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<span>Foundational legend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundational_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seaside_fort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seaside_fort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Seaside fort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seaside_fort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connection_to_Toussaint_L'Ouverture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_to_Toussaint_L'Ouverture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Connection to Toussaint L'Ouverture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connection_to_Toussaint_L'Ouverture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_kings_of_Ardra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_kings_of_Ardra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of kings of Ardra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_kings_of_Ardra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Ardra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardra" title="Ardra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ardra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_d%27Ardra" title="Royaume d'Ardra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume d'Ardra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Ardra" title="Kerajaan Ardra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Ardra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardra" title="Ardra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ardra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardra" title="Ardra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ardra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="アルドラ王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルドラ王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8mmet_Allada" title="Kongedømmet Allada – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongedømmet Allada" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alladan_kuningaskunta" title="Alladan kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alladan kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Аллада (держава) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аллада (держава)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Ardra</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">12th/13th century–1724</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allada" title="Allada">Allada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aja_people" title="Aja people">Aja</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">King of Ardra</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12th/13th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conquered by Dahomey </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1724</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 16th century </div></th><td class="infobox-data">~200,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dahomey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dahomey">Kingdom of Dahomey</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Benin" title="History of Benin">History of Benin</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Benin" title="Coat of arms of Benin"><img alt="Coat of arms of Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Insigne_Benini.svg/70px-Insigne_Benini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Insigne_Benini.svg/105px-Insigne_Benini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Insigne_Benini.svg/140px-Insigne_Benini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="text-align:center; font-size:92%; font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Dahomey" title="History of the Kingdom of Dahomey">History of the Kingdom of Dahomey</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;"> Early history</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0; text-align:left;"> <div class="plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em; padding-left:.3em; padding-right:.3em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ardra" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Ardra">Great Ardra</a><div style="float: right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100–1724</span></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a><div style="float: right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300–1836</span></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a><div style="float: right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1464–1591</span></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Akwamu" title="Akwamu">Kingdom of Akwamu</a><div style="float: right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1480–1734</span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a><div style="float: right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500–1800</span></div> <div class="plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em; padding-left:1.6em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Slave Coast</a><div style="float: right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1660–1760</span></div></li></ul></div> </div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Whydah" title="Kingdom of Whydah">Kingdom of Whydah</a><div style="float: right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1580–1728</span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Kingdom of Dahomey</a><div style="float: right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600–1904</span></div> <div class="plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em; padding-left:1.6em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_Customs_of_Dahomey" title="Annual Customs of Dahomey">Annual Customs</a><div style="float: right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1730–1904</span></div></li></ul></div> </div></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;"> Modern period</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0; text-align:left;"> <div class="plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em; padding-left:.3em; padding-right:.3em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="First Franco-Dahomean War">First Franco-Dahomean War</a><div style="float: right;">1890</div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="Second Franco-Dahomean War">Second Franco-Dahomean War</a><div style="float: right;">1892–1894</div> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/French_Dahomey" title="French Dahomey">French Dahomey</a><div style="float: right;">1894–1958</div> <div class="plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em; padding-left:1.6em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a><div style="float: right;">1895–1958</div></li></ul></div> </div></li><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dahomey" title="Republic of Dahomey">Republic of Dahomey</a><div style="float: right;">1958–1975</div> <div class="plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em; padding-left:1.6em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Dahomeyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Dahomeyan coup d'état">Soglo coup</a><div style="float: right;">1963</div></li><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Dahomeyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1972 Dahomeyan coup d'état">Kérékou coup</a><div style="float: right;">1972</div></li></ul></div> </div> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">People's Republic of Benin</a><div style="float: right;">1975–1990</div> <div class="plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em; padding-left:1.6em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1977_Benin_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Benin coup d'état attempt">Mercenary coup attempt</a><div style="float: right;">1977</div></li></ul></div> </div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Republic of Benin</a><div style="float: right;">1990–<i>present</i></div></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="text-align:center; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Benin" title="Category:History of Benin">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Benin" class="extiw" title="c:Category:History of Benin">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Benin" title="Template:History of Benin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Benin" title="Template talk:History of Benin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Benin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Benin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Ardra</b>, also known as the <b>Kingdom of Allada</b>, was a coastal <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> kingdom in southern <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>. While historically a sovereign kingdom, in present times the monarchy continues to exist as a <a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">non-sovereign monarchy</a> within the republic of Benin.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was named for its capital, the modern <a href="/wiki/Allada" title="Allada">Allada</a>, which was also the main city and major port of the realm. </p><p>The city and kingdom were supposedly founded by a group of <a href="/wiki/Aja_people" title="Aja people">Aja</a> migrants from <a href="/wiki/Tado" title="Tado">Tado</a>, a settlement along the <a href="/wiki/Mono_River" title="Mono River">Mono River</a>, in the 12th or 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-infoplease.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoplease.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aderinto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aderinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its kings "ruled with the consent of the elders of the people".<sup id="cite_ref-infoplease.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoplease.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state reached the peak of its power in the 16th and early 17th centuries, when it was an <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">important source of slaves</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic trade</a>. By the mid-15th century, the city of Allada had a population of approximately 30,000 people, while the state as a whole had a population of nearly 200,000 people by the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Aderinto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aderinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monroe_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monroe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Toponymy"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Ardra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name is variously spelled <b>Ardra</b>, <b>Ardrah</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Ardres</b>, <b>Hardre</b>, <b>Arda</b>, <b>Arada</b>, and <b>Arrada</b>. It is also sometimes known by its capital's present-day name <a href="/wiki/Allada" title="Allada">Allada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundational_legend">Foundational legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Ardra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundational legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a> oral tradition, the Aja settlers that established themselves in the area of present-day <a href="/wiki/Allada" title="Allada">Allada</a> arrived in southern Benin around the 12th or 13th century coming from <a href="/wiki/Tado" title="Tado">Tado</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Mono_River" title="Mono River">Mono River</a>. They established themselves in the area that currently corresponds to southern Benin, until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600, when three brothers — Kokpon, Do-Aklin, and Te-Agdanlin — split the rule of the region amongst themselves: Kokpon took the capital city of Great Ardra, reigning over the <a href="/wiki/Allada" title="Allada">Allada</a> Kingdom, while his brother Do-Aklin founded <a href="/wiki/Abomey" title="Abomey">Abomey</a> (which would become capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dahomey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dahomey">Kingdom of Dahomey</a>) and their brother Te-Agdanlin founded Little Ardra, also known as Ajatche, later called <a href="/wiki/Porto_Novo" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Novo">Porto Novo</a> (literally, "New Port") by Portuguese traders (which is the current capital city of Benin).<sup id="cite_ref-Aderinto_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aderinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Ardra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Founded by <a href="/wiki/Aja_people" title="Aja people">Aja</a> settlers, the settlement of Allada was in 1600 the most prominent of Aja states, bordering the nearby <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a>, to which the King of Allada was vassal and tributary. Although it was an inland kingdom, Allada maintained control of some sea ports such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Offra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Offra (page does not exist)">Offra</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaquin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaquin (page does not exist)">Jaquin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ouidah" title="Ouidah">Whydah</a>, thus making Allada important in the growing slave trade business, which also granted Allada the economic means to pay its duties to Oyo. Between 1640 and 1690, about 125,000 slaves were sold from Allada, peaking at about 55,000 during the 1680s alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Aderinto_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aderinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally a part of the Allada Kingdom, the city of <a href="/wiki/Abomey" title="Abomey">Abomey</a> went on to become capital of a new kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dahomey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dahomey">Kingdom of Dahomey</a>, which grew strong enough to challenge the nearby Oyo Kingdom, with Dahomey finally vanquishing it and establishing itself as the main kingdom in the region. </p><p>By the late 1690s, the growth of Dahomey had severely restricted Allada's supply of slaves from the north, while simultaneously Whydah surpassed Allada as a primary source of slaves from West Africa. This greatly weakened Allada's comparative power in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Aderinto_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aderinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1724, Dahomey invaded Allada; in three days, the King of Dahomey's troops slaughtered thousands of Allada's warriors and citizens. More than 8,000 of Allada's population were captured and sold into slavery in the New World.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornevin_R_p.105_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornevin_R_p.105-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Ardra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Dahomey's subjugation of the kingdom, in 1734, Dahomy permitted the existence of a subordinate royalty. In 1894, France re-established the kingdom under its control. In 1904, the kingdom was annexed by France, however it was allowed to continue to exist as a <a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">non-sovereign monarchy</a> with its leaders being referred to as "<i><a href="/wiki/Chef_sup%C3%A9rieur" title="Chef supérieur">chef supérieur</a></i>". The title of "king" was re-established in 1992 upon the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Kpod%C3%A9gb%C3%A9_Djigla" title="Kpodégbé Djigla">Kpodégbé Togi Djigla</a>, and the non-sovereign monarchy continues to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kpodégbé Toyi Djigla is leader of the <a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_Kings_of_Benin" title="High Council of Kings of Benin">High Council of Kings of Benin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern non-sovereign kingdom of Ardra also consists of numerous minor kings who, in theory, accept the king of Ardra as their superior.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Ardra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1785, Ardra built a <a href="/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">ditch</a> along with a clay wall around the state for protection against opponents beyond its borders. <a href="/wiki/John_Thornton_(historian)" title="John Thornton (historian)">Thornton</a> adds that the capital of Ardra was also fortified in the 1790s with a ditch and a wall which contained <a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">loopholes</a>. Special buildings containing loopholes were prominent across the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 18th century, the Ardra navy deployed <a href="/wiki/Light_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Light artillery">light artillery</a> on its vessels. This innovation was introduced by Antonio Vaz de Coelho, a former African slave from Brazil. According to Thornton, the navy possessed 2 armed boats in an operation against Epe in 1778. The 2 boats were each mounted with 4 brass <a href="/wiki/Swivel_gun" title="Swivel gun">swivel guns</a> as well as 24 <a href="/wiki/Large-calibre_artillery" title="Large-calibre artillery">large calibre</a> <a href="/wiki/Blunderbuss" title="Blunderbuss">blunderbusses</a>. The main purpose of the armed boats was to provide cover for Ardra's army as it retreated.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century, the subordinate dynasty put in place by Dahomey following its conquest of the state, provided infantry and naval support to Dahomey.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary sources from the 1690s state that Ardra's army moved in <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companies</a> only during parades as they fought in loose formations on the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sieur d'Elbee documented the use of spears, shields, swords and <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> by the army during a military parade in 1670.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seaside_fort">Seaside fort</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Ardra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Seaside fort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">Slaves</a> used to be captured from enemy states and passed on to <a href="/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">European</a> slavers bound for the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, the route which by repute the father of <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_L%27Ouverture" class="mw-redirect" title="Toussaint L'Ouverture">Toussaint L'Ouverture</a>, the famous general that lead the slave rebellion of the Haitian revolution that lead Jean-Jacques Dessalines to establish <a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">the Empire of Haiti</a>, had taken.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connection_to_Toussaint_L'Ouverture"><span id="Connection_to_Toussaint_L.27Ouverture"></span>Connection to Toussaint L'Ouverture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Ardra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Connection to Toussaint L'Ouverture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Toussaint Louverture Historical Society,<sup id="cite_ref-toussaintlouverturehs.org_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toussaintlouverturehs.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toussaint L'Ouverture, the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian people">Haitian</a> revolutionary and first Black governor of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>, was a direct descendant of <a href="/wiki/Gaou_Guinou" title="Gaou Guinou">Gaou Guinou</a>, the heir – either son<sup id="cite_ref-Beard_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or brother<sup id="cite_ref-toussaintlouverturehs.org_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toussaintlouverturehs.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – of the King of Allada killed during the invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dahomey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dahomey">Kingdom of Dahomey</a> in 1724. </p><p>To quote from their sources, "Gaou Guinou, Minister of War and younger brother of the King of Allada, rather than succeeding to his father and ascending naturally to the throne, chose then to accompany his vanquished soldiers in exile. He was given a hammock on board of a slave ship"<sup id="cite_ref-Cornevin_R_p.105_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornevin_R_p.105-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-toussaintlouverturehs.org_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toussaintlouverturehs.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that sailed to the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, where the slaves were sold in Haiti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_kings_of_Ardra">List of kings of Ardra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Ardra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List of kings of Ardra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Names and dates taken from John Stewart's <i>African States and Rulers</i> (1989).<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>King </th> <th>Reign Dates </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ayossoh Aholuho Adja </td> <td>c. 1440–1445 </td> <td>Adé Gonoū gbétô 1er Agonmin Yéwa </td></tr> <tr> <td>De Nufion </td> <td>c. 1445–1450 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Djidomingba </td> <td>c. 1450–1458 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dassu </td> <td>c. 1458–1470 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dassa </td> <td>c. 1470–1475 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adjakpa Djaka-dogbo </td> <td>c. 1475–1490 </td> <td>Djaka Dògbó </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yessu </td> <td>c. 1490–1495 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Azoton </td> <td>c. 1495–1498 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yessu </td> <td>c. 1498–1510 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Akonde </td> <td>c. 1510–1520 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amamu </td> <td>c. 1520–1530 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Agagnon </td> <td>c. 1530–1540 </td> <td>Agonmin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Agbangba </td> <td>c. 1540–1550 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hueze </td> <td>c. 1550–1560 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Agbande </td> <td>c. 1560–1580 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kin-Ha </td> <td>c. 1580–1585 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mindji </td> <td>c. 1585–1587 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Akolu </td> <td>c. 1587–1590 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kopon </td> <td>c. 1590–1610 </td> <td>First historical king. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hunungungu </td> <td>c. 1610–? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lamadje Pokonu </td> <td>?–c. 1660 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tezifon </td> <td>c. 1660–? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gBagwe Amar agomê-yewa </td> <td>c.1620-1703 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>De Adjara </td> <td>?–March 1724 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dè-Houffon–Agonmin </td> <td>March 1724–1742 </td> <td>Under rule of <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Abomey</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mijo </td> <td>1742–? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Tê-Agonmin yewa</i> </td> <td>?–1845 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deka </td> <td>1845–? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ganhwa </td> <td>? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gangia Sindje </td> <td>?–1879 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gi-gla No-Done Gbé-non Mau </td> <td>1879–4 February 1894 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gi-gla Gunhu-Hugnon </td> <td>4 February 1894–c. 1898 </td> <td rowspan="2">Under French rule. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Djihento </td> <td>c. 1898–15 December 1923 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gi-gla II </td> <td>1954–c. 1991 </td> <td rowspan="2">Modern post-independence of <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> rulers of Arda. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kpodégbé Togi Djigla </td> <td>1992–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Ardra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCahoon" class="citation web cs1">Cahoon, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Benin_native.html">"Benin traditional states"</a>. <i>World Statesmen</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toussaint+Louverture+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Highlights+of+the+life+of+Francois-Dominique+Toussaint+Louverture&rft.aulast=Beauvoir&rft.aufirst=Max+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoussaintlouverturehs.org%2FManOfMillennium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Ardra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beard-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beard_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard1863" class="citation book cs1">Beard, John R. (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/beard63/beard63.html"><i>Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography</i></a>. Boston: James Redpath. p. 35<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toussaint+L%27Ouverture%3A+A+Biography+and+Autobiography&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=James+Redpath&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocsouth.unc.edu%2Fneh%2Fbeard63%2Fbeard63.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Ardra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1989" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, John (1989). <i>African States and Rulers</i>. London: McFarland. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89950-390-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89950-390-X"><bdi>0-89950-390-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+States+and+Rulers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-89950-390-X&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Ardra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Thornton_(historian)" title="John Thornton (historian)">Thornton, John Kelly</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MdI8DYItvg8C&q=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857283921" title="Special:BookSources/9781857283921"><bdi>9781857283921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Atlantic+Africa%2C+1500-1800&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781857283921&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=John+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdI8DYItvg8C%26q%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Ardra" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingdom_of_Ardra&params=6_39_N_2_09_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°39′N</span> <span class="longitude">2°09′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.650°N 2.150°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">6.650; 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