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One of LilyPond's major goals is to produce scores that are engraved with traditional layout rules, reflecting the era when scores were engraved by hand. LilyPond is [[cross-platform]], and is available for several common [[operating system]]s; released under the terms of the [[GNU General Public License]], LilyPond is [[free software]] and part of the [[GNU Project]]. ==History== The LilyPond project was started in 1996 by Han-Wen Nienhuys and Jan Nieuwenhuizen, after they decided to abandon work on MPP ([[MusiXTeX]] PreProcessor), a project they began collaborating on in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lilypond.org/doc/v2.12/Documentation/user/lilypond-learning/Preface |title=GNU LilyPond Learning Manual: Preface |access-date=December 23, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/janneke/mpp |title=MusiXTeX PreProcessor README |website=[[GitHub]] |access-date=March 31, 2010 }}</ref> Its name was inspired both by the [[Rosegarden]] project and an acquaintance of Nienhuys and Nieuwenhuizen named Suzanne, a name that means lily in Hebrew ({{lang|he|[[wikt:שושנה|שׁוֹשַׁנָּה]]}}).<ref>{{cite web|last=Kroger|first=Pedro|title=Re: The origin of the name lilypond|url=http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/lilypond-user/2004-09/msg00095.html|work=lilypond-user mailing list|publisher=lists.gnu.org|access-date=March 19, 2014|year=2004}}</ref> === Version 1.0 === LilyPond 1.0 was released on July 31, 1998, highlighting the development of a custom music font, Feta, and the complete separation of LilyPond from MusiXTeX.<ref>{{cite mailing list |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/gnu-music-discuss@gnu.org/msg00313.html |title=GNU LilyPond 1.0 released |date=July 31, 1998 |access-date=February 16, 2010 |mailing-list=gnu-music-discuss |last=Nienhuys |first=Han-Wen }}</ref> === Version 2.0 === LilyPond 2.0 was released on September 24, 2003, announcing a simplified syntax model and a much more complete set of facilities for notating various styles of music.<ref>{{cite mailing list |url=http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-lilypond/2003-09/msg00008.html |title=LilyPond 2.0 – make beautiful music prints |date=September 24, 2003 |access-date=February 16, 2010 |mailing-list=info-lilypond |last=Nienhuys |first=Han-Wen }}</ref> ==Design== [[File:PL-lilypond-2.10.33-screenshot.png|right|thumb|Screenshot of LilyPond running on Linux]] LilyPond is mostly written in [[C++]] and uses [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] (interpreted by [[GNU Guile]]) as its extension language, allowing for user customization.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://lilypond.org/doc/v2.18/Documentation/contributor/lilypond-programming-languages |title=LilyPond programming languages |access-date=March 21, 2015 }}</ref> It has a relatively large [[codebase]]; as of March 10, 2017, the source includes over 600,000 lines of C++, 140,000 lines of Scheme, and 120,000 lines of [[Python (programming language)|Python code]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.openhub.net/p/lilypond/analyses/latest/languages_summary|title=GNU LilyPond Music Typesetter – Code Analysis |access-date=July 25, 2017 }}</ref> It uses a simple text notation for music input, which LilyPond interprets and processes in a series of stages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lilypond.org/doc/v2.18/Documentation/contributor/overview-of-lilypond-architecture |title=Overview of LilyPond architecture |access-date=March 21, 2015 }}</ref> In the final stage, [[Musical notation|music notation]] is output to [[PDF]] (via [[PostScript]]) or other graphical formats, such as [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]] or [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]]. LilyPond can also generate [[Musical Instrument Digital Interface|MIDI]] files that correspond to the music notation output. LilyPond is a [[Console application|text-based application]], so it does not contain its own [[graphical user interface]] to assist with score creation. (However, a text-editor based "LilyPad" GUI for Windows and MacOS is included by default on these systems.) It does, however, have a flexible input language that strives to be simple, easing the [[learning curve]] for new users. LilyPond adheres to the [[WYSIWYM]] [[paradigm]]; the workflow for typesetting music notation with LilyPond is similar to that of preparing documents with [[LaTeX]]. LilyPond supports experimental [[musical notation]]. Its guitar facilities support [[guitar tunings#Alternative|alternative tunings]], such as [[major-thirds tuning]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Griewank |first=Andreas |title=Tuning guitars and reading music in major thirds |date=January 4, 2010 |url=http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-matheon/frontdoor/index/index/docId/675 |journal=Matheon Preprints |volume=695 |publisher=DFG research center "MATHEON, Mathematics for key technologies" |location=Berlin, Germany |access-date=January 14, 2020}}</ref> ==Software features== [[File:BeethovenSymponyNo5.JPG|thumb|[[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s [[Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)|Symphony No. 5]] music sheet printed from a digitally engraved PDF file produced by LilyPond; released by the [[Mutopia Project]]]] LilyPond's primary goal is to produce output comparable to professionally engraved scores instead of output that looks mechanical and computer-generated. An essay from the LilyPond website, written by LilyPond developers, explains some typographical issues addressed by LilyPond:<ref>{{cite web|title=LilyPond - Essay on automated music engraving|url=http://lilypond.org/doc/v2.18/Documentation/essay/|access-date=December 23, 2017}}</ref> * '''Optical font scaling''': depending on the staff size, the design of the music font is slightly altered; this is a feature that [[Donald Knuth|Donald Knuth's]] [[Computer Modern]] font is known for. As a result, note heads become more rounded, and staff lines become thicker. * '''Optical spacing''': stem directions are taken into account when spacing subsequent notes. * '''Special ledger line handling''': [[ledger line]]s are shortened when accidentals are nearby, thus enhancing readability. * '''Proportional spacing''': notes can be positioned in such a way that ''exactly'' reflects their duration. For example, with this setting, the space between consecutive [[quarter note]]s is four times greater than between consecutive [[sixteenth note]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lilypond.org/doc/v2.18/Documentation/notation/proportional-notation |title=Proportional notation |access-date=March 21, 2015 }}</ref> ==Overview of input syntax== The native input language for LilyPond is comprehensive, and consists of many [[Command (computing)|commands]] needed for expressing any sort of articulation, dynamic, meter, etc. It is similar to that of [[TeX]]. The ability to embed Scheme code within a LilyPond [[Source code|source file]] permits arbitrary extensions to the input language and assists with [[algorithmic composition]]. Some general syntactic features are listed below. * Single-line [[comment (computer programming)|comments]] begin with a percent sign <code>%</code>.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lilypond.org/doc/v2.18/Documentation/learning/working-on-input-files |title=LilyPond Learning Manual: 1.2.2 Working on input files |access-date=March 21, 2015 }}</ref> * [[Musical note|Note]]s are represented in ''pitch-duration'' format: ''pitch'' is specified with [[Helmholtz pitch notation]], and ''duration'' is specified with a [[Numeral system|numeral]] based system. The semantics of the ''pitch-duration'' format change depending on the active input mode; this is explained in depth in the LilyPond manual. For example, in absolute mode, <code>a'4</code> is an A, one octave up from the base A (A3 in [[scientific pitch notation]]), of quarter note length.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lilypond.org/doc/v2.18/Documentation/notation/writing-pitches |title=LilyPond Notation Reference: 1.1.1 Writing pitches |access-date=March 21, 2015 }}</ref> * Commands usually begin with a backslash (such as <code>\time</code>, or <code>\slurUp</code>). The function of the command in question determines where the command is placed; for example, if the command is used to indicate a fixed [[Dynamics (music)|dynamic]] on a specific note, it is placed ''after'' the note.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lilypond.org/doc/v2.18/Documentation/notation/expressive-marks-attached-to-notes#dynamics |title=LilyPond Notation Reference: 1.3.1 Expressive marks attached to notes |access-date=March 21, 2015 }}</ref> * Some common commands are represented symbolically to ease typing. One example is with [[Slur (music)|slurs]], where <code>(</code> and <code>)</code> indicate the beginning and ending of a slur, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lilypond.org/doc/v2.18/Documentation/notation/expressive-marks-as-curves#slurs |title=LilyPond Notation Reference: 1.3.2 Expressive marks as curves |access-date=March 21, 2015 }}</ref> Another example is with manual [[Beam (music)|beaming]], where <code>[</code> and <code>]</code> indicate the extent of the beam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lilypond.org/doc/v2.18/Documentation/notation/beams#manual-beams |title=LilyPond Notation Reference: 1.2.4 Beams |access-date=March 21, 2015 }}</ref> LilyPond's interface with [[Pango]] requires the input [[character encoding]] to be [[UTF-8]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lilypond.org/doc/v2.18/Documentation/notation/special-characters#text-encoding |title=LilyPond Notation Reference: 3.3.3 Text encoding |access-date=March 21, 2015 }}</ref> One benefit of this is that more than one language can be included in the same source file. ==Example of LilyPond input file== <syntaxhighlight lang="LilyPond"> \version "2.22.2" \include "english.ly" \header { title = \markup { "Excerpt from" \italic "fibonacci" } composer = "Patrick McCarty" % copyright = \markup \fontsize #-5 % { % Copyright © 2009. % Typeset with GNU LilyPond. % Released into public domain by the composer. % } } \paper { paper-height = 4.6\in paper-width = 8.5\in indent = #0 system-count = #2 } \score { \new PianoStaff = "pianostaff" << \new Staff = "RH" \relative c' { \accidentalStyle Score.piano \clef "treble" \time 2/4 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #51 \tempo "Slow and steady" 4 = 60 <e gs,>4 \acciaccatura { cs16[ ds] } <e gs,>4 | % m. 51 <ds gs,>4 \acciaccatura { e16[ ds] } <cs gs>4 | % m. 52 <cs gs>4 \acciaccatura { ds16[ cs] } <c g>4 | % m. 53 <cs gs>4 \acciaccatura { ds16[ e] } <es bs gs>4 | % m. 54 <e gs,>4 \acciaccatura { cs16[ ds] } e16 f gs a | % m. 55 <gs c,>8 \acciaccatura { as16[ gs] } <es b>8 ~ <es b>16 ds b as | % m. 56 b16 d8 bf32 f' g16 af bf c | % m. 57 <df df,>16 ( c af ) <e' e,> ( ds b ) <g' g,> ( ds | % m. 58 \time 3/4 <gs gs,>16 ) \noBeam d,16 f gs a16 e f b c16 d, ( f gs | % m. 59 a16 b ) e, ( f gs16 b c ) f, ( gs16 as b c ) | % m. 60 } \new Dynamics = "Dynamics_pf" { s4 \p \< s4 | % m. 51 s4 s4 | % m. 52 s4 \mp \> s4 | % m. 53 s4 s4 \! | % m. 54 s4 \p s4 | % m. 55 s1 * 2/4 | % m. 56 s4 \< s4 | % m. 57 s4 s4 | % m. 58 \override DynamicText.extra-spacing-width = #'(-0.75 . 0.75) s16 \mf s16 \p s8 s4 s4 | % m. 59 s2. | % m. 60 } \new Staff = "LH" \relative c, { \clef "bass" \time 2/4 cs4. cs8 | % m. 51 cs4. d8 | % m. 52 f4. a8 | % m. 53 f4. d8 | % m. 54 cs4. cs8 | % m. 55 d4 ds | % m. 56 gs4. bf,8 | % m. 57 f'4 b, | % m. 58 \time 3/4 d4. d8 ~ d4 | % m. 59 ef2 f4 | % m. 60 } >> } </syntaxhighlight> ===Corresponding output=== [[Image:Fibonacci composition.svg|Rendered output]] ===More complex output=== Lilypond can also create extensively customised output. An example is the short extract of a [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]] piano piece below. [[Image:Excerpt from Stockhausen, Klavierstück II.svg|700px|Excerpt from “Klavierstück II” by Stockhausen as a rendering example]] ==Collaboration with other projects== [[File:AdesteFidelesLilyPhil.png|thumb|300px|First [[bar (music)|measure]]s of ''[[Adeste Fideles]]'', generated by LilyPond.]] Several graphical [[scorewriter]]s—such as [[Rosegarden]], [[NoteEdit]], Canorus, [[Denemo]], and [[TuxGuitar]]—can export files directly to LilyPond format. Other graphical applications serve as front ends to LilyPond, including [[Frescobaldi (software)|Frescobaldi]] and the LilyPondTool plugin for [[jEdit]]. [[Denemo]] integrates the [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] output of LilyPond in its display, allowing some editing operations on the final typeset score. The [[Mutopia Project]], which distributes [[free content]] sheet music, uses LilyPond to typeset its music, as does Musipedia, a collaborative music encyclopedia. [[Emacs]]' [[org-mode]] contains support for embedding LilyPond scores into documents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/mjago/ob-lilypond|title=org-babel lilypond language module.|date=December 17, 2018|via=GitHub|access-date=November 30, 2019}}</ref> OOoLilyPond, a [[LibreOffice]] extension provides support for calling LilyPond to embed scores into documents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lilypondblog.org/2017/04/ooolilypond-creating-musical-snippets-in-libreoffice-documents/ |title=OOoLilyPond: Creating musical snippets in LibreOffice documents |author=Klaus Blum |date=April 18, 2017 |access-date=October 12, 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Integration into MediaWiki === Lilypond is available in [[MediaWiki]] via the {{srlink|:mw:Extension:Score|Score extension}} code. This, for example, transforms the notation <syntaxhighlight lang="xml"><score sound="1">\relative c' { \key d \major fis4 fis g a a g fis e d d e fis fis4. e8 e2 }</score></syntaxhighlight> into <score sound="1">\relative c' { \key d \major fis4 fis g a a g fis e d d e fis fis4. e8 e2 }</score> The above is an excerpt from Ludwig van Beethoven’s 9th Symphony, commonly known as "Ode to Joy". More complex scores, including lyrics, are also possible within MediaWiki wikis. {{selfref inline|See [[Pastime with Good Company]] for an example of this.}} ===Integration into text using <var>lilypond-book</var>=== Integration of LilyPond musical elements into various document formats (both [[TeX]]-based systems such as [[LaTeX]] and [[Texinfo]], and also [[DocBook]] and [[HTML]] pages) is natively supported through the companion program <var>lilypond-book</var>, developed and maintained by the LilyPond community.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://lilypond.org/doc/latest/Documentation/usage/lilypond_002dbook | title = LilyPond Usage manual | author = LilyPond community | year = 1996–2020 }}</ref> This allows users to embed musical elements within texts, such as musicology, song booklets, work sheets for teaching, and school examinations. ===Integration into LaTeX=== For integration into the [[LaTeX]] document preparation system, lyLuaTeX has been developed as a LuaLaTeX package to embed musical elements within texts. It includes features for matching layout and appearance of the musical elements with the surrounding text document.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://muug.ca/mirror/ctan/support/lyluatex/lyluatex.pdf |title=LyLuaTeX 1.0f |last1=Peron |first1=Fr. Jacques |last2=Liska |first2=Urs |last3=Springuel |first3=Br. Samuel |date=May 27, 2019 |website=Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) |access-date=April 16, 2020 }}</ref> Music elements may consist of music symbols, song lyrics, guitar chords diagrams, lead sheets, music excerpts, guitar tablatures, or multi-page scores. ==Comparison to other scorewriters== [[Finale (software)|Finale]] and [[Sibelius (software)|Sibelius]] are two [[proprietary software|proprietary]] scorewriters often compared to LilyPond. Andrew Hawryluk, a LilyPond user, wrote a series of articles comparing output quality between Finale and LilyPond.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hawryluk |first=Andrew |url=http://www.musicbyandrew.ca/finale-lilypond-1.html |title=Finale and LilyPond |access-date=February 15, 2010 }}</ref> Another scorewriter with comparable features to LilyPond is [[SCORE (software)|SCORE]], but SCORE relies on manual positioning more than Lilypond does. See also [[Comparison of scorewriters]]. ==See also== {{Portal|Free and open-source software}}{{Div col}} * [[ABC notation]] * [[Common Music Notation]] * [[Denemo]] * [[Frescobaldi (software)|Frescobaldi]] * [[GUIDO music notation]] * [[Impro-Visor]] * [[MuseScore]] * [[MusicXML]] * [[MusiXTeX]] * [[NoteEdit]] * [[Philip's Music Scribe]] * [[Rosegarden]] * [[SCORE (software)]] * [[List of music software]] * [[List of scorewriters]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==External links== * {{Official website}} * {{cite web |url=https://ctan.org/pkg/lyluatex |title=lyluatex – Commands to include lilypond scores within a (Lua)LATEX document |author= |access-date=April 16, 2020 }} {{GNU}} {{Scorewriters}} {{Document markup languages}}  [[Category:LilyPond| ]] [[Category:1996 software]] [[Category:Cross-platform software]] [[Category:Free music software]] [[Category:Free software programmed in C++]] [[Category:Free typesetting software]] [[Category:GNU Project 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