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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_individual_sharks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_individual_sharks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 On individual sharks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_individual_sharks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_shark_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_shark_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 On shark populations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_shark_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_other_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_other_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 On other populations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_other_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulnerability_of_sharks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulnerability_of_sharks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Vulnerability of sharks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulnerability_of_sharks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reporting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reporting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reporting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reporting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 International restrictions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_restrictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International restrictions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_and_district_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_and_district_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 National and district restrictions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_and_district_restrictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle National and district restrictions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-National_and_district_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imported_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imported_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Imported products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imported_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Hong Kong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Taiwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10.1 National </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10.2 State </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.11 United Nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" > 20 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B2%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="استعمال زعانف القرش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استعمال زعانف القرش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AE-chh%C3%AC" title="Hî-chhì – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hî-chhì" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark-Finning" title="Shark-Finning – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shark-Finning" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercenamiento_de_las_aletas_de_tibur%C3%B3n" title="Cercenamiento de las aletas de tiburón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cercenamiento de las aletas de tiburón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Carka_sen-na%C4%9Diligo" title="Ŝarka sen-naĝiligo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝarka sen-naĝiligo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%87" title="چیدن باله‌کوسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چیدن باله‌کوسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shark finning" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleteo_de_tibur%C3%B3ns" title="Aleteo de tiburóns – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aleteo de tiburóns" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perburuan_sirip_hiu" title="Perburuan sirip hiu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perburuan sirip hiu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinnamento_dello_squalo" title="Spinnamento dello squalo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spinnamento dello squalo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ഷാർക്ക് ഫിന്നിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷാർക്ക് ഫിന്നിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsnijden_van_haaienvinnen" title="Afsnijden van haaienvinnen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afsnijden van haaienvinnen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Shark finning" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Shark finning" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Промысел акульих плавников – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Промысел акульих плавников" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shark finning" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezanje_plavuti_morskim_psom" title="Rezanje plavuti morskim psom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rezanje plavuti morskim psom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajfensfiske" title="Hajfensfiske – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hajfensfiske" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li 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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shark_fins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shark_fins.jpg/250px-Shark_fins.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shark_fins.jpg/375px-Shark_fins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shark_fins.jpg/500px-Shark_fins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> agent counting <a href="/wiki/Confiscated" class="mw-redirect" title="Confiscated">confiscated</a> shark fins</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Shark_fin_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Shark_fin_large.jpg/220px-Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Shark_fin_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Shark_fin_large.jpg/330px-Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Shark_fin_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Shark_fin_large.jpg/440px-Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Shark_fin_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Shark fins on display in a pharmacy in Yokohama, Japan</figcaption></figure> Shark finning is the act of removing <a href="/wiki/Fish_fin#Cartilaginous_fishes" title="Fish fin">fins</a> from <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> and discarding the rest of the shark back into the ocean. This act is prohibited in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The sharks are often still alive when discarded, but without their fins.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel2000-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Unable to swim effectively, they sink to the bottom of the ocean and die of <a href="/wiki/Suffocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffocation">suffocation</a> or are eaten by other predators. Shark finning at sea enables fishing vessels to increase profitability and increase the number of sharks harvested, as they must only store and transport the fins, by far the most profitable part of the shark; the shark meat is bulky to transport.<a href="#cite_note-Clarke2007-5">[5]</a> Many countries have banned this practice and require the whole shark to be brought back to port before removing the fins. Shark finning increased since 1997 largely due to the increasing demand for shark fins for <a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">shark fin soup</a> and traditional cures, particularly in China and its territories, as a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">its economic growth</a>, and as a result of improved fishing technology and market economics.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clean_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean fish">Shark fin soup substitutes</a> have lately also appeared on the market which do not require any shark fins.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a>'s Shark Specialist Group say that shark finning is widespread, and that "the rapidly expanding and largely unregulated shark fin trade represents one of the most serious threats to shark populations worldwide".<a href="#cite_note-Buckley-9">[9]</a> Estimates of the global value of the shark fin trade range from US$540 million<a href="#cite_note-Clarke2007-5">[5]</a> to US$1.2 billion (2007).<a href="#cite_note-York2003-10">[10]</a> Shark fins are among the most expensive seafood products, commonly retailing at US$400 per kg.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley-9">[9]</a> In the United States, where finning is prohibited, some buyers regard the <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basking_shark" title="Basking shark">basking shark</a> as trophy species, and pay $10,000 to $20,000 for a fin.<a href="#cite_note-NG02-11">[11]</a> The regulated global catch of sharks reported to the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the United Nations has been stable in recent years at an annual average just over 500,000 tonnes. Additional unregulated and unreported catches are thought to be common.<a href="#cite_note-FAO2014-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Shark finning has caused catastrophic harm to the <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-livescience-14">[14]</a> Roughly 73 to 100 million sharks are killed each year by finning.<a href="#cite_note-livescience-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-oceansi-15">[15]</a> A variety of shark species are threatened by shark finning, including the critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Scalloped_hammerhead_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalloped hammerhead shark">scalloped hammerhead shark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oceansi-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Process">edit</a>]</div> Nearly every fin of a shark is targeted for harvest, as highlighted in the diagram. The primary and secondary <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fins</a> are removed from the top of the shark, plus its <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral fins">pectoral fins</a>, and, in a single cutting motion, the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_fin" title="Pelvic fin">pelvic fin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal fin">anal fin</a>, and bottom portion of its <a href="/wiki/Caudal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal fin">caudal fin</a>, or tail.<a href="#cite_note-vannuccini-16">[16]</a> Because the rest of the shark has little value relative to that of its fins, sharks are sometimes finned while fishing vessels are still at sea, and the finless and often still-living shark is thrown back into the sea to free space aboard the vessel.<a href="#cite_note-WA-17">[17]</a> In legal contexts the use of the term "shark finning" can refer specifically to this practice of removing the fins from live sharks and discarding the carcass while still at sea.<a href="#cite_note-fowler-seret-18">[18]</a> For these legal purposes the removal of fins on land during catch processing is not necessarily considered to be shark finning.<a href="#cite_note-fowler-seret-18">[18]</a> Shark species that are most commonly finned are:<a href="#cite_note-Spiegel2000-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-vannuccini-16">[16]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shark_finning_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram of a shark, with every fin highlighted in pink and drawn separated from its body, except for the top half of its tail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Shark_finning_diagram.svg/300px-Shark_finning_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Shark_finning_diagram.svg/450px-Shark_finning_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Shark_finning_diagram.svg/600px-Shark_finning_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Highlights showing the typical targets of finning</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blacktip_shark" title="Blacktip shark">Blacktip</a> (Carcharhinus limbatus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_shark" title="Blue shark">Blue</a> (Prionace glauca) (a species of <a href="/wiki/Requiem_shark" title="Requiem shark">requiem shark</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_shark" title="Bull shark">Bull</a> (Carcharhinus leucas) (a species of requiem shark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" title="Hammerhead shark">Hammerhead</a> (family Sphyrnidae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark" title="Oceanic whitetip shark">Oceanic whitetip</a> (Carcharhinus longimanus) (a species of requiem shark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porbeagle" title="Porbeagle">Porbeagle</a> (Lamna nasus) (a species of <a href="/wiki/Lamniformes" title="Lamniformes">mackerel shark</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortfin_mako_shark" title="Shortfin mako shark">Mako</a> (Isurus oxyrinchus) (a species of mackerel shark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbar_shark" title="Sandbar shark">Sandbar</a> (Carcharhinus plumbeus) (a species of requiem shark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silky_shark" title="Silky shark">Silky</a> (Carcharhinus falciformis) (a species of requiem shark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinner_shark" title="Spinner shark">Spinner</a> (Carcharhinus brevipinna (a species of requiem shark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thresher_shark" title="Thresher shark">Thresher</a> (family Alopiidae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_shark" title="Tiger shark">Tiger</a> (Galeocerdo cuvier) (a species of requiem shark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">Great white shark</a> (Carcharodon carcharias) (a species of mackerel shark)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Impacts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_individual_sharks">On individual sharks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: On individual sharks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carcharias_taurus_in_UShaka_Sea_World_1079-a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Carcharias_taurus_in_UShaka_Sea_World_1079-a.jpg/300px-Carcharias_taurus_in_UShaka_Sea_World_1079-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Carcharias_taurus_in_UShaka_Sea_World_1079-a.jpg/450px-Carcharias_taurus_in_UShaka_Sea_World_1079-a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Carcharias_taurus_in_UShaka_Sea_World_1079-a.jpg/600px-Carcharias_taurus_in_UShaka_Sea_World_1079-a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sand_tiger_shark" title="Sand tiger shark">sand tiger shark</a> is a large coastal shark that inhabits coastal waters worldwide. Its numbers have declined significantly, and it is now listed as a <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered species">critically endangered species</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IUCNREDLIST-19">[19]</a></figcaption></figure> When sharks have been finned, they are likely to die from lack of oxygen because they are not able to move to filter the water through their gills, or are eaten by other fish that have found them defenseless at the bottom of the ocean. Studies suggest that 73 million sharks are finned each year, and scientists have noted that the numbers may be closer to the 100 million mark.<a href="#cite_note-livescience-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-oceansi-15">[15]</a> The majority of shark species exhibit slow growth rates and low reproductive rates, and the rate of reproduction cannot keep pace with the current <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_shark_populations">On shark populations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: On shark populations">edit</a>]</div> Some studies suggest 26 to 73 million sharks are harvested annually for fins. The annual median for the period from 1996 to 2000 was 38 million, which is nearly four times the number recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) of the United Nations,<a href="#cite_note-Clarke2006-21">[21]</a> but considerably lower than the estimates of many <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservationists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NG06-22">[22]</a> It has been reported that the global shark catch in 2012 was 100 million.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_news-23">[23]</a> Sharks have a <a href="/wiki/R/K_selection_theory" title="R/K selection theory">K-selection</a> life history, which means that they tend to grow slowly, reach maturity at a larger size and a later age, and have low reproductive rates.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> These traits make them especially vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> methods, such as shark finning. Recent studies suggest changes in abundance of <a href="/wiki/Apex_predators" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex predators">apex predators</a> may have <a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">cascading</a> impacts on a variety of ecological processes. Numbers of some shark species have dropped as much as 80% over the last 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-LM2-25">[25]</a> Some organizations claim that shark fishing or <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a> (the unintentional capture of species by other fisheries) is the reason for the decline in some species' populations, and that the market for fins has very little impact – bycatch accounts for an estimated 50% of all sharks taken.<a href="#cite_note-WA-17">[17]</a> Others suggest that the market for shark fin soup is the main reason for the decline.<a href="#cite_note-LM2-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_other_populations">On other populations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: On other populations">edit</a>]</div> Sharks are apex predators and have extensive implications for marine systems and processes, particularly <a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral reefs">coral reefs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> A report by <a href="/wiki/WildAid" title="WildAid">WildAid</a> on global threats to sharks further explains the importance of these animals.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley-9">[9]</a> Fins from <a href="/wiki/Sawfish" title="Sawfish">sawfish</a> (Pristidae) "are highly favored in Asian markets and are some of the most valuable shark fins".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>: I-23  Sawfishes are now protected under the highest protection level of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species</a> (CITES), Appendix I.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Live Science said the following: <blockquote>"The overfishing of sharks [has] serious effects for the entire marine food chain in some ecosystems. [...] [A] study found that removing sharks from a reef environment in the Caribbean had a trickling effect on other species. Without sharks, carnivorous fish that the sharks usually fed on thrived. The carnivorous fish, in turn, preyed on <a href="/wiki/Parrotfish" title="Parrotfish">parrotfish</a> that kept the corals clean. In time, the reefs changed from one dominated by coral to one overrun by algae."<a href="#cite_note-livescience-14">[14]</a></blockquote>Studies conducted by Creel and Christianson (2008) have shown that with a decreased population of large sharks, there was an increase in marine mammals and reptiles. This can cause a plummeting effect within the marine ecosystem; they’re driven by both consumptive and non-consumptive behaviors. However, we are only starting to understand the role sharks play in the ecosystem and natural environments. Due to the difficulties of studying sharks in their natural habitats, a majority of the studies have been conducted in a model of the natural ecosystem (Ferretti et al., 2010).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vulnerability_of_sharks">Vulnerability of sharks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vulnerability of sharks">edit</a>]</div> On the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> there are 39 species of <a href="/wiki/Elasmobranch" class="mw-redirect" title="Elasmobranch">elasmobranches</a> (sharks and rays) listed as threatened species (<a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered species">Critically Endangered</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ST-30">[30]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Sharks are an important part of the ocean ecosystem and are "an indicator for ocean health." Their role keeps the environment healthy because "they usually go after the sick, weak and slower fish populations." Due to shark overfishing in many areas in the world sharks are going missing or endangered.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_and_Flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</a> (CITES) listed the vulnerability of sharks.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Appendix I, which lists animals that are threatened with extinction, lists <ul><li>Requiem sharks (i.e. Tiger Sharks, Bull Sharks, etc.)</li> <li>Hammerhead sharks</li> <li>Thresher sharks</li> <li>Basking sharks</li> <li>Mackerel sharks</li> <li>Eagle and mobulid rays</li> <li>Freshwater stingrays</li> <li>Whale sharks<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li>Sawfishes</li></ul> Appendix II, which lists animals that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled, lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basking_shark" title="Basking shark">Basking shark</a> (Cetorhinus maximus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">Great white shark</a> (Carcharodon carcharias)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">Whale shark</a> (Rhincodon typus)</li></ul> A further five species are listed as of 2014 – <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scalloped_hammerhead" title="Scalloped hammerhead">Scalloped hammerhead</a> (Sphyrna lewini)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_hammerhead_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Great hammerhead shark">Great hammerhead shark</a> (Sphyrna mokarran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_hammerhead" title="Smooth hammerhead">Smooth hammerhead</a> (Sphyrna zygaena)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porbeagle" title="Porbeagle">Porbeagle</a> (Lamna nasus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark" title="Oceanic whitetip shark">Oceanic whitetip shark</a> (Carcharhinus longimanus)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition">Opposition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ban_Sharing_Finning_BMD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ban_Sharing_Finning_BMD.jpg/220px-Ban_Sharing_Finning_BMD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ban_Sharing_Finning_BMD.jpg/330px-Ban_Sharing_Finning_BMD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ban_Sharing_Finning_BMD.jpg/440px-Ban_Sharing_Finning_BMD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>A mural protesting shark finning in Wellington, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> The crew of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a> conservation vessel <a href="/wiki/RV_Ocean_Warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="RV Ocean Warrior">RV Ocean warrior</a> witnessed and photographed industrial-scale finning within Costa Rica's <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Island_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Island National Park">Cocos Island National Park</a> protected marine area.<a href="#cite_note-RM1-35">[35]</a> The practice is featured in the documentary Sharks: Stewards of the Reef, which contains footage from Western Australia and Central America. This documentary also examines shark finning's cultural, financial, and ecological impacts. Underwater photographer Richard Merritt witnessed finning of living sharks in Indonesia where he saw immobile finless sharks lying on the sea bed still alive below the fishing boat.<a href="#cite_note-RM2-36">[36]</a> Finning has been witnessed and filmed within a protected marine area in the <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands" title="Raja Ampat Islands">Raja Ampat islands</a> of Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-RM3-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">animal rights</a> groups vigorously oppose finning on moral grounds, as the practice gives sharks a large wound, causes them to slowly die of starvation or drowning,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and because finning is one cause for the rapid decline of global shark populations.<a href="#cite_note-WA-17">[17]</a> Shark finning is sometimes linked to <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)" title="Triad (organized crime)">Chinese organized crime syndicates</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-York2003-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-iss-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>,<a href="#cite_note-York2003-10">[10]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-York2003-10">[10]</a> Opponents also raise questions on the medical harm from the consumption of high levels of toxic mercury reportedly found in shark fins. a, A multi-disciplinary nonprofit 501(c)(3) scientific research organization says, "The reason indulging in this dish can be so harmful is because of <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a>. Toxins concentrate in animals when they move up the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>. Since sharks are some of the largest and longest-living species in the ocean, they have a high position on the food chain, so they consume huge amounts of toxins that have accumulated in their prey."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecuadorian_fishing_boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of single-masted boat at sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ecuadorian_fishing_boat.jpg/220px-Ecuadorian_fishing_boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ecuadorian_fishing_boat.jpg/330px-Ecuadorian_fishing_boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ecuadorian_fishing_boat.jpg/440px-Ecuadorian_fishing_boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Shark fin fishing boat off the <a href="/wiki/Galapagos" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos">Galapagos</a>, Ecuador</figcaption></figure> A third of fins imported to Hong Kong come from Europe.<a href="#cite_note-SA-41">[41]</a> Spain is by far the largest supplier, providing between 2,000 and 5,000 metric tons a year.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-G-stats-43">[43]</a> Norway supplies 39 metric tonnes, but Britain, France, Portugal, and Italy are also major suppliers.<a href="#cite_note-INDP2-44">[44]</a> Hong Kong handles at least 50%, and possibly up to 80%, of the world trade in shark fin, with the major suppliers being Europe, Taiwan, Indonesia, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, United States, Yemen, India, Japan, and Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-SSG-45">[45]</a> According to Giam's article,<a href="#cite_note-GCH-46">[46]</a> "Sharks are caught in virtually all parts of the world.... Despite the strongly declared objectives of the Fisheries Commission in Brussels, there are very few restrictions on fishing for sharks in European waters. The meat of <a href="/wiki/Squaliformes" title="Squaliformes">dogfishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoothhound" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoothhound">smoothhounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scyliorhinidae" title="Scyliorhinidae">cat sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skate_(fish)" title="Skate (fish)">skates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a> is in high demand by European consumers.... The situation in Canada and the United States is similar: the <a href="/wiki/Blue_shark" title="Blue shark">blue shark</a> is sought after as a sport fish while the <a href="/wiki/Porbeagle" title="Porbeagle">porbeagle</a>, mako and <a href="/wiki/Spiny_dogfish" title="Spiny dogfish">spiny dogfish</a> are part of the commercial fishery.... The truth is this: Sharks will continue to be caught and killed on a wide scale by the more organized and sophisticated fishing nations. Targeting shark's fin soup will not stop this accidental catch. The fins from these catches will be thrown away or turned into animal feed and fertilizers if shark's fin soup is shunned."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]` The Australian naturalist <a href="/wiki/Steve_Irwin" title="Steve Irwin">Steve Irwin</a> was known to walk out of Chinese restaurants if he saw shark fin soup on the menu.<a href="#cite_note-SI-47">[47]</a> American chef <a href="/wiki/Ken_Hom" title="Ken Hom">Ken Hom</a> sees the West doing little to protect stocks of <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">caviar</a>-producing <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a> despite the outcry over shark-finning, but he also stresses the wastefulness of harvesting only the fins.<a href="#cite_note-Hom-48">[48]</a> In 2006, Canadian filmmaker and photographer <a href="/wiki/Rob_Stewart_(filmmaker)" title="Rob Stewart (filmmaker)">Rob Stewart</a> created a film, <a href="/wiki/Sharkwater" title="Sharkwater">Sharkwater</a>, which exposes the shark fin industry in detail. In March 2011, the VOA <a href="/wiki/Special_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Special English">Special English</a> service of the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> broadcast a 15-minute science program on shark finning.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2011, British celebrity chef <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Ramsay" title="Gordon Ramsay">Gordon Ramsay</a> and his film crew visited <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> to investigate illegal shark fin trading. After investigating the shark fins, Ramsay was held at gunpoint and doused in gasoline by gangsters for confronting them.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> According to WildAid, opposition to shark finning in China has increased as a result of campaigns. In a 2008 survey in Beijing, 89% of respondents supported a ban on shark fin. A 2010 poll on <a href="/wiki/Sina_Weibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Weibo">Sina Weibo</a> again indicated strong support for a ban on shark fin sales, with 27,370 respondents in favour and only 440 against. In an August 2013 survey of respondents from four cities in China, 91% supported a government ban on the shark fin trade.<a href="#cite_note-auto-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reporting">Reporting</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reporting">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_shark_catch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Line graph showing the rapidly growing annual shark harvest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Global_shark_catch.svg/230px-Global_shark_catch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Global_shark_catch.svg/345px-Global_shark_catch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Global_shark_catch.svg/460px-Global_shark_catch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Global shark catch, since 1950. Source <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-capture-production/query/en">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> According to Giam Choo Hoo – the longest serving member of <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</a> Animals Committee,<a href="#cite_note-GCH-46">[46]</a> and a representative of the shark fin industry in Singapore<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> – "The perception that it is common practice to kill sharks for only their fins – and to cut them off whilst the sharks are still alive – is wrong.... The vast majority of fins in the market are taken from sharks after their death."<a href="#cite_note-GCH-46">[46]</a> Researchers dispute this claim by pointing to the data: using a statistical analysis of shark fin industry trade data, a 2006 study estimated that between 26 and 73 million sharks are harvested each year worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkeMcAllisterMilner-GullandKirkwood2006a1119-52">[52]</a> That figure, when converted to shark <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, was three to four times higher than the catch recorded in <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> capture production statistics, the only global database of shark catches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkeMcAllisterMilner-GullandKirkwood2006b1120-53">[53]</a> According to the researchers, this discrepancy "may be attributable to factors... such as unrecorded shark landings, shark <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> recorded in [non-specific] categories, and/or a high frequency of shark finning and carcass disposal at sea."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkeMcAllisterMilner-GullandKirkwood2006c1120-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">marine conservationist</a>, Meliane, says "Moreover, landing sharks and rays with fins attached will facilitate species identification, promote standardized data collection and reporting of official catch statistics, and eliminate potential enforcement loopholes."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Because remains are not always correctly identified, reports and statistics from scientists are not always reliable. Simply put, they say that the industry is either under-reporting the sharks taken annually, or is frequently engaging in the practice of finning. According to Shark Stewards, a non profit, environmentalist project, "Most shark fins go to Hong Kong for processing, and re-exported to China and other countries like the US.  Fins traded as a dried product do not have any documentation of where that shark was captured, the species or if it was legally harvested or finned on the high seas." As a result, many consumers do not know where the fin came from, or if it was caught legally or illegally.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_restrictions">International restrictions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: International restrictions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shark_fins_Hong_Kong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Shark_fins_Hong_Kong.jpg/220px-Shark_fins_Hong_Kong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Shark_fins_Hong_Kong.jpg/330px-Shark_fins_Hong_Kong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Shark_fins_Hong_Kong.jpg/440px-Shark_fins_Hong_Kong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Fresh shark fins drying on a pavement in Hong Kong</figcaption></figure> In 2013, 27 countries and the European Union had banned shark finning;<a href="#cite_note-HSI-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a> are unregulated. International fishing authorities are considering banning shark fishing (and finning) in the Atlantic Ocean and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Finning is banned in the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ENS-58">[58]</a> but shark fishing and finning continues unabated in most of the Pacific and Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-WA-17">[17]</a> In countries such as Thailand and Singapore, public awareness advertisements on finning have reportedly reduced consumption by 25%.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are four main categories of restrictions, as follows: <ol><li>A shark sanctuary is an area where shark fishing is entirely prohibited, this includes commercial fishing of all sharks, by-catching, the possession, trade, and sale of sharks & shark products. Although these acts against sharks are prohibited within these boundaries, nothing is really keeping the sharks within those boundaries, they can easily, unknowingly swim outside of the protected area and be fished, finned, or killed. As of March 2018, there are 17 shark sanctuaries in the world according to the article, "Shark Sanctuaries Around the World".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> - 353,742 sq. mi. (Established in 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> - 233,317 sq. mi. (Established in 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a> - 1,155,448 sq. mi. (Established in 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> - 769,205 sq. mi. (Established in 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> - 49,421 sq. mi. (Established in 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> - 480,697 sq. mi. (Established in 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> - 756,812 sq. mi. (Established in 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> - 1.840,642 sq. mi. (Established in 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> - 92,757 sq. mi. (Established in 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a> - 242.971 sq. mi. (Established in 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> - 104,050 sq. mi. (Established in 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> - 45,998 sq. mi. (Established in 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a> - 3,747 sq. mi. (Established in 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a> - 30,933 sq. mi. (Established in 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">St. Maarten</a> - 193 sq. mi. (Established in 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a> - 3,102 sq. mi. (Established in 2015)</li></ul></li> <li>Areas where sharks must be landed with fins attached;</li> <li>Areas where fin to body mass ratio-based regulations have been implemented;</li> <li>Areas where shark product <a href="/wiki/Trade_regulation" title="Trade regulation">trade regulations</a> exist.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</div> Shark finning was prohibited in the EU in 2003 (Regulation (EC) No 1185/2003).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In November 2011, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">EC</a> approved a rule that would require all EU-registered fishing boats to land only sharks which have retained all their fins. Because the legislation allowed fins to be removed on the boat and other body parts to be landed at different ports, the ban proved difficult to enforce. The EU Parliament's fisheries committee supported the EC's proposal to ban the separate landing of shark bodies and fins; however, the committee approved an amendment which allows fins to be removed on board a vessel.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> On 19 March 2012, the Council of the EU adopted a general approach supporting the commission's proposal to close the loopholes in the EU shark finning legislation by ensuring that all sharks were landed with their fins naturally attached without exception. It is believed that Spain and Portugal were the only EU Member States to raise objections to the commission's proposal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 6 June 2013, the Council of the EU completed the final step to close loopholes in the EU shark finning ban. By adopting a 'fins naturally attached' (FNA) policy without exception, the EU has now effectively ended the practice of shark finning by EU vessels.<a href="#cite_note-HSI-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_and_district_restrictions">National and district restrictions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: National and district restrictions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> Live shark finning, the practice of cutting the fins from live sharks and dumping the body, is illegal in all jurisdictions in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Australia still participates in the shark fin trade. 'Fins Naturally Attached' (FNA) is the policy employed to reduce and regulate live shark finning in Australia fisheries. But not all states in Australia have adopted this policy. In <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, there is no 'fins naturally attached' policy, meaning that illegal live finning and dumping of sharks could still be occurring.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Recently, the NT (Northern Territory) Government implemented reforms to its shark fishery that impose stricter regulation by enforcing a 'Fins Naturally Attached' policy, in line with international and national best practise.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> FNA means that sharks must be brought back to land with the fins attached to the shark body, which has been shown to greatly reduce illegal targeting, dumping of unwanted sharks at sea, and prevent live shark finning. Shark finning is not allowed in any <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> or <a href="/wiki/Billfish" title="Billfish">billfish</a> longline fishery, or in any Commonwealth fishery taking sharks. Fins must be landed attached, and additional regulations apply in some states or territories. In <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, sharks taken, or any relevant portion of a shark taken, may not be on board any vessel at any time (including after landing) without fins naturally attached.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imported_products">Imported products</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Imported products">edit</a>]</div> In Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_trade" title="Wildlife trade">export and import of wildlife and wildlife products</a> is regulated under Part 13A of the federal <a href="/wiki/Environment_Protection_and_Biodiversity_Conservation_Act_1999" title="Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999">Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999</a> (EPBC Act), which is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Sustainability,_Environment,_Water,_Population_and_Communities" title="Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities">Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities</a>. Regulation applies equally to individuals, commercial organizations and not-for-profit organizations. <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> Appendix II shark specimens cannot be legally imported into Australia for personal or commercial purposes unless: <ul><li>The specimen is accompanied by a valid Australian CITES import permit (Australian import permits can be granted only if an overseas CITES export permit has been granted); or</li> <li>The specimen is accompanied by a valid certificate issued by the overseas CITES management authority confirming that the specimen was obtained before the species was listed on CITES (pre-CITES certificate); or</li> <li>The specimen is accompanied by an overseas CITES export permit or equivalent, is part of personal accompanied baggage and is intended for personal use and not for trade or sale.</li></ul> No permits are required for the import of specimens obtained from shark species other than those listed above. To avoid seizure, all products must be clearly labeled or have documentation certifying the species of origin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> Shark finning has been illegal in Canada since 1994. As of 2019, Canada passed a law that bans the import and export of shark fins, being the first country to impose a national ban.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In late 2011, the city of <a href="/wiki/Brantford,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Brantford, Ontario">Brantford, Ontario</a> became the first city in Canada to pass new <a href="/wiki/Bylaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Bylaw">bylaws</a> to ban the possession, sale, or consumption of shark fin products. In that medium-sized city in which no restaurants which serve shark fin exist, there was no opposition to the ban, which was largely symbolic. Nevertheless, a handful of cities soon followed, including <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Calgary, <a href="/wiki/Mississauga,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississauga, Ontario">Mississauga</a>, and several others in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brantford,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Brantford, Ontario">Brantford, Ontario</a> 11 to 0 vote<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakville,_Ontario" title="Oakville, Ontario">Oakville, Ontario</a> 7 to 0 vote<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississauga,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississauga, Ontario">Mississauga, Ontario</a> 11 to 0 vote<a href="#cite_note-mississ-ban-70">[70]</a> (later repealed by Council on 8 May 2013)<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> 38 to 4 vote<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> (later overturned by court on 30 November 2012)<a href="#cite_note-TorontoBanLifted-74">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newmarket,_Ontario" title="Newmarket, Ontario">Newmarket, Ontario</a> 8 to 1 vote<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> 13 to 2 vote<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Markham,_Ontario" title="Markham, Ontario">Markham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Hill,_Ontario" title="Richmond Hill, Ontario">Richmond Hill</a> opted not to bring forth the motion, suggesting that this issue is a federal matter. Chinese restaurants and businesses selling shark fin opposed the ban, and in late 2011, suggested that they will challenge the by-laws before the courts once fines are imposed.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> When Toronto imposed steep fines, they did just that. In late 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Superior_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario Superior Court">Ontario Superior Court</a> overturned Toronto's shark fin ban, ruling that the law as written was outside the powers of the city to impose without a "legitimate local purpose," and was therefore of "no force and effect." The judge accepted that the practice of shark finning was inhumane, but he did not agree with Toronto's justification of local purpose —– namely, that the consumption of shark fins may have an "adverse impact" on the health and safety of its residents and on the environmental well-being of the city.<a href="#cite_note-TorontoBanLifted-74">[74]</a> Toronto has served legal notice that it plans to appeal the court ruling.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> On 1 December 2012, Ontario Superior Court Judge James Spence ruled that Toronto's ban was not valid. Members of Toronto's Chinese business community had also challenged that ban. Judge Spence said that the city does not have the power to enforce the ban. In September 2012, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>'s mayor <a href="/wiki/Rob_Ford" title="Rob Ford">Rob Ford</a> believed that the ban was not the city's responsibility, and so he did not support it at that time.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> On 27 March 2013 a private members bill to ban shark fin imports into Canada failed in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>. Shark finning was already illegal in Canadian waters, but there was no law to stop importing into Canada.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> It was restarted by Conservative Senate member <a href="/wiki/Michael_L._MacDonald" title="Michael L. MacDonald">Michael L. MacDonald</a> in Bill S-238 which was passed by the Senate on 23 October 2018. That bill will now go to the House of Commons for further debate.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>'s city council decided to wait until December 2013 to recommended leaning away from a total ban and look for ethical sources of shark products. Alderman John Mar said there would be more time to discuss, engage, and look for other options. The new wording in the bylaw was meant to ban the sale, distribution, and trade of shark fins, but not ban the possession and consumption. Canada's city of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>'s Councillor <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Jang" title="Kerry Jang">Kerry Jang</a> said at Calgary's council meeting that it was not a "cultural thing," and that even China and the Chinese government decided to phase out all shark fins from state banquets. He also mentioned that the wordings of the bylaws in Calgary and Toronto, which face legal problems with municipal jurisdiction, are trying to ban possession and consumption, but that is hard to enforce and regulate.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> On 27 May 2013, against the wishes of the Shark Fin Free Calgary organization, <a href="/wiki/Calgary_City_Council" title="Calgary City Council">Calgary City Council</a> overturned the ban. There were protests against the ban from Calgary's Chinese community, and <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>'s city task force recommended against the ban. According to the article in The <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Herald" title="Calgary Herald">Calgary Herald</a>, Calgary's Mayor <a href="/wiki/Naheed_Nenshi" title="Naheed Nenshi">Naheed Nenshi</a> never wanted a full ban, even though he had voted for the ban the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_All-Stars" title="List of NBA All-Stars">NBA All-Star</a> Chinese basketball player <a href="/wiki/Yao_Ming" title="Yao Ming">Yao Ming</a> pledged to stop eating shark fin soup at a news conference on 2 August 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Yaoming-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-YM-85">[85]</a> American basketball player <a href="/wiki/Tracy_McGrady" title="Tracy McGrady">Tracy McGrady</a>, a teammate of Yao's, reportedly stated that he was impressed by the soup when he tried it for the first time, but was criticized by the Hong Kong branch of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> for his remark.<a href="#cite_note-TLM-86">[86]</a> Opinions suggest that government corruption and official banquets contribute to the consumption of shark fins.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> A ban on shark fin from government banquets was announced in July 2012 and went into effect in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-auto-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hong Kong">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG-20180615-WA0006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IMG-20180615-WA0006.jpg/220px-IMG-20180615-WA0006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IMG-20180615-WA0006.jpg/330px-IMG-20180615-WA0006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IMG-20180615-WA0006.jpg/440px-IMG-20180615-WA0006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Shark fin protesters at Maxim's HQ, Hong Kong, on June 15, 2018, also protesting Starbucks' decision to grant their regional license to Maxim's.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fedex_anti_shark_fin_protest_3_July_2016_Kennedy_Town,_Hong_Kong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fedex_anti_shark_fin_protest_3_July_2016_Kennedy_Town%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg/220px-Fedex_anti_shark_fin_protest_3_July_2016_Kennedy_Town%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fedex_anti_shark_fin_protest_3_July_2016_Kennedy_Town%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg/330px-Fedex_anti_shark_fin_protest_3_July_2016_Kennedy_Town%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fedex_anti_shark_fin_protest_3_July_2016_Kennedy_Town%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg/440px-Fedex_anti_shark_fin_protest_3_July_2016_Kennedy_Town%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Anti shark fin protesters at the FedEx depot in Hong Kong's Kennedy Town 3 July 2016</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">The World Wide Fund for Nature</a> on 8 March 2018 reported, "The volume of shark fin imported into Hong Kong has declined from 10,210 tonnes in 2007 to 4,979 tonnes in 2017, a drop of over 50 per cent."<a href="#cite_note-wwfimp-89">[89]</a> Protesters have targeted various brands with anti-shark fin demonstrations. After being targeted in a May 2016 protest at <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a>,<a href="#cite_note-scmpcat-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathay_Pacific" title="Cathay Pacific">Cathay Pacific</a> in June 2016 announced they would stop shipping shark fin.<a href="#cite_note-physcat-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Disneyland" title="Hong Kong Disneyland">Hong Kong Disneyland</a> removed shark fin soup from its wedding banquet menu after international pressure from environmental groups, who threatened to boycott its parks worldwide despite the high demand for the delicacy.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Peninsula_Hotels" title="The Peninsula Hotels">The Peninsula Hotel</a> banned shark fin in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In April 2018, shark fin protesters gatecrashed the opening of <a href="/wiki/Shake_Shack" title="Shake Shack">Shake Shack</a> at the IFC in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. This was due to Shake Shack partnering with <a href="/wiki/Maxim%27s_Caterers" title="Maxim's Caterers">Maxim's Caterers</a> being Shake Shack's Hong Kong licensee.<a href="#cite_note-protest1-94">[94]</a> Brand premises directly owned by Maxim's have been targeted in numerous protests.<a href="#cite_note-maxabc-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-hkudemo-96">[96]</a> On 15 June 2018, protesters directly targeted Maxim's headquarters in a demonstration that also highlighted Maxim's being a regional licensee for <a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hkfpstarb-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-hkfpmaxhq-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Taiwan">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> banned shark finning in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> But, the legislation are mainly targeting fishing vessels, while resellers and restaurants are not properly regulated. It is reported that, at least until 2021, shark finning is pretty common at sea and hard to ban totally. Some medical stores even, allegedly, put fins from CITES-identified species at sale publicly .<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_Agency" title="Fisheries Agency">Fisheries Agency</a> deprecated the fin to body mass ratio-based regulations and enforce more restrictive regulations, requiring that fins are either naturally attached or tied to bodies, or (for small fishing boats only) fins and bodies are in the same bags or tagged with the same label. The Environment Justice Foundation comments that the new regulation would facilitate port inspections and law enforcement, helping reduce illegal sharking finning.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> was one of the top 10 importers and exporters of shark fins in the world between 2000 and 2009.<a href="#cite_note-shaberycheek-103">[103]</a> The country caught 231,212 tonnes of sharks from 2002 to 2011, making it the eighth highest in the world and accounting for 2.9% of the global sharks caught during the same period.<a href="#cite_note-shaberycheek-103">[103]</a> In 2007, Malaysia's Natural Resources and Environment Ministry, <a href="/wiki/Azmi_Khalid" title="Azmi Khalid">Azmi Khalid</a>, banned shark's fin soup from official functions committing to the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Nature_Society" title="Malaysian Nature Society">Malaysian Nature Society</a> (for conservation of shark <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>).<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> Tourism, Culture and Environment Minister proposed an amendment to the Fisheries Act that would give force to set up a shark sanctuary zone in <a href="/wiki/Semporna" title="Semporna">Semporna</a> and other shark populated areas in Sabah. This ban was put on hold pending the Federal Government's decision on the issue. In 2015, Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Minister, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shabery_Cheek" title="Ahmad Shabery Cheek">Ahmad Shabery Cheek</a>, said that the ban of shark finning is "unnecessary" as the finning industry does not exist in Malaysia. He went on further to say that "sharks are normally caught by accident when they enter the fishnets along with the other fishes."<a href="#cite_note-shaberycheek-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> The great white sharks have been given full protection in the territorial waters of New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> but shark finning is legal on other shark species if the shark is dead. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Forest_and_Bird_Protection_Society_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand">Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand</a> are campaigning to raise awareness of shark finning<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and a number of <a href="/wiki/Foodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Foodies">foodies</a> have fronted the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Since 1 October 2014, it has been illegal in New Zealand for a commercial fisher to remove the fins from any shark and discard the body at sea. There are specific requirements for certain species.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palau">Palau</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Palau">edit</a>]</div> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Republic of Palau</a> created the world's first <a href="/wiki/Shark_sanctuary" title="Shark sanctuary">shark sanctuary</a>. It is illegal to catch sharks within Palau's <a href="/wiki/EEZ" class="mw-redirect" title="EEZ">EEZ</a>, which covers an area of 230,000 square miles (600,000 km2). This is an area about the size of France. President <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Toribiong" title="Johnson Toribiong">Johnson Toribiong</a> also called for a ban on global shark finning, stating: "These creatures are being slaughtered and are perhaps at the brink of extinction unless we take positive action to protect them."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Singapore">edit</a>]</div> Leading <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>-based supermarket chain, <a href="/wiki/Cold_Storage_(supermarket)" title="Cold Storage (supermarket)">Cold Storage</a>, has joined the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> Singapore <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a> Group and agreed to stop selling all shark fin and shark products in its 42 outlets across the country. The supermarket is a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/DFI_Retail_Group" title="DFI Retail Group">Dairy Farm</a>, a leading pan-Asian food retailer that operates more than 5,300 outlets and employs some 80,000 people in the Asia-Pacific region. It is the first supermarket in Singapore to implement a no shark fins policy.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The largest supermarket chain in Singapore, <a href="/wiki/NTUC_FairPrice" title="NTUC FairPrice">NTUC FairPrice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypermarket" title="Hypermarket">hypermarket</a> <a href="/wiki/Carrefour" title="Carrefour">Carrefour</a> will also be banning all shark fin products from its outlets before April 2012.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National">National</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: National">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shark_fins_confiscated_from_King_Diamond_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small tied bales of flat gray objects, messily stacked underneath a translucent tentlike roof between white walls." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Shark_fins_confiscated_from_King_Diamond_II.jpg/250px-Shark_fins_confiscated_from_King_Diamond_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Shark_fins_confiscated_from_King_Diamond_II.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>The King Diamond II was seized in 2002 while carrying over 32 short tons (29 metric tons) of shark fins that were harvested from about 30,000 sharks.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Shark_Finning_Prohibition_Act_of_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark Finning Prohibition Act of 2000">Shark Finning Prohibition Act of 2000</a> (SFPA), which banned finning on any fishing vessel within United States territorial waters and on all U.S.-flagged fishing vessels in international waters. Additionally, shark fins could not be imported into the United States without the associated carcass.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In 2002, in an apparent early success in stopping the shark fin trade, the United States intercepted and seized the King Diamond II, a U.S.-flagged, Hong Kong-based vessel bound for Guatemala. The vessel was carrying 64,695 pounds (32.3 short tons; 29.3 tonnes) of baled shark fins – representing the fins of an estimated 30,000 sharks – making it the largest quantity of shark fins ever seized.<a href="#cite_note-Science_News_post-114">[114]</a> This seizure was reversed in court six years later: in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Approximately_64,695_Pounds_of_Shark_Fins" title="United States v. Approximately 64,695 Pounds of Shark Fins">United States v. Approximately 64,695 Pounds of Shark Fins</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> <a href="/wiki/Holding_(law)" title="Holding (law)">held</a> that the SFPA did not cover the seized fins in this case. Judge <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Reinhardt" title="Stephen Reinhardt">Stephen Reinhardt</a> found that the King Diamond II did not meet the statute's definition of a fishing vessel, since it had merely bought the fins at sea and had not aided or assisted the vessels that had caught the sharks.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._v._Shark_Fins-115">[115]</a> As a result, in January 2011, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Shark_Conservation_Act" title="Shark Conservation Act">Shark Conservation Act</a> into law to close the loopholes. Specifically, the new law prohibits any boat to carry shark fins without the corresponding number and weight of carcasses, and all sharks must be brought to port with their fins attached.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> This Act has created a new market for shark products. Because fisherman are carrying the full shark bodies to land by boat, they need to find something to do with the leftovers. So now they are not only selling shark fins, they sell the shark meat and shark oil. When this is sold, it creates a new demand. Now fisherman have another motivator to fish & hunt for sharks. According to a Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper titled "State of the Global Market for Shark Products, "...a combination of demand growth and anti finning regulations intended to encourage the full utilization of carcasses has seen the market for shark meat expand considerably."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Additional legislation has been proposed to ban the sale of shark fins in the United States as well. Current national bans prohibit shark finning in US waters but do not ban the sale or purchase of shark fins that were harvested elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> To combat this, the "Shark Fin Sales Elimination Act" was introduced in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. The bill was included in the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2022" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022">National Defense Authorization Act</a> which was signed into law in December 2022, and fully banned the shark fin trade in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The bill bans the selling, buying, and transport of shark fins across the US with a fine of up to $100,000 for each offense. Exceptions are allowed if the fin was taken lawfully by license or under other certain circumstances. There is also an exception to allow <a href="/wiki/Squalidae" title="Squalidae">dogfish</a> fins, although the bill has the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> reviewing this exception by 2027 to recommend if it should continue or be terminated. <a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State">State</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: State">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_Fin_Sales_Elimination_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shark Fin Sales Elimination Act (page does not exist)">Shark Fin Sales Elimination Act</a>, passed in 2022, banned the shark fin trade throughout the United States but before it was passed several states passed their own measures to ban the shark fin trade with their boundaries. Before the national ban had passed 14 states and 3 territories passed their own versions of the bill. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> became the first state to ban the possession, sale, and distribution of shark fins. The law became effective on 1 July 2011.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Similar laws have been enacted in the states of Washington,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Oregon,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> California,<a href="#cite_note-harmon-129">[129]</a> the territory of Guam,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> California governor <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> cited the cruelty of finning and potential threats to the environment and commercial fishing in signing the <a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">bill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harmon-129">[129]</a> Opponents charged the ban was <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">discriminatory</a> against <a href="/wiki/Chinese_American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American history">Chinese</a>, the main consumers of <a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">shark fin soup</a>, when federal laws already banned the practice of finning. Whole sharks would still be legally fished, but the fins could no longer be sold.<a href="#cite_note-harmon-129">[129]</a> In 2012, legislators in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Grace_Meng" title="Grace Meng">Grace Meng</a>, introduced a similar bill, which passed in 2013. New York was not the only <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a> state considering a ban, but passage there would be significant since its <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese-American communities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Chinatown, Manhattan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flushing,_Queens" title="Flushing, Queens">Flushing</a> make New York the major importer of shark fins in the East. Meng admitted that while she loved shark fin soup, "it's important to be responsible citizens." Younger Chinese Americans in New York did not consider it an important part of their culture. "It's only the elderly who want it: when their grandkids get married, they want the most expensive stuff, like an emperor," said one waiter at a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_restaurant" title="Chinese restaurant">Chinese restaurant</a>. Many businesses that sold fins had stopped placing new orders, expecting a ban would be passed.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_NY_ban_article-132">[132]</a> In April 2013, Maryland became the first state on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> to enact a law against shark finning or the import of fins.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Texas, Illinois, Delaware, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts have also enacted bans, totaling 11 states.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In June 2017, a bill was passed in Nevada that banned the sale or possession of body parts from sharks and several other <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>, and outlawed shark fin soup which was becoming increasingly consumed in Nevada by visitors at casinos which made it a hub for the shark fin trade in the US.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In January 2020, New Jersey passed a bill banning shark fins becoming the 13th state to do so. Money generated from violations of the ban would be used to fund wildlife conservation in the state.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In 2020, Florida passed the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristin_Jacobs_Ocean_Conservation_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristin Jacobs Ocean Conservation Act (page does not exist)">Kristin Jacobs Ocean Conservation Act</a>" which banned the shark fin trade throughout the state.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Despite the state bans many restaurants are still selling shark fins due to a lack on enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://awionline.org/content/restaurants-currently-offering-shark-fin-soup">list of restaurants</a> in the United States selling shark fin soup is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Institute" title="Animal Welfare Institute">Animal Welfare Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The national ban, that went into effect in 2022, may help to better enforce the code. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations">United Nations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United Nations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers. In particular, The section appears to incoherent.. Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the article</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Shark_finning" title="Talk:Shark finning">the talk page</a>. (January 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In recent decades, high demands and numerous forces of economic globalization have come together to create a true global mart. There has been a combination of growth and anti-finning regulations that has led fishers to view sharks as <a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">commercial species</a>. This has unintentionally caused commercial species to be targeted rather than targeting more valuable species like <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>. The emergence of a new market for shark fins, with addition to stricter regulations, has created a greater incentive for the full utilization of the shark. Now, this is an important aspect to consider, as where anti-finning and environmental groups can be successful in terms of decreasing the consumption and the practice of shark finning.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shark_finning" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shark finning">Shark finning</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperial_cuisine" title="Chinese imperial cuisine">Chinese imperial cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered sharks">Endangered sharks</a>: many sharks are endangered as a consequence of the market for shark fins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_culling" title="Shark culling">Shark culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_trading_in_Costa_Rica" title="Shark fin trading in Costa Rica">Shark fin trading in Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threatened_sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Threatened sharks">Threatened sharks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shark_finning&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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While he does participate in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), he's also a representative of the shark fin industry in Singapore.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Is+the+shark+fin+ban+culturally+biased%3F&rft.date=2012-02-22&rft.aulast=Eilperin&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fblogpost%2Fpost%2Fis-the-shark-fin-ban-culturally-biased%2F2012%2F02%2F21%2FgIQAbIj9SR_blog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark+finning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkeMcAllisterMilner-GullandKirkwood2006a1119-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkeMcAllisterMilner-GullandKirkwood2006a1119_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarkeMcAllisterMilner-GullandKirkwood2006a">Clarke et al. 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Linda Lingle signed a bill on Friday prohibiting the possession, sale, trade or distribution of shark fins, which are used in expensive Chinese dishes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hawaii%3A+Shark+Fin+Soup+Is+Off+the+Menu&rft.pages=A16&rft.date=2010-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F05%2F29%2Fus%2F29brfs-SHARKFINSOUP_BRF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark+finning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/wash-bans-sale-trade-of-shark-fins/">"Washington bans sale, trade of shark fins"</a>. The Seattle Times. 12 May 2011. 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Retrieved 12 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Jersey&rft.atitle=Murphy+signs+law+banning+shark+fins+in+New+Jersey+starting+in+2021&rft.aulast=Racioppi&rft.aufirst=Dustin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northjersey.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnew-jersey%2F2020%2F01%2F09%2Fnew-jersey-law-bans-shark-fins-start-2021%2F4420139002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark+finning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://floridapolitics.com/archives/368248-governor-signs-measure-shark-fins/">"Gov. DeSantis signs measure banning import and export of shark fins"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Florida_Politics" title="Florida Politics">Florida Politics</a>. 19 September 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+Politics&rft.atitle=Gov.+DeSantis+signs+measure+banning+import+and+export+of+shark+fins&rft.date=2020-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffloridapolitics.com%2Farchives%2F368248-governor-signs-measure-shark-fins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark+finning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFobar2019" class="citation web cs1">Fobar, Rachel (16 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190117031003/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/01/restaurants-sell-shark-fin-soup-despite-state-bans/">"Shark fin is banned in 12 U.S. states—but it's still on the menu"</a>. Animals. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/01/restaurants-sell-shark-fin-soup-despite-state-bans/">the original</a> on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animals&rft.atitle=Shark+fin+is+banned+in+12+U.S.+states%E2%80%94but+it%27s+still+on+the+menu&rft.date=2019-01-16&rft.aulast=Fobar&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fanimals%2F2019%2F01%2Frestaurants-sell-shark-fin-soup-despite-state-bans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark+finning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://awionline.org/content/restaurants-currently-offering-shark-fin-soup">"Restaurants Currently Offering Shark Fin Soup"</a>. Animal Welfare Institute. Retrieved 12 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animal+Welfare+Institute&rft.atitle=Restaurants+Currently+Offering+Shark+Fin+Soup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fawionline.org%2Fcontent%2Frestaurants-currently-offering-shark-fin-soup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark+finning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4795e.pdf">State of the global market for shark products</a> FAO Retrieved 29 July 2023 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">wild fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics_of_fisheries" title="Population dynamics of fisheries">Population dynamics of fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_baseline" title="Shifting baseline">Shifting baseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">Fish stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_mortality" title="Fish mortality">Fish mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condition_index_in_fish" title="Condition index in fish">Condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_assessment" title="Stock assessment">Stock assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_measurement" title="Fish measurement">Fish measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_weight_in_fish" title="Standard weight in fish">Standard weight in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_counter" title="Fish counter">Fish counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_storage_tag" title="Data storage tag">Data storage tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_per_unit_effort" title="Catch per unit effort">Catch per unit effort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith_microchemical_analysis" title="Otolith microchemical analysis">Otolith microchemical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_acoustics" title="Fisheries acoustics">Fisheries acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_tag" title="Acoustic tag">Acoustic tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coded_wire_tag" title="Coded wire tag">Coded wire tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_satellite_archival_tag" title="Pop-up satellite archival tag">Pop-up satellite archival tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EcoSCOPE" title="EcoSCOPE">EcoSCOPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_class_structure" title="Age class structure">Age class structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">Trophic cascades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrographic_containment" title="Hydrographic containment">Hydrographic containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match/mismatch" title="Match/mismatch">Match/mismatch hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Climate change and fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioeconomics_(fisheries)" title="Bioeconomics (fisheries)">Bioeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EconMult" title="EconMult">EconMult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopath" title="Ecopath">Ecopath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_databases" title="Category:Fisheries databases">Fisheries databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_and_aquaculture_research_institutes" title="Category:Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes">Institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science#Notable_contributors" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries scientists</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/140px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/210px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/280px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_life_history" title="Eel life history">Eel fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp#Kelp_in_history_and_culture" title="Kelp">Kelp fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Eel ladder">Eel ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_screen" title="Fish screen">Fish screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal blooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fisheries_law,_management,_sustainability_and_conservation26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">sustainability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">conservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Fish_Stocks_Agreement" title="United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement">United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_Convention" title="Fisheries Convention">Fisheries Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" title="Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">Magnuson–Stevens Act</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/140px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/210px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/280px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1106" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_monitoring_control_and_surveillance" title="Fisheries monitoring control and surveillance">Monitoring control and surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessel_monitoring_system" title="Vessel monitoring system">Vessel monitoring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery_Resources_Monitoring_System" title="Fishery Resources Monitoring System">Fishery Resources Monitoring System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_reporting" title="Catch reporting">Catch reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_observer" title="Fisheries observer">Fisheries observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_share" title="Catch share">Catch share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_landing_size" title="Minimum landing size">Minimum landing size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_fishing" title="Pulse fishing">Pulse fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slot_limit" title="Slot limit">Slot limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">EU Common Fisheries Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fishery_MLS" title="European Fishery MLS">EU MLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fisheries_Control_Agency" title="European Fisheries Control Agency">European Fisheries Control Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_fishery_body" title="Regional fishery body">Regional fishery body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_fishery_management_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional fishery management organisation">Regional fishery management organisation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Sustainability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">Maximum sustainable yield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">List of commercially important fish species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">Fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">Destructive fishing practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Marine_Animal_Populations" title="Future of Marine Animal Populations">Future of Marine Animal Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunken_Billions" title="The Sunken Billions">The Sunken Billions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Line_(book)" title="The End of the Line (book)">The End of the Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discards" title="Discards">Discards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidental_catch" title="Incidental catch">Incidental catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetacean_bycatch" title="Cetacean bycatch">Cetacean bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_excluder_device" title="Turtle excluder device">Turtle excluder device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp-Turtle_Case" title="Shrimp-Turtle Case">Shrimp-Turtle case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reserve" title="Marine reserve">Marine reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Salmon conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark_conservation" title="Grey nurse shark conservation">Grey nurse shark conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_sanctuary" title="Shark sanctuary">Shark sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Environmental_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Environmental Agency">European Environmental Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FishAct" title="FishAct">FishAct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_Stewardship_Council" title="Aquaculture Stewardship Council">Aquaculture Stewardship Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_of_the_Sea" title="Friend of the Sea">Friend of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaChoice" title="SeaChoice">SeaChoice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Conservancy" title="Ocean Conservancy">Ocean Conservancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Outcomes" title="Ocean Outcomes">Ocean Outcomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceana_(non-profit_group)" title="Oceana (non-profit group)">Oceana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_Seas_Foundation" title="Save Our Seas Foundation">Save Our Seas Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Around_Us_(organization)" title="Sea Around Us (organization)">Sea Around Us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldFish" title="WorldFish">WorldFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defying_Ocean%27s_End" title="Defying Ocean's End">Defying Ocean's End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROFISH" title="PROFISH">PROFISH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Seafood_Sustainability_Foundation" title="International Seafood Sustainability Foundation">International Seafood Sustainability Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CalCOFI" title="CalCOFI">CalCOFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_culling" title="Shark culling">Shark culling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shark finning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">Threatened sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">Threatened rays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fishing" title="Outline of fishing">Outline of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index of fishing articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms" title="Glossary of fishery terms">Glossary of fishery terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fishing_industry_topics23" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups" title="Template:Navbox with collapsible groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups" title="Template talk:Navbox with collapsible groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with collapsible groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fishing_industry_topics23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Fishing industry topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Wild_fisheries23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_trawling" title="Pair trawling">Pair trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwater_trawling" title="Midwater trawling">Midwater trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">Bottom trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Seining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillnetting" title="Gillnetting">Gillnetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">Longlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_dredge" title="Fishing dredge">Dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puretic_power_block" title="Puretic power block">Power block</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shark finning</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:RV_Celtic_Explorer,_Galway_Bay,_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/140px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/210px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/280px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1023" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank" title="Agulhas Bank">Agulhas Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing by country">Fishing by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing_in_Africa" title="Illegal fishing in Africa">Illegal fishing in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_the_North_Sea" title="Fishing in the North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aquaculture_and_farmed_fisheries23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">farmed fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture engineering">Aquaculture engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_Aquaculture_Practices_(BAP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP)">Best practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture" title="Copper alloys in aquaculture">Copper alloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_and_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy and aquaculture">Geothermal energy and aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_saline_aquaculture" title="Inland saline aquaculture">Inland saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_multi-trophic_aquaculture" title="Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture">Integrated multi-trophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">Mariculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobials_in_aquaculture" title="Antimicrobials in aquaculture">Antimicrobials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_aquaculture" title="Offshore aquaculture">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_aquaculture" title="Organic aquaculture">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_(aquaculture)" title="Raceway (aquaculture)">Raceway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recirculating_aquaculture_system" title="Recirculating aquaculture system">Recirculating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broodstock" title="Broodstock">Broodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_cobia" title="Aquaculture of cobia">Cobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fish_feed" title="Commercial fish feed">Fish feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hatchery" title="Fish hatchery">Fish hatchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stocking" title="Fish stocking">Fish stocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_bed" title="Spawning bed">Spawning bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailwater" title="Tailwater">Tailwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fish_Hatchery_System" title="National Fish Hatchery System">US hatcheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_giant_kelp" title="Aquaculture of giant kelp">Giant kelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_microalgae_in_hatcheries" title="Culture of microalgae in hatcheries">Microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microalgal_bacterial_flocs" title="Microalgal bacterial flocs">Microalgal bacterial flocs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobioreactor" title="Photobioreactor">Photobioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_pond" title="Raceway pond">Raceway pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Other species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_brine_shrimp" title="Aquaculture of brine shrimp">Brine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral aquaculture">Coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck_aquaculture" title="Geoduck aquaculture">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirudiculture" title="Hirudiculture">Hirudiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Marine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_sea_cucumbers" title="Aquaculture of sea cucumbers">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_sponge_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea sponge aquaculture">Sea sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_farming" title="Turtle farming">Turtles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Australia" title="Aquaculture in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Canada" title="Aquaculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Chile" title="Aquaculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Aquaculture in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Fiji" title="Aquaculture in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Indonesia" title="Aquaculture in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Kiribati" title="Aquaculture in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Madagascar" title="Aquaculture in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Aquaculture in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Nauru" title="Aquaculture in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Aquaculture in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Palau" title="Aquaculture in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Aquaculture in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Samoa" title="Aquaculture in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Africa" title="Aquaculture in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Korea" title="Aquaculture in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Timor-Leste" title="Aquaculture in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tonga" title="Aquaculture in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tuvalu" title="Aquaculture in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aquaculture in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Alaska" title="Aquaculture in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture" title="Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Maine" title="Aquaculture in Maine">Maine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Vanuatu" title="Aquaculture in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Seafood_processing_and_marketing23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Seafood processing and marketing</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_factory" title="Fish factory">Fish factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">Factory ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_ice" title="Slurry ice">Slurry ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filleted_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Filleted fish">Filleted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbing" title="Gibbing">Gibbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper" title="Kipper">Kippers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/140px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/210px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/280px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">Fish as food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Fish products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_emulsion" title="Fish emulsion">Fish emulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_meal" title="Fish meal">Fish meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hydrolysate" title="Fish hydrolysate">Fish hydrolysate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_protein_powder" title="Fish protein powder">Fish protein powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravlax" title="Gravlax">Gravlax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1karl" title="Hákarl">Hákarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lox" title="Lox">Lox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakfisk" title="Rakfisk">Rakfisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoran" title="Eoran">Eoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_caviar" title="Red caviar">Red caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock_roe" title="Pollock roe">Pollock roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiko" title="Tobiko">Tobiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasumi" title="Karasumi">Karasumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surstr%C3%B6mming" title="Surströmming">Surströmming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood marketing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Fish marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_marketing" title="Shrimp marketing">Shrimp marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e" title="Chasse-marée">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishmonger" title="Fishmonger">Fishmonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishwife" title="Fishwife">Fishwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Fishmongers" title="Worshipful Company of Fishmongers">Worshipful Company of Fishmongers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Fish markets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billingsgate_Fish_Market" title="Billingsgate Fish Market">Billingsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan_Cooperative_Fish_Market" title="Busan Cooperative Fish Market">Busan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Market" title="English Market">English (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Fish_Market" title="Fulton Fish Market">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garak_Market" title="Garak Market">Garak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Fish_Auction" title="Honolulu Fish Auction">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market" title="Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market">Huanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagiroad_Dry_Fish_Market" title="Jagiroad Dry Fish Market">Jagiroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagalchi_Market" title="Jagalchi Market">Jagalchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Nueva_Viga_Market" title="La Nueva Viga Market">La Nueva Viga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Avenue_Fish_Market" title="Maine Avenue Fish Market">Maine Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muara_Angke" title="Muara Angke">Muara Angke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott_fish_market" title="Nouakchott fish market">Nouakchott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noryangjin_Fisheries_Wholesale_Market" title="Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market">Noryangjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluwo_fish_market" title="Oluwo fish market">Oluwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasil_Fish_Market" title="Pasil Fish Market">Pasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhead_Fish_Market" title="Peterhead Fish Market">Peterhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Place_Fish_Market" title="Pike Place Fish Market">Pike Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Fish_Market" title="Sydney Fish Market">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Scania Market">Scania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Fish_Market" title="Taipei Fish Market">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyosu_Market" title="Toyosu Market">Toyosu</a></li> 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