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<span>Work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Coming_Community_(1993)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Coming_Community_(1993)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>The Coming Community</i> (1993)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Coming_Community_(1993)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homo_Sacer:_Sovereign_Power_and_Bare_Life_(1998)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homo_Sacer:_Sovereign_Power_and_Bare_Life_(1998)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life</i> (1998)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homo_Sacer:_Sovereign_Power_and_Bare_Life_(1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_Exception_(2005)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Exception_(2005)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>State of Exception</i> (2005)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Exception_(2005)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Auctoritas,_"charisma"_and_Führertum_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auctoritas,_"charisma"_and_Führertum_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span><i>Auctoritas</i>, "charisma" and <i>Führertum</i> doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auctoritas,_"charisma"_and_Führertum_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Highest_Poverty_(2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Highest_Poverty_(2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><i>The Highest Poverty</i> (2011)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Highest_Poverty_(2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Personal views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_US_response_to_9/11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_US_response_to_9/11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Criticism of US response to 9/11</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_US_response_to_9/11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statements_on_COVID-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statements_on_COVID-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Statements on COVID-19</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statements_on_COVID-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Giorgio Agamben</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جورجيو أجامبين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورجيو أجامبين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B3%D5%AB%D6%85_%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Ճորճիօ Ակամպէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ճորճիօ Ակամպէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Джорджо Агамбен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джорджо Агамбен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Τζόρτζιο Αγκάμπεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζόρτζιο Αγκάμπεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86" title="جورجو آگامبن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جورجو آگامبن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%B4%EC%A1%B0_%EC%95%84%EA%B0%90%EB%B2%A4" title="조르조 아감벤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조르조 아감벤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27%D7%95_%D7%90%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%9F" title="ג'ורג'ו אגמבן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג'ו אגמבן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯო აგამბენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯორჯო აგამბენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Agamben" title="Georgius Agamben – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Agamben" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEo_Agambens" title="Džordžo Agambens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džordžo Agambens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB" title="അഗമ്പെൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഗമ്പെൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جورجيو اجامبين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورجيو اجامبين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3" title="ジョルジョ・アガンベン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョルジョ・アガンベン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE" title="Агамбен, Джорджо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Агамбен, Джорджо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%86_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8E%D9%86" title="جۆرجۆ ئاگامبێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆرجۆ ئاگامبێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Giorgio Agamben" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Italian philosopher (born 1942)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Giorgio Agamben</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Agamben.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Agamben.png/220px-Agamben.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Agamben.png/330px-Agamben.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Agamben.png/440px-Agamben.png 2x" data-file-width="1187" data-file-height="897" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">In 2009, during the presentation of <i>Contributions à la guerre en cours</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1942-04-22</span>) </span>22 April 1942<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 82)</span></span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza University of Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laurea" title="Laurea">Laurea</a>, 1965)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of life">Philosophy of life</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sacer" title="Homo sacer">Homo sacer</a></i><br /><a href="#State_of_Exception_(2005)">State of exception</a><br /><a href="#The_Coming_Community_(1993)">Whatever singularity</a><br /><a href="#Homo_Sacer:_Sovereign_Power_and_Bare_Life_(1995)">Bare life</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas#Giorgio_Agamben" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i><br /><a href="#Work">Form-of-life</a><br />The <i>zoe</i>–<i>bios</i> distinction as the "fundamental categorial pair of Western politics"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />The paradox of sovereignty<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Giorgio Agamben</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ə-<span style="font-size:90%">GAM</span>-bən</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈdʒordʒo<span class="wrap"> </span>aˈɡamben]</a></span>; born 22 April 1942) is an <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> best known for his work investigating the concepts of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_exception" title="State of exception">state of exception</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#Work">form-of-life</a> (borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sacer" title="Homo sacer">homo sacer</a></i>. The concept of <a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">biopolitics</a> (carried forth from the work of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>) informs many of his writings. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agamben was educated at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rome_La_Sapienza" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Rome La Sapienza">University of Rome</a>, where in 1965 he wrote an unpublished <a href="/wiki/Laurea" title="Laurea">laurea</a> thesis on the political thought of <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a>. Agamben participated in <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Le_Thor" title="Le Thor">Le Thor</a> seminars (on <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>) in 1966 and 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, he worked primarily on linguistics, philology, poetics, and topics in medieval culture. During this period, Agamben began to elaborate his primary concerns, although their political bearings were not yet made explicit. In 1974–1975 he was a fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Warburg_Institute" title="Warburg Institute">Warburg Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, due to the courtesy of <a href="/wiki/Frances_Yates" title="Frances Yates">Frances Yates</a>, whom he met through <a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Italo Calvino</a>. During this fellowship, Agamben began to develop his second book, <i>Stanzas</i> (1977). </p><p>Agamben was close to the poets <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Caproni" title="Giorgio Caproni">Giorgio Caproni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bergam%C3%ADn" title="José Bergamín">José Bergamín</a>, and to the Italian novelist <a href="/wiki/Elsa_Morante" title="Elsa Morante">Elsa Morante</a>, to whom he devoted the essays "The Celebration of the Hidden Treasure" (in <i>The End of the Poem</i>) and "Parody" (in <i>Profanations</i>). He has been a friend and collaborator to such eminent intellectuals as <a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pier Paolo Pasolini</a> (in whose <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_St._Matthew_(film)" title="The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)">The Gospel According to St. Matthew</a></i> he played the part of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a>), <a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Italo Calvino</a> (with whom he collaborated, for a short while, as advisor to the publishing house <a href="/wiki/Arnoldo_Mondadori_Editore" title="Arnoldo Mondadori Editore">Einaudi</a> and developed plans for a journal), <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Klossowski" title="Pierre Klossowski">Pierre Klossowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Jean-Luc Nancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Jean-François Lyotard</a> and many, many others. </p><p>His strongest influences include <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>. Agamben edited Benjamin's collected works in Italian translation until 1996, and called Benjamin's thought "the antidote that allowed me to survive Heidegger".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, Agamben discovered several important lost manuscripts by Benjamin in the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>. Benjamin had left these manuscripts to <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a> when he fled Paris shortly before his death. The most relevant of these to Agamben's own later work were Benjamin's manuscripts for his theses <i>On the Concept of History</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agamben has engaged since the nineties in a debate with the political writings of the German jurist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a>, most extensively in the study <i>State of Exception</i> (2003). His recent writings also elaborate on the concepts of Michel Foucault, whom he calls "a scholar from whom I have learned a great deal in recent years".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agamben's political thought was founded on his readings of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i>Politics</i>, <i>Nicomachean Ethics</i>, and treatise <i>On the Soul</i>, as well as the exegetical traditions concerning these texts in late antiquity and the Middle Ages. In his later work, Agamben intervenes in the theoretical debates following the publication of Nancy's essay <i>La communauté désoeuvrée</i> (1983),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Maurice Blanchot</a>'s response, <i>La communauté inavouable</i> (1983). These texts analyzed the notion of <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> at a time when the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> was under debate. Agamben proposed his own model of a community which would not presuppose categories of identity in <i>The Coming Community</i> (1990).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, Agamben also analyzed the ontological condition and "political" attitude of <a href="/wiki/Bartleby,_the_Scrivener" title="Bartleby, the Scrivener">Bartleby</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>'s short story) – a <a href="/wiki/Scrivener" title="Scrivener">scrivener</a> who "prefers not" to write. </p><p>Currently, Agamben is teaching at <a href="/wiki/Accademia_di_Architettura_di_Mendrisio" title="Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio">Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_della_Svizzera_Italiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Università della Svizzera Italiana">Università della Svizzera Italiana</a>) and has taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_Iuav_of_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="University Iuav of Venice">Università IUAV di Venezia</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coll%C3%A8ge_international_de_Philosophie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collège international de Philosophie (page does not exist)">Collège international de Philosophie</a> in Paris, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Graduate_School" title="European Graduate School">European Graduate School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saas-Fee" title="Saas-Fee">Saas-Fee</a>, Switzerland; he previously taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Macerata" title="University of Macerata">University of Macerata</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Verona" title="University of Verona">University of Verona</a>, both in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also has held visiting appointments at several American universities, from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine_University_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf">Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf</a>. Agamben received the Prix Européen de l'Essai Charles Veillon in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013 he was awarded the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a> for his work titled <i>Leviathans Rätsel</i> (Leviathan's Riddle, translated into English by Paul Silas Peterson).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Giorgio_Agamben" title="Talk:Giorgio Agamben">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Much of Agamben's work since the 1980s can be viewed as leading up to the so-called <i>Homo Sacer</i> project, which properly begins with the book <i>Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life</i>. In this series of works, Agamben responds to <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>'s and Foucault's studies of totalitarianism and biopolitics. Since 1995 he has been best known for this ongoing project, the volumes of which have been published out of order, and which include: </p> <ul><li><i>Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life</i> (1995)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>State of Exception</i>. Homo Sacer II, 1 (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Stasis: Civil War as a Political Paradigm</i>. Homo Sacer II, 2 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Sacrament of Language: An Archaeology of the Oath</i>. Homo Sacer II, 3 (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-omnibus_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omnibus-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Kingdom and the Glory: For a Theological Genealogy of Economy and Government</i>. Homo Sacer II, 4 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-omnibus_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omnibus-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Opus Dei: An Archeology of Duty</i>. Homo Sacer II, 5 (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive</i>. Homo Sacer III (1998).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Highest Poverty: Monastic Rules and Forms-of-Life</i>. Homo Sacer IV, 1 (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Use of Bodies</i>. Homo Sacer IV, 2 (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2017, these works were collected and published as <i>The Omnibus Homo Sacer</i>. </p><p>In the final volume of the series, Agamben intends to address "the concepts of forms-of-life and lifestyles." "What I call a form-of-life," he explains, "is a life which can never be separated from its form, a life in which it is never possible to separate something like bare life. […] [H]ere too the concept of privacy comes in to play."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If human beings were or had to be this or that <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substance</a>, this or that destiny, no ethical experience would be possible… This does not mean, however, that humans are not, and do not have to be, something, that they are simply consigned to nothingness and therefore can freely decide whether to be or not to be, to adopt or not to adopt this or that destiny (nihilism and decisionism coincide at this point). There is in effect something that humans are and have to be, but this is not an essence nor properly a thing: <i>It is the simple fact of one's own existence as possibility or potentiality…</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Giorgio Agamben, <i>The Coming Community</i> (1993), section 11.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The reduction of life to 'biopolitics' is one of the main threads in Agamben's work, in his critical conception of a <i>homo sacer</i>, reduced to 'bare life', and thus deprived of any rights. Agamben's concept of the <i>homo sacer</i> rests on a crucial distinction in Greek between "bare life" (<i>la vita nuda</i> or <i><b>zoê</b></i> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; Gk. ζωή <i>zoê</i>) and "a particular mode of life" or "qualified life" (<i><b>bios</b></i> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; Gk. βίος <i>bios</i>). In Part III, section 7 of <i>Homo Sacer</i>, "The Camp as the 'Nomos' of the Modern", he evokes the <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a> of World War II. "The camp is the space that is opened when the state of exception begins to become the rule." Agamben says that "What happened in the camps so exceeds (is outside of) the juridical concept of crime that the specific juridico-political structure in which those events took place is often simply omitted from consideration." The conditions in the camps were "<i>conditio inhumana</i>," and the incarcerated somehow defined outside the boundaries of humanity, under the exception laws of <i><a href="/wiki/Protective_custody_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Protective custody (Nazi Germany)">Schutzhaft</a></i>. Where law is based on vague, unspecific concepts such as "race" or "good morals," law and the personal subjectivity of the judicial agent are no longer distinct. </p><p>In the process of creating a state of exception these effects can compound. In a realized state of exception, one who has been accused of committing a crime, within the legal system, loses the ability to use his/her voice and represent themselves. The individual can not only be deprived of their citizenship, but also of any form of agency over their own life. "Agamben identifies the state of exception with the power of decision over life."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the state of exception, the distinction between <i>bios</i> (the life of the citizen) and <i>zoê</i> (the life of <i>homo sacer</i>) is made by those with judicial power. For example, Agamben would argue that <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantánamo Bay</a> exemplifies the concept of 'the state of exception' in the United States following 9/11. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Agamben mentions that basic universal <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> of Taliban individuals while captured in Afghanistan and sent to Guantánamo Bay in 2001 were negated by US laws. In reaction to the removal of their basic human rights, detainees of Guantánamo Bay prison went on <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_hunger_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantanamo hunger strike">hunger strikes</a>. Within a state of exception, when a detainee is placed outside the law he or she is, according to Agamben, reduced to "bare life" in the eyes of the judicial powers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Here, one can see why such measures as hunger strikes can occur in such places as prisons. Within the framework of a system that has deprived the individual of power, and their individual basic human freedoms, the hunger strike can be seen as a weapon or form of resistance. "The body is a model which can stand for any bounded system. Its boundaries can represent any boundaries which are threatened or precarious."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a state of exception the boundaries of power are precarious and threaten to destabilize not only the law, but one's humanity, as well as their choice of life or death. Forms of resistance to the extended use of power within the state of exception, as suggested in Guantánamo Bay prison, also operate outside the law. In the case of the hunger strike, the prisoners were threatened and endured force feeding not allowing them to die. During the <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger strikes">hunger strikes</a> at Guantánamo Bay prison, accusations and founded claims of forced feedings began to surface in the autumn of 2005. In February 2006, <i>The New York Times</i> reported that prisoners were being force fed in Guantánamo Bay prison and in March 2006, more than 250 medical experts, as reported by the BBC,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> voiced their opinions of the forced feedings stating that this was a breach of the government's power and was against the rights of the prisoners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Coming_Community_(1993)"><span id="The_Coming_Community_.281993.29"></span><i>The Coming Community</i> (1993)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Coming Community (1993)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>The Coming Community</i>, published in 1990 and translated by longtime admirer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a> in 1993, Agamben describes the social and political manifestation of his philosophical thought. Employing diverse short essays he describes the nature of "whatever singularity" as that which has an "inessential commonality, a solidarity that in no way concerns an essence". It is important to note his understanding of "whatever" not as being indifference but based on the Latin "quodlibet ens"<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> translated as "being such that it always matters". </p><p>Agamben starts off by describing <i>"The Lovable"</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Love is never directed toward this or that property of the loved one (being blond, being small, being tender, being lame), but neither does it neglect the properties in favor of an insipid generality (universal love): The lover wants the loved one <i>with all of its predicates</i>, its being such as it is.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Giorgio Agamben, <i>The Coming Community</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Similarly, Agamben discusses "ease" as the “place” of love, or more precisely, love as the encounter with a unique moment (“love as the experience of taking-place in a whatever singularity"), which resonates with his utilization of the concept of "use" in his later writings. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In this sense, ease names perfectly that "free use of the proper" that, according to an expression of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a>'s, is "the most difficult task." </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Giorgio Agamben, <i>The Coming Community</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Following the same trend, he employs, among others, the following to describe the "watershed of whatever": </p> <ul><li>Example – particular and universal</li> <li>Limbo – blessed and damned</li> <li>Homonym – concept and idea</li> <li>Halo – potentiality and actuality</li> <li>Face – common and proper, genus and individual</li> <li>Threshold – inside and outside</li> <li>Coming community – state and non-state (humanity)<sup id="cite_ref-The_Coming_Community_1993_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Coming_Community_1993-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other themes addressed in <i>The Coming Community</i> include the commodification of the body, evil, and the messianic. </p><p>Unlike other continental philosophers he does not reject the dichotomies of subject/object and potentiality/actuality outright, but rather turns them inside-out, pointing out the zone where they become indistinguishable. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Matter that does not remain beneath form, but surrounds it with a halo.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Giorgio Agamben, <i>The Coming Community</i><sup id="cite_ref-The_Coming_Community_1993_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Coming_Community_1993-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The political task of humanity, he argues, is to expose the innate potential in this zone of indistinguishability. And although criticised as dreaming the impossible by certain authors,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he nonetheless shows a concrete example of <i>whatever singularity</i> acting politically: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whatever singularity, which wants to appropriate belonging itself, its own being-in-language, and thus rejects all identity and every condition of belonging, is the principal enemy of the State. Wherever these singularities peacefully demonstrate their being in common there will be Tiananmen, and, sooner or later, the tanks will appear.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Giorgio Agamben, <i>The Coming Community</i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homo_Sacer:_Sovereign_Power_and_Bare_Life_(1998)"><span id="Homo_Sacer:_Sovereign_Power_and_Bare_Life_.281998.29"></span><i>Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life</i> (1998)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (1998)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his main work <i>"Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life"</i> (1998), Agamben analyzes an obscure<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> figure of <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> that poses fundamental questions about the nature of law and <a href="/wiki/Power_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (sociology)">power</a> in general. Under the laws of the Roman Empire, a man who committed a certain kind of crime was banned from society and all of his rights as a <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizen</a> were revoked. He thus became a <i>"<a href="/wiki/Homo_sacer" title="Homo sacer">homo sacer</a>"</i> (sacred man). In consequence, he could be killed by anybody, while his life on the other hand was deemed "sacred", so he could not be sacrificed in a ritual ceremony. </p><p>Although Roman law no longer applied to someone deemed a <i>Homo sacer</i>, they remained "under the spell" of law. This means that "human life" is "included in the juridical order solely in the form of its exclusion (that is, of its capacity to be killed)". <i>Homo sacer</i> was therefore both <i>excluded</i> from law <i>and</i> <i>included</i> at the same time. This paradoxical figure of <i>homo sacer</i> is the exact mirror image of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i>) – a king, emperor, or president – who stands, on the one hand, <i>within</i> law (so he can be condemned, e.g., for treason, as a natural person) and <i>outside</i> the law (since as a <a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">body politic</a> he has power to suspend law for an indefinite time). </p><p>Agamben draws on <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a>'s definition of the Sovereign as the one who has the power to decide the <i><a href="/wiki/State_of_exception" title="State of exception">state of exception</a></i> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Justitium" title="Justitium">justitium</a></i>), where law is indefinitely "suspended" without being abrogated. </p><p>Agamben argues that laws have always assumed the authority to define "bare life" – <i>zoe</i>, as opposed to <i>bios</i>, or 'qualified life' – by making this exclusive operation, while at the same time gaining power over it by making it the subject of political control. The power of law to actively separate "political" beings (citizens) from "bare life" (bodies) has carried on from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Antiquity</a> to <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a> – literally from <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>. Aristotle, as Agamben notes, constitutes political life via a simultaneous inclusion and exclusion of "bare life": as Aristotle says, man is an animal born to life (Gk. ζῆν, <i>zen</i>), but existing with regard to the <a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">good life</a> (εὖ ζῆν, <i>eu zen</i>) which can be achieved through politics.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bare life, in this ancient conception of politics, is that which must be transformed, via the State, into the "good life"; that is, bare life is that which is supposedly excluded from the higher aims of the state, yet is included precisely so that it may be transformed into this "good life". Sovereignty, then, is conceived from ancient times as the power which determines what or who is to be incorporated into the political body (in accord with its <i>bios</i>) by means of the more originary exclusion (or exception) of what is to remain outside the political body—which is at the same time the source of that body's composition (<i>zoe</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Agamben, <a href="/wiki/Biopower" title="Biopower">biopower</a>, which takes the bare lives of the citizens into its political calculations, may be more marked in the modern state, but has essentially existed since the beginnings of sovereignty in the West, since this structure of <i>ex-ception</i> is essential to the core concept of sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_Exception_(2005)"><span id="State_of_Exception_.282005.29"></span><i>State of Exception</i> (2005)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: State of Exception (2005)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this book, Agamben traces the concept of '<a href="/wiki/State_of_exception" title="State of exception">state of exception</a>' (<i>Ausnahmezustand</i>) used by Carl Schmitt to Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Justitium" title="Justitium">justitium</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">auctoritas</a></i>. This leads him to a response to Carl Schmitt's definition of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> as the power to proclaim the exception. </p><p>Agamben's text <i>State of Exception</i> investigates the increase of power by governments which they employ in supposed times of crisis. Within a state of emergency, Agamben refers to the states of exception, where constitutional rights can be diminished, superseded and rejected in the process of claiming this extension of power by a government. </p><p>The state of exception invests one person or government with the power and voice of authority over others extended well beyond where the law has existed in the past. "In every case, the state of exception marks a threshold at which <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a> blur with each other and a pure violence without <i>logos</i> claims to realize an enunciation without any real reference" (Agamben, pg 40). Agamben refers a continued state of exception to the Nazi state of Germany under Hitler's rule. "The entire Third Reich can be considered a state of exception that lasted twelve years. In this sense, modern totalitarianism can be defined as the establishment, by means of the state of exception, of a legal civil war that allows for the physical elimination not only of political adversaries but of entire categories of citizens who for some reason cannot be integrated into the political system" (Agamben, p. 2). </p><p>The political power over others acquired through the state of exception, places one government—or one form or branch of government—as all powerful, operating outside the laws. During such times of extension of power, certain forms of knowledge shall be privileged and accepted as true and certain voices shall be heard as valued, while of course, many others are not. This oppressive distinction holds great importance in relation to the production of knowledge. The process of both acquiring knowledge, and suppressing certain knowledge, is a violent act within a time of crisis. </p><p>Agamben's <i>State of Exception</i> investigates how the suspension of laws within a state of emergency or crisis can become a prolonged state of being. More specifically, Agamben addresses how this prolonged state of exception operates to deprive individuals of their citizenship. When speaking about the military order issued by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> on 13 November 2001, Agamben writes, "What is new about President Bush's order is that it radically erases any legal status of the individual, thus producing a legally unnameable and unclassifiable being. Not only do the Taliban captured in Afghanistan not enjoy the status of POW's (prisoner of war) as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a>, they do not even have the status of people charged with a crime according to American laws" (Agamben, pg 3). 780 Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters in Afghanistan were held at <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantánamo Bay</a> without trial.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These individuals were termed "<a href="/wiki/Enemy_combatants" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemy combatants">enemy combatants</a>." Until 7 July 2006, these individuals had been treated outside the Geneva Conventions by the United States administration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auctoritas,_"charisma"_and_Führertum_doctrine"><span id="Auctoritas.2C_.22charisma.22_and_F.C3.BChrertum_doctrine"></span><i>Auctoritas</i>, "charisma" and <i>Führertum</i> doctrine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Auctoritas, "charisma" and Führertum doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agamben shows that <i>auctoritas</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Potestas" title="Potestas">potestas</a></i> are clearly distinct – although they form together a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/binary" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:binary">binary</a> system".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He quotes <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a>, who explains that <i>auctoritas</i> is "less than an <a href="/wiki/General_order" title="General order">order</a> and more than an advice".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <i>potestas</i> derives from social function, <i>auctoritas</i> "immediately derives from the <i>patres</i> personal condition". As such, it is akin to <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>'s concept of <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charisma</a>. This is why the tradition ordered, at the king's death, the creation of the sovereign's wax-double in the <i>funus imaginarium</i>, as <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz" title="Ernst Kantorowicz">Ernst Kantorowicz</a> demonstrated in <i><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Two_Bodies" title="The King's Two Bodies">The King's Two Bodies</a></i> (1957). Hence, it is necessary to distinguish two bodies of the sovereign in order to assure the continuity of <i>dignitas</i> (term used by Kantorowicz, here a synonym of <i>auctoritas</i>). Moreover, in the person detaining <i>auctoritas</i>—the sovereign—<a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_sphere" title="Private sphere">private life</a> have become inseparable. <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the first Roman emperor who claimed <i>auctoritas</i> as the basis of <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a></i> status in a famous passage of <i>Res Gestae</i>, had opened up his house to public eyes. In his theorization of thanatopolitics (the politics of death), Agamben uses the English and Roman examples to show how the sovereign justifies authority by his claimed ability to control or manage his own death.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: xi–xii">: xi–xii </span></sup> Agamben writes that the rituals of two deaths by the sovereign (as an ordinary human and then as effigy) demonstrate that death rituals show the people that the sovereign is in control of both lives.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: xii">: xii </span></sup> </p><p>The concept of <i>auctoritas</i> played a key-role in fascism and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, in particular concerning Carl Schmitt's theories, argues Agamben: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To understand modern phenomena such as the fascist <i><a href="/wiki/Duce" title="Duce">Duce</a></i> or the Nazi <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></i>, it is important not to forget their continuity with the principle of <i>auctoritas principis</i> {Agamben refers here to Augustus's <i>Res Gestae</i>}. ...Neither does the <i>Duce</i> nor the <i>Führer</i> represent constitutionally defined public charges – even though Mussolini and Hitler endorsed respectively the charge of head of government and Reich's chancellor, just as Augustus endorsed the <i>imperium consulare</i> or the <i>potestas tribunicia</i>. The <i>Duce</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s or the <i>Führer</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s qualities are immediately related to the physical person and belong to the <a href="/wiki/Biopolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopolitical">biopolitical</a> tradition of <i>auctoritas</i> and not to the juridical tradition of <i>potestas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Thus, Agamben opposes Foucault's concept of "<a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">biopolitics</a>" to right (law), as he defines the state of exception, in <i>Homo sacer</i>, as the inclusion of life by right under the figure of "ex-ception", which is simultaneously inclusion and exclusion. Following Walter Benjamin's lead, he explains that our task would be to radically differentiate "pure violence" from right, instead of tying them together, as did Carl Schmitt. </p><p>Agamben concludes his chapter on "<i>Auctoritas</i> and <i>potestas</i>" writing: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is significative that modern specialists were so inclined to admit that <i>auctoritas</i> was inherent to the living person of the <i>pater</i> or the <i>princeps</i>. What was evidently an ideology or a <i>fictio</i> aiming to be the groundwork of <i>auctoritas'</i> preeminence or, at least, specific rank compared to <i>potestas</i> thus became a figure of right's {"droit"} <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanence</a> to life. ... Although it is evident that there can't be an eternal human type that would incarnate itself each time in Augustus, Napoleon, Hitler, but only more or less comparable ("semblables") mechanisms {"dispositif", a term often used by Foucault} – the state of exception, <i>justitium</i>, the <i>auctoritas principis</i>, the <i>Führertum</i> -, put in use in more or less different circumstances, in the 1930s – overall, but not only – in Germany, the power that Weber had defined as "charismatic" is related to the concept of <i>auctoritas</i> and elaborated in a <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrertum" class="mw-redirect" title="Führertum">Führertum</a></i> doctrine as the original and personal power of a leader. In 1933, in a short article intending to define the fundamental concepts of national-socialism, Schmitt defines the <i>Führung</i> principle (sic!) by the "root identity between the leader and his entourage".{"<i>identité de souche entre le chef et son entourage"</i>}<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Agamben's thoughts on the state of emergency leads him to declare that the difference between dictatorship and democracy is thin indeed,or even ontologically non-existent, as <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree#Giorgio_Agamben's_critique_of_the_use_of_decrees-law" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a> became more and more common, starting from World War I and the reorganization of constitutional balance. Agamben often reminds that <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> never <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abrogate#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:abrogate">abrogated</a></i> the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>: he <i>suspended</i> it for the duration of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">Reichstag Fire Decree</a>, issued on 28 February 1933. Indefinite suspension of law is what characterizes the state of exception.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Highest_Poverty_(2011)"><span id="The_Highest_Poverty_.282011.29"></span><i>The Highest Poverty</i> (2011)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Highest Poverty (2011)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English edition was translated by Adam Kotsko. In this study of medieval monastic rules, Agamben offers a genealogical approach to several concepts that <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> established in his late philosophy, primarily the <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Rule-following" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule-following">rule-following</a>, <a href="/wiki/Form_of_life_(philosophy)" title="Form of life (philosophy)">form-of-life</a>, and the central importance of 'use' (for Wittgenstein: 'the meaning of a word is its use in language', and he uses 'language' not just to speak of word-language but any understandable behaviour). Agamben traces earlier versions of the term 'form-of-life' throughout the development of monastic life, beginning with the establishment of a genre of written rules in the fourth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Giorgio_Agamben_2013_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giorgio_Agamben_2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of the book is to differentiate between 'law' and a particular use of rule that is opposite to the implementation of law. In order to sketch out the potential of this concept, we would need 'a theory of use – of which Western philosophy lacks even the most elementary principles'.<sup id="cite_ref-Giorgio_Agamben_2013_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giorgio_Agamben_2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agamben turns to the Franciscans to survey a unique historical incident of a group organising itself with a rule that <i>is</i> their life, and thinking of their own lives not as their own possession but as a communal 'use'; he examines the ways in which this idea developed and how it eventually lapsed into the law of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. According to reviewer <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Schneider" title="Nathan Schneider">Nathan Schneider</a>, "<i>The Highest Poverty</i> examines two medieval Christian attempts, in the name of eternal life, to live this life beyond the reach of ordinary politics: several centuries of monasticism, and then the brief and momentous epiphany in the movement founded by Francis of Assisi. Each, according to Agamben, fails in revealing ways."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_views">Personal views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_US_response_to_9/11"><span id="Criticism_of_US_response_to_9.2F11"></span>Criticism of US response to 9/11</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criticism of US response to 9/11"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giorgio Agamben is particularly critical of the United States' response to <a href="/wiki/11_September_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="11 September 2001 attacks">11 September 2001</a>, and its instrumentalization as a permanent condition that legitimizes a "<a href="/wiki/State_of_exception" title="State of exception">state of exception</a>" as the dominant paradigm for governing in contemporary politics. He warns against a "generalization of the state of exception" through laws like the <a href="/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA PATRIOT Act">USA PATRIOT Act</a>, which means a permanent installation of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency powers">emergency powers</a>. In January 2004, he refused to give a lecture in the United States because under the <a href="/wiki/US-VISIT" class="mw-redirect" title="US-VISIT">US-VISIT</a> he would have been required to give up his <a href="/wiki/Biometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Biometric">biometric</a> information, which he believed stripped him to a state of "bare life" (<i>zoe</i>) and was akin to the <a href="/wiki/Tattooing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattooing">tattooing</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> did during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Agamben's criticisms target a broader scope than the US "<a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>". As he argues in <i>State of Exception</i> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a> has become common since World War I in all modern states, and has been since then generalized and abused. Agamben points out a general tendency of modernity, recalling for example that when <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Bertillon" title="Alphonse Bertillon">Alphonse Bertillon</a> invented "judicial photography" for "<a href="/wiki/Anthropometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropometric">anthropometric</a> identification", the procedure was reserved to criminals; to the contrary, today's society is tending toward a generalization of this procedure to all citizens, placing the population under permanent suspicion and <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>: "The political body thus has become a criminal body". And Agamben notes that the <a href="/wiki/Jews_deportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews deportation">Jews deportation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a> and other occupied countries was made possible by the photos taken from <a href="/wiki/Identity_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Identity cards">identity cards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Agamben's political criticisms open up in a larger philosophical <a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">critique</a> of the concept of sovereignty itself, which he argues is intrinsically related to the state of exception. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statements_on_COVID-19">Statements on COVID-19</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Statements on COVID-19"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agamben, in an article published by <i>Il Manifesto</i> on 26 February 2020, quoted the NRC in saying that there was no <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>: "In order to make sense of the frantic, irrational, and absolutely unwarranted emergency measures adopted for a supposed epidemic of coronavirus, we must begin from the declaration of the Italian National Research Council (NRC), according to which 'there is no SARS-CoV2 epidemic in Italy.' and 'the infection, according to the epidemiological data available as of today and based on tens of thousands of cases, causes light/moderate symptoms (a variant of flu) in 80–90% of cases. In 10–15%, there is a chance of pneumonia, but which also has a benign outcome in the large majority of cases. We estimate that only 4% of patients require intensive therapy.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agamben argued that “the health emergency was being exaggerated” to create a state of exception.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agamben's views were strongly criticised by <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Benvenuto" title="Sergio Benvenuto">Sergio Benvenuto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Esposito" title="Roberto Esposito">Roberto Esposito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divya_Dwivedi" title="Divya Dwivedi">Divya Dwivedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaj_Mohan" title="Shaj Mohan">Shaj Mohan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Jean-Luc Nancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_H._Bratton" title="Benjamin H. Bratton">Benjamin H. Bratton</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agamben's major books are listed in order of first Italian publication (with the exception of <i>Potentialities</i>, which first appeared in English), and English translations are listed where available. There are translations of most writings in German, French, Portuguese, and Spanish. </p> <ul><li><i>L'uomo senza contenuto</i> (1970). Translated by Georgia Albert as <i>The Man without Content</i> (1999). 0-8047-3554-9</li> <li><i>Stanze. La parola e il fantasma nella cultura occidentale</i> (1977). Trans. Ronald L. Martinez as <i>Stanzas: Word and Phantasm in Western Culture</i> (1992). 0-8166-2038-5</li> <li><i>Infanzia e storia: Distruzione dell'esperienza e origine della storia</i> (1978). Trans. Liz Heron as <i>Infancy and History: The Destruction of Experience</i> (1993). 0-86091-645-6</li> <li><i>Il linguaggio e la morte: Un seminario sul luogo della negatività</i> (1982). Trans. Karen E. Pinkus with Michael Hardt as <i>Language and Death: The Place of Negativity</i> (1991). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-4923-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-4923-5">0-8166-4923-5</a></li> <li><i>Idea della prosa</i> (1985). Trans. Michael Sullivan and Sam Whitsitt as <i>Idea of Prose</i> (1995). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2380-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2380-8">0-7914-2380-8</a></li> <li><i>La comunità che viene</i> (1990). Trans. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a> as <i>The Coming Community</i> (1993). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2235-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2235-3">0-8166-2235-3</a></li> <li><i>Bartleby, la formula della creazione</i> (1993, contains <i>Bartleby, or the Contingency</i>, an essay included in <i>Potentialities</i>, (1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3278-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3278-7">0-8047-3278-7</a> and a text by <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a> from 1989, <i>Bartleby ou la formule</i>, also in Deleuze, <i>Essays Clinical and Critical</i> (1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2569-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2569-7">0-8166-2569-7</a></li> <li><i>Homo Sacer. Il potere sovrano e la nuda vita (Homo sacer, I)</i> (1995). Trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen as <i>Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life</i> (1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3218-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3218-3">0-8047-3218-3</a></li> <li><i>Mezzi senza fine. Note sulla politica</i> (1996). Trans. Vincenzo Binetti and Cesare Casarino as <i>Means Without End: Notes of Politics</i> (2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-3036-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-3036-4">0-8166-3036-4</a></li> <li><i>Categorie italiane. Studi di poetica</i> (1996). Trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen as <i>The End of the Poem: Studies in Poetics</i> (1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3022-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3022-9">0-8047-3022-9</a></li> <li><i>Quel che resta di Auschwitz. L'archivio e il testimone (Homo sacer, III)</i> (1998). Trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen as <i>Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive. Homo Sacer III</i> (1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890951-17-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-890951-17-X">1-890951-17-X</a></li> <li><i>Potentialities: Collected Essays in Philosophy.</i> (1999). First published in English translation and edited by Daniel Heller-Roazen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3278-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3278-7">0-8047-3278-7</a>. Published in the original Italian, with additional essays, as <i>La potenza del pensiero: Saggi e conferenza</i> (2005).</li> <li><i>Il tempo che resta. Un commento alla Lettera ai Romani</i> (2000). Trans. Patricia Dailey as <i>The Time that Remains: A Commentary on the Letter to the Romans</i> (2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4383-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4383-5">0-8047-4383-5</a></li> <li><i>L'aperto. L'uomo e l'animale</i> (2002). Trans. Kevin Attell as <i>The Open: Man and Animal</i> (2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4738-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4738-5">0-8047-4738-5</a></li> <li><i>Stato di eccezione (Homo sacer, II, 1)</i> (2003). Trans. Kevin Attell as <i>State of Exception</i> (2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-00925-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-00925-4">0-226-00925-4</a></li> <li><i>Profanazioni</i> (2005). Trans. Jeff Fort as <i>Profanations</i> (2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890951-82-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-890951-82-X">1-890951-82-X</a></li> <li><i>Che cos'è un dispositivo?</i> (2006). Trans. David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella in <i>What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays</i> (2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-6230-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-6230-9">0-8047-6230-9</a></li> <li><i>L'amico</i> (2007). Trans. David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella in <i>What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays</i> (2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-6230-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-6230-9">0-8047-6230-9</a></li> <li><i>Ninfe</i> (2007). Trans. Amanda Minervini as "Nymphs" in <i>Releasing the Image: From Literature to New Media</i>, ed. Jacques Khalip and Robert Mitchell (2011). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6137-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6137-6">978-0-8047-6137-6</a></li> <li><i>Il regno e la gloria. Per una genealogia teologica dell'economia e del governo (Homo sacer, II, 4)</i> (2007). Trans. Lorenzo Chiesa with Matteo Mandarini as <i>The Kingdom and the Glory: For a Theological Genealogy of Economy and Government</i> (2011). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6016-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6016-4">978-0-8047-6016-4</a></li> <li><i>Che cos'è il contemporaneo?</i> (2007). Trans. David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella in <i>What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays</i> (2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-6230-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-6230-9">0-8047-6230-9</a></li> <li><i>Signatura rerum. Sul Metodo</i> (2008). Trans. Luca di Santo and Kevin Attell as <i>The Signature of All Things: On Method</i> (2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890951-98-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890951-98-6">978-1-890951-98-6</a></li> <li><i>Il sacramento del linguaggio. Archeologia del giuramento (Homo sacer, II, 3)</i> (2008). Trans. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kotsko" title="Adam Kotsko">Adam Kotsko</a> as <i>The Sacrament of Language: An Archaeology of the Oath</i> (2011).</li> <li><i>Nudità</i> (2009). Trans. David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella as <i>Nudities</i> (2010). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6950-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6950-1">978-0-8047-6950-1</a></li> <li><i>Angeli. Ebraismo Cristianesimo Islam</i> (ed. Emanuele Coccia and Giorgio Agamben). Neripozza, Vicenza 2009.</li> <li><i>La Chiesa e il Regno</i> (2010). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7452-226-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7452-226-2">978-88-7452-226-2</a>. Trans. Leland de la Durantaye as <i>The Church and the Kingdom</i> (2012). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85742-024-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85742-024-4">978-0-85742-024-4</a></li> <li><i>La ragazza indicibile. Mito e mistero di Kore</i> (2010, with Monica Ferrando.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-370-7717-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-370-7717-4">978-88-370-7717-4</a>. Trans. Leland de la Durantaye and Annie Julia Wyman as <i>The Unspeakable Girl: The Myth and Mystery of Kore</i> (2014). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85742-083-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85742-083-1">978-0-85742-083-1</a></li> <li><i>Altissima povertà. Regole monastiche e forma di vita (Homo sacer, IV, 1)</i> (2011). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-545-0545-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-545-0545-2">978-88-545-0545-2</a>. Trans. Adam Kotsko as <i>The Highest Poverty: Monastic Rules and Form-of-Life</i> (2013). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8405-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8405-4">978-0-8047-8405-4</a></li> <li><i>Opus Dei. Archeologia dell'ufficio</i> <i>(Homo sacer, II, 5)</i> (2012). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-339-2247-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-339-2247-8">978-88-339-2247-8</a>. Trans. Adam Kotsko as <i>Opus Dei: An Archaeology of Duty</i> (2012). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8403-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8403-0">978-0-8047-8403-0</a>.</li> <li><i>Pilato e Gesú</i> (2013). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7452-409-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7452-409-9">978-88-7452-409-9</a> Trans. by Adam Kotsko as <i>Pilate and Jesus</i> (2015) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804794541" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804794541">978-0804794541</a></li> <li><i>Il mistero del male: Benedetto XVI e la fine dei tempi</i> (2013). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-581-0831-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-581-0831-4">978-88-581-0831-4</a> Trans. by Adam Kotsko as <i>The Mystery of Evil: Benedict XVI and the End of Days</i> (2017) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1503602731" title="Special:BookSources/978-1503602731">978-1503602731</a></li> <li>"Qu'est-ce que le commandement?" (2013) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7436-2435-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7436-2435-4">978-2-7436-2435-4</a> (French translation only, no original version published.)</li> <li>"<i>Leviathans Rätsel</i>" ('Leviathans Riddle') (2013) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-153195-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-153195-8">978-3-16-153195-8</a>. English trans. Paul Silas Peterson</li> <li><i>Il fuoco e il racconto</i> (2014). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7452-500-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7452-500-3">978-88-7452-500-3</a> Trans. by Lorenzo Chiesa as <i>The Fire and the Tale</i> (2017) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1503601642" title="Special:BookSources/978-1503601642">978-1503601642</a></li> <li><i>L'uso dei corpi (Homo sacer, IV, 2)</i> (2014). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-545-0838-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-545-0838-5">978-88-545-0838-5</a>. Trans. Adam Kotsko as <i>The Use of Bodies</i> (2016). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9234-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9234-9">978-0-8047-9234-9</a></li> <li><i>L'avventura</i> (2015). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7452-555-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7452-555-3">978-88-7452-555-3</a> Trans. by Lorenzo Chiesa as <i>The Adventure</i> (2018) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262037594" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262037594">978-0262037594</a></li> <li><i>Stasis. La guerra civile come paradigma politico</i> (2015). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-339-2587-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-339-2587-5">978-88-339-2587-5</a>. Trans. Nicholas Heron as <i>Stasis: Civil War as a Political Paradigm</i> (2015). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9731-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9731-3">978-0-8047-9731-3</a></li> <li><i>Pulcinella ovvero Divertimento per li regazzi in quattro scene</i> (2015). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7452-574-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7452-574-4">978-88-7452-574-4</a> Trans. by Kevin Attell as <i>Pulcinella: Or Entertainment for Children</i> (2019) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857425409" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857425409">978-0857425409</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_Philosophy%3F_(Agamben_book)" title="What Is Philosophy? (Agamben book)">Che cos'è la filosofia?</a></i> (2016). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7462-791-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7462-791-2">978-88-7462-791-2</a> Trans. by Lorenzo Chiesa as <i>What Is Philosophy?</i> (2017) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1503602212" title="Special:BookSources/978-1503602212">978-1503602212</a></li> <li><i>Che cos'è reale? La scomparsa di Majorana</i> (2016). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-545-1407-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-545-1407-2">978-88-545-1407-2</a> Trans. by Lorenzo Chiesa as <i>What Is Real?</i> (2018) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1503606210" title="Special:BookSources/978-1503606210">978-1503606210</a></li> <li><i>Creazione e anarchia</i> (2017) Trans. Adam Kotsko as <i>Creation and Anarchy</i> (2019) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1503609266" title="Special:BookSources/978-1503609266">978-1503609266</a></li> <li><i>Karman. Breve trattato sull'azione, la colpa e il gesto</i> (2017) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8833928821" title="Special:BookSources/978-8833928821">978-8833928821</a> Trans. by Adam Kotsko as <i>Karman: A Brief Treatise on Action, Guilt, and Gesture</i> (2017) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1503605824" title="Special:BookSources/978-1503605824">978-1503605824</a></li> <li><i>Studiolo</i> (2019) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788806243838" title="Special:BookSources/9788806243838">9788806243838</a></li> <li><i>A che punto siamo? L’epidemia come politica</i> (2019) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8822905390" title="Special:BookSources/978-8822905390">978-8822905390</a> Trans. by Valeria Dani as <i>Where Are We Now? The Epidemic as Politics</i> (2020) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1912475353" title="Special:BookSources/978-1912475353">978-1912475353</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6lderlin%27s_Madness" title="Hölderlin's Madness">La follia di Hölderlin. Cronaca di una follia abitante (1806–1843)</a></i> (2021). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788806248161" title="Special:BookSources/9788806248161">9788806248161</a> Trans. by Alta L. Price as <i>Hölderlin's Madness: Chronicle of a Dwelling Life 1806–1843</i> (2023) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781803091150" title="Special:BookSources/9781803091150">9781803091150</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles and essays</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527171420/http://www.egs.edu/faculty/giorgio-agamben/articles/nei-campi-dei-senza-nome/">"<i>Nei campi dei senza nome</i>"</a>. <i>Il Manifesto</i> (in Italian). Italy. 3 November 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egs.edu/faculty/giorgio-agamben/articles/nei-campi-dei-senza-nome/">the original</a> on 27 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Manifesto&rft.atitle=Nei+campi+dei+senza+nome&rft.date=1998-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egs.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fgiorgio-agamben%2Farticles%2Fnei-campi-dei-senza-nome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiorgio+Agamben" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527171506/http://www.egs.edu/faculty/giorgio-agamben/articles/genes-et-la-peste/">"<i>Gênes et la peste</i>"</a>. <i>L'Humanité</i> (in French). France. 27 August 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egs.edu/faculty/giorgio-agamben/articles/genes-et-la-peste/">the original</a> on 27 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Humanit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=G%C3%AAnes+et+la+peste&rft.date=2001-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egs.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fgiorgio-agamben%2Farticles%2Fgenes-et-la-peste%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiorgio+Agamben" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The State of Emergency</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpagambenschmitt.htm">extract from a lecture</a> 10 December 2002, at the Centre <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>-<a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_VII:_Denis_Diderot" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris VII: Denis Diderot">University of Paris VII, Denis Diderot</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527171921/http://www.egs.edu/faculty/giorgio-agamben/articles/letat-dexception/">Entire French text</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016154035/http://www.egs.edu/faculty/giorgio-agamben/articles/philosophical-archaeology">Philosophical Archaeology (abstract)</a>. Law and Critique. Vol. 20, No. 3, 2009, pp. 211–231.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222160428/http://www.egs.edu/faculty/giorgio-agamben/articles/introductory-note-on-the-concept-of-democracy/">Introductory Note on the Concept of Democracy</a>. Theory & Event. Vol. 13, No. 1, 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2012/02/16/se-la-feroce-religione-del-denaro-divora.html?ref=search">Se la feroce religione del denaro divora il futuro</a>. 16 February 2012. La Repubblica.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://les451.noblogs.org/post/2012/09/05/appel-des-451-texte-complet/">The 451 Manifesto</a> 23 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2012/09/05/le-livre-face-au-piege-de-la-marchandisation_1755856_3232.html">Le Monde</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2012/09/08/salviamo-libri-dal-mercato.html?ref=search">La Repubblica</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630151049/https://eurocontinentalism.wordpress.com/2013/06/14/the-latin-empire-should-strike-back-giorgio-agamben/">The "Latin Empire" should strike back</a>. 15 March 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2013/03/15/se-un-impero-latino-prendesse-forma-nel.html">La Repubblica</a>. 24 March 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2013/03/24/que-l-empire-latin-contre-attaque_890916">Libération</a>.</li> <li>Various articles published by <i>Multitudes</i>, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cairn-int.info/search_results.php?searchTerm=Giorgio+Agamben">[2]</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookhaven.stanford.edu/2020/03/giorgio-agamben-on-coronavirus-the-enemy-is-not-outside-it-is-within-us/">Giorgio Agamben on coronavirus: “The enemy is not outside, it is within us.”</a>, Stanford.</li> <li><i>To Whom in Poetry Addressed?</i>, New Observations 130 (2014), p. 11.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas#Giorgio_Agamben" title="Auctoritas">Agamben's explanation of <i>auctoritas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency#Use_and_viewpoints" title="State of emergency">Agamben's response to Carl Schmitt's definition of sovereignty as the power to decide state exception</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sacer" title="Homo sacer">Homo sacer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">Interregnum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Justitium" title="Justitium">Justitium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatants</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Kishik, <i>The Power of Life: Agamben and the Coming Politics</i>, Stanford University Press, 2012, pp. 3 and 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Homo Sacer</i>, Stanford UP, 1998, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The paradox "consists in the fact the sovereign is, at the same time, outside and inside the juridical order." (Agamben, <i>Homo Sacer</i>, Stanford UP, 1998, p. 15)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017" class="citation book cs1">Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5yDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6"><bdi>978-0-226-40336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Disenchantment%3A+Magic%2C+Modernity%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Human+Sciences&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-40336-6&rft.aulast=Josephson-Storm&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ5yDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiorgio+Agamben" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2007" class="citation journal cs1">Adler, Anthony Curtis (2007). "The Intermedial Gesture: Agamben and Kommerell". <i><a href="/wiki/Angelaki" title="Angelaki">Angelaki</a></i>. <b>12</b> (3): 57–64: 59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09697250802041046">10.1080/09697250802041046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143347650">143347650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angelaki&rft.atitle=The+Intermedial+Gesture%3A+Agamben+and+Kommerell&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=57-64%3A+59&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09697250802041046&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143347650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiorgio+Agamben" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017" class="citation book cs1">Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5yDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6"><bdi>978-0-226-40336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Disenchantment%3A+Magic%2C+Modernity%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Human+Sciences&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-40336-6&rft.aulast=Josephson-Storm&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ5yDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiorgio+Agamben" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Generally speaking, "state of exception" includes German <i>Notstand</i>, English state of emergency and others <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. Agamben prefers using this term as it underlines the structure of <i>ex-ception</i>, which is simultaneously of inclusion and exclusion. "Ex-ception" can be opposed to the concept of "example" as developed by <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Martin Heidegger, <i>Four Seminars</i> (Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leland de la Durantaye, <i>Giorgio Agamben: A Critical Introduction</i> (Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 2009), p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See de la Durantaye, pp. 148–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Signature of All Things: On Method</i> (New York: Zone, 2009), p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nancy's essay responded to a proposal by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Bailly" title="Jean-Christophe Bailly">Jean-Christophe Bailly</a>, who put the word and concept of <i>community</i>, then relatively neglected in French philosophical discourse, up for discussion. Bailley's contribution was "The community, the number," a topic for an issue of the French magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A9a" class="mw-redirect" title="Aléa">Aléa</a></i>, which was then-edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Bourgois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Bourgois (page does not exist)">Christian Bourgois</a>. Cf. Jean-Luc Nancy, <i>La communauté désoeuvrée</i> (Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1983). In English transl., <i>The Inoperative Community</i> (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Greg Bird. Containing Community: From Political Economy to Ontology in Agamben, Esposito, and Nancy (Albany, SUNY Press, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egs.edu/faculty/giorgio-agamben/biography/">Giorgio Agamben</a> Faculty profile at <a href="/wiki/European_Graduate_School" title="European Graduate School">European Graduate School</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326173917/http://www.egs.edu/faculty/giorgio-agamben/biography/">Archived</a> 26 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fondation-veillon.ch/prix/g_agamben.php">Fondation Charles Veillon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511045356/http://www.fondation-veillon.ch/prix/g_agamben.php">Archived</a> 11 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Prix Européen de l'Essai. 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718193702/https://uni-tuebingen.de/fakultaeten/evangelisch-theologische-fakultaet/fakultaet/lucas-preis/preistraeger/bisherige-preistraeger/">"Lucas-Preis Bisherige Preisträger"</a>. <i>uni-tuebingen.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uni-tuebingen.de/fakultaeten/evangelisch-theologische-fakultaet/fakultaet/lucas-preis/preistraeger/bisherige-preistraeger/">the original</a> on 18 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uni-tuebingen.de&rft.atitle=Lucas-Preis+Bisherige+Preistr%C3%A4ger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funi-tuebingen.de%2Ffakultaeten%2Fevangelisch-theologische-fakultaet%2Ffakultaet%2Flucas-preis%2Fpreistraeger%2Fbisherige-preistraeger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiorgio+Agamben" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgamben2013" class="citation book cs1">Agamben, Giorgio. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812212004/http://www.mohr.de/en/religious-studies/subject-areas/all-books/buch/leviathans-raetsel.html"><i>Leviathans Rätsel</i></a>. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-153195-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-153195-8"><bdi>978-3-16-153195-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mohr.de/en/religious-studies/subject-areas/all-books/buch/leviathans-raetsel.html">the original</a> on 12 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leviathans+R%C3%A4tsel&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-16-153195-8&rft.aulast=Agamben&rft.aufirst=Giorgio.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mohr.de%2Fen%2Freligious-studies%2Fsubject-areas%2Fall-books%2Fbuch%2Fleviathans-raetsel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiorgio+Agamben" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=2003"><i>Homo Sacer</i></a>, Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo3534874.html">[1]</a> <i>State of Exception</i>, University of Chicago Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=25805"><i>Stasis</i></a> – Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=18116"><i>The Sacrament of Language</i></a> – Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-omnibus-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omnibus_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-omnibus_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=28469"><i>The Omnibus Homo Sacer</i></a> - Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=16145"><i>The Kingdom and the Glory</i></a> – Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?id=22398"><i>Opus Dei</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808061840/http://sup.org/book.cgi?id=22398">Archived</a> 8 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zonebooks.org/titles/AGAM_REM.html"><i>Remnants of Auschwitz</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312221716/http://www.zonebooks.org/titles/AGAM_REM.html">Archived</a> 12 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Zone Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?id=22397"><i>The Highest Poverty</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926220003/http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?id=22397">Archived</a> 26 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=24895"><i>The Use of Bodies</i></a> – Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich Rauff, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=437">An Interview with Giorgio Agamben</a>," <i>German Law Journal</i> 5.5 (2004): 613. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040824073830/http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=437">Archived</a> 24 August 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranciere" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Ranciere">Jacques Ranciere</a>. Who is the Subject of the Rights of Man? <i>South Atlantic Quarterly</i>, 2004, 103(2–3):297–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Douglas. <i>Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo</i> (1966) London: Ark Paperbacks, 1984, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4790742.stm">"Doctors attack US over Guantanamo"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlo Salzani, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/474289/pdf">Quodlibet: Giorgio Agamben's Anti-Utopia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Coming Community</i> (1993), page 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Coming Community</i> (1993), page 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Coming_Community_1993-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Coming_Community_1993_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Coming_Community_1993_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Coming Community</i> (1993)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tony Simoes da Silva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol2_2/dasilva.htm">Strip It Bare – Agamben's Message For A More Hopeful World.</a> Book Review. 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615053052/http://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol2_2/dasilva.htm">Archived</a> 15 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Coming Community</i> (1993), page 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Homo Sacer</i>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Homo Sacer</i>, Stanford UP, 1998, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sovereign violence is in truth founded not on a pact but on the exclusive inclusion of bare life in the state." (<i>Homo Sacer</i>, Stanford UP, 1998, p. 107)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of course, this understanding of "biopower" is distinct from Foucault's use of the term.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/guantanamo/detainees">"The Detainees - The Guantánamo Docket"</a>. <i>www.nytimes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nytimes.com&rft.atitle=The+Detainees+-+The+Guant%C3%A1namo+Docket&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2Fprojects%2Fguantanamo%2Fdetainees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiorgio+Agamben" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>State of Exception</i> (2005)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a>, <i>Römisches Staatsrecht</i> ("Roman Constitutional Law", volume III) (Graz, 1969)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Laikwan-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaikwan2024" class="citation book cs1">Laikwan, Pang (2024). <i>One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Psychoanalysis&rft.atitle=On+Pandemics.+Nancy%2C+Dwivedi%2C+Mohan%2C+Esposito%2C+Nancy%2C+Ronchi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journal-psychoanalysis.eu%2Fon-pandemics-nancy-esposito-nancy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiorgio+Agamben" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://verso-prod.us-east-1.elasticbeanstalk.com/blogs/5125-agamben-wtf-or-how-philosophy-failed-the-pandemic">"Agamben WTF, or How Philosophy Failed the Pandemic"</a>. <i>Versobooks.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Versobooks.com&rft.atitle=Agamben+WTF%2C+or+How+Philosophy+Failed+the+Pandemic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fverso-prod.us-east-1.elasticbeanstalk.com%2Fblogs%2F5125-agamben-wtf-or-how-philosophy-failed-the-pandemic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiorgio+Agamben" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Giorgio_Agamben" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>English</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326173917/http://www.egs.edu/faculty/giorgio-agamben/biography">Giorgio Agamben Faculty Page</a> at <a href="/wiki/European_Graduate_School" title="European Graduate School">European Graduate School</a></li> <li>Catherine Mills. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/agamben.htm">Giorgio Agamben</a> - Entry at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tlweb.latrobe.edu.au/humanities/screeningthepast/23/profanations.html">Review of Agamben, <i>Profanations</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ross_(Australian_philosopher_and_filmmaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Ross (Australian philosopher and filmmaker)">Daniel Ross</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lacan.com/lacinkXXVII5.htm">On Giorgio Agamben's <i>Profanations</i></a>, by Mehdi Belhaj Kacem</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040824073830/http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=437">Interview with Giorgio Agamben – Life, A Work of Art Without an Author: The State of Exception, the Administration of Disorder and Private Life</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mail-archive.com/nettime-l@bbs.thing.net/msg00974.html">Review of <i>State of Exception</i></a>, by Brett Neilson</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English and Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generation-online.org/t/negriagamben.htm">The Ripe Fruit of Redemption</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Toni_Negri" class="mw-redirect" title="Toni Negri">Toni Negri</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/25952876">"Get Rid Of Yourself"</a> with Giorgio Agamben, by Bernadette Corporation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fillip.ca/content/apparatus-capture-trace-photography-and-biopolitics">Apparatus, Capture, Trace: Photography and Biopolitics</a> in: Fillip. Fall 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronosmag.eu/index.php/g-agamben-for-a-theory-of-destituent-power.html">For a theory of destituent power</a>. By Giorgio Agamben. Public lecture in Athens, 16.11.2013. Invitation and organization by Nicos Poulantzas Institute and <a href="/wiki/SYRIZA" class="mw-redirect" title="SYRIZA">SYRIZA</a> Youth.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.critical-theory.com/new-agamben-translation-what-is-a-destituent-power/">What is a Destituent Power?</a> By Giorgio Agamben (translated by Stephanie Wakefield). <i>Environment and Planning D: Society and Space</i> 32(1), 65–74.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthonydowney.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/2013-exemplary-subjects-camps-and-the-politics-of-representation.pdf">Anthony Downey, 'Zones of Indistinction: Giorgio Agamben's "Bare Life" and the Politics of Aesthetics', (2009) 98 Third. Text pp 109–25</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.agamben" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.agamben">Giorgio Agamben Papers</a>. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.</li></ul> <dl><dt>French</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060106141818/http://multitudes.samizdat.net/article.php3?id_article=1135"><i>"État d'exception" de G. Agamben</i></a>, by Sandra Salomon.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527171921/http://www.egs.edu/faculty/giorgio-agamben/articles/letat-dexception/">"<i>L'État d'exception</i> ("State of Exception")"</a>. <i>Le Monde</i>. France. 12 December 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egs.edu/faculty/giorgio-agamben/articles/letat-dexception/">the original</a> on 27 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%89tat+d%27exception+%28%22State+of+Exception%22%29&rft.date=2002-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egs.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fgiorgio-agamben%2Farticles%2Fletat-dexception%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiorgio+Agamben" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vacarme.org/article255.html">"<i>Une biopolitique mineure</i> ("A minor biopolitic", interview with Agamben)"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacarme_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacarme (magazine) (page does not exist)">Vacarme</a>. December 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Une+biopolitique+mineure+%28%22A+minor+biopolitic%22%2C+interview+with+Agamben%29&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vacarme.org%2Farticle255.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiorgio+Agamben" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.agamben" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.agamben">Giorgio Agamben Papers</a>. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Hebrew</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArt.jhtml?contrassID=1&subContrassID=5&sbSubContrassID=0&itemNo=648194">Review of <i>State of Exception</i></a>, Yehouda Shenhav, Sfarim <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>, 23.11.2005.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Croatian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zarez.hr/clanci/krvava-anti-politika">An Essay on Giorgio Agamben's <i>Homo sacer</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Kopi%C4%87" title="Mario Kopić">Mario Kopić</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michel_Foucault" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Michel_Foucault" title="Template:Michel Foucault"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Michel_Foucault" title="Template talk:Michel Foucault"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Michel_Foucault" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Michel Foucault"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Michel_Foucault" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mental_Illness_and_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental Illness and Psychology">Mental Illness and Psychology</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madness_and_Civilization" title="Madness and Civilization">Madness and Civilization</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_the_Clinic" title="The Birth of the Clinic">The Birth of the Clinic</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Death and the Labyrinth</i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Order_of_Things" title="The Order of Things">The Order of Things</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i>This Is Not a Pipe</i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Archaeology_of_Knowledge" title="The Archaeology of Knowledge">The Archaeology of Knowledge</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish" title="Discipline and Punish">Discipline and Punish</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> (1976–2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays, lectures,<br /> dialogues and<br />anthologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Kant%27s_Anthropology" title="Introduction to Kant's Anthropology">Introduction to Kant's Anthropology</a></i> (1964)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_an_Author%3F" title="What Is an Author?">What Is an Author?</a>" (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucault%27s_lectures_at_the_Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France">Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=I,_Pierre_Riviere,_Having_Slaughtered_My_Mother,_My_Sister_and_My_Brother&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I, Pierre Riviere, Having Slaughtered My Mother, My Sister and My Brother (page does not exist)">I, Pierre Riviere, Having Slaughtered My Mother, My Sister and My Brother</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language,_Counter-Memory,_Practice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Language, Counter-Memory, Practice (page does not exist)">Language, Counter-Memory, Practice</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herculine_Barbin_(Foucault)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herculine Barbin (Foucault) (page does not exist)">Herculine Barbin</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power/Knowledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Power/Knowledge (page does not exist)">Power/Knowledge</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remarks_on_Marx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remarks on Marx (page does not exist)">Remarks on Marx</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_D%C3%A9sordre_des_familles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Désordre des familles (page does not exist)">Le Désordre des familles</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Foucault_Reader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Foucault Reader (page does not exist)">The Foucault Reader</a></i> (1984)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_Enlightenment%3F_(Foucault)" title="What Is Enlightenment? (Foucault)">What Is Enlightenment?</a>" (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics,_Philosophy,_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics, Philosophy, Culture (page does not exist)">Politics, Philosophy, Culture</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foucault_Live&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foucault Live (page does not exist)">Foucault Live</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Politics_of_Truth_(Foucault)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Politics of Truth (Foucault) (page does not exist)">The Politics of Truth</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_Must_Be_Defended&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society Must Be Defended (page does not exist)">Society Must Be Defended</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics:_Subjectivity_and_Truth_(Essential_Works_Volume_1)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (Essential Works Volume 1) (page does not exist)">Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (Essential Works Volume 1)</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics,_Method,_Epistemology_(Essential_Works_Volume_2)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aesthetics, Method, Epistemology (Essential Works Volume 2) (page does not exist)">Aesthetics, Method, Epistemology (Essential Works Volume 2)</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abnormal_(Foucault)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abnormal (Foucault) (page does not exist)">Abnormal</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(Essential_Works_Volume_3)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Power (Essential Works Volume 3) (page does not exist)">Power (Essential Works Volume 3)</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fearless_Speech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fearless Speech (page does not exist)">Fearless Speech</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hermeneutics_of_the_Subject" title="The Hermeneutics of the Subject">The Hermeneutics of the Subject</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Essential_Foucault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Essential Foucault (page does not exist)">The Essential Foucault</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_Power&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychiatric Power (page does not exist)">Psychiatric Power</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Security,_Territory,_Population" title="Security, Territory, Population">Security, Territory, Population</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Biopolitics" title="The Birth of Biopolitics">The Birth of Biopolitics</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Government_of_Self_and_Others&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Government of Self and Others (page does not exist)">The Government of Self and Others</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Courage_of_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Courage of Truth">The Courage of Truth</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lectures_on_the_Will_to_Know&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lectures on the Will to Know (page does not exist)">Lectures on the Will to Know</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Government_of_the_Living&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On the Government of the Living (page does not exist)">On the Government of the Living</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjectivity_and_Truth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjectivity and Truth (page does not exist)">Subjectivity and Truth</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wrong-Doing,_Truth-Telling" title="Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling">Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Punitive_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On the Punitive Society (page does not exist)">On the Punitive Society</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_function" title="Author function">Author function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">Biopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopower" title="Biopower">Biopower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_archipelago" title="Carceral archipelago">Carceral archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_institution" title="Disciplinary institution">Disciplinary institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discontinuity_(Postmodernism)" title="Discontinuity (Postmodernism)">Discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispositif" title="Dispositif">Dispositif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecogovernmentality" title="Ecogovernmentality">Ecogovernmentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episteme" title="Episteme">Episteme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governmentality" title="Governmentality">Governmentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopia_(space)" title="Heterotopia (space)">Heterotopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdiscourse" title="Interdiscourse">Interdiscourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit-experience" title="Limit-experience">Limit-experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrhesia" title="Parrhesia">Parrhesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power (social and political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postsexualism" title="Postsexualism">Postsexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness" title="Cogito and the History of Madness">Cogito and the History of Madness</a>" (Derrida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucauldian_discourse_analysis" title="Foucauldian discourse analysis">Foucauldian discourse analysis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foucault_(Deleuze_book)" title="Foucault (Deleuze book)">Foucault</a></i> (Deleuze)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_Michel_Foucault" title="The Passion of Michel Foucault">The Passion of Michel Foucault</a></i> (Miller)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giorgio Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gutting" title="Gary Gutting">Gary Gutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lemke_(sociologist)" title="Thomas Lemke (sociologist)">Thomas Lemke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Miller_(academic)" title="James Miller (academic)">James Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rabinow" title="Paul Rabinow">Paul Rabinow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Raffestin" title="Claude Raffestin">Claude Raffestin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Rose" title="Nikolas Rose">Nikolas Rose</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foucault_in_Iran" title="Foucault in Iran">Foucault in Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault_bibliography" title="Michel Foucault bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucault%E2%80%93Habermas_debate" title="Foucault–Habermas debate">Foucault–Habermas debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chomsky%E2%80%93Foucault_debate" title="Chomsky–Foucault debate">Chomsky–Foucault debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defert" title="Daniel Defert">Daniel Defert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ewald" title="François Ewald">François Ewald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Sheridan" title="Alan Sheridan">Alan Sheridan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121480099">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/112062695">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/75714/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxjbqDm6K3fPW9rvmmVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119293439">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81077118">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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