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id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名称" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名称"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>名称</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名称-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-兩河文明" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#兩河文明"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>兩河文明</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-兩河文明-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-经典的年代测定" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经典的年代测定"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>经典的年代测定</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-经典的年代测定-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古巴比伦时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古巴比伦时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>古巴比伦时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古巴比伦时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-亚述时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亚述时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>亚述时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亚述时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-新巴比伦迦勒底帝国" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新巴比伦迦勒底帝国"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>新巴比伦迦勒底帝国</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新巴比伦迦勒底帝国-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-波斯夺取巴比伦" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#波斯夺取巴比伦"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>波斯夺取巴比伦</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-波斯夺取巴比伦-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-希腊化时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#希腊化时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>希腊化时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-希腊化时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-波斯萨珊帝国时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#波斯萨珊帝国时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>波斯萨珊帝国时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-波斯萨珊帝国时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-穆斯林的征服" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#穆斯林的征服"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>穆斯林的征服</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-穆斯林的征服-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-《圣经》的叙述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#《圣经》的叙述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>《圣经》的叙述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-《圣经》的叙述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-考古" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#考古"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>考古</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-考古-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-重建" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重建"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>重建</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-重建-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美国军事活动的影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美国军事活动的影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>美国军事活动的影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美国军事活动的影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-现代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>现代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-现代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">巴比伦</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。112种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Babilon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A2%E1%88%8E%E1%8A%95" title="ባቢሎን – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባቢሎን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babil%C5%8Dn" title="Babilōn – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Babilōn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="بابل – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بابل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%92%DC%A0" title="ܒܒܠ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܒܠ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82)" title="بابل (العراق) – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بابل (العراق)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilonia_(ciud%C3%A1)" title="Babilonia (ciudá) – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Babilonia (ciudá)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babil" title="Babil – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Babil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вавилон – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вавилон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вавілон – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вавілон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Бабілён – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бабілён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вавилон – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вавилон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="ব্যাবিলন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাবিলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Babilon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Babilon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babil%C3%B3" title="Babiló – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Babiló" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83-b%C4%AB-l%C3%B9ng" title="Bă-bī-lùng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bă-bī-lùng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Бабил – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бабил" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="بابل – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بابل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyl%C3%B3n" title="Babylón – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Babylón" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%B7%D0%BB%D1%A1%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Вавѷлѡнъ – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Вавѷлѡнъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вавилон – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вавилон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Babilon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Babylon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Babylon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%B2%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Βαβυλώνα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαβυλώνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Babylon" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilono" title="Babilono – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Babilono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilonia_(ciudad)" title="Babilonia (ciudad) – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Babilonia (ciudad)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paabel" title="Paabel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paabel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilonia_(hiria)" title="Babilonia (hiria) – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Babilonia (hiria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_(%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="بابل (دولت‌شهر) – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بابل (دولت‌شهر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Babylon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paab%C3%B5l" title="Paabõl – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Paabõl" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Matanitu_ki_Papiloni" title="Na Matanitu ki Papiloni – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Na Matanitu ki Papiloni" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylone" title="Babylone – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Babylone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhabl%C3%B3in" title="An Bhablóin – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhablóin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilonia" title="Babilonia – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Babilonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%91%D7%9C" title="בבל – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בבל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="बाबिल – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाबिल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Babilon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Babilon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Բաբելոն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բաբելոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Բաբելոն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բաբելոն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Babilon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilonia" title="Babilonia – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Babilonia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab%C3%BDlon" title="Babýlon – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Babýlon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilonia_(citt%C3%A0_antica)" title="Babilonia (città antica) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Babilonia (città antica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%93%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="バビロン – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バビロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბაბილონი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაბილონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вавилон – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вавилон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬ್ಯಾಬಿಲೋನ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ಯಾಬಿಲೋನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%B9%8C%EB%A1%A0" title="바빌론 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바빌론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab%C3%AEl_(bajar)" title="Babîl (bajar) – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Babîl (bajar)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вавилон – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вавилон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Babylon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Babilon" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilonia" title="Babilonia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Babilonia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilonas" title="Babilonas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Babilonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilona" title="Babilona – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Babilona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babil%C3%B4na" title="Babilôna – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Babilôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papurona" title="Papurona – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Papurona" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вавилон – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вавилон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="बॅबिलोन – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बॅबिलोन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Babylon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilonja" title="Babilonja – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Babilonja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6" title="ဘေဘီလုံ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘေဘီလုံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Babylon" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="बेबिलोन – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेबिलोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_(stad)" title="Babylon (stad) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Babylon (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Babylon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Babylon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia" title="Babilònia – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Babilònia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬੇਬੀਲੋਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੇਬੀਲੋਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Babilon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="بابل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بابل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="بابل – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بابل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babil%C3%B3nia" title="Babilónia – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Babilónia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilun" title="Papilun – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Papilun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Babilon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вавилон – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вавилон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Баабыл – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Баабыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Babylon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="بابل – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بابل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Babilon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Babylon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Babylon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Babilon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Malo_o_Papelonia" title="Le Malo o Papelonia – 萨摩亚语" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Le Malo o Papelonia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="萨摩亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baabiyloon" title="Baabiyloon – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Baabiyloon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babiloni" title="Babiloni – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Babiloni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вавилон – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вавилон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Babylon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babeli" title="Babeli – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Babeli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பாபிலோன் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாபிலோன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Бобил – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бобил" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99" title="บาบิโลน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บาบิโลน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilonya_(lungsod)" title="Babilonya (lungsod) – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Babilonya (lungsod)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babil_(antik_kent)" title="Babil (antik kent) – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Babil (antik kent)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babil" title="Babil – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Babil" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вавилон – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вавилон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="بابل – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بابل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobil" title="Bobil – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bobil" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Babylon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilonia" title="Babilonia – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Babilonia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Babilon" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6" title="巴比伦 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴比伦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბაბილონი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაბილონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%91%D7%9C" title="בבל – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בבל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB" title="巴比倫 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴比倫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa-p%C3%AD-l%C3%BBn" title="Pa-pí-lûn – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pa-pí-lûn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB" title="巴比倫 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴比倫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5684#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25B7%25B4%25E6%25AF%2594%25E4%25BC%25A6"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Babylon" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5684" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="地理坐标">坐标</a>：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&params=32_32_11_N_44_25_15_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据"><span class="latitude">32°32′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°25′15″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据">32.53639°N 44.42083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.53639; 44.42083</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-724cad8" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-724cad8" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-title" data-noteta-code="zh-hans:巴比伦; zh-hant:巴比倫;"></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:巴比伦; zh-hant:巴比倫;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hant:蘇美; zh-hans:苏美尔;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:汉谟拉比;zh-tw:漢摩拉比"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:侯赛因;zh-hk:侯賽因;zh-sg:胡申;zh-tw:海珊" data-noteta-desc="Saddam Hussein"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:公元; zh-tw:西元; zh-hk:公元;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>关于巴比倫的其他意思，請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9)" class="mw-disambig" title="巴比倫 (消歧義)">巴比倫 (消歧義)</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:120%; text-align:center">巴比倫</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span lang="ar">阿拉伯语：<span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بابل</span>‎</span>‎</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>阿拉伯语：<span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بابل</span>‎ <i>Babil</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="阿卡德語">阿卡德語</a>：<span lang="akk">𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠</span> <i>Bābili(m)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Cam_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%BE%8E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇美語">蘇美語</a>：<span lang="sux">𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r58909830">.mw-parser-output .smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output .nocaps{text-transform:lowercase}</style><span class="smallcaps">ká.dig̃ir.ra</span><sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ki</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cam_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E8%AA%9E" title="亞拉姆語">亞拉姆語</a>：<span lang="arc">𐡁𐡁𐡋</span>‎ <i>Babil</i><sup id="cite_ref-Cam_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="希腊语">希腊语</a>：<span lang="grc">Βαβυλών</span> <i>Babylṓn</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="埃蘭語">埃蘭語</a>：<span lang="elx">𒀸𒁀𒉿𒇷</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_030529-N-5362A-001_A_U.S._Marine_Corps_Humvee_vehicle_drives_down_a_road_at_the_foot_of_Saddam_Hussein%27s_former_Summer_palace_with_ruins_of_ancient_Babylon_in_the_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/US_Navy_030529-N-5362A-001_A_U.S._Marine_Corps_Humvee_vehicle_drives_down_a_road_at_the_foot_of_Saddam_Hussein%27s_former_Summer_palace_with_ruins_of_ancient_Babylon_in_the_background.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/US_Navy_030529-N-5362A-001_A_U.S._Marine_Corps_Humvee_vehicle_drives_down_a_road_at_the_foot_of_Saddam_Hussein%27s_former_Summer_palace_with_ruins_of_ancient_Babylon_in_the_background.jpg/375px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/US_Navy_030529-N-5362A-001_A_U.S._Marine_Corps_Humvee_vehicle_drives_down_a_road_at_the_foot_of_Saddam_Hussein%27s_former_Summer_palace_with_ruins_of_ancient_Babylon_in_the_background.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">從<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%81%94%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E7%8F%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="薩達姆·海珊">薩達姆·海珊</a>的夏宮看下去的巴比倫廢墟</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">类型</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">居住地</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">屬於</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="巴比倫尼亞">巴比倫尼亞</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">位置</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB%E7%9C%81" title="巴比倫省">巴比倫省</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B)" title="希拉 (伊拉克)">希拉</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">坐标</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&params=32_32_11_N_44_25_15_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据"><span class="latitude">32°32′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°25′15″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据">32.53639°N 44.42083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.53639; 44.42083</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">面积</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">9 km<sup>2</sup>（3.5 sq mi）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">文化</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-disambig" title="阿卡德">阿卡德</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%91%A9%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="亞摩利">亞摩利</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡西特（页面不存在）">卡西特</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0" title="亚述">亞述</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%95" title="迦勒底">迦勒底</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="阿契美尼德">阿契美尼德</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="希臘化時代">希臘化時代</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A" title="帕提亚">帕提亞</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%8F%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="萨珊">薩珊</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">建成时间</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><abbr title="circa">约</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">公元前1894年</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">废弃時間</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">约<span style="white-space:nowrap;">公元1000年</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">现状</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">廢墟</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">公众参观</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">允許</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">所有者</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">公眾</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">考古学家</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="霍姆茲德·拉薩姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hormuzd Rassam"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E8%8C%B2%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%96%A9%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍姆茲德·拉薩姆（页面不存在）">霍姆茲德·拉薩姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormuzd_Rassam" class="extiw" title="en:Hormuzd Rassam"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hormuzd Rassam</span></a></span>）</span></span>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%81" title="罗伯特·科尔德威">罗伯特·科尔德威</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><div class="skin-invert" style="border:4px solid #FFE153; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;color: #000;"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="世界遗产">联合国教科文组织世界遗产</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">官方名称</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">巴比倫</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">標準</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="文化遗产">文化</a>：(iii), (vi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><abbr title="指被确定为该等级保护地的时间。">评定时间</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8F%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%A5%E9%80%89%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8#2019年（第43次會議）" title="每年度入选世界遗产列表">2019</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">參考編碼</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/278">278</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">所屬國家</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">地區</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="阿拉伯国家世界遗产列表">阿拉伯国家</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r66786032">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Babylon lies in the center of Iraq"><img alt="Babylon lies in the center of Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Iraq_location_map.svg/235px-Iraq_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Iraq_location_map.svg/353px-Iraq_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Iraq_location_map.svg/470px-Iraq_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span><div class="od notheme mw-no-invert" style="top:55.523%;left:57.341%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="巴比伦"><img alt="Babylon lies in the center of Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">巴比伦在伊拉克的位置</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right" style="width:22em;font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>本页面有<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%88%87%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="Help:特殊字母與符號">特殊字符</a></b>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%A1%B5%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%E5%99%A8" title="网页浏览器">浏览器</a>須<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%88%87%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="Help:特殊字母與符號">支持特殊字母与符号</a>才能正確显示，否则可能變成<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E7%A2%BC" title="亂碼">乱码</a>、问号、空格等其它符号。</div></div> </div> <p><b>巴比伦</b>（阿拉伯语：<span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بابل</span>‎ <i>Bābil</i>；<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="阿卡德語">阿卡德語</a>：<span lang="akk">Bābili(m)</span><sup id="cite_ref-CamHistory1.1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamHistory1.1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="苏美尔语">苏美尔语</a>：KÁ.DINGIR.RA<sup>KI</sup><sup id="cite_ref-CamHistory1.1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamHistory1.1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希伯來語">希伯來語</a>：<span lang="he" dir="rtl">בָּבֶל</span>‎ <i>Bāḇel</i><sup id="cite_ref-CamHistory1.1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamHistory1.1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84750655">.mw-parser-output span[lang="grc"],.mw-parser-output .Polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>：<span lang="grc">Βαβυλών</span> <i>Babylṓn</i>）原本是一个<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="闪语族">闪语族</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿卡德人">阿卡德人</a>的城市。它的历史可以追溯到公元前2334年的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="阿卡德帝国">阿卡德帝国</a>。2019年獲列入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="世界文化遺產">世界文化遺產</a>。 </p><p>它起初是一个低级<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="行政中心">行政中心</a>。公元前1894年在由移民者建立的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%91%A9%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿摩利人">阿摩利人</a>王朝的手里巴比伦才成为一个独立的城邦。巴比伦人在他们的历史上相对更多地被其它移民王朝统治，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%96%9C%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="加喜特人">加喜特人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉米人">阿拉米人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="埃兰">埃兰人</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%95" title="迦勒底">迦勒底人</a>。两河流域的同胞<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="亚述人">亚述人</a>也统治过巴比伦。 </p><p>巴比伦城市遗址在今天<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB%E7%9C%81" title="巴比倫省">巴比伦省</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B)" title="希拉 (伊拉克)">希拉</a>被发现，位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E8%BE%BE" title="巴格达">巴格达</a>以南约八十五公里处。这个举世闻名城市的遗址地处<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%B3" title="底格里斯河">底格里斯河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%8F%91%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E6%B2%B3" title="幼发拉底河">幼发拉底河</a>之间肥沃的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%94%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="美索不達米亞平原">美索不达米亚平原</a>上，现在仅留存着由破损的土砖建筑物构成的大型土墩和碎片。城市沿着<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%8F%91%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E6%B2%B3" title="幼发拉底河">幼发拉底河</a>建造，被左、右河岸平分成两部分，配有陡峭的河堤来抵御季节性的洪水。 </p><p>现存的历史资料显示，巴比伦最初是一个小城镇，在公元前二千年初变得兴盛。在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%91%A9%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿摩利人">阿摩利人</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="巴比伦第一王朝">巴比伦第一王朝</a>于公元前1894年兴起时它作为一个小城邦获得独立。巴比伦宣称自己是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="苏美尔">苏美尔</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-disambig" title="阿卡德">阿卡德</a>城邦——<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%88%A9%E9%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="埃利都">埃利都</a>的继承者。尽管在那时候它还是一个小城市，但是它让<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%94%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="美索不達米亞平原">美索不达米亚平原</a>上的“圣城”<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE" title="尼普爾">尼普尔</a>黯然失色。大约也是这个时候，也就是公元前十八世纪左右，一个名叫<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%B0%9F%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94" title="汉谟拉比">汉谟拉比</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%91%A9%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="亞摩利人">亚摩利人</a>国王第一次建立巴比伦帝国。从这时候开始美索不达米亚平原的南部被人称作<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="巴比倫尼亞">巴比倫尼亞</a>，巴比伦的规模至此開始快速發展，日益膨胀。 </p><p>巴比伦帝国随着灭亡而快速瓦解。之后，巴比伦在亚述人、加喜特人和埃兰人的统治下度过漫长的岁月。在被亚述人毁灭并重建后，巴比伦于公元前608年到公元前539年之间成为<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="新巴比伦王国">新巴比伦王国</a>的所在地。这个帝国由来自美索不达米亚平原东南角的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="迦勒底人">迦勒底人</a>建立。新巴比伦帝国最后一个国王是一个来自美索不达米亚平原北部的亚述人。巴比伦的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E8%8A%B1%E5%9B%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="空中花园">空中花园</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%A5%87%E8%BF%B9" title="古代世界七大奇迹">古代世界七大奇迹</a>之一。巴比伦在衰落后又被<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="阿契美尼德帝国">阿契美尼德帝国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%90%89%E5%8F%A4%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="塞琉古王朝">塞琉古王朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="帕提亚帝国">帕提亚帝国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马帝国">罗马帝国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%8F%8A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="萨珊王朝">萨珊王朝</a>统治。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名称"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A7.B0"></span>名称</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名称"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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.sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="solid #99f; text-align: center; background:#F6E6AE; padding-top:2px; padding-bottom:2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="美索不达米亚">古代美索不达米亚</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Babylonlion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Babylonlion.JPG/190px-Babylonlion.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Babylonlion.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="218" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;solid #99f;background-color:#F6E6AE; padding-top:1px; padding-bottom:1px;">自然地理</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%88%E6%B2%83%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="新月沃地">新月沃地</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%8F%91%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E6%B2%B3" title="幼发拉底河">幼发拉底河</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%B3" title="底格里斯河">底格里斯河</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%B9%BE" title="波斯湾">波斯湾</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a></span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;solid #99f;background-color:#F6E6AE; padding-top:1px; padding-bottom:1px;">城邦</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="苏美尔">苏美尔</a></b><br /> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E9%83%BD" title="埃里都">埃里都</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E9%AD%AF%E5%85%8B" title="烏魯克">烏魯克</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94" title="乌尔">乌尔</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9" title="拉爾薩">拉尔萨</a></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE" title="尼普爾">尼普尔</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%92%E9%B2%81%E5%B8%95%E5%85%8B" title="舒鲁帕克">舒鲁帕克</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%BE%9B" title="伊辛">伊辛</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马拉德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marad"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马拉德（页面不存在）">马拉德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marad" class="extiw" title="en:Marad"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marad</span></a></span>）</span></span></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E4%BB%80" title="拉格什">拉格什</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BE%BE%E5%8D%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="阿达卜">阿达卜</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="翁玛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Umma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%81%E7%8E%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翁玛（页面不存在）">翁玛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umma" class="extiw" title="en:Umma"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Umma</span></a></span>）</span></span></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E4%BB%80" title="基什">基什</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马勒库" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Malgium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马勒库（页面不存在）">马勒库</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgium" class="extiw" title="en:Malgium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Malgium</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡扎卢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kazallu"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%8E%E5%8D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡扎卢（页面不存在）">卡扎卢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazallu" class="extiw" title="en:Kazallu"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kazallu</span></a></span>）</span></span></span><br /> </p> <hr /><b>阿卡德</b><br /> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-disambig" title="阿卡德">阿卡德</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="库塔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kutha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E5%A1%94" title="庫塔">库塔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutha" class="extiw" title="en:Kutha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kutha</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%BA%87%E6%96%AF" title="俄庇斯">俄庇斯</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E4%BB%80%E5%AB%A9%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="埃什嫩那">埃什嫩那</a></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">巴比伦</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%E8%A5%BF%E5%B8%95" title="博尔西帕">博尔西帕</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%94" title="西帕尔">西帕尔</a></span><br /> </p> <hr /><b>苏巴尔图</b><br /> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E" title="亚述古城">亚述</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%A7%86%E9%B2%81%E5%BE%B7" title="尼姆鲁德">尼姆鲁德</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%AE" title="尼尼微">尼尼微</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E6%AF%94%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="埃尔比勒">埃尔比勒</a></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿拉普哈" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arrapha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%99%AE%E5%93%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿拉普哈（页面不存在）">阿拉普哈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrapha" class="extiw" title="en:Arrapha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arrapha</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="努孜" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nuzi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%AA%E5%AD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="努孜（页面不存在）">努孜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuzi" class="extiw" title="en:Nuzi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nuzi</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="腊扎玛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Razama"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%8A%E6%89%8E%E7%8E%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腊扎玛（页面不存在）">腊扎玛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razama" class="extiw" title="en:Razama"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Razama</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安达里格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Andarig"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安达里格（页面不存在）">安达里格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andarig" class="extiw" title="en:Andarig"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Andarig</span></a></span>）</span></span></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C_(%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)" title="马里 (叙利亚)">马里</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="特尔卡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Terqa"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特尔卡（页面不存在）">特尔卡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terqa" class="extiw" title="en:Terqa"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Terqa</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="图图勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tuttul"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BE%E5%9B%BE%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="图图勒（页面不存在）">图图勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuttul" class="extiw" title="en:Tuttul"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tuttul</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="哈兰">哈兰</a></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94" title="纳加尔">纳加尔</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乌尔凯什" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Urkesh"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E5%87%AF%E4%BB%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乌尔凯什（页面不存在）">乌尔凯什</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urkesh" class="extiw" title="en:Urkesh"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Urkesh</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="尼西比斯">尼西比斯</a></span><br /> </p> <hr /><b>叙利亚</b><br /> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8D%9C%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="埃卜拉">埃卜拉</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雅姆哈德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yamhad"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%85%E5%A7%86%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雅姆哈德（页面不存在）">雅姆哈德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamhad" class="extiw" title="en:Yamhad"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yamhad</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡特纳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Qatna"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡特纳（页面不存在）">卡特纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatna" class="extiw" title="en:Qatna"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Qatna</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="乌加里特">乌加里特</a></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87" title="阿勒颇">阿勒颇</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%87%AF%E7%BE%8E%E4%BB%80" title="卡尔凯美什">卡尔凯美什</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马利孜" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Melid"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9%E5%AD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马利孜（页面不存在）">马利孜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melid" class="extiw" title="en:Melid"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Melid</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="库目赫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kummuh"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E7%9B%AE%E8%B5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库目赫（页面不存在）">库目赫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kummuh" class="extiw" title="en:Kummuh"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kummuh</span></a></span>）</span></span></span><br /> </p> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;solid #99f;background-color:#F6E6AE; padding-top:1px; padding-bottom:1px;">历史政权</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="阿卡德帝国">阿卡德帝国</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%BA" title="库提人">库提人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="乌尔第三王朝">乌尔第三王朝</a></span><br /> <hr /><b>巴比伦尼亚</b><br /> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="古巴比伦王国">第一王朝</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="海国王朝">第二王朝</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%96%9C%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="加喜特王朝">第三王朝</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="巴比伦第四王朝">第四王朝</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴比伦第五王朝（页面不存在）">第五王朝</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴比伦第六王朝（页面不存在）">第六王朝</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E6%8F%90%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E4%B9%8C%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%94" title="玛尔·比提·阿普拉·乌苏尔">第七王朝</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴比伦第八王朝（页面不存在）">第八王朝</a></span><br /> </p> <hr /><b>亚述里亚</b><br /> <p><span class="nowrap">早期亚述城邦 ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%BE%BE%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="沙姆希·阿达德一世">古亚述帝国</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC" title="米坦尼">米坦尼(外族)</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中亚述帝国（页面不存在）">中亚述帝国</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="亞蘭人">亚兰人(外族)</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="新亚述帝国">新亚述帝国</a></span><br /> </p> <hr /> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="新巴比伦王国">新巴比伦王国</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿契美尼德王朝">波斯人统治</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%90%89%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="塞琉古帝国">希腊人统治</a></span><br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;solid #99f;background-color:#F6E6AE; padding-top:1px; padding-bottom:1px;">族群</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>主要人群：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="苏美尔人">苏美尔</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿卡德人">阿卡德</a>人</b><br /> <p><span class="nowrap">库提人 ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="埃兰人">埃兰人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%96%9C%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="加喜特人">加喜特人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA" title="胡里安人">胡里安人</a></span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%91%A9%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿摩利人">阿摩利人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉姆人">阿拉姆人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉伯人">阿拉伯人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="迦勒底人">迦勒底人</a></span><br /> </p> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%A2%AF%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="赫梯人">赫梯人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卢维人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Luwian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A2%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卢维人（页面不存在）">卢维人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwian" class="extiw" title="en:Luwian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Luwian</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E5%9C%96" title="烏拉爾圖">乌拉尔图</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="曼努亞人">玛纳</a></span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;solid #99f;background-color:#F6E6AE; padding-top:1px; padding-bottom:1px;">文字和语言</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>通用文字：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%94%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="楔形文字">楔形文字</a></b><br /><hr /> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="苏美尔语">苏美尔语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="阿卡德语">阿卡德语</a></span><br /> </p> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="埃蘭語">埃蘭語</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD" title="胡里安语">胡里安语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%A2%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="赫梯語">赫梯语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E7%BB%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="卢维语">卢维语</a></span><br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;solid #99f;background-color:#F6E6AE; padding-top:1px; padding-bottom:1px;">君主</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%A8" title="美索不达米亚王朝表">美索不达米亚王朝表</a><br /> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94%E7%8E%8B%E8%A1%A8" title="苏美尔王表">苏美尔王表</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E4%BB%80%E7%8E%8B%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉格什王表（页面不存在）">拉格什王表</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E7%8E%8B%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉尔萨王表（页面不存在）">拉尔萨王表</a></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="亚述君主列表">亚述王表</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="巴比伦君主列表">巴比伦王表</a></span><br /> </p> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃兰王表（页面不存在）">埃兰王表</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E8%A1%A8" title="米坦尼王表">米坦尼王表</a></span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%A4%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="Template:两河文明"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%B8%A4%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:两河文明（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%A4%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:两河文明"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="美索不达米亚">美索不达米亚</a>神话</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaos Monster and Sun God"><img alt="Chaos Monster and Sun God" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png/250px-Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png/375px-Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png/500px-Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>Chaos Monster and Sun God</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="[[美索不达米亚]]神话"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">原始神祇</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%83%E7%A5%96" title="阿勃祖">阿勃祖</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%9A%E9%A9%AC%E7%89%B9" title="迪亚马特">提阿玛特</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E7%A9%86" title="拉赫穆">拉赫穆</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%93%88%E7%A9%86" title="拉哈穆">拉哈穆</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94" title="安沙尔">安沙尔</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94" title="基沙尔">基沙尔</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%9C%A8" title="穆木">穆木</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="[[美索不达米亚]]神话"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">七大神祇</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">四大主神：(<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8A%AA" title="安努">安努</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E5%88%A9%E7%88%BE" title="恩利爾">恩利勒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E5%9F%BA" title="恩基">恩基</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E8%83%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="宁胡尔萨格">宁胡尔萨格</a>)<br /> 三大天神：(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%A8%9C" title="伊南娜">伊南娜</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%B5%B2%E5%A1%94" title="伊絲塔">伊絲塔</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A3_(%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D)" class="mw-redirect" title="欣 (神话)">辛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%8E%9B%E4%BB%80" title="沙玛什">沙玛什</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%9B%BE" title="乌图">乌图</a>)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="[[美索不达米亚]]神话"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">主要神祇</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BE%BE%E5%BE%B7" title="阿达德">阿达德</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%AA%E7%BA%B3%E5%A5%87" title="阿努纳奇">阿努纳奇</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E9%B2%81%E5%8D%A2%E6%9D%9C" title="阿萨鲁卢杜">阿萨鲁卢杜</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BB%80%E5%8D%97" title="阿什南">阿什南</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%B9" title="杜木兹">杜木兹</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%B9" title="塔木兹">塔木兹</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%AF%94%E5%8D%A2%E5%8D%A2" title="恩比卢卢">恩比卢卢</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%A9%E5%A5%87%E6%9C%A8%E6%9D%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恩奇木杜（页面不存在）">恩奇木杜</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%88%97%E4%BB%80%E5%9F%BA%E4%BC%BD%E5%8B%92" title="埃列什基伽勒">埃列什基伽勒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E4%BB%80%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%97%E5%A8%9C" title="盖什提南娜">盖什提南娜</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94_(%E7%A5%9E)" title="拉哈尔 (神)">拉哈尔</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%BD" title="南施">南施</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%BD%E5%8B%92" title="内尔伽勒">内尔伽勒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E8%BE%BE%E5%B7%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼达巴（页面不存在）">尼达巴</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E4%BC%BD%E5%8B%92" title="宁伽勒">宁伽勒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF" title="宁卡西">宁卡西</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E5%88%A9%E5%8B%92" title="宁利勒">宁利勒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E6%9D%BE" title="宁松">宁松</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%E5%A1%94" title="尼努尔塔">尼努尔塔</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%B2%81%E5%B0%94%E6%9D%96" title="沙鲁尔杖">沙鲁尔杖</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%93" title="努斯库">努斯库</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%9B%BE" title="乌特图">乌特图</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E7%A5%96" title="尼纳祖">尼纳祖</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="[[美索不达米亚]]神话"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%8E%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B2%E8%AF%97" title="吉尔伽美什史诗">半神与英雄</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%94%E5%B8%95" title="阿達帕">阿达帕</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E5%A5%87%E6%9D%9C" title="恩奇杜">恩奇杜</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%A9%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恩美尔卡尔（页面不存在）">恩美尔卡尔</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%8E%E4%BB%80" title="吉爾伽美什">吉爾伽美什</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A2%E4%BC%BD%E5%B0%94%E7%8F%AD%E8%BE%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卢伽尔班达（页面不存在）">卢伽尔班达</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙姆哈特（页面不存在）">沙姆哈特</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%9D%9C%E9%87%8C" title="西杜里">西杜里</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E5%89%8C%E5%93%88%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿塔剌哈西斯（页面不存在）">阿塔剌哈西斯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%99%AE%E5%8D%A1%E9%AD%AF" title="阿普卡魯">阿普卡魯</a>（七位智者）</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="[[美索不达米亚]]神话"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%9B%BE%E5%BA%93" title="乌图库">灵魂与怪兽</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%8E%9B%E8%8B%8F" title="拉玛苏">善神</a>：(<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%9B%BA" title="金固">金固</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94" title="基沙尔">基沙尔</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E7%B1%B3%E5%9B%BE" title="玛米图">玛米图</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="西里斯">西里斯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="祖">祖</a>)<br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="恶神 (美索不达米亚神话)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Asakku"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%B6%E7%A5%9E_(%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恶神 (美索不达米亚神话)（页面不存在）">恶神</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asakku" class="extiw" title="en:Asakku"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Asakku</span></a></span>）</span></span>：(<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%A7%86%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4" title="胡姆巴巴">胡姆巴巴</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿萨各" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Asag"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%90%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿萨各（页面不存在）">阿萨各</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asag" class="extiw" title="en:Asag"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Asag</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%8F%90%E5%A7%86" title="埃提姆">埃提姆</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%AF%94" title="汉比">汉比</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94_(%E7%A5%9E)" title="库尔 (神)">库尔</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%8E%9B%E4%BB%80%E5%9B%BE" title="拉玛什图">拉玛什图</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%A7%86%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94" title="纳姆塔尔">纳姆塔尔</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%A5%96%E7%A5%96" title="帕祖祖">帕祖祖</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉比苏" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rabisu"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E8%8B%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉比苏（页面不存在）">拉比苏</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabisu" class="extiw" title="en:Rabisu"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rabisu</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="[[美索不达米亚]]神话"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">巴比伦传说</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8A%AA%E7%91%AA%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%88%A9%E4%BB%80" title="埃努瑪·埃利什">埃努瑪·埃利什</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89-%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿特拉-哈希斯（页面不存在）">阿特拉-哈希斯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E6%9D%9C%E5%85%8B" title="马尔杜克">马尔杜克</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC" title="萨尔帕尼">萨尔帕尼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%98%8E%E6%92%92%E4%BA%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿嘎撒亚（页面不存在）">阿嘎撒亚</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E5%B0%94_(%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D)" title="柏尔 (神话)">柏尔</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%9B%BA" title="金固">金固</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E7%B1%B3" title="玛米">玛米</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E5%9B%BE" title="宁图">宁图</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%B8%83" title="纳布">纳布</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="[[美索不达米亚]]神话"> <p>其他传说 </p> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="阿拉伯神話">阿拉伯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%87%A1%E7%89%B9" title="黎凡特">黎凡特</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古代近东宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religions of the ancient Near East"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%9C%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古代近东宗教（页面不存在）">古代近东宗教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" class="extiw" title="en:Religions of the ancient Near East"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religions of the ancient Near East</span></a></span>）</span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%94%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="Template:古代美索不達米亞宗教"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%94%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="Template talk:古代美索不達米亞宗教"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%94%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:古代美索不達米亞宗教"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>希腊语形式的巴比伦名字（Βαβυλών）是对阿卡德语Babili的改写。公元前一千年巴比伦的名字与公元前二千年早期的名字Babilli相比发生了改变。根据主流的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%BA%90%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="词源学">词源学</a>，Babilli的意思是“上帝之门”或者“上帝的通路”（bāb-ili）。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 更早的名字Babilla是对一个来源不明且意义不明的非闪族语名字的改写。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E7%BA%A6%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F" title="旧约圣经">舊約圣经</a>》里，巴比伦的名字是「巴別」בָּבֶל (Babel; Tiberian בָּבֶל Bāvel; Syriac ܒܒܠ Bāwēl)。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="创世纪">创世纪</a>》（11：9）根据动词 בלבל （bilbél 變亂），把这个词解释为“變亂”。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg/300px-Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg/450px-Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg/600px-Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>这张地图显示了巴比伦帝国的版图，一个时间是公元前1792年汉谟拉比的崛起，一个时间是公元前1750年汉谟拉比的死亡。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="兩河文明"><span id=".E5.85.A9.E6.B2.B3.E6.96.87.E6.98.8E"></span>兩河文明</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：兩河文明"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="美索不达米亚">美索不达米亚</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ihstar_Gate_RB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ihstar_Gate_RB.JPG/220px-Ihstar_Gate_RB.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ihstar_Gate_RB.JPG/330px-Ihstar_Gate_RB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ihstar_Gate_RB.JPG/440px-Ihstar_Gate_RB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>被復原的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯塔門">伊斯塔門</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_tg_0007295_Theosophie_%5E_Architektur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fotothek_df_tg_0007295_Theosophie_%5E_Architektur.jpg/250px-Fotothek_df_tg_0007295_Theosophie_%5E_Architektur.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fotothek_df_tg_0007295_Theosophie_%5E_Architektur.jpg/375px-Fotothek_df_tg_0007295_Theosophie_%5E_Architektur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fotothek_df_tg_0007295_Theosophie_%5E_Architektur.jpg/500px-Fotothek_df_tg_0007295_Theosophie_%5E_Architektur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>十七世紀歐洲人對巴比倫所描繪的想像圖</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="两河流域">两河流域</a>目前发现的最早的古文明距今已有6000多年。雖然巴比伦現已消失，但其影響（尤其宗教方面）卻很多流存至今，為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="四大古文明">四大古文明</a>之一。 </p><p>巴比伦文明大致以今天的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E8%BE%BE" title="巴格达">巴格达</a>城为界，分为南北两部分。北部以古<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0" title="亚述">亚述</a>城为中心，称为亚述利亚，或简称亚述；南部以巴比伦城（今<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB%E7%9C%81" title="巴比倫省">巴比倫省</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B)" title="希拉 (伊拉克)">希拉市</a>東北郊）为中心，称为巴比伦尼亚，意思为“巴比伦的国土”。巴比伦尼亚又分为两个地区，南部靠近<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%B9%BE" title="波斯湾">波斯湾</a>口的地区为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="苏美尔">苏美尔</a>，苏美尔以北地区为<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-disambig" title="阿卡德">阿卡德</a>，两地居民分别被称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="苏美尔人">苏美尔人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿卡德人">阿卡德人</a>。美索不达米亚文明最初就是由苏美尔人创造出来的。 </p><p>苏美尔人几乎和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古埃及</a>人同时发明了文字。他们用削尖的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%A6%E8%8B%87" title="芦苇">芦苇</a>做<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%94" class="mw-redirect" title="笔">笔</a>，把文字刻在泥胚上，然后把泥胚烘干，成为泥板。由于这种文字形状成尖劈形，所以被称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%94%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="楔形文字">楔形文字</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>（大约公元前二十三世纪）一个泥板出现较晚，描述<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="萨尔贡大帝">阿卡德的萨尔贡</a>统治，有可能表明了巴比伦更加久远的历史。所谓的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%A6%E5%BE%B7%E7%BA%B3%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韦德纳年表（页面不存在）">韦德纳年表</a>说，萨尔贡在“阿卡德前面”建立了巴比伦。（ABC 19：51）另外一个年代较晚的年表也类似地说，萨尔贡“挖起巴比伦坑里的泥土，在阿卡德附近建立与其配对的城市巴比伦”。（ABC 0：18-19）凡·德·米鲁普（Marc Van de Mieroop）认为这些资料讲述的可能是年代较晚的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="新亚述帝国">新亚述帝国</a>国王<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%A1%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="萨尔贡二世">萨尔贡二世</a>而不是阿卡德的萨尔贡。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>语言学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊格纳斯·盖尔布" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ignace Gelb"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊格纳斯·盖尔布（页面不存在）">伊格纳斯·盖尔布</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignace_Gelb" class="extiw" title="en:Ignace Gelb"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ignace Gelb</span></a></span>）</span></span>认为Babil这个名字是对一更早城名的模仿。黑茨费尔德（Herzfeld）写过在古伊朗境内的伯尔（Bawer），Babil这个名字可能与Bawer有关系。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大卫·洛尔（页面不存在）">大卫·洛尔</a>（David Rohl）则认为起初巴比伦相同于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E9%83%BD" title="埃里都">埃里都</a>。《圣经》中《创世記10：10》说：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E5%BD%95" title="宁录">寧錄Nimrod</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="巴别">巴别</a>（巴比伦）的最初建立者。琼·奥特兹（Joan Oates）在她书里的把巴比伦译作“上帝的通路”，已不再被现代学者接受。 </p><p>在公元前十九世纪左右，美索不达米亚平原南部的大片地区被亚摩利人所占据。亚摩利是来自北方<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%87%A1%E7%89%B9" title="黎凡特">黎凡特</a>地区的游牧部落。他们是闪语族人，和生活在巴比伦尼亚、亚述的阿卡德人一样。但是前者原本不是农民，他们采取着半游牧的生活方式，圈养羊。随着时间的流逝，亚摩利谷物商人崛起，在美索不达米亚平原南部的几个城邦建立了自己的王朝，最著名的有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%BE%9B" title="伊辛">伊辛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9" title="拉爾薩">拉尔萨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BB%80%E5%8A%AA%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="艾什努那">艾什努那</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E4%BB%80" title="拉格什">拉格什</a>与后来的巴比伦。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="经典的年代测定"><span id=".E7.BB.8F.E5.85.B8.E7.9A.84.E5.B9.B4.E4.BB.A3.E6.B5.8B.E5.AE.9A"></span>经典的年代测定</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：经典的年代测定"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%B3%B0%E5%A4%8F%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="科泰夏斯">科泰夏斯</a>称自己能够接触到来自巴比伦档案馆的手稿。这些手稿可以追溯到公元前2286年在位五十年的国王<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝尔斯（页面不存在）">贝尔斯</a>（Belus）建立巴比伦的年代。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="狄奥多罗斯">狄奥多罗斯</a>与<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E6%96%AF%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔治·辛斯勒（页面不存在）">乔治·辛斯勒</a>（George Syncellus）的年代表引用过他的话。另外的年代数据来自于<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%98%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="辛普利丘斯">辛普利丘斯</a>（Simplicius）<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他记载<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="卡里希尼斯">卡里希尼斯</a>在公元前四世纪时旅行到巴比伦，然后发现<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%94%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="楔形文字">楔形文字</a>泥板上最早的天文观测记录比亚历山大大帝于公元前331年征服巴比伦早1903年。331年加上1903年等于2234年。公元前2234年可以作为巴比伦建立的年代。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%BA%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伯诺索斯（页面不存在）">伯诺索斯</a>（Berossus）提出了另外一个相近年代。他根据<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普林尼（页面不存在）">普林尼</a>（Pliny）<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>提出在巴比伦进行的最早的天文观测比希腊的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%A6%E6%B4%9B%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="浦洛纽斯（页面不存在）">浦洛纽斯</a>（Phoroneus）时代早490年，也就是公元前2243年。拜占庭的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E7%89%B9%E5%87%A1%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="思特凡努斯（页面不存在）">思特凡努斯</a>（Stephanus）写道巴比伦的建立比<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="特洛伊之战">特洛伊之战</a>的年代（公元前1229年，由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BC" title="米蒂利尼">米蒂利尼</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF" title="赫拉尼库斯">赫拉尼库斯</a>提出）早1002年，也就是说巴比伦的建立可以追溯到公元前2231年。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这些年代都把巴比伦的建立定位在公元前二十三世纪。可是在近几个世纪破译楔形文字以来，人们并没有发现与这些经典观点（后楔形文字）相符的楔形文字记录。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古巴比伦时期"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.B7.B4.E6.AF.94.E4.BC.A6.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>古巴比伦时期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：古巴比伦时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>公元前2006年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="埃兰人">埃兰人</a>入侵两河流域，摧毁了<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿卡德人">阿卡德人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="苏美尔人">苏美尔人</a>建立的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="乌尔第三王朝">乌尔第三王朝</a>。第一个巴比伦王朝由一个名叫<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%A9%86-%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="苏穆-阿布">苏穆-阿布</a>阿摩利酋长于公元前1894年建立。他宣布从邻近的城邦<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%8E%E9%B2%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡扎鲁（页面不存在）">卡扎鲁</a>（Kazallu）独立，以幼发拉底河河畔的巴比伦城为首都。从那时起，美索不达米亚就被称为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="巴比倫尼亞">巴比伦尼亚</a>”，那里所有居民都被称为巴比伦人。亚摩利人和苏美尔人、阿卡德闪族人不同，他们不是美索不达米亚的土著人。他们来自西边的土地，是半游牧的闪族入侵者。公元前21世纪到公元前20世纪期间，美索不达米亚北部古亚述帝国强大的国王们干预亚摩利人控制美索不达米亚南部的阿卡德语城邦。可是在亚述人把他们的注意力转向殖民小亚细亚之后，亚摩利人终于开始取代南部的土著统治者。 </p><p>巴比伦控制着周围一小片领土，一直被笼罩在更加古老，更加强大的城邦的阴影下，例如亚述、以栏、伊辛和拉尔萨。大约是一个世纪后，它成为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%B0%9F%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94" title="汉谟拉比">汉谟拉比</a>的短命王朝的首都，情况才发生了变化（于公元前1792年到公元前1750年之间）。汉谟拉比因把巴比伦尼亚的法律编纂成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%B0%9F%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" title="汉谟拉比法典">汉谟拉比法典</a>而闻名于世。这对法学思想有着深远的影响。 </p><p>汉摩拉比用武力统一了两河流域后，建立了一个中央集权的专制国家。他个人集<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="军事">军事</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="行政">行政</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="司法">司法</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="水利">水利</a>建设等各种大权于一身。为了更有效的统治自己的国家，他颁布了著名的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%91%A9%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="漢摩拉比法典">汉摩拉比法典</a>》。法典共282条，刻在一块高2.25米的黑色<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6%E5%B2%A9" title="玄武岩">玄武岩</a>石柱上<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是迄今发现的最早完备成文的法典。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_historical_city_of_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/The_historical_city_of_Babylon.jpg/600px-The_historical_city_of_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/The_historical_city_of_Babylon.jpg/900px-The_historical_city_of_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/The_historical_city_of_Babylon.jpg/1200px-The_historical_city_of_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>巴比伦古城的全景图，位於巴格达南85公里。</figcaption></figure> <p>在汉谟拉比统治后，整个美索不达米亚平原南部被称作巴比伦尼亚。平原北部在几个世纪前就已经被亚述统一。在汉谟拉比死后，他的帝国迅速瓦解。这个亚摩利王朝对面积大幅度缩水的巴比伦尼亚进行统治，一直维系到公元前1595年。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在这时候，属于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%A2%AF%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="赫梯人">赫梯人</a>从<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%86%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="小亚细亚">小亚细亚</a>入侵。 </p><p>在赫梯人劫掠巴比伦之后，从古伊朗西北部<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8E%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" class="mw-redirect" title="扎格罗斯山脉">扎格罗斯山脉</a>涌来、早已定居于此的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%96%9C%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="加喜特人">加喜特人</a>，将赫梯人掠走的巴比伦主神马尔杜克的神像夺回，将其与加喜特王族的守护神舒卡穆纳（Shuqamuna）同等供奉，并就此开始统治巴比伦，领导一个王朝。这个王朝持续了435年，一直延续到了公元前1160年。巴比伦城市在这期间改名为柯瑞狄尼阿什（Karanduniash）。 </p><p>可是加喜特巴比伦最终成为了他们美索不达米亚同胞——北部的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中亚述帝国（页面不存在）">中亚述帝国</a>（公元前1365年——公元前1053年）和东部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="埃兰">埃兰</a>——的附庸。在加喜特时期，这两个强权经常干涉、劫掠或控制巴比伦。在公元前1235年，亚述王<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E6%8F%90-%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%E5%A1%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="图库尔提-尼努尔塔一世">图库尔提-尼努尔塔一世</a>继承了巴比伦的王位，成为第一个统治这里说阿卡德语的美索不达米亚土著人。 </p><p>据估计，巴比伦在公元前1770年到公元前1670年和公元前612年到公元前320年是世界上最大的城市。它可能是第一个人口突破二十万的城市。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>据估计，它城市面积最大时大约在890<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>至900公顷之间。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>到了公元前1155年，在亚述人和以栏人持续的侵略下，加喜特人失去了在巴比伦的控制权。然后一个说阿卡德语的美索不达米亚平原南部本土朝代第一次统治了这块地区。可是巴比伦国力羸弱，是亚述的附庸。它无能的国王无力阻止来自国外的西闪语族移民者进入、开发巴比伦尼亚——公元前11世纪移民者由<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿兰人">阿兰人</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏特人（页面不存在）">苏特人</a>（Suteans）构成，公元前10世纪主要是迦勒底人。在公元前十一世纪后期阿兰人短暂地统治过巴比伦。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sennacherib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sennacherib.jpg/220px-Sennacherib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sennacherib.jpg/330px-Sennacherib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sennacherib.jpg/440px-Sennacherib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>在巴比伦战争期间的辛那赫里布他在尼尼微的宫殿的浮雕</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="亚述时期"><span id=".E4.BA.9A.E8.BF.B0.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>亚述时期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：亚述时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>贯穿整个<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="新亚述帝国">新亚述帝国</a>时期，巴比伦尼亚在亚述持续的统治下或者間接控制下。在亚述的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E9%82%A3%E8%B5%AB%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%83" title="辛那赫里布">辛那赫里布</a>统治期间，巴比伦尼亚经常出现暴动，由迦勒底酋长<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E8%8B%A5%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%B9%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="麦若达赫·巴拉丹二世">麦若达赫·巴拉丹二世</a>领导，与以栏人结盟。在巴比伦城被彻底摧毁后，暴动才被镇压下去。在公元前689年，它的城墙、寺庙和宫殿被夷爲平地，瓦礫被抛到早期巴比倫南部邊境処一片被稱爲“阿拉圖（Arakhtu）”的海域中。這種對宗教中心的摧毀，震驚了大衆。而幾年之後，辛那赫里布在向尼斯洛神（Nisroch)祈禱時，被自己的兩個兒子謀殺，也被認爲是遭到了神明的天譴。辛那赫里布的亚述继承者<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E5%93%88%E4%B8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="萨尔哈东">萨尔哈东</a>火速重建古老的城市，在这里加冕，每年都在此居住一段时间。萨尔哈东死后，巴比伦尼亚留给他年长的儿子——亚述王子<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%8E%9B%E4%BB%80%E9%A1%BA%E4%B9%8C%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="沙玛什顺乌金">沙玛什顺乌金</a>统治。沙玛什顺乌金在因巴比伦民族主义变得狂热后，在公元前六百五十二年对他的哥哥兼主人<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E6%8B%94" title="亚述巴尼拔">亚述巴尼拔</a>发动了内战。亚述巴尼拔在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%AE" title="尼尼微">尼尼微</a>统治着国家。沙玛什顺乌金得到了臣服于亚述的民族的帮助，包括以栏人、迦勒底人、两河流域南部的苏特人和在两河流域以南沙漠居住的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉伯人">阿拉伯人</a>。 </p><p>巴比伦又一次被亚述人围攻，它的盟友突然垮掉，在饥荒中投降。亚述巴尼拔髒化这个城市，庆祝了一个和解仪式，但不冒险与主（Bel）“握手”。一个名叫<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E8%BE%BE%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%AA" title="坎达拉努">坎达拉努</a>的亚述总督受到信任来统治这个城市。在亚述巴尼拔死后，亚述帝国因为一系列的小内战而开始解体。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0-%E5%9F%83%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%94-%E4%BC%8A%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC" title="亚述-埃提尔-伊兰尼">亚述-埃提尔-伊兰尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B-%E8%88%92%E5%A7%86-%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94" title="辛-舒姆-利希尔">辛-舒姆-利希尔</a>和最后的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B-%E6%B2%99-%E9%87%8C%E6%96%BD%E6%98%86" class="mw-redirect" title="辛-沙-里施昆">辛-沙-里施昆</a>三个亚述国王接连统治。可是，巴比伦民族主義者<sup id="cite_ref-《巴比倫帝國》_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-《巴比倫帝國》-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>最后像许多其他近东族群一样，利用亚述内部混乱的状态，趁机脱离了亚述的统治。随后亚述帝国被民族联盟推翻了，巴比伦人见到了另外一个神圣复仇的例子。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="新巴比伦迦勒底帝国"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E5.B7.B4.E6.AF.94.E4.BC.A6.E8.BF.A6.E5.8B.92.E5.BA.95.E5.B8.9D.E5.9B.BD"></span>新巴比伦迦勒底帝国</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：新巴比伦迦勒底帝国"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="新巴比倫王國">新巴比倫王國</a></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%95" title="迦勒底">迦勒底</a>国王<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E6%B3%A2%E5%8B%83%E6%9D%A5%E8%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="那波勃来萨">那波勃来萨</a>的统治下，巴比伦终于摆脱了亚述的统治。他与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF" title="基亞克薩雷斯">基亚克萨雷斯</a>——<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="米提亚人">米提亚人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="波斯人">波斯人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%B3%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="斯基泰人">斯基泰人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%B1%B3%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="西米里人">西米里人</a>的国王结盟，在公元前612年到公元前605年之间摧毁了亚述帝国。巴比伦因此成为了新巴比伦帝国的首都（有时且有可能被错误地叫做迦勒底帝国）。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>随着巴比伦恢复独立，建筑工程的新纪元随之而来。那波勃来萨的儿子<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%83%E7%94%B2%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="尼布甲尼撒二世">尼布甲尼撒二世</a>（公元前605年——公元前562年）把巴比伦打造成古代世界的奇迹之一。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>尼布甲尼撒二世下令全部重修帝国的庭院，包括重建<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%83%E6%9B%9C%E5%A1%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="七曜塔（页面不存在）">七曜塔</a>（Etemenanki ziggurat）和建造<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%BB%80%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%8E%E9%97%A8" title="伊什塔尔城门">伊什塔尔城门</a>——环绕巴比伦周围的八个门中最壮丽的一个。柏林<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%8A%A0%E9%A9%AC%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" class="mw-redirect" title="帕加马博物馆">帕加马博物馆</a>拥有伊师塔门的重建版。原来的伊师塔门只留下了地基和散落的砖。 </p><p>尼布甲尼撒也对<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E8%8A%B1%E5%9B%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="空中花园">空中花园</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%A5%87%E8%BF%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="古代世界的七大奇迹">古代世界的七大奇迹</a>之一）的建造有功。传说他为了思乡的妻子<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E7%BE%8E%E4%BE%9D%E8%BF%AA%E4%B8%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安美依迪丝（页面不存在）">安美依迪丝</a>（Amyitis）而建造了这个花园。它是否存在存有争议。尽管德国考古学家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%80%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伯特·考德威（页面不存在）">罗伯特·考德威</a>（Robert Koldewey）的发掘被认为发现了它的地基，许多历史学家不同意它的位置，也有些历史学家相信它与亚述首都尼尼微的花园混淆了。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>迦勒底人的统治没有持续多长时间。人们不清楚<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%99" class="mw-redirect" title="涅里格利沙">涅里格利沙</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%BD%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E6%9D%9C%E5%85%8B" title="拉巴施馬爾杜克">拉巴施马尔杜克</a>是迦勒底人还是土著巴比伦人。最后一个统治者<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="那波尼德">那波尼德</a>（公元前556年—公元前539年）和他的儿子摄政王<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%B2%99%E6%92%92" title="伯沙撒">伯沙撒</a>是来自<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="哈兰">哈兰</a>的亚述人。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="波斯夺取巴比伦"><span id=".E6.B3.A2.E6.96.AF.E5.A4.BA.E5.8F.96.E5.B7.B4.E6.AF.94.E4.BC.A6"></span>波斯夺取巴比伦</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：波斯夺取巴比伦"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在公元前539年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="新巴比伦帝国">新巴比伦帝国</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%BA%87%E6%96%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="俄庇斯之战">俄庇斯之战</a>中被波斯国王<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="居鲁士二世">居鲁士二世</a>击败。巴比伦著名的城墙确实是刀枪不入，只有通过城门或者通过幼发拉底河才能进入。幼发拉底河在厚实的城墙下面退潮。河流流入和流出处都配有金属大门，防止有能力潜水且能够游到大门的入侵者。居鲁士（或者他的将军）制订了一个利用幼发拉底河进入城市的计划，命令多批部队停留原地，等候指令。一直等到巴比伦人全国性节日的夜晚（普遍认为是《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E4%BB%A5%E7%90%86%E4%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="但以理书">但以理书</a>》第五章里伯沙撒王的宴会），居鲁士部队改变幼发拉底河上游的河道，导致幼发拉底河水位下降到男人大腿中部高或者全干。士兵通过河道在墙下方行进。波斯军队占领了城市内部的外围区域，因此市中心就很容易拿下了。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="希罗多德">希罗多德</a>详尽地描述了这一历史事件<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。《希伯来圣经》里的文章也提到了。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>居鲁士下达法令，允许俘虏回家，包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="犹太人">犹太人</a>，允许俘虏在<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7" title="耶路撒冷">耶路撒冷</a>重建聖殿。 </p><p>在居鲁士和后来的波斯王<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="大流士大帝">大流士大帝</a>统治下，巴比伦成为了第九辖区的首府（南方是巴比伦尼亚，北方是亚述）。它同样也是学习和科技进步的中心。在波斯阿契美尼德期间，古巴比伦的天文和数学的艺术重获新生，繁荣发展。巴比伦的学者完成了<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%BA%A7%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-disambig" title="星座图">星座图</a>。这个城市是波斯帝国——当时已知世界最强大的势力的行政首都。它在这个地区扮演了长达两个多世纪的重要角色。许多已经做出的重要的考古发现让人对那个年代有了更好的理解。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>早期波斯国王尝试去维持<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E6%9D%9C%E5%85%8B" title="马尔杜克">马尔杜克</a>的宗教仪式。但是到了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%81%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="大流士三世">大流士三世</a>时期，过高的赋税和频繁战争的制约导致巴比伦主要圣地和运河的破败，也导致了周围区域的分裂。叛变频繁地发生。在公元前522年（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%83%E7%94%B2%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼布甲尼撒三世（页面不存在）">尼布甲尼撒三世</a>），公元前521年（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%83%E7%94%B2%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼布甲尼撒四世（页面不存在）">尼布甲尼撒四世</a>）和公元前482年（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94-%E5%8F%B2%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝尔-史玛尼（页面不存在）">贝尔-史玛尼</a>（Bel-shimani）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E7%8E%9B%E4%BB%80-%E4%BF%84%E6%97%A5%E5%B7%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙玛什-俄日巴（页面不存在）">沙玛什-俄日巴</a>（Shamash-eriba））土著巴比伦人国王短暂地恢复了独立。可是这些叛乱相对很快地被镇压下去。巴比伦的城市和领土被波斯人稳固地统治了两个世纪，一直到公元前331年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="亚历山大大帝">亚历山大大帝</a>的到来。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="希腊化时期"><span id=".E5.B8.8C.E8.85.8A.E5.8C.96.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>希腊化时期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：希腊化时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>公元前331年，波斯帝国<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿契美尼德王朝">阿契美尼德王朝</a>最后一任国王——<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%81%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="大流士三世">大流士三世</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="高加米拉戰役">高加米拉战役</a>中被古马其顿希腊统治者亚历山大大帝击败。当年十月，巴比伦沦陷于年轻的征服者。这次侵略的当地记述指出亚历山大的统治不扰民。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>巴比伦在亚历山大的统治下恢复了作为学问与贸易中心的繁荣。但亚历山大在公元前323年死于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%83%E7%94%B2%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="尼布甲尼撒二世">尼布甲尼撒</a>的宫殿，随后，他的将军们——<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%BC%E6%A5%AD%E8%80%85" title="繼業者">继业者</a>瓜分了他的帝国。然后战争持续了数十年，巴比伦又处在纷争的中心。 </p><p>不断的动荡几乎掏空了巴比伦城。一块公元前275年的泥板记载巴比伦的居民被运送到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%90%89%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="塞琉西亞">塞琉西亚</a>。这里在建造一座宫殿和以古代名字<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E8%90%A8%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃萨吉拉（页面不存在）">埃萨吉拉</a>（Esagila）命名的庙宇。随着此次驱逐出境，巴比伦城市变得无足轻重了，尽管在超过一个世纪后，它的圣殿里仍在举行献祭仪式。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>到公元前141年帕提亚帝国接管这片地区时，巴比伦城已经被彻底废弃了。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="波斯萨珊帝国时期"><span id=".E6.B3.A2.E6.96.AF.E8.90.A8.E7.8F.8A.E5.B8.9D.E5.9B.BD.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>波斯萨珊帝国时期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：波斯萨珊帝国时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在帕提亚人及后来<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%8F%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="萨珊">萨珊</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="波斯人">波斯人</a>的统治下，巴比伦（和亚述一样）作为波斯帝国的行省度过了九个世纪，直到公元650年。它一直拥有着它自己的文化和人民。这里的人说着各式各样的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉姆语">阿拉姆语</a>，一直认为他们的家乡是巴比伦。他们文化产物的例子经常能够在巴比伦的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%9C%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="塔木德">塔木德</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="諾斯底">諾斯底</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC%E5%BA%95%E5%AE%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼底安（页面不存在）">曼底安</a>宗教（Gnostic Mandaean religion）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%BB%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东叙利亚仪（页面不存在）">东仪</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>（Eastern Rite Christianity）与<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99" title="摩尼教">摩尼教</a>里找到。基督教在公元一、二世纪来到两河流域，阿拉伯<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯兰">伊斯兰</a>征服前，巴比伦是<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E6%95%99" title="景教">景教</a>的一个主教的所在地。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="穆斯林的征服"><span id=".E7.A9.86.E6.96.AF.E6.9E.97.E7.9A.84.E5.BE.81.E6.9C.8D"></span>穆斯林的征服</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：穆斯林的征服"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在公元七世纪中叶，扩张中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉伯帝国">阿拉伯帝国</a>侵略、移民两河流域。伊斯兰化时期随之而来。巴比伦作为一个行省而被同化。尽管阿拉姆语和景教至今尚存（但更多地集中在伊朗北部的亚述人中），但是两者最终被边缘化。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC%E8%BE%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼达主义（页面不存在）">曼达主义</a>（Mandeanism）的境遇也差不多。人种上土著的两河流域人、说东阿拉姆语的迦勒底天主教和亚述景教成员直至今日仍然认同巴比伦人/两河流域人/亚述人的身份。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="《圣经》的叙述"><span id=".E3.80.8A.E5.9C.A3.E7.BB.8F.E3.80.8B.E7.9A.84.E5.8F.99.E8.BF.B0"></span>《圣经》的叙述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：《圣经》的叙述"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>《创世記》10：10说：位于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BA%E6%8B%BF" title="示拿">示拿</a>（Shinar）的巴别（巴比伦）是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A5%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="以力（页面不存在）">以力</a>Erech、阿卡德和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甲尼（页面不存在）">甲尼</a>（Calneh）的邻居。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>巴比伦贯穿整部《希伯来圣经》(大部分稱為「迦勒底」)，包括巴比伦之囚。它也在几部预言书里占有突出位置。在巴比伦失去政治中心地位许多个世纪后，《新约启示录》提到了它。一些学者认为天启文献用它来指代<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马帝国">罗马帝国</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="考古"><span id=".E8.80.83.E5.8F.A4"></span>考古</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：考古"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_Babylon_RB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Plan_of_Babylon_RB.JPG/280px-Plan_of_Babylon_RB.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Plan_of_Babylon_RB.JPG/420px-Plan_of_Babylon_RB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Plan_of_Babylon_RB.JPG/560px-Plan_of_Babylon_RB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%83%E7%94%B2%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="尼布甲尼撒二世">尼布甲尼撒二世</a>時期（約西元前600年）的巴比倫城市格局。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babylon,_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Babylon%2C_1932.jpg/250px-Babylon%2C_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Babylon%2C_1932.jpg/375px-Babylon%2C_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Babylon%2C_1932.jpg/500px-Babylon%2C_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3922" data-file-height="2847" /></a><figcaption>攝於1932年的巴比倫遺址</figcaption></figure> <p>巴比伦的遗址由许多土墩组成，占据着一块长约两千米，宽约一千米的长方形区域，由北向南延伸。遗址西面边界与幼发拉底河接壤，另一面边界是古代城墙。起初，幼发拉底河大致将城市一分为二。这在这个地区很常见。但是河流改变了它的河道，因此遗址原来西边部分的残骸现在被淹没了。位于河流西边的城墙有部分尚存。有几个遗址土墩更加重要。 </p><p>它们包括 </p> <ul><li>科尔俄撒（Kasr）——也叫做城堡王宫。它是新巴比伦那波帕拉萨尔和尼布甲尼撒的七曜塔所在地，位于遗址中心。</li> <li>阿姆兰·伊本·阿里（Amran Ibn Ali）——位于遗址西面，高达二十五米，是最高的土墩。这是埃萨吉拉的遗址，一座马杜克的神庙，带有各献给<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="伊亞">伊亞</a>（Ea）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="拿布">拿布</a>（Nabu）的圣地。</li> <li>胡梅拉（Homera）——一座位于西边被染红的土墩。大部分希腊化遗址在这。</li> <li>巴比勒（Babil）——位于遗址北边尽头，约有二十二米高。从古至今，这里的砖一直遭到盗窃。尼布甲尼撒的宫殿就建在这里。</li></ul> <p>遗址土地的使用可以追溯到公元前三千年晚期。在巴比伦第一王朝时期，也就是公元前二千年早期，土地使用到达一个高峰。该千年晚期的加喜特巴比伦王朝时期，土地使用又达到高峰。不幸的是，在巴比伦遗址几乎没有发现那个时期的遗迹。首先，该区域的地下水位在过去的时间里极大地上升。目前标准的考古方法无法获取早于新巴比伦帝国时期的遗物。第二，新巴比伦国民对城市进行了大规模重建，导致大量早期遗迹被摧毁或无人知晓。第三，城市大量的西半部份位于幼发拉底河水下。第四，巴比伦在发动叛乱抗拒异族统治后被人劫掠了很多次，最著名的是公元前二千年赫梯人和以栏人以及公元前一千年新亚述帝国和阿契美尼德帝国的劫掠。最后，人们一直在大规模挖掘遗址的建筑材料。 </p><p>关于早期巴比伦的知识必须从其他地方发现的铭文获得，例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="乌鲁克">乌鲁克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE" title="尼普爾">尼普尔</a>与<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈拉顿（页面不存在）">哈拉顿</a>（Haradum）。而新巴比伦的信息可从遗址挖掘和古典文献得来。巴比伦被一些古典历史学家描述过，甚至被访问过，包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%8F%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="科特夏斯">科特夏斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="希罗多德">希罗多德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%8F%90%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF" title="昆圖斯·庫爾提烏斯·魯福斯">昆圖斯·庫爾提烏斯·魯福斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="斯特拉博">斯特拉博</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%BE%86%E5%A1%94%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF" title="克來塔卡斯">克来塔卡斯</a>。这些记录不一定精确，带有一些政治谎言，但仍然提供了重要的信息。 </p><p>在1811-12年和在1817年，克劳地亚斯·詹姆斯·里奇进行了对巴比伦第一次有记录的发掘。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在1827年，罗伯特·米格那短暂地发掘过遗址。<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>威廉·洛夫特斯在1849年访问此地。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>奥斯丁·亨利·莱亚德在1850年短暂停留期间进行了一些探测，然后就放弃了。<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>费尔尚斯·菲涅尔和居里什·奥佩尔从1852年到1854年深度发掘了巴比伦。不幸的是，他们大部分工作的成果因为木筏失事而沉入底格里斯河。<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>亨利·克莱思维克·劳林森和乔治·史密斯在1854年短暂地在此地工作。下一次发掘-主要的一次由霍尔木兹德·拉斯萨姆代表<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="大英博物馆">大英博物馆</a>进行。工作从1879年开始，一直进行到1882年。遗址上发生的大规模盗掘刺激了这次发掘的发生。拉斯萨姆通过大规模发掘搜寻文物，出土了大量楔形文字泥板和其他发现物。那些年代普遍存在的狂热发掘方法对考古环境造成了严重破坏。<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>来自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国东方学会（页面不存在）">德国东方学会</a>由罗伯特·考德威率领的团队在巴比伦进行了第一次科学考古发掘。这项工作在1899年到1917年间每年都进行。一直到了第一次世界大战爆发，工作被打断。主要挖掘的力量集中在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%9C%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="马杜克">马杜克</a>神庙上及其与之连接的游行道路和城墙。数以百计的泥板和上述的伊师塔门被运回德国。<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在1956年海因里希和在1962年施密德代表了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国考古协会（页面不存在）">德国考古协会</a>进行了进一步工作。伦曾的工作主要与希腊化剧院有关。施密德的工作主要与七曜塔神庙有关。<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在更近的时间里，白甘米尼代表都灵中东和亚洲发掘中心和伊拉克意大利考古科学协会对巴比伦遗址进行发掘工作。在1974年一个季度的发掘标志着这项工作的开始。随之他在1977年进行了一次地形的调查。<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>焦点在澄清复查德国老数据时产生的疑问。在十年后，白甘米尼于1987年到1989年返回了遗址。这次工作专注于巴比伦蜀安娜城区艾莎拉和尼努尔塔神庙周围区域。<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-#1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>应该指出的是在巴比伦修复期间，一些发掘和空间的清理由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%92%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊拉克国家遗址和遗产组织（页面不存在）">伊拉克国家遗址和遗产组织</a>完成。考虑到这个国家过去几十年的情况，考古活动的发表为人所理解地达到了最低谷。<sup id="cite_ref-#1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="重建"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E5.BB.BA"></span>重建</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：重建"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1983年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%BE%AF%E8%B5%9B%E5%9B%A0" title="萨达姆·侯赛因">萨达姆·侯赛因</a>开始在旧遗址上重建城市（因此，文物和其他发现物现在可能在城市下面），投资修复和新建建筑。他模仿尼布甲尼撒在许多砖刻上他的名字。一条频繁出现的铭文如下：“这由萨达姆·侯赛因建造，他是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%83%E7%94%B2%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92" class="mw-disambig" title="尼布甲尼撒">尼布甲尼撒</a>的后代，荣耀伊拉克。”这使人想起乌尔的七曜塔。此塔每一块砖被印上“乌尔纳姆，乌尔之王，建造了南那神庙。”在侯赛因倒台后，这些砖成为藏品，受人欢迎。废墟的修复行为中止。他也在废墟的入口放置了他自己和尼布甲尼撒的巨型画像，把游行通道一条大型古代石头大马路和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB%E4%B9%8B%E7%8D%85" title="巴比倫之獅">巴比伦之狮</a>一个约有2600年历史的黑石雕刻支撑住。</li> <li>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B9%BE%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="海湾战争">海湾战争</a>结束后，萨达姆想要在一些古代废墟上建造一座现代宫殿；它被建造成为一座金字塔风格的苏美尔七曜塔。他把它命名为萨达姆山丘。在2003年，当伊拉克战争开始时，萨达姆已经准备好开始建设一条穿越巴比伦的缆车线，而该项目因局面失控而终止。</li> <li>在2006年4月份发布的一篇文章说，联合国官员和伊拉克领导已经计划好修复巴比伦，让它成为一个文化中心。<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>在2009年5月，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB%E7%9C%81" title="巴比倫省">巴比伦省</a>政府把遗址对游客开放。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="美国军事活动的影响"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E5.9B.BD.E5.86.9B.E4.BA.8B.E6.B4.BB.E5.8A.A8.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>美国军事活动的影响</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：美国军事活动的影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在2003年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="伊拉克戰爭">美国發動伊拉克戰爭</a>之后，海军陆战队第一远征军的将军詹姆斯·康威领导美军，把军事基地阿尔法军营建在了古代巴比伦废墟上，其中包括许多设施，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E5%8D%87%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="直升机">直升机</a>升降平台。 </p><p>美军已经占据遗址一段时间，对考古记录造成了无法修复的损害。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="大英博物馆">大英博物馆</a>近东部的一份报告里，约翰·柯蒂斯博士讲到考古遗址中的许多部分如何被平整，作为直升飞机的升降区域和重型交通工具的停车位。柯蒂斯写道：占领部队“对伊师塔门造成了重大破坏。这是遗址里最出名的遗迹之一……美军交通工具碾碎了拥有两千六百年历史的砖道，考古碎片洒落在遗址里，在古代沉积物中至少挖出了十二条<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E5%A3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="戰壕">战壕</a>，军事土方工程污染了遗址，让未来的科学家难以做进一步的研究……士兵们试着从伊师塔门墙上搬走带有龙雕刻的砖块。这对所有九个带有龙雕刻的砖块造成了破坏。”<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>一名美军发言人称：美军已经与“巴比伦博物馆的負責人”商量过工程施工。<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>伊拉克国家遗产与遗址委员会领导多恩·乔治称：“混乱需要数十年来清理。”<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>2006年4月，海军陆战队第一远征军前指挥官约翰·科勒曼上校为军事人员在其领导下造成的破坏而发表道歉，但同时称“美国的存在阻止了来自其他掠夺者更大的破坏”<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="现代"><span id=".E7.8E.B0.E4.BB.A3"></span>现代</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：现代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>巴比伦被列为联合国教科文组织世界遗产。<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 目前有数千人居住在巴比伦古城墙内，尽管法律限制建筑，但社区仍在迅速发展。 <sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cam-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cam_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cam_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cam_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HRwo6dBekUQC&pg=PA150">The Cambridge Ancient History: Prolegomena & Prehistory</a></i>: Vol. 1, Part 1. Accessed 15 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CamHistory1.1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CamHistory1.1_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CamHistory1.1_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CamHistory1.1_2-2"><sup><b>2.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=HRwo6dBekUQC&pg=PA150&redir_esc=y&hl=zh-CN&sourceid=cndr#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Cambridge Ancient History: Prologomena & Prehistory: Vol. 1, Part 1.</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-12-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129192311/http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=HRwo6dBekUQC&pg=PA150&redir_esc=y&hl=zh-CN&sourceid=cndr#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2014-11-29） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+Prologomena+%26+Prehistory%3A+Vol.+1%2C+Part+1.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.hk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHRwo6dBekUQC%26pg%3DPA150%26redir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26sourceid%3Dcndr%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeschichte_Mesopotamiens:_von_den_Sumerern_bis_zu_Alexander_dem_Grossen_Beck's_historische_Bibliothek">Geschichte Mesopotamiens: von den Sumerern bis zu Alexander dem Grossen Beck's historische Bibliothek</a>，第121頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGeschichte_Mesopotamiens:_von_den_Sumerern_bis_zu_Alexander_dem_Grossen_Beck's_historische_Bibliothek (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liane Jakob-Rost, Joachim Marzahn: Babylon, ed. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. Vorderasiatisches Museum, (Kleine Schriften 4), 2. Auflage, Putbus 1990, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephanie Dalley, Babylon as a Name for other Cities Including Nineveh, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc62.pdf">Uchicago.edu</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120730041524/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc62.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Proceedings of the 51st Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Oriental Institute SAOC 62, pp. 25–33, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Records of the Past, [Archibald Sayce], 2nd series, Vol. 1, 1888, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpl. ad Arist De Caelo. ii. 503A)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N.H. vii. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Rawlinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Rawlinson（页面不存在）">George Rawlinson</a>, Vol. 4, p. 526-527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">德尼·克伊朗. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/luofugongcanguan0000unse">羅浮宮參觀指南</a>. 黎絲藝術出版社. 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/2854950992" title="Special:网络书源/2854950992"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 2854950992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&rft.au=%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97&rft.btitle=%E7%BE%85%E6%B5%AE%E5%AE%AE%E5%8F%83%E8%A7%80%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=2854950992&rft.pub=%E9%BB%8E%E7%B5%B2%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fluofugongcanguan0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1595 BC: Please see <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_ancient_Near_East">Chronology of the ancient Near East</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210125031620/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_ancient_Near_East">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） for more discussion on dating events in the 2nd millennium BC, including the Sack of Babylon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertius Chandler. Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census (1987), St. David's University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780889462076" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-88946-207-6</a>. See Historical urban community sizes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mieroop, Marc van de (1997). The Ancient Mesopotamian City. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780191588457" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-158845-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boiy, T. (2004). Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 136. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789042914490" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-90-429-1449-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-《巴比倫帝國》-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-《巴比倫帝國》_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">劉增泉著：《失落的文明—巴比倫帝國》，五南圖書出版社，2016年，第200頁。<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789571187945" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-957-11-8794-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Houtum-Schindler, "Babylon," Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, Alfred S. (2001). With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World, pp. 47–48. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780275952594" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-275-95259-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curtis, Adrian; Herbert Gordon May (2007). Oxford Bible Atlas Oxford University Press <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780191001581" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-100158-1</a> p. 122 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E7aXDYZ8SxkC&pg=PA122&dq=Babylon+%22chaldean+empire%22&num=100">Google Books Search</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141006124618/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E7aXDYZ8SxkC&pg=PA122&dq=Babylon+%22chaldean+empire%22&num=100">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">von Soden, Wilfred; Donald G. Schley (1996). William B. Eerdmanns <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780802801425" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8028-0142-5</a> p. 60 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XE-AnPOmma4C&pg=PA59&dq=Babylon+%22chaldean+empire%22&num=100#PPA60,M1">Google Books Search</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141010105652/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XE-AnPOmma4C&pg=PA59&dq=Babylon+%22chaldean+empire%22&num=100#PPA60,M1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saggs, H.W.F. (2000). Babylonians, p. 165. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780520202221" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-520-20222-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephanie Dalley, (2013) The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced, OUP <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780199662265" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, Book 1, Section 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaiah 44:27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremiah 50–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/news_and_press/statements/cyrus_cylinder.aspx">Cyrus Cylinder</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20111201041948/http://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/news_and_press/statements/cyrus_cylinder.aspx">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） The British Museum. Retrieved July 23, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO/PERSIANS.HTM">Mesopotamia: The Persians</a>". Wsu.edu:8080. 1999-06-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20101206180919/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO/PERSIANS.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, Roger B.; Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shabaka, (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780395872741" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-395-87274-1</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Babylon">Babylon</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200917125230/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Babylon">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）". <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080527234225/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+10%3A10&version=NIV">Genesis 10:10 NIV - The first centers of his kingdom were</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210317065156/http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+10%3A10&version=NIV">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2013-03-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merrill Tenney: New Testament Survey, Inter-varsity Press, 1985, pp383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claudius J. Rich, Second memoir on Babylon; containing an inquiry into the correspondence between the ancient descriptions of Babylon, and the remains still visible on the site, 1818</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claudius J. Rich, Memoirs on the Ruins of Babylon, 1815</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Mignan, Travels in Chaldæa, Including a Journey from Bussorah to Bagdad, Hillah, and Babylon, Performed on Foot in 1827, H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1829 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781402160134" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4021-6013-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William K. Loftus, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana: With an Account of Excavations at Warka, the "Erech" of Nimrod, and Shush, "Shushan the Palace" of Esther, in 1849–52, Robert Carter & Brothers, 1857</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. H. Layard, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, J. Murray, 1853</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Oppert, Expédition scientifique en Mésopotamie exécutée par ordre du gouvernement de 1851 à 1854. Tome I: Rélation du voyage et résultat de l'expédition, 1863 (also as <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780543749451" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-543-74945-1</a>) Tome II: Déchiffrement des inscriptions cuneiforms, 1859 (also as <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780543749390" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-543-74939-0</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> H V. Hilprecht, Exploration in the Bible Lands During the 19th Century, A. J. Holman, 1903</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.archive.org/download/asshurlandofnimr00rass/asshurlandofnimr00rass.pdf">http://www.archive.org/download/asshurlandofnimr00rass/asshurlandofnimr00rass.pdf</a> Archive.org ], Hormuzd Rassam, Asshur and the Land of Nimrod: Being an Account of the Discoveries Made in the Ancient Ruins of Nineveh, Asshur, Sepharvaim, Calah, [etc]..., Curts & Jennings, 1897 35.Jump up ^ Julian Reade, Hormuzd Rassam and his discoveries, Iraq, vol. 55, pp. 39–62, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian Reade, Hormuzd Rassam and his discoveries, Iraq, vol. 55, pp. 39–62, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=NTmFAAAAIAAJ">http://books.google.com/books?id=NTmFAAAAIAAJ</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170402234813/http://books.google.com/books?id=NTmFAAAAIAAJ">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Google Books Research ], R. Koldewey, Das wieder erstehende Babylon, die bisherigen Ergebnisse der deutschen Ausgrabungen, J.C. Hinrichs, 1913, with online English translation: Agnes Sophia Griffith Johns, The excavations at Babylon By Robert Koldewey, Macmillan and Co., 1914</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Koldewey, Die Tempel von Babylon und Borsippa, WVDOG, vol. 15, pp. 37–49, 1911 (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Koldewey, Das Ischtar-Tor in Babylon, WVDOG, vol. 32, 1918</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Wetzel, Die Stadtmauren von Babylon, WVDOG, vol. 48, pp. 1–83, 1930</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Wetzel and F.H. Weisbach, Das Hauptheiligtum des Marduk in Babylon: Esagila und Etemenanki, WVDOG, vol. 59, pp. 1–36, 1938</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Wetzel et al., Das Babylon der Spätzeit, WVDOG, vol. 62, Gebr. Mann, 1957 (1998 reprint <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783786120018" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-7861-2001-8</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansjörg Schmid, Der Tempelturm Etemenanki in Babylon, Zabern, 1995, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_978-3-8053-1610-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN 978-3-8053-1610-1（页面不存在）">ISBN 978-3-8053-1610-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Bergamini, Levels of Babylon Reconsidered, Mesopotamia, vol. 12, pp. 111–152, 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> G. Bergamini, Excavations in Shu-anna Babylon 1987, Mesopotamia, vol. 23, pp. 5–17, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_49-0"><sup><b>49.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_49-1"><sup><b>49.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> G. Bergamini, Preliminary report on the 1988–1989 operations at Babylon Shu-Anna, Mesopotamia, vol. 25, pp. 5–12, 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excavations in Iraq 1981–1982, Iraq, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 199–224, 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gettleman, Jeffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/04/13/news/babylon.php">Unesco intends to put the magic back in Babylon</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060612204629/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/04/13/news/babylon.php">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210317065222/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, April 21, 2006. Retrieved April 19, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bajjaly, Joanne Farchakh (2005-04-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4461755.stm">"History lost in dust of war-torn Iraq"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180708233357/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4461755.stm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. BBC News. Retrieved 2013-06-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leeman, Sue (January 16, 2005).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2005/01/16/damage_seen_to_ancient_babylon/">"Damage seen to ancient Babylon"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160303224434/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2005/01/16/damage_seen_to_ancient_babylon/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. The Boston Globe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldheritagealert.org/Pages/news.htm">Heritage News from around the world</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202162256/http://www.worldheritagealert.org/Pages/news.htm">存檔</a>，存档日期2016-02-02., <em>World Heritage Alert!</em>. Retrieved April 19, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornwell, Rupert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/us-colonel-offers-iraq-an-apology-of-sorts-for-devastation-of-babylon-474205.html">US colonel offers Iraq an apology of sorts for devastation of Babylon</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110919065526/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/us-colonel-offers-iraq-an-apology-of-sorts-for-devastation-of-babylon-474205.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <em>The Independent</em>, April 15, 2006. Retrieved April 19, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/2002/">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-06-20</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705143327/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/2002/">存档</a>于2019-07-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2002%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/document/168481">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-06-20</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705155302/https://whc.unesco.org/document/168481">存档</a>于2020-07-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fdocument%2F168481&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>书籍</dt></dl> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite id="CITEREF1970" class="citation">The Cambridge Ancient History: Prologomena & Prehistory: Vol. 1, Part 1, 3rd, University Press, 1970, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521298210" title="Special:网络书源/0521298210"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0521298210</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+Prologomena+%26+Prehistory%3A+Vol.+1%2C+Part+1&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0521298210&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.series=3rd&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="德語">（德文）</span><cite id="CITEREFEdzard2004" class="citation">Edzard, Dietz Otto, Geschichte Mesopotamiens: von den Sumerern bis zu Alexander dem Grossen Beck's historische Bibliothek, C.H.Beck, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3406516645" title="Special:网络书源/3406516645"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3406516645</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&rft.aufirst=Dietz+Otto&rft.aulast=Edzard&rft.btitle=Geschichte+Mesopotamiens%3A+von+den+Sumerern+bis+zu+Alexander+dem+Grossen+Beck%27s+historische+Bibliothek&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3406516645&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相關多媒體資源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Babylon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Babylon">巴比伦</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6%E5%A4%A7%E6%B7%AB%E5%A6%87" title="巴比伦大淫妇">巴比伦大淫妇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6%E5%9B%9A%E8%99%8F" title="巴比伦囚虏">巴比伦囚虏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6%E8%A6%81%E5%A1%9E" title="巴比伦要塞">巴比伦要塞</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=巴比伦&oldid=84596578">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=巴比伦&oldid=84596578</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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