapiens sapiens</a></i>: the "<a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a>" (model man) or <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam</a> of later mythology. Sitchin contended the Anunnaki were active in human affairs until their culture was destroyed by global catastrophes caused by the abrupt end of the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a> some 12,000 years ago. Seeing that humans survived and all they had built was destroyed, the Anunnaki left Earth after giving humans the opportunity and means to govern themselves. Sitchin's work has not received mainstream scholarly support and has been roundly criticized by professionals that have reviewed his hypotheses. <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Heiser" title="Michael S. Heiser">Michael S. Heiser</a> says that many of Sitchin's translations of Sumerian and Mesopotamian words are not consistent with Mesopotamian cuneiform bilingual dictionaries, produced by ancient <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> scribes.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pilkington_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pilkington-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alan_F._Alford" title="Alan F. Alford">Alan F. Alford</a>, author of <i>Gods of the New Millennium</i> (1996), was an adherent of the ancient astronaut hypothesis. Much of his work draws on Sitchin's hypotheses. However, he now finds fault with Sitchin's hypothesis after deeper analysis, stating that: "I am now firmly of the opinion that these gods personified the falling sky; in other words, the descent of the gods was a poetic rendition of the cataclysm myth which stood at the heart of ancient Near Eastern religions."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_Temple">Robert Temple</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._G._Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert K. G. Temple">Robert K. G. Temple</a></div> <p>Robert K. G. Temple's 1976 book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sirius_Mystery" title="The Sirius Mystery">The Sirius Mystery</a>, </i>argues that the <a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon people</a> of northwestern <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> preserved an account of extraterrestrial visitation from around 5,000 years ago. He quotes various lines of evidence, including advanced astronomical knowledge inherited by the tribe, descriptions, and comparative belief systems with ancient civilizations such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>. His work draws heavily on the studies of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropologists</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Griaule" title="Marcel Griaule">Marcel Griaule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Dieterlen" title="Germaine Dieterlen">Germaine Dieterlen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His conclusions have been criticized by scientists, who point out discrepancies within Temple's account, and suggested that the Dogon may have received some of their astronomical information recently, probably from European sources, and may have misrepresented Dogon ethnography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagan2011_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagan2011-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UFO_religions">UFO religions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></div> <p>Various <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a> including some branches of <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">theosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aetherius_Society" title="Aetherius Society">Aetherius Society</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a> believe in ancient and present-day contact with extraterrestrial intelligence. Many of these faiths see both ancient scriptures and recent revelations as connected with the action of aliens from other planetary systems. Psychologists have found that UFO religions have similarities which suggest that members of these groups consciously or <a href="/wiki/Subliminal_stimuli" title="Subliminal stimuli">subliminally</a> associate enchantment with the <a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">memes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Claims_of_proponents">Claims of proponents</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama_welcomed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rama_welcomed.jpg/260px-Rama_welcomed.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rama_welcomed.jpg/390px-Rama_welcomed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rama_welcomed.jpg/520px-Rama_welcomed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> being welcomed upon his return to <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a> in king <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>'s flying chariot <a href="/wiki/Pushpaka_Vimana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushpaka Vimana">Pushpaka Vimana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Among scientists, the consensus is that the ancient astronaut hypothesis is not impossible, but unjustified and unnecessary. The "mysteries" cited as evidence for the hypothesis can be explained without having to invoke ancient astronauts; proponents look for mysteries where none exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Hines_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hines-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since ancient astronauts are unnecessary, <a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a> should be applied and the hypothesis rejected according to the scientific consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_religious_texts">Ancient religious texts</h3></div> <p>Proponents cite ancient mythologies to support their viewpoints based on the idea that ancient creation myths of gods who descend from the heavens to Earth to create or instruct humanity are representations of alien visitors, whose superior technology accounts for their perception as gods. Proponents draw an analogy to occurrences in modern time when isolated cultures are exposed to advanced technology, such as when, in the early 20th century, "<a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">cargo cults</a>" were discovered in the South Pacific: cultures who believed various Western ships and their cargo to be sent from the gods as fulfillment of prophecies concerning their return.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UGC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UGC"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a user-generated source. (June 2019)">user-generated source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The ancient Sumerian myth of <i><a href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Eli%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Enûma Eliš">Enûma Eliš</a></i>, inscribed on cuneiform tablets and part of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Library of Ashurbanipal">Library of Ashurbanipal</a>, says humankind was created to serve gods called the "<i><a href="/wiki/Annunaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Annunaki">Annunaki</a></i>". Hypothesis proponents believe that the Annunaki were aliens who came to Earth to mine gold for their own uses. According to the hypothesis proponents, the Annunaki realized mining gold was taking a toll on their race, and then created the human race as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Enuma_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enuma-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ramayana"><i>Ramayana</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vaim%C4%81nika_Sh%C4%81stra" title="Vaimānika Shāstra">Vaimānika Shāstra</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">the gods</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a> travel from place to place in flying vehicles called <a href="/wiki/Vimana" title="Vimana">Vimana</a>. There are many mentions of these flying objects in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, which used by the Lankan king Ravana from Sri Lanka dates to the 5th or 4th century BCE. Below are some examples: </p><p>From Book 6, Canto CXXIII: The Magic Car:<sup id="cite_ref-ramayana_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramayana-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>Is not the wondrous chariot mine,<br /> <br /> Named Pushpak, wrought by hands divine.<br /> …<br /> This chariot, kept with utmost care,<br /> Will waft thee through the fields of air,<br /> And thou shalt light unwearied down<br /> <br /> In fair Ayodhyá's royal town. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>From Book 6, Canto CXXIV: The Departure:<sup id="cite_ref-ramayana_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramayana-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>Swift through the air, as <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Ráma</a> chose,<br /> <br /> The wondrous car from earth arose.<br /> And decked with swans and silver wings<br /> <br /> Bore through the clouds its freight of kings. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Erich von Däniken discusses the <i>Ramayana</i> and the <i>vimanas</i> in Chapter 6 of <i>Chariots of the Gods?</i> suggesting that they were "space vehicles". To support his hypothesis, he offers a quotation which he says is from an 1889 translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> by C. Roy: "<a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a> flew with his Vimana on an enormous ray which was as brilliant as the sun and made a noise like the thunder of a storm".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Bible">The Bible</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Book_of_Genesis_and_Book_of_Enoch">Book of Genesis and Book of Enoch</h5></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, Chapter 6 verses 1–2 and 4, states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When human beings began to increase in number on the earth and daughters were born to them, the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">sons of God</a> saw that the daughters of humans were beautiful, and they married any of them they chose... The <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a> were on the earth in those days—and also afterward—when the sons of God went to the daughters of humans and had children by them.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Genesis 6:1–4 (New International Version)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Many Christians consider these groups to be the different families of Adam and Eve's children. Another interpretation is that the Nephilim are the children of the "sons of God" and "daughters of humans", although scholars are uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> translates "Nephilim" as "giants" (or <a href="/wiki/Gibborim_(biblical)" title="Gibborim (biblical)">Gibborim</a>). Ancient Astronaut proponents argue that Adam and Eve ate of the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">forbidden fruit</a> in order "to be godlike", and this was the first step in <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">human evolution</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first part of the apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> expands and interprets Genesis 6:1: that the "sons of God" were a group of 200 "<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>" called "<a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watchers</a>", who descended to Earth to breed with humans. Their offspring are the Nephilim, "giants" who "consumed all the acquisitions of men". When humans could no longer sustain the Nephilim, they turned against humanity. The Watchers also instructed humans in <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">sorcery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>. God then ordered the Watchers to be imprisoned in the ground, and created the Great Flood (or the numerous <a href="/wiki/Deluge_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Deluge myth">Deluge myths</a>) to rid Earth of the Nephilim and of the humans given knowledge by the Watchers. To ensure humanity's survival, <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> is forewarned of the oncoming destruction. Because they disobeyed God, the book describes the Watchers as "<a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (June 2019)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some ancient astronaut proponents argue that this story is a historical account of extraterrestrials visiting Earth, called Watchers because their mission was to observe humanity. Some of the extraterrestrials disobeyed orders; they made contact with humans, cross-bred with human females, and shared knowledge with them. The Nephilim were thus half-human-half-extraterrestrial <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chuck Missler and Mark Eastman argue that modern UFOs carry the fallen angels, or offspring of fallen angels, and that "Noah's genealogy was not tarnished by the intrusion of fallen angels. It seems that this adulteration of the human gene pool was a major problem on the planet earth".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Von Däniken also suggests that the two angels who visited <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot (biblical figure)">Lot</a> in Genesis 19 were ancient astronauts, who used atomic weapons to destroy the city of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marc Dem reinterprets the Book of Genesis by writing that humanity started on another planet and that the God of the Bible is an extraterrestrial.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Book_of_Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezekiel%27s_vision.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ezekiel%27s_vision.jpg/220px-Ezekiel%27s_vision.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ezekiel%27s_vision.jpg/330px-Ezekiel%27s_vision.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Ezekiel%27s_vision.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>An engraved illustration of Ezekiel's 'vision' (1670)</figcaption></figure> <p>Chapter 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> recounts a vision in which Ezekiel sees "an immense cloud" that contains fire and emits lightning and "brilliant light". Within the cloud, the passage describes <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherubim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">ophanim</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...and in the fire was what looked like four living creatures. In appearance their form was human, but each of them had four faces and four wings. Their legs were straight; their feet were like those of a calf and gleamed like burnished bronze. Under their wings on their four sides they had human hands. All four of them had faces and wings, and the wings of one touched the wings of another. Each one went straight ahead; they did not turn as they moved... As I looked at the living creatures, I saw a wheel on the ground beside each creature with its four faces. This was the appearance and structure of the wheels: They sparkled like topaz, and all four looked alike. Each appeared to be made like a wheel intersecting a wheel. As they moved, they would go in any one of the four directions the creatures faced; the wheels did not change direction as the creatures went. Their rims were high and awesome, and all four rims were full of eyes all around. When the living creatures moved, the wheels beside them moved; and when the living creatures rose from the ground, the wheels also rose.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ezekiel 1:5–9, 15–19 (New International Version)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In Chapter 4 of <i>Chariots of the Gods?</i>, entitled "Was God an Astronaut?", von Däniken suggests that Ezekiel had seen a spaceship or spaceships; this hypothesis had been put forward by <a href="/wiki/Morris_Jessup" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Jessup">Morris Jessup</a> in 1956<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by Arthur W. Orton in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A detailed version of this hypothesis was described by Josef F. Blumrich in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceships_of_Ezekiel" title="The Spaceships of Ezekiel">The Spaceships of Ezekiel</a></i> (1974).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Elsewhere_in_the_Bible">Elsewhere in the Bible</h5></div> <p>The characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Urim_and_Thummim" title="Urim and Thummim">Urim and Thummim</a> have been said to suggest high technology, perhaps from alien origins.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dione" title="Robert Dione">Robert Dione</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Misraki" title="Paul Misraki">Paul Misraki</a> published books in the 1960s describing the events in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> as caused by <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">alien</a> <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Downing" title="Barry Downing">Barry Downing</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">minister</a>, wrote a book in 1968 arguing that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial</a>, citing John 8:23 and other biblical verses as evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some ancient astronaut proponents such as <a href="/wiki/Von_D%C3%A4niken" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Däniken">Von Däniken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Downing" title="Barry Downing">Barry Downing</a> believe that the concept of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> could be a real description of the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> brought to Earth by <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrials">extraterrestrials</a> showing photos of the hot surface on Venus to <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Proponents of the hypothesis state that '<a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>' and '<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>' were aliens that disagreed on whether or not human beings should be allowed the information that is offered by the tree of knowledge. <a href="/wiki/David_Childress" class="mw-redirect" title="David Childress">David Childress</a>, a leading proponent of ancient astronaut creation hypothesis, compares this story to the Greek tale of <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, who gave mankind the knowledge of fire. Ancient Astronaut proponents believe the biblical concept of Satan is based on a misunderstood visit by extraterrestrials. Erich von Däniken posited that the descendants of extraterrestrials had children with <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominids</a>, and this was referred to in the Bible as the "<a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a>." Von Däniken believes that the biblical <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">great flood</a> was punishment after an extraterrestrial 'God' discovered that earthbound, <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a> were mating with ape-like early humans.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Book_of_Invasions">The Book of Invasions</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Childress" class="mw-redirect" title="David Childress">Childress</a> and others have written that the passage in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Invasions">Book of Invasions</a></i> describing the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a> in Ireland, records "the arrival of aliens in spacecraft with cloaking devices" at <a href="/wiki/Slieve_Anierin" class="mw-redirect" title="Slieve Anierin">Slieve Anierin</a>. The text states "so that they were the Tuatha De Danand who came to Ireland. In this wise they came, in dark clouds. They landed on the mountains of Conmaicne Rein in Connacht and they brought a darkness over the sun for three days and three nights".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColavito201594–95_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColavito201594–95-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_artwork">Ancient artwork</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wandjina_rock_art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wandjina_rock_art.jpg/220px-Wandjina_rock_art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wandjina_rock_art.jpg/330px-Wandjina_rock_art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wandjina_rock_art.jpg/440px-Wandjina_rock_art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wondjina" class="mw-redirect" title="Wondjina">Wondjina</a> rock art in the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a> region, Australia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Worldwide_petroglyphic_evidence">Worldwide petroglyphic evidence</h4></div> <p>Ancient astronaut proponents believe <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a> cave drawings of <a href="/wiki/Kachinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachinas">Kachinas</a> (spirit beings) found in the desert link the origins of the <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a> tribes with "star people". They point to similar etchings elsewhere as evidence that extraterrestrials visited many different ancient civilizations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other artistic support for the ancient astronaut hypothesis has been sought in <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wondjina" class="mw-redirect" title="Wondjina">Wondjina</a> in Australia and in the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a>, in Italy (seen above) are said to bear a resemblance to present day astronauts.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of the ancient astronaut hypothesis sometimes argue that similarities such as dome shaped heads, interpreted as beings wearing space helmets, prove that early man was visited by an extraterrestrial race.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_and_Renaissance_art">Medieval and Renaissance art</h4></div> <p>More support of this hypothesis draws upon what are said to be representations of <a href="/wiki/Flying_saucer" title="Flying saucer">flying saucers</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">unidentified flying objects</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources#User-generated_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a user-generated source. (June 2019)">user-generated source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><p> Some examples of these said objects include an ovoid shape in the sky of the painting <i>Madonna con Bambino e San Giovannino</i> (<a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna and Child">Madonna and Child</a> with the Infant Saint John), an unidentified flying object in the <a href="/wiki/The_Annunciation,_with_Saint_Emidius" title="The Annunciation, with Saint Emidius"><i>Annunciazione</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>) (1486) by Carlo Crivelli, a "spherical object with antennae" that appears similar to <a href="/wiki/Sputnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik">Sputnik</a> in Bonaventura Salimbeni's <i>Santissima Trinita</i> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>) (1595), and many such unidentified flying objects in Masolino Da Panicale's <i>Miracolo della neve</i> (Miracle of the Snow) (1428). According to Italian art expert Diego Cuoghi, these objects contain religious symbolism behind them as most paintings of the time were of religious subjects. In such artworks, he says that angels and "radiant clouds" often appear in the sky. He says the object in the <i>Madonna and Child</i> is one of these radiant clouds, the object in the <i>Annunciazione</i> is a vortex of angels, the Sputnik-like object of <i>Santissima Trinita</i> is a globe representing creation with two <a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">sceptres</a> held by <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Christ</a>, and the <i>Miracolo della neve</i> contains many <a href="/wiki/Lenticular_clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenticular clouds">lenticular clouds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazca_Lines">Nazca Lines</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasca_Astronaut_2007_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nasca_Astronaut_2007_08.JPG/220px-Nasca_Astronaut_2007_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nasca_Astronaut_2007_08.JPG/330px-Nasca_Astronaut_2007_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nasca_Astronaut_2007_08.JPG/440px-Nasca_Astronaut_2007_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A large <a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">geoglyph</a> near the Nazca Lines.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Lines">Nazca Lines</a> are hundreds of huge ground drawings etched into the high desert of southern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. Some are stylized animals and humanoid figures, while others are merely straight lines hundreds of meters long. As the figures were made to be seen from a great height,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> they have been linked with the ancient astronaut hypothesis. In the 1970s, the pseudohistorical writer Erich von Däniken popularized a notion that the Nazca lines and figures could have been made "according to instructions from aircraft" and that the longer and wider lines might be <a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">runways</a> for spacecraft. According to archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Feder" title="Kenneth Feder">Kenneth Feder</a>, Von Däniken's extraterrestrial interpretation is not supported by any evidence. Feder wrote that "the lines are interpreted by archaeologists as ceremonial pathways of the ancient Nazca people; they were used precisely in this way in the fairly recent past."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" title="University of Kentucky">University of Kentucky</a> re-created one of the figures using only wooden stakes and string.<sup id="cite_ref-nazca1_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nazca1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_artifacts">Ancient artifacts</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_flying_machines">Ancient flying machines</h4></div> <p>Proponents of the ancient astronauts idea say some artifacts discovered in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Saqqara_Bird" title="Saqqara Bird">Saqqara Bird</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quimbaya_artifacts" title="Quimbaya artifacts">Quimbaya artifacts</a>) are similar to modern planes and gliders.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These artifacts have been interpreted by mainstream archaeologists, however, as stylized representations of birds and insects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_structures_and_megalithic_sites">Ancient structures and megalithic sites</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AhuTongariki.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AhuTongariki.JPG/220px-AhuTongariki.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AhuTongariki.JPG/330px-AhuTongariki.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AhuTongariki.JPG/440px-AhuTongariki.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahu_Tongariki" title="Ahu Tongariki">Ahu Tongariki</a> near <a href="/wiki/Rano_Raraku" title="Rano Raraku">Rano Raraku</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Proposed evidence for ancient astronauts includes the existence of ancient monuments and <a href="/wiki/Megalithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic">megalithic</a> ruins such as the <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramids" class="mw-redirect" title="Giza pyramids">Giza pyramids</a> of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a> in Peru, or <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> of England.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters say that these stone structures could not have been built with the technical abilities and tools of the people of the time and further argue that many could not be duplicated even today. They suggest that the large size of the building stones, the precision with which they were laid, and the distances many were transported leaves the question open as to who constructed these sites.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These ideas are categorically rejected by mainstream archeology. Some mainstream archeologists have participated in <a href="/wiki/List_of_megalithic_sites#List_of_efforts_to_move_and_install_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of megalithic sites">experiments to move large megaliths</a>. These experiments have succeeded in moving megaliths up to at least 40 tons,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some have speculated that with a larger workforce larger megaliths could be towed with the use of known ancient technology.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pyramids_of_Egypt">Pyramids of Egypt</h4></div> <p>Von Däniken states that ancient Egypt, with its great structures of the <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza pyramid complex</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a>, became a "fantastic, ready-made civilization" suddenly and without transitions and development.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient astronaut proponents suggest that sites like the pyramids of Giza were instead constructed by extraterrestrials.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, archaeological evidence demonstrates not only the long cultural trajectory of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">prehistoric Egypt</a> but also the developmental processes the ancient Egyptians underwent.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian tombs began with important leaders of villages being buried in the bedrock and covered with mounds of earth. Eventually, the first <a href="/wiki/Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharaohs">pharaohs</a> had tombs covered with single-story, mud-brick, square structures called <a href="/wiki/Mastabas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastabas">mastabas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stepped_pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepped pyramid">stepped pyramid</a> developed out of multiple mastabas being stacked on each one in one structure. This led to the construction of pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a>'s Step Pyramid at <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>, which is known from records to have been built by the ancient Egyptian architect and advisor <a href="/wiki/Imhotep" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Sneferu</a> who had his pyramid transitioned from a stepped to a true <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramid</a> like the well-known pyramids of Giza.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> document like a logbook kept by an official called <a href="/wiki/Diary_of_Merer" title="Diary of Merer">inspector Merer</a> has also been discovered with records of the construction of the Great Pyramid.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moai">Moai</h4></div> <p>The Moai statues of Easter Island were moved miles from the <a href="/wiki/Rano_Raraku" title="Rano Raraku">Rano Raraku</a> quarry to their current locations, and archaeologists have wondered how massive statues such as these could have been transported.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The folklore of the native <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui people</a> says that chiefs and priests used <a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mana (Oceanian mythology)">mana</a> to make the statues of the island walk.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, Czech engineer <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Pavel" title="Pavel Pavel">Pavel Pavel</a> and a group of sixteen people used a replica concrete moai to test a method that could have transported the statues. They tied ropes to it and in two groups pulled and twisted it back and forth, making it move forward in a walking motion. They called it the "refrigerator method" and demonstrated that the massive statues could be easily moved by a small group of people.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_and_cultural_practices">Religious and cultural practices</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cr%C3%A2ned%C3%A9form%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cr%C3%A2ned%C3%A9form%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Cr%C3%A2ned%C3%A9form%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cr%C3%A2ned%C3%A9form%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Cr%C3%A2ned%C3%A9form%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cr%C3%A2ned%C3%A9form%C3%A9.jpg/440px-Cr%C3%A2ned%C3%A9form%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A physiologically manipulated <a href="/wiki/Paracas_culture" title="Paracas culture">Paracas</a> skull (housed at the <i>Museo Regional de Ica</i> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of ancient cultures, such as the ancient Egyptians and some Native Americans, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cranial_deformation" title="Artificial cranial deformation">artificially lengthened</a> the skulls of their children. Some ancient astronaut proponents propose that this was done to emulate extraterrestrial visitors, whom they saw as gods.<sup id="cite_ref-aa-s3e8_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa-s3e8-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Akenaten">Akenaten</h4></div> <p>Among the ancient rulers depicted with elongated skulls are pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a>. The depiction of Akhenaten and his family with traits like elongated skulls, limbs, underdeveloped torsos, and <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amarna_art" title="Amarna art">Amarna art</a> is hypothesized to be the effect of a familial disease.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marriage between family members, especially siblings, was common in ancient Egyptian royal families, elevating the risk of such disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies on the remains of the ruling family of <a href="/wiki/18th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Dynasty">18th Dynasty</a> Egypt have found evidence of deformities and illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proposed syndromes of Akhenaten include <a href="/wiki/Loeys-Dietz_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Loeys-Dietz syndrome">Loeys-Dietz syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marfan%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Marfan's syndrome">Marfan's syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frohlich_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Frohlich syndrome">Frohlich syndrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antley-Bixler_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Antley-Bixler syndrome">Antley-Bixler syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akhenaten worshipped the sun disk god <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a> and it is suggested that such worship could point to a disease that is alleviated by sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts in popular culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials in fiction</a></div> <p>Ancient astronauts have been addressed frequently in science fiction and horror fiction in many different media. In a 2004 article in <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptic_(U.S._magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptic (U.S. magazine)">Skeptic</a></i> magazine, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Colavito" title="Jason Colavito">Jason Colavito</a> writes that von Däniken borrowed many of the book's concepts from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Morning_of_the_Magicians" title="The Morning of the Magicians">Le Matin des Magiciens</a></i> (<i>Morning of the Magicians</i>), that this book in turn was heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos" title="Cthulhu Mythos">Cthulhu Mythos</a>, and that the core of the ancient astronaut hypothesis originates in <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a>'s works "<a href="/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu" title="The Call of Cthulhu">The Call of Cthulhu</a>" and <i><a href="/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness" title="At the Mountains of Madness">At the Mountains of Madness</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colavito later expanded on this idea in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cult_of_Alien_Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cult of Alien Gods">The Cult of Alien Gods: H. P. Lovecraft and Extraterrestrial Pop Culture</a></i>. </p><p>The idea that aliens visited Earth in the past is frequently seen in works of fiction. For example, the comic book <i><a href="/wiki/Thor_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Thor (Marvel Comics)">Thor</a></i> considers that all the <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> is based on actual beings living in other dimensions, who were worshipped as gods by the Vikings and who reappear on Earth in modern times. Däniken's work, however, inspired several works and franchises over time, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Eternals_(comics)" title="Eternals (comics)">Eternals</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stargate" title="Stargate">Stargate</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull" title="Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull">Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(2012_film)" title="Prometheus (2012 film)">Prometheus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a></i>. All those works do not take the idea seriously, but merely use it as a narrative device.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another angle may be to leave the aliens out of the story, and focus instead on devices they left behind, as in the novels <i>Scarlet Dream</i>, <i>Galactic Derelict</i>, <i>World of Ptavvs</i>, <i>Toolmaker Koan</i>, and <i>A Fire Upon the Deep</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliens may also appear as an <a href="/wiki/Elder_race" title="Elder race">elder race</a> that created or shepherded humans in their early times; and may or may not be present in the work's present day.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aliens" title="Ancient Aliens">Ancient Aliens</a></i> is a television series that features proponents of the ancient astronaut hypothesis, such as <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_A._Tsoukalos" title="Giorgio A. Tsoukalos">Giorgio A. Tsoukalos</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Childress" class="mw-redirect" title="David Childress">David Childress</a>, Erich von Däniken, <a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Greer" title="Steven M. Greer">Steven M. Greer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nick_Pope_(journalist)" title="Nick Pope (journalist)">Nick Pope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proponents">Proponents</h2></div> <p>Many publications have argued for the ancient astronauts hypotheses. Notable examples include these: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fort" title="Charles Fort">Charles Fort</a> (book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Damned" title="The Book of the Damned">The Book of the Damned</a></i>)</li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Leslie" title="Desmond Leslie">Desmond Leslie</a> (book, <i>Flying Saucers Have Landed</i>)</li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Harold_T._Wilkins" title="Harold T. Wilkins">Harold T. Wilkins</a> (book, <i>Flying Saucers from the Moon</i>)</li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Morris_K._Jessup" title="Morris K. Jessup">Morris K. Jessup</a> (book, <i>UFO and the Bible</i>)</li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kolosimo" title="Peter Kolosimo">Peter Kolosimo</a> (book, <i>Il pianeta sconosciuto</i> – <i>The Unknown Planet</i>)</li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Hunt_Williamson" title="George Hunt Williamson">George Hunt Williamson</a> (book, <i>Secret Places of the Lion</i>)</li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Lhote" title="Henri Lhote">Henri Lhote</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (book, <i>The Search for the Tassili Frescoes: The story of the prehistoric rock-paintings of the Sahara</i>)</li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bergier" title="Jacques Bergier">Jacques Bergier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Louis Pauwels</a> (book, <i>Le Matin des magiciens</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Morning_of_the_Magicians" title="The Morning of the Magicians">The Morning of the Magicians</a></i>))</li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Brinsley_Trench,_8th_Earl_of_Clancarty" title="Brinsley Trench, 8th Earl of Clancarty">Brinsley Trench</a> (book, <i>The Sky People</i>)</li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Matest_M._Agrest" title="Matest M. Agrest">Matest M. Agrest</a> (article, The Astronauts of Yore)<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a> (book, <i>Histoire inconnue des hommes depuis 100.000 ans</i> – <i>One Hundred Thousand Years of Man's Unknown History</i>)</li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kolosimo" title="Peter Kolosimo">Peter Kolosimo</a> (book, <i>Terra senza tempo</i> – <i>Timeless Earth</i>)</li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/W._Raymond_Drake" title="W. Raymond Drake">W. Raymond Drake</a> (book, <i>Gods or Spacemen?</i>)</li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a> (book, <i>Legacy of the Gods</i>)</li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Misraki" title="Paul Misraki">Paul Misraki</a> (book, <i>Flying Saucers Through The Ages</i>)</li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a> (book, <i>The Gods Unknown</i>)</li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Brad_Steiger" title="Brad Steiger">Brad Steiger</a> (book, <i>The Flying Saucer Menace</i>)</li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/John_Michell_(writer)" title="John Michell (writer)">John Michell</a> (book, <i>The Flying Saucer Vision</i>)</li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_D%C3%A4niken" title="Erich von Däniken">Erich von Däniken</a> (book, <i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_the_Gods%3F" title="Chariots of the Gods?">Erinnerungen an die Zukunft: Ungelöste Rätsel der Vergangenheit</a></i>, translated as <i>Chariots of the Gods?</i>)</li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Downing" title="Barry Downing">Barry Downing</a> (book, <i>The Bible and Flying Saucers</i>)</li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dione" title="Robert Dione">Robert Dione</a> (book, <i>God Drives a Flying Saucer</i>)</li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sendy" title="Jean Sendy">Jean Sendy</a> (book, <i>Those Gods Who Made Heaven and Earth; the novel of the Bible</i>)</li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Vallee" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Vallee">Jacques Vallee</a> (book, <i>Passport to Magonia: From Folklore to Flying Saucers</i>)</li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/John_Keel" title="John Keel">John Keel</a> (book, <i>Operation Trojan Horse</i>)</li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/T._C._Lethbridge" title="T. C. Lethbridge">T. C. Lethbridge</a> (book, <i>The Legend of the Sons of God: A Fantasy?</i>)</li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Berlitz" title="Charles Berlitz">Charles Berlitz</a> (book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bermuda_Triangle_(book)" title="The Bermuda Triangle (book)">The Bermuda Triangle</a></i>)</li> <li>1974: Josef F. Blumrich (book, <i>Da tat sich der Himmel auf</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceships_of_Ezekiel" title="The Spaceships of Ezekiel">The Spaceships of Ezekiel</a>)</i></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a> aka <i>Rael</i> (book, <i>Le Livre Qui Dit La Vérité</i> – <i>The Book Which Tells the Truth</i>)</li> <li>1974: Robin Collyns (book, <i>Did Spacemen Colonise the Earth?</i>)</li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Graham_Cairns-Smith" title="Graham Cairns-Smith">Graham Cairns-Smith</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">biochemist</a> who suggested that the ancestors of humans might have had alien biochemistries and presented evidence to support this possibility in a biological research journal)<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Serge_Hutin" title="Serge Hutin">Serge Hutin</a> (book, <i>Alien Races and Fantastic Civilizations</i>)</li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._G._Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert K. G. Temple">Robert K. G. Temple</a> (book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sirius_Mystery" title="The Sirius Mystery">The Sirius Mystery</a></i>)</li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/John_Baxter_(author)" title="John Baxter (author)">John Baxter</a>, Thomas Atkins (book, <i>The Fire Came By: The Riddle of the Great Siberian Explosion</i>)</li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Cohane" title="John Philip Cohane">John Philip Cohane</a> (book, <i>Paradox: The Case for the Extraterrestrial Origin of Man</i>)</li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Warren_Smith_(author)" title="Warren Smith (author)">Warren Smith</a> (book, <i>UFO Trek</i>)</li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/George_Sassoon" title="George Sassoon">George Sassoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Dale" title="Rodney Dale">Rodney Dale</a> (book, <i><a href="/wiki/Manna_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Manna Machine">Manna Machine</a></i>)</li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Zecharia_Sitchin" title="Zecharia Sitchin">Zecharia Sitchin</a> (book, <i>The 12th planet</i>)</li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Freixedo" title="Salvador Freixedo">Salvador Freixedo</a>, (book, <i>¡Defendámonos de los Dioses!</i> – Spanish: Let Us Defend Ourselves from the Gods!)</li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Freixedo" title="Salvador Freixedo">Salvador Freixedo</a>, (book, <i>La Granja Humana</i> – Spanish: The Human Farm)</li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Riley_Martin" title="Riley Martin">Riley Martin</a> (book, <i>The Coming of Tan</i>)</li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Freixedo" title="Salvador Freixedo">Salvador Freixedo</a>, (book, <i>La Amenaza Extraterrestre</i> – Spanish: The Alien Threat).</li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a> (book, <i>And the truth shall set you free</i>)</li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Alan_F._Alford" title="Alan F. Alford">Alan F. Alford</a> (book, <i>Gods of the New Millennium</i>)</li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Murry_Hope" title="Murry Hope">Murry Hope</a> (book, <i>The Sirius Connection: Unlocking the Secrets of Ancient Egypt</i>)</li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Hoagland" title="Richard C. Hoagland">Richard C. Hoagland</a> (book, <i>The Monuments of Mars: A City on the Edge of Forever</i>)</li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Pye" title="Lloyd Pye">Lloyd Pye</a> (book, <i>Everything You Know is Wrong – Book One: Human Evolution</i>)</li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/James_Herbert_Brennan" title="James Herbert Brennan">James Herbert Brennan</a> (book, <i>Martian Genesis</i>)</li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/David_Hatcher_Childress" title="David Hatcher Childress">David Hatcher Childress</a> (book, <i>Technology of the Gods, The Incredible Science of the Ancients</i>)</li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Gardner" title="Laurence Gardner">Laurence Gardner</a> (book, <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Genesis of the Grail Kings: The Explosive Story of Genetic Cloning</a></i>)</li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Burak_Eldem" title="Burak Eldem">Burak Eldem</a> (book, 2012: <i>Appointment With Marduk</i>)</li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Tsoukalos" class="mw-redirect" title="Giorgio Tsoukalos">Giorgio Tsoukalos</a> et al. (TV, <i>Ancient Aliens</i>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact (science fiction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silurian_hypothesis" title="Silurian hypothesis">Silurian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li> <li>In film: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey" title="2001: A Space Odyssey">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote from science fiction author Arthur Clarke: "Any sufficiently advanced technology will appear indistinguishable from magic."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lieb_1998-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lieb_1998_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieb_1998_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieb_1998_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieb_1998_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieb_1998_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieb_1998_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLieb1998" class="citation cs2">Lieb, Michael (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXhsbM6-lx0C&pg=PA51">"The Psycho-pathology of the Bizarre"</a>, <i>Children of Ezekiel: Aliens, UFOs, the Crisis of Race, and the Advent of End Time</i>, <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, pp. 51–54, 249–251, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv11sn0vx.6">10.2307/j.ctv11sn0vx.6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2137-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2137-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-2137-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9354231">9354231</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Psycho-pathology+of+the+Bizarre&rft.btitle=Children+of+Ezekiel%3A+Aliens%2C+UFOs%2C+the+Crisis+of+Race%2C+and+the+Advent+of+End+Time&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina+and+London&rft.pages=51-54%2C+249-251&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9354231&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv11sn0vx.6&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2137-8&rft.aulast=Lieb&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXhsbM6-lx0C%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer-Swartz_2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer-Swartz_2021_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer-Swartz_2021_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer-Swartz_2021_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer-Swartz_2021_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer-Swartz_2021_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammerSwartz2021" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Olav_Hammer" title="Olav Hammer">Hammer, Olav</a>; Swartz, Karen (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkswEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151">"Ancient Aliens"</a>, in Zeller, Ben (ed.), <i>Handbook of UFO Religions</i>, Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion, vol. 20, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, pp. 151–177, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004435537_008">10.1163/9789004435537_008</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43437-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43437-0"><bdi>978-90-04-43437-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243018663">243018663</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Aliens&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+UFO+Religions&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=151-177&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004435537_008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243018663%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43437-0&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Olav&rft.au=Swartz%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkswEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2016" class="citation cs2">May, Andrew (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2O0QDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA133"><i>Pseudoscience and Science Fiction</i></a> (illustrated ed.), <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer Verlag</a>, p. 133, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017psf..book.....M">2017psf..book.....M</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-42605-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-42605-1"><bdi>978-3-319-42605-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudoscience+and+Science+Fiction&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=133&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017psf..book.....M&rft.isbn=978-3-319-42605-1&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2O0QDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vetterling-Braggin_1983-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vetterling-Braggin_1983_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vetterling-Braggin_1983_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vetterling-Braggin_1983_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVetterling-Braggin1983" class="citation 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atmos&rft.atitle=Ancient+Ties%3A+Indigenous+Peoples+and+the+Extraterrestrial&rft.date=2023-08-08&rft.aulast=Burns+%28Hopkins%29&rft.aufirst=Ruth%2C+a.k.a.+Cankudutawin+%28Red+Road+Woman%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatmos.earth%2Fancient-ties-indigenous-people-and-the-extraterrestrial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel-and-adventure/7-ancient-sites-some-people-think-were-built-by-aliens">"7 Ancient Sites Some People Think Were Built by Aliens"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. November 11, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226101512/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel-and-adventure/7-ancient-sites-some-people-think-were-built-by-aliens">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=7+Ancient+Sites+Some+People+Think+Were+Built+by+Aliens&rft.date=2017-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Ftravel-and-adventure%2F7-ancient-sites-some-people-think-were-built-by-aliens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStothers2007" class="citation journal cs1">Stothers, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30038660">"Unidentified Flying Objects in Classical Antiquity"</a>. <i>The Classical Journal</i>. <b>103</b> (1): 79–92. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8353">0009-8353</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30038660">30038660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408000555/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30038660">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Unidentified+Flying+Objects+in+Classical+Antiquity&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-92&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30038660%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0009-8353&rft.aulast=Stothers&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30038660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESagan2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvYpP6zmD9G8CqancientastronautpgPP1_65–68,_79]-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagan2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvYpP6zmD9G8CqancientastronautpgPP1_65–68,_79]_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSagan2011">Sagan (2011)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vYpP6zmD9G8C&q=ancient+astronaut&pg=PP1">65–68, 79</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/finding-our-place-in-the-cosmos-with-carl-sagan/articles-and-essays/life-on-other-worlds/envisioning-martian-civilizations">"Envisioning Martian Civilizations"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203184021/https://www.loc.gov/collections/finding-our-place-in-the-cosmos-with-carl-sagan/articles-and-essays/life-on-other-worlds/envisioning-martian-civilizations">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2023</span>. <q>In the story the Martians were 14 feet tall and had advanced enough technology that they had visited the Earth 9,000 years earlier.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Envisioning+Martian+Civilizations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Ffinding-our-place-in-the-cosmos-with-carl-sagan%2Farticles-and-essays%2Flife-on-other-worlds%2Fenvisioning-martian-civilizations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Card 2018: p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2013" class="citation book cs1">Williams, William F. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vH1EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT47"><i>Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135955229" title="Special:BookSources/9781135955229"><bdi>9781135955229</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Pseudoscience%3A+From+Alien+Abductions+to+Zone+Therapy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135955229&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvH1EAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShklovskiiSagan1966">Shklovskii & Sagan (1966)</a>, pp. 448–464 Chapter 33: "The Possible Consequences of Direct Contact"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagan1980" class="citation book cs1">Sagan, Carl (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GlXPqexwO28C&pg=PA79"><i>Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science</i></a>. Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0345336897" title="Special:BookSources/978-0345336897"><bdi>978-0345336897</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319194137/https://books.google.com/books?id=GlXPqexwO28C&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broca%27s+Brain%3A+Reflections+on+the+Romance+of+Science&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0345336897&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGlXPqexwO28C%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShklovskiiSagan1966-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShklovskiiSagan1966_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShklovskiiSagan1966">Shklovskii & Sagan (1966)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debunker.com/texts/vondanik.html">"Erich von Däniken's <i>Chariots of the Gods?</i>: Science or Charlatanism?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824125416/http://www.debunker.com/texts/vondanik.html">Archived</a> August 24, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Robert Sheaffer. Via Debunker.com; originally published in <i>NICAP UFO Investigator</i>, October/November 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifford Wilson, <i>Crash Go the Chariots</i>, Lancer Books, 1972<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chariots_of_the_Gods?-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chariots_of_the_Gods?_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Däniken1968" class="citation book cs1">von Däniken, Erich (1968). <i>Chariots of the Gods?</i>. G.P. Putnam Sons. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chariots+of+the+Gods%3F&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam+Sons&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=von+D%C3%A4niken&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frauds,_Myths,_and_Mysteries-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frauds,_Myths,_and_Mysteries_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2018" class="citation cs2">Feder, Kenneth (2018), <i>Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries</i>, Oxford Press, pp. 189–206, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190629656" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190629656"><bdi>978-0190629656</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frauds%2C+Myths%2C+and+Mysteries&rft.pages=189-206&rft.pub=Oxford+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0190629656&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2013" class="citation book cs1">Feder, Kenneth (April 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191006200626/http://anthropology.msu.edu/anp264-ss17/files/2013/01/ch09.pdf"><i>Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0078035074" title="Special:BookSources/978-0078035074"><bdi>978-0078035074</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthropology.msu.edu/anp264-ss17/files/2013/01/ch09.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frauds%2C+Myths%2C+and+Mysteries&rft.pages=224&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.isbn=978-0078035074&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthropology.msu.edu%2Fanp264-ss17%2Ffiles%2F2013%2F01%2Fch09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skepdic-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skepdic_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skepdic_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1994–2009" class="citation cs2">Carroll, Robert T (1994–2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepdic.com/sitchin.html">"The Skeptic's Dictionary"</a>, <i>Zecharia Sitchin and The Earth Chronicles</i>, John Wiley & Sons, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920223457/http://www.skepdic.com/sitchin.html">archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zecharia+Sitchin+and+The+Earth+Chronicles&rft.atitle=The+Skeptic%27s+Dictionary&rft.date=1994%2F2009&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Robert+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skepdic.com%2Fsitchin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT,_Kilgannon-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT,_Kilgannon_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilgannon2010" class="citation cs2">Kilgannon, Corey (January 8, 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/nyregion/10alone.html">"Origin of the Species, From an Alien View"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011856/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/nyregion/10alone.html">archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2010</span>, <q>Mr. Sitchin was called silly before—by scientists, historians and archaeologists who dismiss his hypotheses as pseudoscience and fault their underpinnings—his translations of ancient texts and his understanding of physics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Species%2C+From+an+Alien+View&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft.aulast=Kilgannon&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F01%2F10%2Fnyregion%2F10alone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sitchiniswrong.com/letter/letter.htm">"Open Letter to Zecharia Sitchin"</a>, <i>stichiniswrong.com</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005042914/http://www.sitchiniswrong.com/letter/letter.htm">archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2011<span 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Sitchin"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/199/zechariah_sitchin.html">the original</a> on April 3, 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortean+Times&rft.atitle=Zechariah+Sitchin&rft.date=2003-08&rft.aulast=Pilkington&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forteantimes.com%2Ffeatures%2Farticles%2F199%2Fzechariah_sitchin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Loeys, Bart (2012), "Loeys-Dietz syndrome: A possible solution for Akhenaten's and his family's mystery syndrome", <i>South African Medical Journal</i>, <b>102</b> (8): 661–664, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7196%2Fsamj.5916">10.7196/samj.5916</a></span> (inactive November 10, 2024), <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10067%2F1011150151162165141">10067/1011150151162165141</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22831939">22831939</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Loeys-Dietz+syndrome%3A+A+possible+solution+for+Akhenaten%27s+and+his+family%27s+mystery+syndrome&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=661-664&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10067%2F1011150151162165141&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22831939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7196%2Fsamj.5916&rft.aulast=Eshraghian&rft.aufirst=Ahad&rft.au=Loeys%2C+Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2020" class="citation cs2">Feder, Kenneth (2020), <i>Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190096410" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190096410"><bdi>978-0190096410</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frauds%2C+Myths%2C+and+Mysteries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0190096410&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrünschloß2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gr%C3%BCnschlo%C3%9F" title="Andreas Grünschloß">Grünschloß, Andreas</a> (June 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2006/gruenschloss2006.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Ancient Astronaut" Narrations: A Popular Discourse on Our Religious Past"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Marburg Journal of Religion</i>, vol. 11, no. 1, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1612-2941">1612-2941</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080309165229/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2006/gruenschloss2006.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marburg+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=%22Ancient+Astronaut%22+Narrations%3A+A+Popular+Discourse+on+Our+Religious+Past&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006-06&rft.issn=1612-2941&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCnschlo%C3%9F&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.uni-marburg.de%2Freligionswissenschaft%2Fjournal%2Fmjr%2Fpdf%2F2006%2Fgruenschloss2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabichtHenneberg2015" class="citation cs2">Habicht, Michael; Henneberg, Maciej (2015), "Body height of mummified pharaohs supports historical suggestions of sibling marriages.", <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>, <b>157</b> (3): 519–525, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.22728">10.1002/ajpa.22728</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25916977">25916977</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205335354">205335354</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Body+height+of+mummified+pharaohs+supports+historical+suggestions+of+sibling+marriages.&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=519-525&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205335354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25916977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.22728&rft.aulast=Habicht&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Henneberg%2C+Maciej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntLipo2011" class="citation cs2">Hunt, Terry; Lipo, Carl (2011), <i>The Statues that Walked: Unraveling the Mystery of Easter Island</i>, Free Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-5031-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-5031-3"><bdi>978-1-4391-5031-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statues+that+Walked%3A+Unraveling+the+Mystery+of+Easter+Island&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-5031-3&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Lipo%2C+Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolidoro2005" class="citation cs2">Polidoro, Massimo (2005), "There's a UFO in my painting!", <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>, vol. 29, no. 3</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=There%27s+a+UFO+in+my+painting%21&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Polidoro&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaël1974" class="citation cs2">Raël (1974), <i>The Message Given by Extra-terrestrials</i>, Nova Dist, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-940252-20-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-940252-20-3"><bdi>2-940252-20-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Message+Given+by+Extra-terrestrials&rft.pub=Nova+Dist&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=2-940252-20-3&rft.au=Ra%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRetiefCilliers2011" class="citation cs2">Retief, Francois Pieter; Cilliers, Louise (2011), "Akhenaten, a unique pharaoh", <i>South African Medical Journal</i>, <b>101</b> (9): 628–630, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21920162">21920162</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Akhenaten%2C+a+unique+pharaoh&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=628-630&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21920162&rft.aulast=Retief&rft.aufirst=Francois+Pieter&rft.au=Cilliers%2C+Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagan2011" class="citation cs2">Sagan, Carl (2011) [1979], <i>Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science</i>, Random House Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50169-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50169-7"><bdi>978-0-394-50169-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broca%27s+Brain%3A+Reflections+on+the+Romance+of+Science&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-394-50169-7&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShklovskiiSagan1966" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Shklovsky" title="Iosif Shklovsky">Shklovskii, Iosif S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Sagan, Carl</a> (1966), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intelligentlifei00shkl"><i>Intelligent Life in the Universe</i></a></span>, translated by Fern, Paula, San Francisco, California: Holden-Day, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/257089397">257089397</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligent+Life+in+the+Universe&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pub=Holden-Day&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F257089397&rft.aulast=Shklovskii&rft.aufirst=Iosif+S.&rft.au=Sagan%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintelligentlifei00shkl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitchin1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Zecharia_Sitchin" title="Zecharia Sitchin">Sitchin, Zecharia</a> (1999), <i>The 12th Planet (The Earth Chronicles, Book 1)</i>, Avon, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-39362-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-380-39362-X"><bdi>0-380-39362-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+12th+Planet+%28The+Earth+Chronicles%2C+Book+1%29&rft.pub=Avon&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-380-39362-X&rft.aulast=Sitchin&rft.aufirst=Zecharia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommer2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Sommer, Morgana (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/caps_thes/392"><i>Pseudoarchaeology and the ancient astronaut theory: an analysis of a modern belief system</i></a> (MSc). California State University, Monterey Bay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706165413/https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/caps_thes/392/">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Pseudoarchaeology+and+the+ancient+astronaut+theory%3A+an+analysis+of+a+modern+belief+system&rft.inst=California+State+University%2C+Monterey+Bay&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Morgana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.csumb.edu%2Fcaps_thes%2F392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalletMarouard2014" class="citation cs2">Tallet, Pierre; Marouard, Gregory (2014), "The Harbor of Khufu on the Red Sea Coast at Wadi al-Jarf, Egypt", <i>Near Eastern Archaeology</i>, <b>77</b> (1): 4–14, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5615%2Fneareastarch.77.1.0004">10.5615/neareastarch.77.1.0004</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163572620">163572620</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Near+Eastern+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Harbor+of+Khufu+on+the+Red+Sea+Coast+at+Wadi+al-Jarf%2C+Egypt&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-14&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5615%2Fneareastarch.77.1.0004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163572620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tallet&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Marouard%2C+Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvalos2002" class="citation cs2">Avalos, Hector (2002), "The Ancient Near East in Modern Science Fiction: Zechariah Sitchin's <i>The 12th Planet</i> as Case Study", <i>Journal of Higher Criticism</i>, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 49–70</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Higher+Criticism&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Near+East+in+Modern+Science+Fiction%3A+Zechariah+Sitchin%27s+The+12th+Planet+as+Case+Study&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-70&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Avalos&rft.aufirst=Hector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fagan, Garrett G. (2006). <i>Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30593-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30593-4">0-415-30593-4</a></li> <li>Harris, Christie. (1975). <i>Sky Man on the Totem Pole?</i>. New York: Atheneum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780689304507" title="Special:BookSources/9780689304507">9780689304507</a></li> <li>Stiebing, William H. (1984). <i>Ancient Astronauts, Cosmic Collisions and Other Popular Theories About Man's Past</i>. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-285-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87975-285-8">0-87975-285-8</a></li> <li>Story, Ronald. (1976). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Space_Gods_Revealed" title="The Space Gods Revealed">The Space Gods Revealed: A Close Look at the Theories of Erich von Däniken</a></i>. Harper & Row. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-014141-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-014141-7">0-06-014141-7</a></li> <li>Trefil, James. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/sb/show/who_were_the_ancient_engineers_of_egypt/">"Who Were the Ancient Engineers of Egypt?"</a>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i> (Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) 17.1.</li> <li>White, Peter. (1976). <i>The Past Is Human: Debunking Von Daniken's Gee-Whiz Theories</i>. Taplinger. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0800862664" title="Special:BookSources/978-0800862664">978-0800862664</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214041445/http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/cult_archaeology/index.html"><i><span></span>'Fringe' or 'cult' archaeology examined by professional archaeologist Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/cult_archaeology/index.html">the original</a> on December 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Fringe%27+or+%27cult%27+archaeology+examined+by+professional+archaeologist+Keith+Fitzpatrick-Matthews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmatthews.org.uk%2Fcult_archaeology%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/vondanik.html">Ancient Astronauts</a> – <a href="/wiki/Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptic's Dictionary">Skeptic's Dictionary</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4449">"Skeptoid #449: Ancient Astronauts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptoid&rft.atitle=Skeptoid+%23449%3A+Ancient+Astronauts&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskeptoid.com%2Fepisodes%2F4449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/shows/ancient-aliens/season-16">www<wbr />.history<wbr />.com<wbr />/shows<wbr />/ancient-aliens<wbr />/season-16</a></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UFOs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UFOs" title="Template:UFOs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UFOs" title="Template talk:UFOs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UFOs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UFOs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UFOs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">UFOs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">Claimed sightings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">List of reported UFO sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_outer_space" title="UFO sightings in outer space">Sightings in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Ezekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airship_of_Clonmacnoise" title="Airship of Clonmacnoise">Airship of Clonmacnoise</a> (740s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1561_celestial_phenomenon_over_Nuremberg" title="1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg">1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1566_celestial_phenomenon_over_Basel" title="1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel">1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1665_celestial_phenomenon_over_Stralsund" title="1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund">1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonilla_observation" title="Bonilla observation">José Bonilla observation (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_airship#The_airship_wave_of_1896-1897" title="Mystery airship">Airship wave (1896–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Texas,_UFO_incident" title="Aurora, Texas, UFO incident">Aurora (1897)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Angeles" title="Battle of Los Angeles">Los Angeles (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ngelholm_UFO_memorial" title="Ängelholm UFO memorial">Ängelholm UFO memorial (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold_UFO_sighting" title="Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting">Kenneth Arnold (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_flying_disc_craze" title="1947 flying disc craze">1947 craze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_105_UFO_sighting" title="Flight 105 UFO sighting">Flight 105 (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident" title="Roswell incident">Roswell (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_UFO_photographs" title="Rhodes UFO photographs">Rhodes (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantell_UFO_incident" title="Mantell UFO incident">Mantell (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiles-Whitted_UFO_encounter" title="Chiles-Whitted UFO encounter">Chiles-Whitted (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorman_dogfight" title="Gorman dogfight">Gorman Dogfight (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_UFO_incident" title="Mariana UFO incident">Mariana (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville_UFO_photographs" title="McMinnville UFO photographs">McMinnville photographs (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperry_UFO_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry UFO case">Sperry (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock_Lights" title="Lubbock Lights">Lubbock Lights (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash-Fortenberry_UFO_sighting" title="Nash-Fortenberry UFO sighting">Nash-Fortenberry (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Washington,_D.C._UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident">Washington, D.C. (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatwoods_monster" title="Flatwoods monster">Flatwoods monster (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly%E2%80%93Hopkinsville_encounter" title="Kelly–Hopkinsville encounter">Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakenheath-Bentwaters_incident" title="Lakenheath-Bentwaters incident">Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Villas_Boas" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Villas Boas">Antônio Villas Boas (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levelland_UFO_case" title="Levelland UFO case">Levelland (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_and_Betty_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Barney and Betty Hill">Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Zamora_incident" title="Lonnie Zamora incident">Lonnie Zamora incident (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth_Spaceman" title="Solway Firth Spaceman">Solway Firth Spaceman (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_incident" title="Exeter incident">Exeter (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kecksburg_UFO_incident" title="Kecksburg UFO incident">Kecksburg (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westall_UFO" title="Westall UFO">Westall (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Lake_Incident" title="Falcon Lake Incident">Falcon Lake (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shag_Harbour_UFO_incident" title="Shag Harbour UFO incident">Shag Harbour (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident" title="Jimmy Carter UFO incident">Jimmy Carter (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force_UFO_sighting" title="Finnish Air Force UFO sighting">Finnish Air Force (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascagoula_Abduction" title="Pascagoula Abduction">Pascagoula Abduction (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lennon_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lennon UFO incident">John Lennon UFO incident (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_Walton_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Travis Walton UFO incident">Travis Walton incident (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tehran_UFO_incident" title="1976 Tehran UFO incident">Tehran (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk_phenomenon" title="Petrozavodsk phenomenon">Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Prato" title="Operação Prato">Operação Prato (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanfretta_UFO_Incident" title="Zanfretta UFO Incident">Zanfretta incident (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Frederick_Valentich" title="Disappearance of Frederick Valentich">Valentich disappearance (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikoura_lights" title="Kaikoura lights">Kaikoura Lights (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_incident" title="Robert Taylor incident">Robert Taylor incident (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Johnson_incident" title="Val Johnson incident">Val Johnson incident (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manises_UFO_incident" title="Manises UFO incident">Manises (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash%E2%80%93Landrum_incident" title="Cash–Landrum incident">Cash–Landrum incident (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendlesham_Forest_incident" title="Rendlesham Forest incident">Rendlesham Forest (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-en-Provence_case" title="Trans-en-Provence case">Trans-en-Provence (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Cargo_Flight_1628_incident" title="Japan Air Lines Cargo Flight 1628 incident">Japan Air Lines (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkley_Moor_UFO_incident" title="Ilkley Moor UFO incident">Ilkley Moor (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_UFO_incident" title="Voronezh UFO incident">Voronezh incident (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_UFO_wave" title="Belgian UFO wave">Belgian UFO wave (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_School_UFO_incident" title="Ariel School UFO incident">Ariel School (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varginha_UFO_incident" title="Varginha UFO incident">Varginha (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Lights" title="Phoenix Lights">Phoenix Lights (1997)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nimitz_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Nimitz UFO incident">USS <i>Nimitz</i> UFO incident (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Mexico#2004" title="UFO sightings in Mexico">Campeche, Mexico (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_O%27Hare_International_Airport_UFO_sighting" title="2006 O'Hare International Airport UFO sighting">O'Hare Airport (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Alderney_UFO_sighting" title="2007 Alderney UFO sighting">Alderney (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Norwegian_spiral_anomaly" title="2009 Norwegian spiral anomaly">Norway (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_UFO_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt UFO incidents">USS <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i> UFO incidents (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetpack_man" title="Jetpack man">Jetpack man (2020–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-altitude_object_events_in_2023" title="List of high-altitude object events in 2023">High-altitude object events (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Grusch_UFO_whistleblower_claims" title="David Grusch UFO whistleblower claims">David Grusch claims (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Confirmed hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island hoax (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_UFO_hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec, New Mexico UFO hoax">Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">Majestic 12 (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze (1987–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien Autopsy (1995 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown (2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sightings by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Africa" title="UFO sightings in Africa">Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_South_Africa" title="UFO sightings in South Africa">South Africa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Albania" title="UFO sightings in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Argentina" title="UFO sightings in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Australia" title="UFO sightings in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Belarus" title="UFO sightings in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Belgium" title="UFO sightings in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Brazil" title="UFO sightings in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Canada" title="UFO sightings in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_China" title="UFO sightings in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO sightings in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_France" title="UFO sightings in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Greece" title="UFO sightings in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_India" title="UFO sightings in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Indonesia" title="UFO sightings in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Iran" title="UFO sightings in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Italy" title="UFO sightings in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Mexico" title="UFO sightings in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Nepal" title="UFO sightings in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_New_Zealand" title="UFO sightings in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Norway" title="UFO sightings in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Poland" title="UFO sightings in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Russia" title="UFO sightings in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Spain" title="UFO sightings in Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="UFO sightings in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Sweden" title="UFO sightings in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="UFO sightings in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_United_States" title="UFO sightings in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of UFOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(UFO)" title="Black triangle (UFO)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_saucer" title="Flying saucer">Flying saucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foo_fighter" title="Foo fighter">Foo fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_rockets" title="Ghost rockets">Ghost rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_fireballs" title="Green fireballs">Green fireballs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_airship" title="Mystery airship">Mystery airship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_jellyfish" title="Space jellyfish">Space jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings" title="List of alleged extraterrestrial beings">Types of alleged<br /> extraterrestrial beings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy beings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectoids_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectoids in science fiction">Insectoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_aliens" title="Nordic aliens">Nordic aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid" title="Reptilian humanoid">Reptilian humanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies and timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_UFO_reports_by_the_United_States_government" title="Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government">Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Saucers_Are_Real" title="The Flying Saucers Are Real"><i>The Flying Saucers Are Real</i> (1947–1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign">Project Sign (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Grudge" title="Project Grudge">Project Grudge (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Saucer_Working_Party" title="Flying Saucer Working Party">Flying Saucer Working Party (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Magnet_(UFO)" title="Project Magnet (UFO)">Project Magnet (1950–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book">Project Blue Book (1952–1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robertson_Panel" title="Robertson Panel">Robertson Panel (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Report_on_Unidentified_Flying_Objects" title="The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects">Ruppelt report (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigations_Committee_On_Aerial_Phenomena" title="National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena">National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condon_Committee" title="Condon Committee">Condon Report (1966–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_22" title="Institute 22">Institute 22 (1978–?)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Condign" title="Project Condign">Project Condign (1997–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Aerospace_Threat_Identification_Program" title="Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program">Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_studies_of_UFOs" title="Identification studies of UFOs">Identification studies of UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Aerial_Phenomena_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force">Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%27s_UAP_independent_study_team" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA's UAP independent study team">NASA's UAP independent study team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypotheses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Mac Tonnies">Cryptoterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychosocial hypothesis">Psychosocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-traveller_UFO_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-traveller UFO hypothesis">Time-traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Trotskyist-Posadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Area_51" title="Storm Area 51">Storm Area 51</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Lazar" title="Bob Lazar">Bob Lazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Abduction claims</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alien_abduction_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alien abduction claims">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_entities" title="Alien abduction entities">Entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_claimants" title="Alien abduction claimants">Claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_abduction_phenomenon" title="Narrative of the abduction phenomenon">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_the_abduction_phenomenon" title="Perspectives on the abduction phenomenon">Perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_insurance" title="Niche insurance">Insurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_implants" title="Alien implants">Implants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_mutilation" title="Cattle mutilation">Cattle mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contactee" title="Contactee">Contactee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_circle" title="Crop circle">Crop circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigations_of_UFOs_by_governments" title="List of investigations of UFOs by governments">Government responses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEIPAN" title="GEIPAN">GEIPAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_organizations" title="List of UFO organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ufologists" title="List of ufologists">Ufologists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UFOs_in_fiction" title="UFOs in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_religions" title="List of UFO religions">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skepticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_skeptics" title="List of scientific skeptics">List of scientific skeptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government & Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Congress_hearings_on_UFOs" title="2022 United States Congress hearings on UFOs">United States Congress hearings on UFOs (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Anomalous_Phenomena_Disclosure_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act">Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act (UADPA), USA law (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Unidentified_flying_objects" title="Category:Unidentified flying objects">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extraterrestrial_life" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extraterrestrial_life" title="Template:Extraterrestrial life"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extraterrestrial_life" title="Template talk:Extraterrestrial life"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extraterrestrial_life" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extraterrestrial life"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extraterrestrial_life" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Events and objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shergotty_meteorite" title="Shergotty meteorite">Shergotty meteorite</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhla_meteorite" title="Nakhla meteorite">Nakhla meteorite</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murchison_meteorite" title="Murchison meteorite">Murchison meteorite</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments" title="Viking lander biological experiments">Viking lander biological experiments</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_77005" title="Allan Hills 77005">Allan Hills 77005</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_000593" title="Yamato 000593">Yamato 000593</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI1_fossils" title="CI1 fossils">CI1 fossils</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Signals of interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Misidentified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PSR_B1919%2B21" title="PSR B1919+21">CP 1919</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(misidentified pulsar)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTA-102" title="CTA-102">CTA-102</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(misidentified quasar)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Stars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabby%27s_Star" title="Tabby's Star">KIC 8462852</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unusual light fluctuations)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPIC_204278916" title="EPIC 204278916">EPIC 204278916</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unusual light fluctuations)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVV-WIT-07" title="VVV-WIT-07">VVV-WIT-07</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unusual light fluctuations)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_164595" title="HD 164595">HD 164595 signal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unknown origin)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SHGb02%2B14a" title="SHGb02+14a">SHGb02+14a</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(radio source)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wow!_signal" title="Wow! signal">Wow! signal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(inconclusive)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_radio_burst" title="Fast radio burst">Fast radio burst</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unknown origin)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLC1" title="BLC1">BLC1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(radio signal)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Life in the Universe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability_in_the_Solar_System" title="Planetary habitability in the Solar System">Planetary habitability in the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Venus" title="Life on Venus">Life on Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Titan" title="Life on Titan">Life on Titan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary<br />habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalog_of_Nearby_Habitable_Systems" title="Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems">Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology#Missions" title="Astrobiology">Space missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BioSentinel" title="BioSentinel">BioSentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoLance" title="ExoLance">ExoLance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXPOSE" title="EXPOSE">EXPOSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foton-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Foton-M">Foton-M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Mars sample-return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">SpaceX Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpopo_mission" title="Tanpopo mission">Tanpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Mare_Explorer" title="Titan Mare Explorer">Titan Mare Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Explorer">Venus In Situ Explorer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_communication" title="Interstellar communication">Interstellar<br />communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_SETI" title="Active SETI">Active SETI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Telescope_Array" title="Allen Telescope Array">Allen Telescope Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecibo_message" title="Arecibo message">Arecibo message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory" title="Arecibo Observatory">Arecibo Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_SETI_Research_Center" title="Berkeley SETI Research Center">Berkeley SETI Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracewell_probe" title="Bracewell probe">Bracewell probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives" title="Breakthrough Initiatives">Breakthrough Initiatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Listen" title="Breakthrough Listen">Breakthrough Listen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakthrough Message">Breakthrough Message</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_with_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence">Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_Pythagorean_right_triangle_proposal" title="Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal">Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolinguistics" title="Astrolinguistics">Astrolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincos_language" title="Lincos language">Lincos language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIROSETI" title="NIROSETI">NIROSETI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cyclops" title="Project Cyclops">Project Cyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Ozma" title="Project Ozma">Project Ozma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Phoenix_(SETI)" title="Project Phoenix (SETI)">Project Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERENDIP" title="SERENDIP">SERENDIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SETI@home" title="SETI@home">SETI@home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SetiQuest" title="SetiQuest">setiQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_hole_(radio)" title="Water hole (radio)">Water hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Xenolinguistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings" title="List of alleged extraterrestrial beings">Types of alleged<br /> extraterrestrial beings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy beings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectoids_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectoids in science fiction">Insectoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_aliens" title="Nordic aliens">Nordic aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid" title="Reptilian humanoid">Reptilian humanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Hypotheses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_pluralism" title="Cosmic pluralism">Cosmic pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_panspermia" title="Directed panspermia">Directed panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradox" title="Fermi paradox">Fermi paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry">Hypothetical types of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">Kardashev scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediocrity_principle" title="Mediocrity principle">Mediocrity principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradox" title="Fermi paradox">Fermi paradox</a> solutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_hypothesis" title="Aestivation hypothesis">Aestivation hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berserker_hypothesis" title="Berserker hypothesis">Berserker hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_forest_hypothesis" title="Dark forest hypothesis">Dark forest hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firstborn_hypothesis" title="Firstborn hypothesis">Firstborn hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Filter" title="Great Filter">Great Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart%E2%80%93Tipler_conjecture" title="Hart–Tipler conjecture">Hart–Tipler conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatastrophism" title="Neocatastrophism">Neocatastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetarium_hypothesis" title="Planetarium hypothesis">Planetarium hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesis" title="Rare Earth hypothesis">Rare Earth hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_hypothesis" title="Zoo hypothesis">Zoo hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_extraterrestrial_life" title="Outline of extraterrestrial life">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroecology" title="Astroecology">Astroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookings_Report" title="Brookings Report">Brookings Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_extraterrestrial_life_debate" title="History of the extraterrestrial life debate">History of the extraterrestrial life debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERMOZ" title="MERMOZ">MERMOZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noosphere" title="Noosphere">Noogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_cultural_impact_of_extraterrestrial_contact" title="Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact">Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-detection_policy" title="Post-detection policy">Post-detection policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino_Scale" title="San Marino Scale">San Marino Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technosignature" title="Technosignature">Technosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_negationism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Falsification_of_history" title="Template:Falsification of history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Falsification_of_history" title="Template talk:Falsification of history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Falsification_of_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Falsification of history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_negationism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_falsification" title="Knowledge falsification">Knowledge falsification</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Textbook_controversies" title="Category:Textbook controversies">school textbook controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> / <br />denial of <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killings</a><br />and atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Atrocities against Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs during WWII</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Wikipedia controversy">Croatian Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Katyn" title="Anti-Katyn">Katyn massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre#Armenian_reactions" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing Massacre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_cover-up_of_Japanese_war_crimes" title="American cover-up of Japanese war crimes">U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide#Media_coverage_in_Myanmar" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holocaust" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria_victim_theory" title="Austria victim theory">Austria victim theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Clean <i>Wehrmacht</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rommel_myth" title="Rommel myth">Rommel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Speer_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Speer myth">Speer myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italiani brava gente</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_syndrome" title="Vichy syndrome">Vichy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005"><i>Sonderaktion</i> 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other whitewashing<br />of governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuba_de_ayer" title="Cuba de ayer">Cuba de ayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_myth" title="Czechoslovak myth">Czechoslovak myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_state_terrorism_in_Argentina" title="Denial of state terrorism in Argentina">Denial of state terrorism in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood_theory" title="Driftwood theory">Driftwood theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos apologism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negationism_of_the_military_dictatorship_of_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil (page does not exist)">Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negacionismo_da_ditadura_militar_brasileira" class="extiw" title="pt:Negacionismo da ditadura militar brasileira">pt</a>]</span> / <a href="/wiki/Negationism_of_the_military_dictatorship_of_Chile" title="Negationism of the military dictatorship of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Legacy" title="Operation Legacy">Operation Legacy (UK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity" title="Allah as a lunar deity">Allah as a lunar deity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiquization" title="Antiquization">Antiquization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burnings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe#Political_implications" title="Great Zimbabwe">Censorship of Great Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Dacianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></i></li> <li>Destruction of cultural heritage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Erased" title="The Erased">Izbrisani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_erasure" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT erasure">LGBT erasure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Like_sheep_to_the_slaughter" title="Like sheep to the slaughter">Like sheep to the slaughter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_success_story" title="Cuban success story">Myth of the golden exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time hypothesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pseudohistory_Theory" title="Western Pseudohistory Theory">Western Pseudohistory Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespeare authorship question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_losses_of_Thailand" title="Territorial losses of Thailand">Territorial losses of Thailand</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Azerbaijan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Falsification_of_history_in_Azerbaijan" title="Falsification of history in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Destruction of Armenian heritage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cemetery_in_Julfa" title="Armenian cemetery in Julfa">Cemetery in Julfa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_Armenian_heritage_in_Nakhchivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Destruction of Armenian heritage in Nakhchivan (page does not exist)">Nakhchivan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Разрушение армянского наследия в Нахиджеване">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_on_granting_Nizami_the_status_of_the_national_poet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Campaign on granting Nizami the status of the national poet of Azerbaijan">Nizami Ganjavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Azerbaijan_(irredentist_concept)" title="Western Azerbaijan (irredentist concept)">Western Azerbaijan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borussian_myth" title="Borussian myth">Borussian myth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_Langemarck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of Langemarck (page does not exist)">Myth of Langemarck</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythos_von_Langemarck" class="extiw" title="de:Mythos von Langemarck">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel / Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">Nakba denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_denial" title="Temple denial">Temple denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/There_was_no_such_thing_as_Palestinians" title="There was no such thing as Palestinians">There was no such thing as Palestinians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_Donbas" title="Allegations of genocide in Donbas">Allegations of genocide in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">All-Russian nation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Historical_Unity_of_Russians_and_Ukrainians" title="On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians">On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Crimean_Tatars_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Denial of Crimean Tatars by the Soviet Union">Denial of Crimean Tatars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey" title="Denial of Kurds by Turkey">Denial of Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Commission" title="1776 Commission">1776 Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_slaves_myth" title="Irish slaves myth">Irish slaves myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS%C4%B0MKK" title="ASİMKK">ASİMKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_the_Causes_of_the_War" title="Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War">Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CODOH" class="mw-redirect" title="CODOH">CODOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Voice" title="Dalit Voice">Dalit Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FactCheckArmenia.com" title="FactCheckArmenia.com">FactCheckArmenia.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_zur_Rechtlichen_und_Humanit%C3%A4ren_Unterst%C3%BCtzung" title="Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung">Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIAG" title="HIAG">HIAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Genocide_Memorial_and_Museum" title="Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum">Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Armenian_Research" title="Institute for Armenian Research">Institute for Armenian Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Historical_Society" title="Turkish Historical Society">Turkish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitgeschichtliche_Forschungsstelle_Ingolstadt" title="Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt">Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Town_Betrayed" title="A Town Betrayed">A Town Betrayed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Verdade_Sufocada" title="A Verdade Sufocada">A Verdade Sufocada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverage_of_the_Hillsborough_disaster_by_The_Sun" title="Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by The Sun">Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by <i>The Sun</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falsifiers_of_History" title="Falsifiers of History">Falsifiers of History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatline_(B.o.B_song)" title="Flatline (B.o.B song)">Flatline</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Folk_og_Land" title="Folk og Land">Folk og Land</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Palestinian_People" title="A History of the Palestinian People">A History of the Palestinian People (2017)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Diaries" title="Hitler Diaries">Hitler Diaries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hoax_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Hoax of the Twentieth Century">The Hoax of the Twentieth Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_More_Than_a_Wolf_Whistle" title="I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle">I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_%E2%80%93_istina" title="Jasenovac – istina">Jasenovac – istina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Historical_Review" title="Journal of Historical Review">Journal of Historical Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Side:_The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Nazism_and_Zionism" title="The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism">The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ottoman_Lieutenant" title="The Ottoman Lieutenant">The Ottoman Lieutenant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Report_about_Case_Srebrenica" title="Report about Case Srebrenica">Report about Case Srebrenica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_to_Review_the_Global_Vision_of_the_Holocaust" title="International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust">International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishing houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arndt_Verlag" title="Arndt Verlag">Arndt Verlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.J._Fedorowicz_Publishing" title="J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing">J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munin_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Munin Verlag">Munin Verlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa Verlag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Holocaust_denial" title="Legality of Holocaust denial">Statute law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verbotsgesetz_1947" title="Verbotsgesetz 1947">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Holocaust_denial_law" title="Belgian Holocaust denial law">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayssot_Act" title="Gayssot Act">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksverhetzung" title="Volksverhetzung">Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Zundel" title="R v Zundel">R v Zundel</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehideux_and_Isorni_v_France" title="Lehideux and Isorni v France">Lehideux and Isorni v France</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irving_v_Penguin_Books_Ltd" title="Irving v Penguin Books Ltd">Irving v Penguin Books Ltd</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perin%C3%A7ek_v._Switzerland" title="Perinçek v. Switzerland">Perinçek v. Switzerland</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime">Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_misconception" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical misconception">Historical misconceptions</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror" title="Accusation in a mirror">Accusation in a mirror</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ash_heap_of_history" title="Ash heap of history">Ash heap of history</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_attribution" title="False attribution">False attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furtive_fallacy" title="Furtive fallacy">Furtive fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Genocide justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudoscience" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pseudoscience" title="Template talk:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pseudoscience" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo cult science">Cargo cult science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">Charlatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">Crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">Fringe theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomathematics" title="Pseudomathematics">Pseudomathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">Pathological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_oil" title="Snake oil">Snake oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superseded_theories_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded theories in science">Superseded scientific theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True-believer_syndrome" title="True-believer syndrome">True-believer syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Science" title="Voodoo Science">Voodoo Science</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">Topics <br />characterized as <br />pseudoscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">Biorhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">Bloodletting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_memory" title="Body memory">Body memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Koster%27s_Antigaspills" title="Doktor Koster's Antigaspills">Doktor Koster's Antigaspills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">Trepanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_syndrome" title="Wind turbine syndrome">Wind turbine syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi#Arabian_Judah_theory" title="Kamal Salibi">Arabian Judah theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G#Misinformation_and_controversy" title="5G">5G conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrail conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation#Generational_theory" title="Generation">Generational theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_theory" title="Melanin theory">Melanin theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality" title="Enneagram of Personality">Enneagram of Personality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">Cold fusion‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">Faster-than-light travel</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">Perpetual motion</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionless_drive" title="Reactionless drive">Reactionless drive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_drive" title="Dean drive">Dean drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmDrive" title="EmDrive">EMDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">Teleportation‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor_beam" title="Tractor beam">Tractor beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-fueled_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-fueled car">Water-fueled car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_transmutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological transmutation">Biological transmutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Flat Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_metrology" title="Pseudoscientific metrology">Pseudoscientific metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_analysis" title="Statement analysis">Statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_stress_analysis" title="Voice stress analysis">Voice stress analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_memory" title="Water memory">Water memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoters of<br />pseudoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi" title="Sucharit Bhakdi">Sucharit Bhakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Bigtree" title="Del Bigtree">Del Bigtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_and_Grichka_Bogdanoff" title="Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff">Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Boisselier" title="Brigitte Boisselier">Brigitte Boisselier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonaid" title="Clonaid">Clonaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Coleman" title="Vernon Coleman">Vernon Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia,_Inc." title="Gaia, Inc.">Gaia, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gonzalez_(physician)" title="Nicholas Gonzalez (physician)">Nicholas Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goop_(company)" title="Goop (company)">Goop (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Kelley" title="William Donald Kelley">William Donald Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corentin_Louis_Kervran" title="Corentin Louis Kervran">Corentin Louis Kervran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Mike Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_McCarthy" title="Jenny McCarthy">Jenny McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Mikovits" title="Judy Mikovits">Judy Mikovits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ayush" title="Ministry of Ayush">Ministry of Ayush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Alfred_Nieper" title="Hans Alfred Nieper">Hans Alfred Nieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Robby Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Stone" title="Randolph Stone">Randolph Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanov_affair" title="Bogdanov affair">Bogdanov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims,_Frauds,_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Quackery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natural History of Quackery">The Natural History of Quackery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">The Psychology of the Occult</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged_Edge_of_Science" title="The Ragged Edge of Science">The Ragged Edge of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646988#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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