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Increasing aspect ratio results in a functional tradeoff between low induced drag (efficient cruise) and increased wing inertia (difficult takeoff). Given the wide scope of its functional effects, the pattern of aspect ratio evolution is an important factor that contributes to the substantial ecological and phylogenetic diversity of living birds. However, because the feathers that define the wingtip (and hence wingspan and aspect ratio) often do not fossilize, resolution in the pattern of avian wing shape evolution is obscured by missing information. Here I use a comparative approach to investigate the relationship between skeletal proxies of flight feather attachment and wing shape. Results: An accessory lobe of the internal index process of digit II-1, a bony correlate of distal primary attachment, shows weak but statistically significant relationships to aspect ratio and mass independent of other skeletal morphology. 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data-author-id="49166016" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelDoube">Michael Doube</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14864" href="https://rvc.academia.edu/JohnHutchinson">John Hutchinson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Anatomy, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Whole-bone scaling of the avian pelvic limb","attachmentId":45905795,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25575632/Whole_bone_scaling_of_the_avian_pelvic_limb","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25575632/Whole_bone_scaling_of_the_avian_pelvic_limb"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="13082091" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13082091/Skeletal_plasticity_in_response_to_embryonic_muscular_activity_underlies_the_development_and_evolution_of_the_perching_digit_of_birds">Skeletal plasticity in response to embryonic muscular activity underlies the development and evolution of the perching digit of birds</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3468005" href="https://uchile.academia.edu/AlexanderVargasMilne">Alexander O Vargas</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32327749" href="https://uchile.academia.edu/JorgeMpodozis">Jorge Mpodozis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Scientific Reports, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Skeletal plasticity in response to embryonic muscular activity underlies the development and evolution of the perching digit of birds","attachmentId":45693460,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13082091/Skeletal_plasticity_in_response_to_embryonic_muscular_activity_underlies_the_development_and_evolution_of_the_perching_digit_of_birds","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13082091/Skeletal_plasticity_in_response_to_embryonic_muscular_activity_underlies_the_development_and_evolution_of_the_perching_digit_of_birds"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="72910481" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72910481/Phylogenetic_Diversity_of_Ossification_Patterns_in_the_Avian_Vertebral_Column_A_Review_and_New_Data_from_the_Domestic_Pigeon_and_Two_Species_of_Grebes">Phylogenetic Diversity of Ossification Patterns in the Avian Vertebral Column: A Review and New Data from the Domestic Pigeon and Two Species of Grebes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2544918" href="https://wroc.academia.edu/TomaszSkawi%C5%84ski">Tomasz Skawiński</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biology</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Despite many decades of studies, our knowledge of skeletal development in birds is limited in many aspects. One of them is the development of the vertebral column. For many years it was widely believed that the column ossifies anteroposteriorly. However, later studies indicated that such a pattern is not universal in birds and in many groups the ossification starts in the thoracic rather than cervical region. Recent analyses suggest that two loci, located in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae, were ancestrally present in birds. However, the data on skeletal development are very scarce in the Neoaves, a clade that includes approximately 95% of extant species. We review the available information about the vertebral column development in birds and describe the ossification pattern in three neoavians, the domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica), the great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus) and the red-necked grebe (Podiceps grisegena). In P. cristatus, the vertebral column starts oss...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Phylogenetic Diversity of Ossification Patterns in the Avian Vertebral Column: A Review and New Data from the Domestic Pigeon and Two Species of Grebes","attachmentId":81645930,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72910481/Phylogenetic_Diversity_of_Ossification_Patterns_in_the_Avian_Vertebral_Column_A_Review_and_New_Data_from_the_Domestic_Pigeon_and_Two_Species_of_Grebes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72910481/Phylogenetic_Diversity_of_Ossification_Patterns_in_the_Avian_Vertebral_Column_A_Review_and_New_Data_from_the_Domestic_Pigeon_and_Two_Species_of_Grebes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="100693235" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100693235/Morphological_Covariance_and_Onset_of_Foot_Prehensility_as_Indicators_of_Integrated_Evolutionary_Dynamics_in_the_Herons_Ardeidae_">Morphological Covariance and Onset of Foot Prehensility as Indicators of Integrated Evolutionary Dynamics in the Herons (Ardeidae)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1515999" href="https://prescott.academia.edu/MarkRiegner">Mark Riegner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Integrative organismal biology, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The ultimate form an organism attains is based, in part, on the rate and timing of developmental trajectories and on compensatory relationships between morphological traits. For example, there is often an inverse correlation between the relative size of an organism&amp;#39;s head and the length of its legs. Avian examples with a disproportionately small head and long legs include ostriches (Struthionidae), flamingos (Phoenicopteridae), cranes (Gruidae), and stilts (Recurvirostridae). To determine whether a possible compensatory relationship exists between relative head size and hind-limb length in a typically long-legged family of birds—the Ardeidae—we measured and analyzed skull dimensions (length, width, and height of cranium, and bill length) and skeletal hind-limb dimensions (femur, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus) of the 12 North American species (north of Mexico) and of 12 additional taxa, including the morphologically divergent Agamia and Cochlearius. We found that Ardea species exhibit the smallest relative head sizes associated with the longest legs, while Butorides, Nycticorax, Nyctanassa, and Cochlearius have among the largest heads relative to hind-limb length. Furthermore, both positive and negative allometries occur in paired comparisons between the three hind-limb bones, expressed in tall morphotypes having disproportionately short femurs while short-legged morphotypes exhibit disproportionately long femurs; we show that this relationship has implications for foraging behavior. Moreover, the nestlings of short-legged herons exhibit functional precociality of the hind limbs through an early onset of prehensile ability of the feet to grasp branches, which is later expressed in adult foraging mode. This developmentally accelerated prehensile function in small-bodied species may be attributed, in part, to selection for predator avoidance in the early nestling stage.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Morphological Covariance and Onset of Foot Prehensility as Indicators of Integrated Evolutionary Dynamics in the Herons (Ardeidae)","attachmentId":111599925,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100693235/Morphological_Covariance_and_Onset_of_Foot_Prehensility_as_Indicators_of_Integrated_Evolutionary_Dynamics_in_the_Herons_Ardeidae_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100693235/Morphological_Covariance_and_Onset_of_Foot_Prehensility_as_Indicators_of_Integrated_Evolutionary_Dynamics_in_the_Herons_Ardeidae_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":111497502,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":111497502,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_111497502" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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