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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Classification by Processing Technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_by_Processing_Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_of_crystalline_ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_of_crystalline_ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Classification of crystalline ceramics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_of_crystalline_ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_dental_ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_dental_ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of dental ceramics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_dental_ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ceramic restorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramic_restorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindications_for_ceramic_restorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications_for_ceramic_restorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Contraindications for ceramic restorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications_for_ceramic_restorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_ceramics&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental ceramics">Dental ceramics</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_from_dental_porcelain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bridge_from_dental_porcelain.jpg/275px-Bridge_from_dental_porcelain.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bridge_from_dental_porcelain.jpg/413px-Bridge_from_dental_porcelain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bridge_from_dental_porcelain.jpg/550px-Bridge_from_dental_porcelain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2061" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dental <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a></b> (also known as <b>dental ceramic</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Dental_material" title="Dental material">dental material</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Dental_technician" title="Dental technician">dental technicians</a> to create <a href="/wiki/Biocompatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Biocompatible">biocompatible</a> lifelike <a href="/wiki/Dental_restoration" title="Dental restoration">dental restorations</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Crown_(dentistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown (dentistry)">crowns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(dentistry)" title="Bridge (dentistry)">bridges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Veneer_(dentistry)" title="Veneer (dentistry)">veneers</a>. Evidence suggests they are an effective material as they are <a href="/wiki/Biocompatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Biocompatible">biocompatible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Esthetic">aesthetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insoluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Insoluble">insoluble</a> and have a <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hardness</a> of 7 on the <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale" title="Mohs scale">Mohs scale</a>. For certain <a href="/wiki/Dental_prosthesis" title="Dental prosthesis">dental prostheses</a>, such as three-unit molars porcelain fused to metal or in complete porcelain group, <a href="/wiki/Zirconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconia">zirconia</a>-based restorations are recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "ceramic" is derived from the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:κέραμος">κέραμος</a></span></span> <i>keramos</i>, meaning "potter's clay".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It came from the ancient art of fabricating pottery where mostly clay was fired to form a hard, brittle object; a more modern definition is a material that contains metallic and non-metallic elements (usually oxygen). These materials can be defined by their inherent properties including their hard, stiff, and brittle nature due to the structure of their inter-atomic bonding, which is both ionic and covalent. In contrast, metals are non-brittle (display elastic behavior), and ductile (display plastic behaviour) due to the nature of their inter-atomic <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bonding" title="Metallic bonding">metallic bond</a>. These bonds are defined by a cloud of shared electrons with the ability to move easily when energy is applied. Ceramics can vary in opacity from very translucent to very opaque. In general, the more glassy the microstructure (i.e. noncrystalline) the more translucent it will appear, and the more crystalline, the more opaque.<sup id="cite_ref-McLaren_2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaren_2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceramic used in dental application differs in composition from conventional ceramic to achieve optimum aesthetic components such as translucency. </p><p>As example the composition of dental feldspathic porcelain is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">Kaolin</a> 3-5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a>) 12-25%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">Feldspar</a> 70-85%</li> <li>Metallic colourants 1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a> up to 15%</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceramics can be classified based on the following:<sup id="cite_ref-McLaren_2009_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaren_2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feldspathic_VM9_Porcelain_Crowns_-side_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Feldspathic_VM9_Porcelain_Crowns_-side_view.jpg/174px-Feldspathic_VM9_Porcelain_Crowns_-side_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Feldspathic_VM9_Porcelain_Crowns_-side_view.jpg/261px-Feldspathic_VM9_Porcelain_Crowns_-side_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Feldspathic_VM9_Porcelain_Crowns_-side_view.jpg/348px-Feldspathic_VM9_Porcelain_Crowns_-side_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Feldspathic porcelain fabricated on a dental model, then clinically cemented on the central anterior teeth</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_by_Microstructure">Classification by Microstructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification by Microstructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the microstructural level, ceramics can be defined by the nature of their composition of amorphous-to-crystalline ratio. There can be an infinite variability of the microstructures of materials, but they can be broken down into four basic compositional categories, with a few subgroups: </p> <ul><li>Composition category 1 – glass-based systems (mainly silica), example is the feldspathic porcelain.</li> <li>Composition category 2 – glass-based systems (mainly silica) with fillers, usually crystalline (typically <a href="/wiki/Leucite" title="Leucite">leucite</a> or, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Lithium_disilicate" title="Lithium disilicate">lithium disilicate</a>)</li> <li>Composition category 3 – crystalline-based systems with glass fillers (mainly <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">alumina</a>)</li> <li>Composition category 4 – polycrystalline solids (alumina and <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">zirconia</a>).</li></ul> <p>Dental ceramic is generally regarded as biologically inert. However, other toxicities may exist from <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium#Coloring_in_consumer_products" title="Depleted uranium">depleted uranium</a> as well as some of the other accessory materials; in addition, the restoration may increase wear on opposing teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_by_Processing_Technique">Classification by Processing Technique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification by Processing Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Powder/liquid, glass-based systems</li> <li>Machinable or pressable blocks of glass-based systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAD/CAM_dentistry" title="CAD/CAM dentistry">CAD/CAM</a> or slurry, die-processed, mostly crystalline systems<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_of_crystalline_ceramics">Classification of crystalline ceramics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classification of crystalline ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Classification of crystalline ceramics<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Fabrication technique </th> <th>Crystalline phase </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Metal-ceramics</b> </td> <td>Sintering </td> <td>Leucite </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heat-pressing on metal </td> <td>Leucite, leucite & fluorapatite </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9"><b>All-ceramics</b> </td> <td>Sintering </td> <td>Leucite </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heat-pressing </td> <td>Leucite, lithium disilicate </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dry pressing and sintering </td> <td>Alumina </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slip-casting & glass infiltration </td> <td>Alumina, spinel, alumina-zirconia (12Ce-TZP) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Soft machining & glass-infiltration </td> <td>Alumina, alumina-zirconia (12Ce-TZP) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Soft machining & sintering </td> <td>Alumina, zirconia (3Y-TZP) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Soft machining, sintering & heat-pressing </td> <td>Zirconia/fluorapatite-leucite glass-ceramic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hard machining </td> <td>Sanidine, leucite </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hard machining & heat treatment </td> <td>Lithium disilicate </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_dental_ceramics">Types of dental ceramics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types of dental ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dental_porcelain" title="Special:EditPage/Dental porcelain">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The range of dental ceramics determined by their respective firing temperatures are: </p> <ul><li>Ultra-low</li></ul> <p>Fired below 850 °C - mainly used for shoulder ceramics (aims to combat the problem of shrinkage, specifically at the margins of the prep, when the early sintered ceramic state is fired to produce the final restoration), to correct minor defects and to add colour/shading to restorations </p> <ul><li>Low fusing</li></ul> <p>Fired between 850 and 950 °C - to prevent the occurrence of distortion, this type of ceramic should not be subjected to multiple firings </p> <ul><li>Higher fusing</li></ul> <p>This type is used mainly for denture teeth </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laboratory_procedure">Laboratory procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Laboratory procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dentist will usually specify a shade or combination of shades for different parts of the restoration, which in turn corresponds to a set of samples containing the porcelain powder. There are two types of porcelain restorations:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Porcelain fused to metal</li> <li>Complete porcelain</li></ul> <p>Ceramic restorations can be built on a refractory die, which is a reproduction of a prepared tooth made of a strong material with the ability to withstand high temperatures, or it can be constructed on a metal coping or core. </p><p>For ceramic fused to metal restorations, the black color of metal is first masked with an opaque layer giving it a shade of white before consecutive layers are built up. The powder corresponding to the desired shade of <a href="/wiki/Dentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentine">dentine</a> base is mixed with water before it is <a href="/wiki/Pottery_firing" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery firing">fired</a>. Further layers are built up to mimic the natural <a href="/wiki/Translucency" class="mw-redirect" title="Translucency">translucency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">tooth</a>. The porcelain is fused to a semi-precious metal or <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metal</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, for extra strength. </p><p>Systems which use an <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium oxide">zirconium oxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zirconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconia">zirconia</a> core instead of metal, produces complete porcelain restorations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firing">Firing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Firing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once the mass has been built up, it is fired to allow fusion of the ceramic particles which in turn forms the completed restoration; the process by which this is done is referred to as ‘firing’.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first firing forces water out and allows the particles to coalesce. During this initial process, a large amount of shrinkage occurs until the mass reaches an almost void-free state; to overcome this the mass is built-up to a size larger than the final restoration will be. </p><p>The mass is then left to cool slowly to prevent cracking and reduced strength of the final restoration. </p><p>Adding more layers to build up the restoration to the desired shape and/or size requires the ceramic to undergo further rounds of firing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staining">Staining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Staining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceramic can also be stained to show tooth morphology such as occlusal fissures and hypoplastic spots. These stains can be incorporated within the ceramic or applied onto the surface. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glazing">Glazing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Glazing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glazing is required to produce a smooth surface and it's the last stage of sealing the surface as it will fill porous areas and prevent wear on opposing teeth. Glazing can be achieved by re-firing the restoration, which fuses outer layers of the ceramic, or by using glazes with lower fusing temperatures; these are applied on the outer surface of the restoration in a thin layer. Any adjustments are then made with polishing rubbers and fine diamonds.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_CAD-CAM">Use of CAD-CAM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Use of CAD-CAM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent developments in <a href="/wiki/CAD/CAM_dentistry" title="CAD/CAM dentistry">CAD/CAM dentistry</a> uses special partially <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintered</a> ceramic (<a href="/wiki/Zirconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconia">zirconia</a>), glass-bonded ceramic or <a href="/wiki/Glass-ceramic" title="Glass-ceramic">glass-ceramic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithium_disilicate" title="Lithium disilicate">lithium disilicate</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed into machinable blocks, which are fired again after machining.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By utilising in-office CAD/CAM technology, clinicians are able to design, fabricate and place all-ceramic inlays, onlays, crowns and veneers in a single patient visit. Ceramic restorations produced by this method have demonstrated excellent fit, strength and longevity. Two basic techniques can be used for CAD/CAM restorations: </p> <ul><li>Chairside single-visit technique</li> <li>Integrated chairside–laboratory CAD/CAM procedure<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ceramic_restorations">Ceramic restorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ceramic restorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceramic restorations are indicated for most dental applications including:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tooth_capping_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tooth_capping_%282%29.jpg/220px-Tooth_capping_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tooth_capping_%282%29.jpg/330px-Tooth_capping_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tooth_capping_%282%29.jpg/440px-Tooth_capping_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Tooth capping</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Veneers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlays_and_onlays" title="Inlays and onlays">Inlays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlays_and_onlays" title="Inlays and onlays">Onlays</a></li> <li>Crowns</li> <li>Bridges</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_implant" title="Dental implant">Implant</a> supra- and sub-structures</li> <li>Denture teeth</li></ul> <p>However, each system will have its own set of specific indications and contraindications which can be obtained from the manufacturer's guideline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications_for_ceramic_restorations">Contraindications for ceramic restorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contraindications for ceramic restorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceramic restorations are contraindicated when a patient presents with the following:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parafunctional_activity" title="Parafunctional activity">Parafunction</a>; individuals who suffer from <a href="/wiki/Bruxism" title="Bruxism">bruxism</a> or clenching</li> <li>Short clinical crown</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deciduous_teeth" title="Deciduous teeth">Immature teeth</a></li> <li>Unfavourable <a href="/wiki/Occlusion_(dentistry)" title="Occlusion (dentistry)">occlusion</a></li> <li>Supragingival preparations (when used alongside adhesive cements)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denture_teeth">Denture teeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Denture teeth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">Poly(methyl methacrylate)</a> (PMMA) is the material of choice for denture teeth, however ceramic denture teeth have been, and still are used for this purpose. The main benefit associated with the use of ceramic teeth is their superior wear resistance. There are however a number of disadvantages to using ceramic for denture teeth including their inability to form chemical bonds with the PMMA denture base; rather, ceramic teeth are attached to the base via mechanical retention which increases the chance of debonding during use over time. Additionally, they are more likely to fracture due to their brittle nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endodontic_posts">Endodontic posts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Endodontic posts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceramic can be used in the construction of <a href="/wiki/Post_and_core" title="Post and core">non-metallic posts</a>, however, it is a brittle material and as such may fracture within the <a href="/wiki/Root_canal" title="Root canal">root canal</a> or may cause <a href="/wiki/Root_fracture" title="Root fracture">fracture of the root</a> due to its increased strength. Another disadvantage is that once placed, removal may not be possible.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dental_porcelain&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDella_BonaKelly2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Della Bona A, Kelly JR (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709065112/http://jada.ada.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18768903">"The clinical success of all-ceramic restorations"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Dental Association</i>. 139. 139 Suppl: 8S–13S. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18768903">18768903</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Dental+Association&rft.atitle=The+clinical+success+of+all-ceramic+restorations&rft.volume=139+Suppl&rft.pages=8S-13S&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18768903&rft.aulast=Della+Bona&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Kelly%2C+JR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjada.ada.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D18768903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADental+porcelain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0058:entry=ke/ramos">Liddell & Scott, <i>An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLaren_2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLaren_2009_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLaren_2009_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLarenCao2009" class="citation journal cs1">McLaren EA, Cao PT (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aegisdentalnetwork.com/id/2009/10/many-different-types-of-ceramic-systems-have-been-introduced-in-recent-years-for-all-types-of-indirect-restorations">"Ceramics in Dentistry—Part I: Classes of Materials"</a>. <i>Inside Dentistry</i>. <b>5</b> (9).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+Dentistry&rft.atitle=Ceramics+in+Dentistry%E2%80%94Part+I%3A+Classes+of+Materials&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2009-10&rft.aulast=McLaren&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft.au=Cao%2C+Phong+Tran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aegisdentalnetwork.com%2Fid%2F2009%2F10%2Fmany-different-types-of-ceramic-systems-have-been-introduced-in-recent-years-for-all-types-of-indirect-restorations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADental+porcelain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonsorPearson2013" class="citation book cs1">Bonsor SJ, Pearson GJ (2013). <i>A clinical guide to applied dental materials</i>. 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