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References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > 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(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Lone Pine</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_taking_of_Lone_Pine_(Fred_Leist).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Taking of Lone Pine" by Fred Leist, 1921"><img alt=""The Taking of Lone Pine" by Fred Leist, 1921" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_taking_of_Lone_Pine_%28Fred_Leist%29.jpg/300px-The_taking_of_Lone_Pine_%28Fred_Leist%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_taking_of_Lone_Pine_%28Fred_Leist%29.jpg/450px-The_taking_of_Lone_Pine_%28Fred_Leist%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_taking_of_Lone_Pine_%28Fred_Leist%29.jpg/600px-The_taking_of_Lone_Pine_%28Fred_Leist%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="906" /></a> Detail from The Taking of Lone Pine by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Leist" title="Fred Leist">Fred Leist</a>, 1921</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>6–10 August 1915</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire"><img alt="British Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bridgwood_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Bridgwood Walker">Harold Walker</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esat Pasha</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1 <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a>, reinforced by 2 more <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a><a href="#cite_note-Broadbent195-1">[1]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 2 battalions, reinforced by 3 <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a><a href="#cite_note-Broadbent195-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bean566-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 2,277<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard108-3">[3]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~5,000–7,000<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard108-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Celik-4">[4]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_operations_in_the_Dardanelles_campaign" title="Naval operations in the Dardanelles campaign">Naval operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Cape_Helles" title="Landing at Cape Helles">Landing at Cape Helles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Krithia" title="First Battle of Krithia">1st Krithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Krithia" title="Second Battle of Krithia">2nd Krithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Krithia" title="Third Battle of Krithia">3rd Krithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gully_Ravine" title="Battle of Gully Ravine">Gully Ravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krithia_Vineyard" title="Battle of Krithia Vineyard">Krithia Vineyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove" title="Landing at Anzac Cove">Landing at Anzac Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumkale" title="Battle of Kumkale">Kumkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove#Turkish_counter-attack" title="Landing at Anzac Cove">1st Anzac Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_attack_on_Anzac_Cove" title="Second attack on Anzac Cove">2nd Anzac Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_attack_on_Anzac_Cove" title="Third attack on Anzac Cove">3rd Anzac Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_No.3_Post" title="Battle for No.3 Post">No.3 Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Baby_700" title="Battle for Baby 700">Baby 700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Suvla_Bay" title="Landing at Suvla Bay">Landing at Suvla Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sari_Bair" title="Battle of Sari Bair">Sari Bair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nek" title="Battle of the Nek">The Nek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lone Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair" title="Battle of Chunuk Bair">Chunuk Bair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scimitar_Hill" title="Battle of Scimitar Hill">Scimitar Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_60_(Gallipoli)" title="Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)">Hill 60</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hill_800_(Gallipoli)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Hill 800 (Gallipoli) (page does not exist)">Hill 800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Battle of Lone Pine (also known as the Battle of Kanlı Sırt)<a href="#cite_note-6">[Note 1]</a> was fought between <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">Australian and New Zealand Army Corps</a> (ANZAC) and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[Note 2]</a> forces during the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, between 6 and 10 August 1915. The battle was part of a diversionary attack to draw Ottoman attention away from the main assaults being conducted by British, Indian and New Zealand troops around <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sari_Bair" title="Battle of Sari Bair">Sari Bair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair" title="Battle of Chunuk Bair">Chunuk Bair</a> and Hill 971, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sari_Bair" title="Battle of Sari Bair">August Offensive</a>. At Lone Pine, the assaulting force, initially consisting of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Brigade_(Australia)" title="1st Brigade (Australia)">Australian 1st Brigade</a>, managed to capture the main trench line from the two Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a> that were defending the position in the first few hours of the fighting on 6 August. Over the next three days, the fighting continued as the Ottomans brought up reinforcements and launched numerous counterattacks in an attempt to recapture the ground they had lost. As the counterattacks intensified the ANZACs brought up two fresh battalions to reinforce their newly gained line. Finally, on 9 August the Ottomans called off any further attempts and by 10 August offensive action ceased, leaving the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> in control of the position. Nevertheless, despite the Australian victory, the wider August Offensive of which the attack had been a part failed and a situation of <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a> developed around Lone Pine which lasted until the end of the campaign in December 1915 when Allied troops were <a href="/wiki/Allied_evacuation_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied evacuation of Gallipoli">evacuated from the peninsula</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lone_Pine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrain">Terrain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lone_Pine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terrain">edit</a>]</div> The Lone Pine battlefield was named for a <a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine_(tree)" title="Lone Pine (tree)">solitary Turkish pine</a> that stood there at the start of the fighting;<a href="#cite_note-Broadbent195-1">[1]</a> The tree was also known by the Anzac soldiers as the "Lonesome Pine".<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> The battlefield was situated near the centre of the eastern line of the Australian and New Zealand trenches around <a href="/wiki/Anzac_Cove" class="mw-redirect" title="Anzac Cove">Anzac Cove</a> on a rise known as "400 Plateau" that joined "Bolton's Ridge" to the south with the ridge along the east side of <a href="/wiki/John_Monash" title="John Monash">"Monash Valley"</a> to the north.<a href="#cite_note-Broadbent60-9">[7]</a> Being towards the southern end of the area around Anzac Cove, the terrain in the Lone Pine region was comparatively gentle and the opposing trenches were separated some distance with a flat no-man's land intervening.<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard107-10">[8]</a> Due to its location relative to the beachhead and the shape of the intervening ground, Lone Pine's importance lay in the fact that its position provided a commanding view of the Australian and New Zealand rear areas. From the 400 Plateau it was possible to observe as far south as <a href="/wiki/Gaba_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaba Tepe">Gaba Tepe</a> and its possession would have afforded the Ottomans the ability to place the approaches to the Second Ridge under fire, preventing the flow of reinforcements and supplies from the beachhead to the forward trenches.<a href="#cite_note-Wahlert96-11">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anzac_plateaus_and_ridges.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A thematic map showing several ridge lines and high features" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Anzac_plateaus_and_ridges.png/220px-Anzac_plateaus_and_ridges.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Anzac_plateaus_and_ridges.png/330px-Anzac_plateaus_and_ridges.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Anzac_plateaus_and_ridges.png/440px-Anzac_plateaus_and_ridges.png 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The main features of the area surrounding Anzac Cove. Lone Pine lies on the south-west arm of the kidney-shaped 400 Plateau. "Johnson's Jolley" lies on the north-west arm of the 400 Plateau, while "Owen's Gulley" lies in the crook of the 400 Plateau. "Anderson Knoll" lies to the south-west, while Monash Valley lies to the north. "Gun Ridge" was also referred to as the "Third Ridge". "Legge Valley" lies in between Lone Pine and the "Anderson Knoll".<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> </figcaption></figure> The main part of the Australian position at Lone Pine was centred on a feature known as "The Pimple",<a href="#cite_note-14">[Note 3]</a> where a <a href="/wiki/Salient_(military)" title="Salient (military)">salient</a> had developed at the point where the Australians' position was closest to the Ottoman line. To the east of the salient, opposite The Pimple, the Ottoman line extended from the head of a gully—known as "Owen's Gulley" by the Australians—south for 400 yards (370 m) towards the neck of Bolton's Ridge and continued south along a spur called "Sniper's Ridge".<a href="#cite_note-Bean497-15">[12]</a> Because of the salient around The Pimple, the Ottomans had focused on developing the trenches along the flanks of the position more than the centre,<a href="#cite_note-Bean497-15">[12]</a> and had placed the firing positions in the centre in depth in order to gain the advantage of being able to pour enfilade fire upon any attacking force.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona22-16">[13]</a> At the rear of the Ottoman line, near Owen's Gully, was a depression called "The Cup" that was not visible from the Australians' position on The Pimple. Despite overflights of the area by British reconnaissance aircraft in June, the Australians were unaware of The Cup's existence,<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> and at the time of the attack they believed this area to be flat and to consist of further trench lines. In reality it was actually a reserve area where the Ottomans had established a regimental headquarters and sited a series of <a href="/wiki/Bivouac_shelter" title="Bivouac shelter">bivouacs</a> in terraces and at the time of the attack there were large numbers of reinforcements camped there.<a href="#cite_note-Ekins26-18">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_situation">Military situation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lone_Pine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military situation">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the battle, isolated fighting around Lone Pine had begun early in the Gallipoli campaign. At around 7:00 a.m. on the first day of the Australian and New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove" title="Landing at Anzac Cove">landings at Anzac Cove</a>, 25 April 1915, elements of the Australian force had pushed through to Lone Pine in an effort to destroy an Ottoman artillery <a href="/wiki/Battery_(artillery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (artillery)">battery</a> that had been firing down upon the landing beach. Before the Australians could engage the battery, the Ottomans had withdrawn to a ridge to the south-west, which the Australians later dubbed "Third Ridge" (or "Gun Ridge").<a href="#cite_note-Wahlert96-11">[9]</a> Pressing further inland, troops from the <a href="/wiki/6th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="6th Battalion (Australia)">6th Battalion</a> had attempted to reach the ridge, crossing a wide valley (later known as "Legge Valley"), but they were pushed back when an Ottoman regiment, the 27th, had launched a counterattack from the south-east towards Lone Pine at 10:00 a.m., with the objective of retaking the 400 Plateau. Rolling up the 6th Battalion, the Ottomans pushed the Australians back to Pine Ridge, a finger of land that jutted south from Lone Pine towards Gaba Tebe.<a href="#cite_note-Wahlert96-11">[9]</a> Taking heavy casualties, the Australians withdrew north to Lone Pine, where they were able to establish a defensive position. As reinforcements were brought up from New Zealand units, in the afternoon a second Ottoman regiment, the 77th, arrived and heavy hand-to-hand fighting ensued before the counterattack was blunted. Further fighting around Lone Pine continued throughout the early stages of the campaign, but eventually a stalemate developed in which neither side was able to advance and static trench warfare began.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> In early July 1915, while making plans for an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sari_Bair" title="Battle of Sari Bair">offensive</a> to break the deadlock that had developed around the Gallipoli Peninsula following the initial landings in April, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">Australian and New Zealand Army Corps</a>, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/William_Birdwood" title="William Birdwood">William Birdwood</a>, had determined that an attack at Lone Pine could be used to divert Ottoman attention away from a main attack that would be launched by a combined force of British, Indian and New Zealand troops further north around <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sari_Bair" title="Battle of Sari Bair">Sari Bair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair" title="Battle of Chunuk Bair">Chunuk Bair</a> and Hill 971.<a href="#cite_note-Ekins24-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[Note 4]</a> The Australian <a href="/wiki/1st_Brigade_(Australia)" title="1st Brigade (Australia)">1st Infantry Brigade</a> was chosen to undertake the attack on Lone Pine, and consisted of about 3,000 men,<a href="#cite_note-Bean566-2">[2]</a> under the command of a British officer, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Maskelyne_Smyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevill Maskelyne Smyth">Nevill Smyth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona22-16">[13]</a> Along with the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Brigade_(Australia)" title="2nd Brigade (Australia)">2nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Brigade_(Australia)" title="3rd Brigade (Australia)">3rd Infantry Brigades</a>, the 1st Infantry Brigade was part of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Division_(Australia)" title="1st Division (Australia)">Australian 1st Division</a>. The division's commander was Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bridgwood_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Bridgwood Walker">Harold Walker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Broadbent194-22">[18]</a> a British officer who had replaced Major General <a href="/wiki/William_Throsby_Bridges" class="mw-redirect" title="William Throsby Bridges">William Bridges</a> as temporary commander after Bridges had been killed by a <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">sniper</a> in May. Walker did not like the idea of launching an attack at Lone Pine, let alone a mere diversion, but when General <a href="/wiki/Ian_Hamilton_(British_Army_officer)" title="Ian Hamilton (British Army officer)">Sir Ian Hamilton</a>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Expeditionary_Force" title="Mediterranean Expeditionary Force">Mediterranean Expeditionary Force</a>, insisted the attack proceed, through thorough planning, Walker endeavoured to give his troops the best chance of success possible on such an unfavourable battleground.<a href="#cite_note-Broadbent194-22">[18]</a> The Ottoman forces opposing the Australians at Lone Pine consisted of two battalions from the 47th Regiment,<a href="#cite_note-Bean525-23">[19]</a> under the command of Tevfik Bey.<a href="#cite_note-Bean528-24">[20]</a> These battalions amounted to a total of about 1,000 men, of which 500 were positioned in the trenches along the front,<a href="#cite_note-Fewster108-25">[21]</a> while another 500 were positioned further back in depth.<a href="#cite_note-Bean525-23">[19]</a> Sitting further back in divisional reserve, to the north-east on "Mortar Ridge",<a href="#cite_note-26">[Note 5]</a> was a battalion from the 57th Regiment, which had been relieved from its position on the front line north of Lone Pine by an Arab battalion of the 72nd Regiment.<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a> The positions north and south of the Ottoman line at Lone Pine were held by the 125th Regiment at Johnston's Jolly<a href="#cite_note-28">[Note 6]</a> in the north and the 48th Regiment in the south along Pine Ridge.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona22-16">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lone_Pine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation">Preparation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lone_Pine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preparation">edit</a>]</div> The width of the front of the attack was 160 yards (150 m) and the distance between the two trench lines was about 60–100 yards (55–91 m).<a href="#cite_note-Bean497-15">[12]</a> To reduce the distance to be crossed, the Australians projected a number of tunnels towards the Ottoman trenches from The Pimple.<a href="#cite_note-Ekins25-29">[23]</a> Immediately after the attack, one of these tunnels was to be opened along its length to make a communications trench through which reinforcements could advance without having to cross the exposed ground.<a href="#cite_note-Broadbent195-1">[1]</a> Some of the attackers would have to make the advance over open ground from the Australian trench line.<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard107-10">[8]</a> To provide some measure of protection for these men, three mines were set by engineers to make craters in which they could seek shelter.<a href="#cite_note-Fewster108-25">[21]</a> The preliminary bombardment was stretched over three days—initially confined to a limited "slow shoot", building up to a final intense bombardment an hour before the assault—and was successful in cutting much of the barbed wire that the Ottomans had placed in front of their position.<a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a> The preparation stage of the attack began at 2:00 p.m. on 6 August, when the Australians detonated the three mines they had dug in front of the Ottoman lines, in an attempt to create cover for the advancing troops.<a href="#cite_note-Fewster108-25">[21]</a> Two and a half hours later the final heavy preliminary bombardment commenced, with Australian, British and New Zealand artillery batteries firing on the Ottoman trench line,<a href="#cite_note-Bean500-31">[25]</a> while naval gunfire support from the British cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bacchante_(1901)" title="HMS Bacchante (1901)">HMS Bacchante</a> provided counter-battery fire on Ottoman artillery positioned along Third Ridge.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona24-32">[26]</a> Retreating into tunnels which had been cut as part of mining operations, the majority of the forward Ottoman troops were able to find shelter from the bombardment that lasted for an hour.<a href="#cite_note-Fewster108-25">[21]</a> While the artillery prepared the ground for the attack, behind the Australian lines the assault formations moved up towards The Pimple. Smyth sited his brigade headquarters at a position called "Brown's Dip", which was about 200 metres (220 yd) south of the firing line. Due to the small front along which the attack was to be launched, the initial assault was to be undertaken in three waves by the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2nd Battalion (Australia)">2nd</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Battalion_(Australia)" title="3rd Battalion (Australia)">3rd</a> and <a href="/wiki/4th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="4th Battalion (Australia)">4th Battalions</a> while the <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion_(Australia)" title="1st Battalion (Australia)">1st Battalion</a> was to remain back at Brown's Dip in reserve, ready to be brought up to consolidate any gains or respond in the event of a counterattack.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona24-32">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> Once the 1st Battalion had taken up its position, the assault battalions moved through them towards the forward line at The Pimple. Once the attack was launched, half the force would go via tunnels that had been dug out into no man's land, while the other half would simply go "over the top". By 5:00 p.m. all the troops had taken up their positions and as the barrage came to a conclusion, the tunnels were opened and final preparations were made.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona24-32">[26]</a> Each soldier in the first two waves had been issued a total of 200 rounds of ammunition for his rifle, along with rations for one day, and miscellaneous equipment including a gas mask. The third wave had received the same amount of ammunition, but was also issued entrenching equipment that would be used to construct positions to defend the initial gains against the inevitable Ottoman counterattack.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona23-34">[28]</a> In support, each battalion had four <a href="/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun" title="Vickers machine gun">Vickers medium machine-guns</a>, which had been issued with 3,500 rounds, and contributed a <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoon</a> whose job would be to throw the 1,200 grenades that the brigade had been allocated for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> A small section of engineers was also allocated to undertake demolitions.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona23-34">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_assault">Initial assault</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lone_Pine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Initial assault">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lone_Pine_trench_6_August_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Soldiers standing in a trench" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lone_Pine_trench_6_August_1915.jpg/250px-Lone_Pine_trench_6_August_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lone_Pine_trench_6_August_1915.jpg/375px-Lone_Pine_trench_6_August_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lone_Pine_trench_6_August_1915.jpg/500px-Lone_Pine_trench_6_August_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1609" /></a><figcaption>Australian troops in a captured Ottoman trench at Lone Pine, 6 August 1915 </figcaption></figure> At 5:30 p.m. the Australian 1st Infantry Brigade attacked as the first wave of 1,800 men threw themselves forward.<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard107-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Camerona26-36">[30]</a> To their north, the troops of the 2nd Infantry Brigade laid down suppressing fire on the supporting Ottoman troops at Johnston's Jolly, while the 3rd Infantry and <a href="/wiki/2nd_Light_Horse_Brigade" title="2nd Light Horse Brigade">2nd Light Horse Brigades</a> held the line opposite Sniper's Ridge.<a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a> Half the force went via the prepared tunnels and half crossed the exposed ground between the trench lines. Dubbed the "Daisy Patch",<a href="#cite_note-Crawley14-38">[32]</a> it amounted to a distance of about 100 metres (110 yd) and it was raked with Ottoman artillery and small arms fire.<a href="#cite_note-Ekins25-29">[23]</a> From his headquarters overlooking the fighting, the senior Ottoman commander <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esad Pasa</a>, began to co-ordinate the response, passing orders for reinforcements to be brought up and calling down artillery.<a href="#cite_note-Fewster108-25">[21]</a> Casualties among the first wave of attackers were "relatively light" as the defenders in the front line of Ottoman trenches were still sheltering from the preliminary bombardment and had not had time to return to their fire steps after it had been lifted.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona26-36">[30]</a> When the Australians reached the Ottoman trenches they found them roofed with pine logs with no easy entrance,<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard107-10">[8]</a> which had not been identified by aerial reconnaissance during the planning stages.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona22-16">[13]</a> As the Ottoman defenders recovered from the artillery barrage, they began firing at the Australians through specially cut holes at point blank range. As the second and third waves of the attack came up,<a href="#cite_note-Camerona26-36">[30]</a> some of the Australians fired, grenaded and bayoneted from above, while some found their way inside through gaps or by lifting the logs, which were in places as thick as 4 inches (10 cm) by 9 inches (23 cm).<a href="#cite_note-Camerona26-36">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crawley16-39">[33]</a> Others ran on past to the open communications and support trenches behind,<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard107-10">[8]</a> where they were able to gain access to the trenches;<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> about 70 Ottoman troops were captured as they attempted to escape and ran into the Australians entering the trenches.<a href="#cite_note-Fewster108-25">[21]</a> Small groups of Australians managed to push through to The Cup where they were stopped by Ottoman troops who were hastily assembled to defend their regimental headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> In the ensuing fighting there, almost all of the Australians were killed, while a handful were taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-Ekins26-18">[15]</a> In the Ottoman trenches, the darkness and cramped conditions led to considerable confusion amongst the attackers. Due to concerns of shooting their comrades, the Australians were unable to fire their rifles initially,<a href="#cite_note-Crawley16-39">[33]</a> and the fighting devolved into a melee as the soldiers attacked each other with bayonets and grenades.<a href="#cite_note-Ekins26-18">[15]</a> The first Australians to enter the position were picked off by the defenders, but as the Australians established themselves in strength, they were able to break into the position before the defenders that had been sheltering in the tunnels behind the front line were able to fully respond.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona26-36">[30]</a> Over the space of half an hour the Australians took control of the position and, after ejecting the remaining Ottomans from the main trench, they established a number of defensive positions along the line.<a href="#cite_note-Ekins27-42">[36]</a> These amounted to positions in the communication trenches on the flanks of the captured ground and about seven or eight posts in the centre that were "isolated" but connected by hastily dug saps.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona39-43">[37]</a> For the Australians, the attack had been successful, as they had gained possession of the main Ottoman line, and after being halted at The Cup they began preparing to defend their gains. Hastily erecting sandbag barriers along the parapet,<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard108-3">[3]</a> they settled down to wait for the first counterattack. As they did so, the brigade reserve—the 1st Battalion—was brought up.<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> Due to crowding in the tunnels that had been used for the attack, the reinforcements were sent via the open ground that had been in front of the old Ottoman positions; despite being behind the recently captured position, the ground was still subjected to heavy Ottoman artillery and machine-gun fire, which was being poured down from positions in overwatch on the flanks. Nevertheless, in company lots, the 1st Battalion moved up and began filling in the gaps between the assault battalions, while engineers from the 2nd Field Company began the task of extending the tunnels from The Pimple towards the new Australian line.<a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_counterattacks">Ottoman counterattacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lone_Pine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ottoman counterattacks">edit</a>]</div> Shortly after dark, around 7:00 p.m., the first Ottoman counterattack came after a group from the 1st Battalion, 57th Regiment, under Major Zeki Bey, arrived to reinforce the battalions of the 47th.<a href="#cite_note-Ekins27-42">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Broadbent197-46">[40]</a> Attacking with <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">hand grenades</a>, the fighting took place in the complicated maze of the former Ottoman trench system.<a href="#cite_note-Broadbent197-46">[40]</a> The close quarters meant that some of the grenades would travel back and forth up to three times before exploding. The Australians held the old Ottoman fire trench and had footholds deeper in Ottoman lines. They blocked the Ottoman communications trenches as best they could, often with the bodies of the dead, to thwart raids.<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> Other bodies were moved to unused communication trenches and saps, and where possible the wounded were evacuated, however, the fighting was so intense, the conditions so cramped and the men so exhausted that in many cases they were left to lie at the bottom of the trench.<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> Throughout the night of 6/7 August, the Ottomans brought up reinforcements from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Division (Ottoman Empire) (page does not exist)">5th Division</a>'s 13th Regiment under Ali Riza Bey, which marched from Kojadere, south-east of the position known to the Australians as "Scrubby Knoll".<a href="#cite_note-Camerona39-43">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bean530-49">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="9th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)">9th Division</a>, under German <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kannengiesser" title="Hans Kannengiesser">Hans Kannengiesser</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> also received orders to begin moving towards Lone Pine from its position between Helles and Anzac from Esad Pasa.<a href="#cite_note-Bean530-49">[43]</a> Although the 9th Division was later diverted, after 8:00 p.m. the 15th Regiment, from the 5th Division, under the command of Ibrahim Sukru,<a href="#cite_note-Celik-4">[4]</a> was committed to the fighting, moving south from its position around the Kurt Dere, near Chunuk Blair.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona39-43">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bean550-51">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captured_Turkish_trench_Lone_Pine_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Soldiers sitting in a trench beneath a log roof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Captured_Turkish_trench_Lone_Pine_1915.jpg/220px-Captured_Turkish_trench_Lone_Pine_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Captured_Turkish_trench_Lone_Pine_1915.jpg/330px-Captured_Turkish_trench_Lone_Pine_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Captured_Turkish_trench_Lone_Pine_1915.jpg/440px-Captured_Turkish_trench_Lone_Pine_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="1925" /></a><figcaption>A captured Ottoman trench at Lone Pine</figcaption></figure> For the next three days the Ottomans continued to launch incessant and ultimately unsuccessful counterattacks in an effort to recapture the ground they had lost. In total three regiments were dispatched.<a href="#cite_note-Bean566-2">[2]</a> The Australians also brought up reinforcements, moving up men from two battalions<a href="#cite_note-Bean566-2">[2]</a> from the 2nd and 3rd Infantry Brigades—the <a href="/wiki/7th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="7th Battalion (Australia)">7th</a> and <a href="/wiki/12th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="12th Battalion (Australia)">12th Battalions</a>—to hold the 1st Brigade's gains.<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard108-3">[3]</a> Throughout 7 August, the fighting devolved into a series of hand grenade duels. To keep up the supply, Australians put about 50 soldiers to work at Anzac Cove manufacturing makeshift grenades out of empty jam tins: over 1,000 were sent up to the 1st Infantry Brigade late on 7 August.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona82-52">[46]</a> The fighting continued throughout the night of 7/8 August as the 47th Regiment, launched a determined counterattack; suffering heavy casualties, including the regimental commander, Tewfik Bey, the attack was unsuccessful in retaking the main front-line trenches, but succeeded in regaining some of the ground in the north and also pushed the Australians back a little way from The Cup.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona85-53">[47]</a> As Ali Riza Bey, the commander of the 13th Regiment, took charge of the Ottoman effort around Lone Pine,<a href="#cite_note-Camerona85-53">[47]</a> the grenading continued into the next day as the Ottomans began to prepare for a large-scale counterattack.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> Throughout the morning the remaining Australian positions overlooking The Cup were abandoned before the fighting stopped briefly as both the Australians and Ottomans evacuated their wounded and removed the dead from the front-line.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona106-55">[49]</a> By this time the 1st and 2nd Battalions, which had been defending the heavily counterattacked southern flank, had suffered so many casualties that they were withdrawn from the line, with the 7th Battalion moving into their positions late in the afternoon. The 3rd, 4th and 12th Battalions remained holding the north and centre of the Australian line.<a href="#cite_note-Camerona106-55">[49]</a> Further attacks were mounted by the Ottomans all along the Australian line after 3:00 p.m., but after dark they focused their efforts on the 7th Battalion's position in the south; there the Ottomans succeeded in taking part of the Australian line late in the night, and fierce hand-to-hand fighting followed until early in the morning of 9 August as the Australians retook these positions.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> More grenade attacks were launched by Ottoman troops later that morning and as the Australian trenches were brought under fire from the Ottoman positions around Johnston's Jolly, an attack was launched at the junctions between the Australian battalions. Achieving a break-in in the centre, they reached the 1st Infantry Brigade's headquarters—which had advanced forward from Brown's Dip following the initial gains—where the brigade commander, Smyth, joined the defence that eventually drove them back.<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> Around midday the Ottomans put in another attack, but this too was repulsed. The positions on the southern Australian flank continued to be subjected to grenading, so the <a href="/wiki/5th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="5th Battalion (Australia)">5th Battalion</a> was brought up to relieve the 7th. The 2nd Battalion, having received a brief respite, also came forward, replacing the 4th Battalion with the support of a dismounted <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(army)" title="Squadron (army)">squadron</a> from the <a href="/wiki/7th_Light_Horse_Regiment_(Australia)" title="7th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)">7th Light Horse Regiment</a>. As the fresh units settled in, the Australians prepared for renewed fighting along the line.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> In the end, the expected attack never came and finally, late in the afternoon of 9 August, the Ottoman commanders called off further attempts to dislodge the Australians.<a href="#cite_note-Broadbent198-59">[53]</a> The next day, the fighting "subsided" as both the Ottomans and the Australians worked to consolidate their positions.<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard108-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> Private Victor Laidlaw of the Australian 2nd Field Ambulance wrote on 16 August: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> 16.8.15 ...looking through the periscope one can see quite well, also plenty of dead bodies can be seen, in fact in the Lonesome Pine Trench which we captured the Turks were lying there 5 feet deep and our fellows had to fight standing on the top of them. Bombs would make a still further mess of the corpses, fleas were there in abundance and beautiful large maggots are beginning to make their appearance, in fact Captain Lind of the 5th Battalion (Medical Officer) had been having some rest when all of a sudden he felt something soft in his trousers, and was horrified to see hundreds of these crawling maggots, needless to say he made a hurried exit from these trenches.<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lone_Pine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> The fighting was "some of the fiercest" the Australians experienced during the campaign to that point.<a href="#cite_note-Gray18-62">[56]</a> The ground captured during the battle amounted to a total of about 150 metres (160 yd) across a 300-metre (330 yd) front.<a href="#cite_note-Ekins29-63">[57]</a> Amidst scenes of considerable devastation, the Australian divisional commander, Walker, believed the result "disastrous".<a href="#cite_note-Crawley14-38">[32]</a> The higher commanders believed it to have been a tactical success, however, with Hamilton describing it as a "desperate fine feat".<a href="#cite_note-Crawley14-38">[32]</a> Though a tactical victory for the Australians in terms of the fact that they remained in possession of the ground captured,<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard108-3">[3]</a> and had managed to draw off some Ottoman reinforcements,<a href="#cite_note-Broadbent198-59">[53]</a> nevertheless the wider repercussions of the attack at Lone Pine weighed heavily on the outcome at Chunuk Bair. Sent north to reinforce Lone Pine, due to the effectiveness of the Australian attack, Kannengiesser's 9th Division was directed instead to proceed on to Chunuk Bair where, at the time, there was only one Ottoman artillery battery and a covering force of 20 infantrymen.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> His force arrived in time to seriously delay the New Zealand attack,<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> and ultimately the wider offensive of which the battle was a part failed. Afterwards, a stalemate situation developed on the Gallipoli peninsula although there were brief periods of localised fighting. In September, the troops of the Australian 1st Division who had taken the position at Lone Pine were relieved by the <a href="/wiki/23rd_Battalion_(Australia)" title="23rd Battalion (Australia)">23rd</a> and <a href="/wiki/24th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="24th Battalion (Australia)">24th Battalions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lone_Pine_Cemetery_2013.07.26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A line of headstones in front of a large white building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lone_Pine_Cemetery_2013.07.26.jpg/250px-Lone_Pine_Cemetery_2013.07.26.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lone_Pine_Cemetery_2013.07.26.jpg/375px-Lone_Pine_Cemetery_2013.07.26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lone_Pine_Cemetery_2013.07.26.jpg/500px-Lone_Pine_Cemetery_2013.07.26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lone Pine Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery">cemetery at Lone Pine</a></figcaption></figure> Dominated by the heights of Baby 700,<a href="#cite_note-67">[Note 7]</a> the position was regularly shelled and was subsequently described by one Australian soldier, Trooper <a href="/wiki/Ion_Idriess" title="Ion Idriess">Ion Idriess</a>, as "the most dangerous spot" in the Australian lodgement and it ultimately proved a "liability" for the troops tasked with holding it.<a href="#cite_note-Ekins29-63">[57]</a> Opposed by troops from the Ottoman 47th Regiment,<a href="#cite_note-Ekins29-63">[57]</a> for the remaining three months of the campaign, the two Australian battalions would alternate their positions in the front line as the Ottoman and Australians engaged in mining and countermining operations against each other's positions.<a href="#cite_note-Cameronb150-68">[61]</a> The stalemate continued as both the Australians and Ottomans lacked the strength to mount a determined attack and this situation ultimately lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign#Evacuation" title="Gallipoli campaign">Allied evacuation</a> in December 1915.<a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a> In most sources, Ottoman losses are estimated at between 5,000–6,000,<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard108-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Broadbent198-59">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[63]</a> although Kenan Celik from <a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_Onsekiz_Mart_University" title="Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University">Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University</a>, has placed their losses as high as 7,164,<a href="#cite_note-Celik-4">[4]</a> broken down as 1,520 killed, 4,700 wounded, 760 listed as missing and 134 captured by the Australians.<a href="#cite_note-Celik-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ekins29-63">[57]</a> These included the commanding officers of both the 47th and 15th Regiments.<a href="#cite_note-Celik-4">[4]</a> Of the Australian force that had launched the attack, almost half became casualties. Australian losses during the battle amounted to 2,277 men killed or wounded,<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard108-3">[3]</a> out of the total 4,600 men committed to the fighting over the course of the battle.<a href="#cite_note-Bean566-2">[2]</a> These represent some of the highest casualties of the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a> The toll was particularly heavy amongst the Australian officers; both the commanding officers of the 2nd and 3rd Battalions were killed leading their troops.<a href="#cite_note-Ekins29-63">[57]</a> After the battle, the dead were so thick on the ground that one Australian, Captain Harold Jacobs of the 1st Battalion, remarked "[t]he trench is so full of our dead that the only respect that we could show them was not to tread on their faces, the floor of the trench was just one carpet of them, this in addition to the ones we piled into Turkish dugouts."<a href="#cite_note-Crawley16-39">[33]</a> Later, over 1,000 dead were removed from Australian position to be hastily buried.<a href="#cite_note-Ekins29-63">[57]</a> Seven Australians were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> for their actions during the fighting at Lone Pine,<a href="#cite_note-Coulthard108-3">[3]</a> including four men from the 7th Battalion, which had been rushed forward to help relieve the 1st Brigade at the height of the Ottoman counterattacks.<a href="#cite_note-AWM-72">[65]</a> One of the recipients was Corporal <a href="/wiki/William_Dunstan" title="William Dunstan">William Dunstan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cameronb139-73">[66]</a> who after the war became the general manager of <a href="/wiki/The_Herald_and_Weekly_Times_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd">The Herald</a> newspaper in Melbourne. Another VC recipient was Captain <a href="/wiki/Alfred_John_Shout" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred John Shout">Alfred Shout</a> who had already earned the <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a> and been <a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_Despatches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentioned in Despatches">Mentioned in Despatches</a> earlier in the Gallipoli campaign. He was mortally wounded at Lone Pine and was later buried at sea.<a href="#cite_note-ADB-74">[67]</a> The other VC recipients were Privates <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Keysor" title="Leonard Keysor">Leonard Keysor</a><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy-75">[68]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_Hamilton" title="John Patrick Hamilton">John Hamilton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a> Corporal <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart_Burton" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stewart Burton">Alexander Burton</a> and Lieutenants <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Harold_Tubb" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Harold Tubb">Frederick Tubb</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_John_Symons" class="mw-redirect" title="William John Symons">William Symons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cameronb139-73">[66]</a> After the war, an Australian military historical mission was sent to Gallipoli, led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bean" title="Charles Bean">Charles Bean</a>. On Bean's advice the Australian government sought permission from the newly formed Turkish Republic to establish an official war cemetery in the area. In 1923 the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> was ratified, and through its provisions the <a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lone Pine Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery">Lone Pine cemetery</a> was established in the area, dubbed the Daisy Patch by the Australians. There are a total of 1,167 graves in the cemetery and as of 2012, the identities of 471 bodies interred in the cemetery remain unknown.<a href="#cite_note-77">[70]</a> Also standing within the cemetery's grounds is the Lone Pine memorial. It is the main Australian and New Zealand memorial at Gallipoli and commemorates all the Australian and some of the New Zealanders who died during the campaign, including those who have no known grave and those buried at sea.<a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[72]</a> As a result of the battle's significance to the Australians, Lone Pine is the site of the annual Australian <a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a> dawn service at Gallipoli.<a href="#cite_note-Cameronc325-80">[73]</a> After the service Australian visitors congregate at the memorial to remember all their countrymen who fought and died at Gallipoli. At the <a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(New_Zealand)" title="National War Memorial (New Zealand)">New Zealand National World War I Museum</a>, there is an exhibit for the Battle of Lone Pine, and there is also one in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gray18-62">[56]</a> Memorial "<a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine_(tree)" title="Lone Pine (tree)">Lone Pine" trees</a> have also been planted in Australia, New Zealand and Gallipoli to commemorate the battle and the Gallipoli campaign in general, seeded from specimens taken from Gallipoli.<a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a> There are also many places in Australia named after the battle.<a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lone_Pine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Footnotes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> "Kanlı Sırt" is roughly translated as "Bloody Ridge".<a href="#cite_note-Fewsterxiii-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The modern nation of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a> did not exist until 1923 and at the time of the fighting at Gallipoli, the peninsula was part of the Ottoman Empire, which had been founded in 1299. Nevertheless, many English-language sources on the First World War use the term "Turkey" instead of "Ottoman Empire". The sources used in this article vary in the approach they take. Fewster, Basarin & Basarin use "Ottoman", while Wahlert, Bean, Cameron, Coulthard-Clark and others use "Turk" or "Turkish". </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The Ottomans called this position "Sehidler Tepesi", which is translated into English as "Martyr's Hill".<a href="#cite_note-Festerxiv-13">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> The Ottoman name for Chunuk Bair was "Conk Bayiri", while Hill 971 was known as "Koca Cimen Tepe", which is translated as "Hill of the Great Pasture".<a href="#cite_note-Fewsterxiii-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> The Ottomans called this position "Edirne Sirt", which is translated into English as "Adrianople Spur".<a href="#cite_note-Festerxiv-13">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Johnston's Jolly was known to the Ottomans as "Kirmizi Sirt".<a href="#cite_note-Fewsterxiii-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Known to the Ottomans as "Kilic Bayir", or "Sword Ridge".<a href="#cite_note-Fewsterxiii-5">[5]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Broadbent195-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broadbent195_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broadbent195_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broadbent195_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broadbent195_1-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroadbent2005">Broadbent 2005</a>, p. 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bean566-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bean566_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bean566_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bean566_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bean566_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bean566_2-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBean1941">Bean 1941</a>, p. 566. </li> <li id="cite_note-Coulthard108-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coulthard108_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulthard108_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulthard108_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulthard108_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulthard108_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulthard108_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulthard108_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulthard108_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulthard108_3-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoulthard-Clark1998">Coulthard-Clark 1998</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-Celik-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Celik_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celik_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celik_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celik_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celik_4-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKenan_Celik" class="citation web cs1">Kenan Celik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307091852/https://www.awm.gov.au/events/conference/gallipoli_symposium/celik.asp">"Gallipoli: The August Offensive. A Turkish View"</a>. Australian War Memorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/events/conference/gallipoli_symposium/celik.asp">the original</a> on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gallipoli%3A+The+August+Offensive.+A+Turkish+View&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.au=Kenan+Celik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fevents%2Fconference%2Fgallipoli_symposium%2Fcelik.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lone+Pine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fewsterxiii-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fewsterxiii_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fewsterxiii_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fewsterxiii_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fewsterxiii_5-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFewsterBasarinBasarin2003">Fewster, Basarin & Basarin 2003</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1916" class="citation news cs1">Lawson, J.C. (27 March 1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/117792543/">"Battle of Lonesome Pine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Leader_(Orange,_NSW)" title="The Leader (Orange, NSW)">The Leader</a>. Retrieved 20 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Leader&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Lonesome+Pine&rft.date=1916-03-27&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F117792543%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lone+Pine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broadbent60-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Broadbent60_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroadbent2005">Broadbent 2005</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-Coulthard107-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coulthard107_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulthard107_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulthard107_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulthard107_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulthard107_10-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoulthard-Clark1998">Coulthard-Clark 1998</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wahlert96-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wahlert96_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wahlert96_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wahlert96_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWahlert2008">Wahlert 2008</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron2007">Cameron 2007</a>, p. xviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-Festerxiv-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Festerxiv_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Festerxiv_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFewsterBasarinBasarin2003">Fewster, Basarin & Basarin 2003</a>, p. xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bean497-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bean497_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bean497_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bean497_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBean1941">Bean 1941</a>, p. 497. </li> <li id="cite_note-Camerona22-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Camerona22_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camerona22_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camerona22_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camerona22_16-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron2011a">Cameron 2011a</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBean1941">Bean 1941</a>, p. 508. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ekins26-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ekins26_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ekins26_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ekins26_18-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEkins2009">Ekins 2009</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWahlert2008">Wahlert 2008</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ekins24-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Ekins24_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEkins2009">Ekins 2009</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-Broadbent194-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broadbent194_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broadbent194_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroadbent2005">Broadbent 2005</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bean525-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bean525_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bean525_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBean1941">Bean 1941</a>, p. 525. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bean528-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Bean528_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBean1941">Bean 1941</a>, p. 528. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fewster108-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fewster108_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fewster108_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fewster108_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fewster108_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fewster108_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fewster108_25-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFFewsterBasarinBasarin2003">Fewster, Basarin & Basarin 2003</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBean1941">Bean 1941</a>, pp. 526–527. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ekins25-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ekins25_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ekins25_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEkins2009">Ekins 2009</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBean1941">Bean 1941</a>, pp. 499–500. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bean500-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Bean500_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBean1941">Bean 1941</a>, p. 500. </li> <li id="cite_note-Camerona24-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Camerona24_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camerona24_32-1">b</a> <a 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Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. II (11th ed.). 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Gallipoli: The Fatal Shore. Camberwell, Victoria: Penguin Group Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-04085-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-04085-1"><bdi>0-670-04085-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallipoli%3A+The+Fatal+Shore&rft.place=Camberwell%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+Australia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-670-04085-1&rft.aulast=Broadbent&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lone+Pine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2007" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, David (2007). 25 April 1915: The Day the Anzac Legend Was Born. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-980-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-980-7"><bdi>978-1-74114-980-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=25+April+1915%3A+The+Day+the+Anzac+Legend+Was+Born&rft.place=Crows+Nest%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74114-980-7&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lone+Pine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2011a" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, David (2011a). The August Offensive: At ANZAC, 1915. Australian Army Campaigns. Canberra: Army History Unit. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9870-5747-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9870-5747-1"><bdi>978-0-9870-5747-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+August+Offensive%3A+At+ANZAC%2C+1915&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australian+Army+Campaigns&rft.pub=Army+History+Unit&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9870-5747-1&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lone+Pine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2011b" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, David (2011b). Gallipoli: The Final Battles and Evacuation of Anzac. Newport, New South Wales: Big Sky Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9808140-9-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9808140-9-5"><bdi>978-0-9808140-9-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallipoli%3A+The+Final+Battles+and+Evacuation+of+Anzac&rft.place=Newport%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Big+Sky+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9808140-9-5&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lone+Pine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2012" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, David (2012). The Battle for Lone Pine: Four Days of Hell at the Heart of Gallipoli. Camberwell, Victoria: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6700-7629-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6700-7629-1"><bdi>978-0-6700-7629-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Lone+Pine%3A+Four+Days+of+Hell+at+the+Heart+of+Gallipoli&rft.place=Camberwell%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-6700-7629-1&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lone+Pine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulthard-Clark1998" class="citation book cs1">Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998). Where Australians Fought: The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles (1st ed.). St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86448-611-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86448-611-2"><bdi>1-86448-611-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Australians+Fought%3A+The+Encyclopaedia+of+Australia%27s+Battles&rft.place=St+Leonards%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-86448-611-2&rft.aulast=Coulthard-Clark&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lone+Pine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Crawley, Rhys (April 2007). "Lone Pine: Worth the Cost?". Wartime (38): 14–17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1328-2727">1328-2727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wartime&rft.atitle=Lone+Pine%3A+Worth+the+Cost%3F&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=14-17&rft.date=2007-04&rft.issn=1328-2727&rft.aulast=Crawley&rft.aufirst=Rhys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lone+Pine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkins2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ekins, Ashley (2009). "Bloody Ridge: The Assault of Lone Pine". Wartime (47): 12–14, 16–18. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1328-2727">1328-2727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wartime&rft.atitle=Bloody+Ridge%3A+The+Assault+of+Lone+Pine&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=12-14%2C+16-18&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1328-2727&rft.aulast=Ekins&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lone+Pine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFewsterBasarinBasarin2003" class="citation book cs1">Fewster, Kevin; Basarin, Vecihi; Basarin, Hatice Hurmuz (2003) [1985]. Gallipoli: The Turkish Story. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74114-045-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-74114-045-5"><bdi>1-74114-045-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallipoli%3A+The+Turkish+Story&rft.place=Crows+Nest%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-74114-045-5&rft.aulast=Fewster&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Basarin%2C+Vecihi&rft.au=Basarin%2C+Hatice+Hurmuz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lone+Pine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Andrew (April 2006). "Courage at Lone Pine". Wartime (34): 18–21. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1328-2727">1328-2727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wartime&rft.atitle=Courage+at+Lone+Pine&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=18-21&rft.date=2006-04&rft.issn=1328-2727&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lone+Pine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawker1990" class="citation journal cs1">Hawker, J. (1990). "Lone Pine". Conifer Society of Australia Newsletter. 8: 6–7. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224944593">224944593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conifer+Society+of+Australia+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Lone+Pine&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224944593&rft.aulast=Hawker&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lone+Pine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahlert2008" class="citation book cs1">Wahlert, Glenn (2008). Exploring Gallipoli: An Australian Army Battlefield Guide. Campbell, Australian Capital Territory: Army History Unit. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9804753-5-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9804753-5-7"><bdi>978-0-9804753-5-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Gallipoli%3A+An+Australian+Army+Battlefield+Guide&rft.place=Campbell%2C+Australian+Capital+Territory&rft.pub=Army+History+Unit&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9804753-5-7&rft.aulast=Wahlert&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lone+Pine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lone_Pine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Lone_Pine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Lone Pine">Battle of Lone Pine</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301002427/http://www.gallipoli.gov.au/bravery-awards-at-gallipoli/lone-pine.php">Gallipoli and the Anzacs: Bravery Awards at Gallipoli: The Battle of Lone Pine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awmlondon.gov.au/battles/lone-pine">Lone Pine: A Famous Assault at Lone Pine, 1915</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallipoli.net.au/lonepine.html">Gallipoli 1915 - The Making of a Nation: Lone Pine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016034612/http://www.gallipoli.net.au/lonepine.html">Archived</a> 16 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316041611/http://anzacday.org.au/spirit/gallipoli/gallip03.html">Lone Pine and The Nek</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> Ottoman battles in the 20th century</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–1912)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza_(1911)" title="Battle of Preveza (1911)">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tobruk_(1911)" title="Battle of Tobruk (1911)">Tobruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benghazi_(1911)" title="Battle of Benghazi (1911)">Benghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunfuda_Bay" title="Battle of Kunfuda Bay">Kunfuda Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derna_(1912)" title="Battle of Derna (1912)">Derna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beirut_(1912)" title="Battle of Beirut (1912)">Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhodes_(1912)" title="Battle of Rhodes (1912)">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Zanzur_(1912)" title="Battles of Zanzur (1912)">Zanzur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kırcalı (Kardzhali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Beşpınar (Pente Pigadia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">İşkodra (Scutari)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lüleburgaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">1st Edirne (Adrianople)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">1st Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Varna (Kaliakra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">İmroz (Elli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1913)">2nd Edirne (Adrianople)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair"> Bolayır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">2nd Çatalca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> (1914–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergmann_Offensive" title="Bergmann Offensive">Köprüköy (Bergmann) </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ardahan" title="Battle of Ardahan">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_the_Suez_Canal" title="Raid on the Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_operations_in_the_Dardanelles_campaign" title="Naval operations in the Dardanelles campaign">Naval operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Katia" title="Battle of Katia">Katya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Cape_Helles" title="Landing at Cape Helles">Seddülbayır (Cape Helles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumkale" title="Battle of Kumkale">Kumkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove" title="Landing at Anzac Cove">1st Arıburnu (Anzac Cove)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Baby_700" title="Battle for Baby 700">Baby 700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Krithia" title="First Battle of Krithia">1st Kirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dilman" title="Battle of Dilman">Battle of Dilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_attack_on_Anzac_Cove" title="Second attack on Anzac Cove">2nd Arıburnu (2nd Anzac Cove)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Krithia" title="Second Battle of Krithia">2nd Kirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_No.3_Post" title="Battle for No.3 Post">No.3 Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_attack_on_Anzac_Cove" title="Third attack on Anzac Cove">3rd Arıburnu (3rd Anzac Cove)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Krithia" title="Third Battle of Krithia">3rd Kirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gully_Ravine" title="Battle of Gully Ravine">Zığındere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert_(1915)" title="Battle of Manzikert (1915)">Manzikert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kara_Killisse_(1915)" title="Battle of Kara Killisse (1915)">Kara Killisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krithia_Vineyard" title="Battle of Krithia Vineyard">Kirte Bağları (Krithia Vineyard)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kanlısırt (Lone Pine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Suvla_Bay" title="Landing at Suvla Bay">Anafartalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair" title="Battle of Chunuk Bair">Conkbayır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sari_Bair" title="Battle of Sari Bair">Sarıbayır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nek" title="Battle of the Nek">Kılıçbayır (The Nek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_60_(Gallipoli)" title="Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)">Hill 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scimitar_Hill" title="Battle of Scimitar Hill">Yusufçuktepe (Scimitar Hill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(1915)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)">Selman’ı Pak (Ctesiphon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">1st Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sheikh_Sa%27ad" title="Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad">Sağ Sahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_(1916)" title="Battle of Wadi (1916)">Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanna" title="Battle of Hanna">Felahiye (Hanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dujaila" title="Battle of Dujaila">Sabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Campaign" title="Trebizond Campaign">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mecca_(1916)" title="Battle of Mecca (1916)">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Erzincan" title="Battle of Erzincan">Erzincan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aqaba" title="Battle of Aqaba">Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitlis" title="Battle of Bitlis">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_el_Abd" title="Battle of Bir el Abd">Bir el Abd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Yanbu" title="Capture of Yanbu">Yanbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magdhaba" title="Battle of Magdhaba">Magdhaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rafa" title="Battle of Rafa">Rafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Nekhl" title="Raid on Nekhl">Nekhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Bir_el_Hassana" title="Raid on Bir el Hassana">Bir el Hassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kut" title="Second Battle of Kut">2nd Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_offensive" title="Samarra offensive">Samarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Hamrin" title="Battle of Mount Hamrin">Jebel Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Gaza" title="First Battle of Gaza">1st Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza" title="Second Battle of Gaza">2nd Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Istabulat" title="Battle of Istabulat">Istabulat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aqaba" title="Battle of Aqaba">Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Ramadi_(1917)" title="Battles of Ramadi (1917)">Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_Musa" title="Battle of Wadi Musa">Wadi Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">Beersheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_el_Khuweilfe" title="Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe">Khuweilfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Gaza" title="Third Battle of Gaza">3rd Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hareira_and_Sheria" title="Battle of Hareira and Sheria">Hareira and Sheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Wadi_el_Hesi" title="Capture of Wadi el Hesi">Wadi el Hesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Huj" title="Charge at Huj">Huj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mughar_Ridge" title="Battle of Mughar Ridge">Mughar Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayun_Kara" title="Battle of Ayun Kara">Ayun Kara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1917)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1917)">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jericho" title="Capture of Jericho">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_%27Asur" title="Battle of Tell 'Asur">Tell 'Asur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Khan_Baghdadi" title="Action of Khan Baghdadi">Khan Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hijla" title="Battle of Hijla">Hijla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Amman" title="First Battle of Amman">1st Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Jordan#Prelude" title="Second Battle of the Jordan">Berukin and 1st Arara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Jordan" title="Second Battle of the Jordan">2nd Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abaran" title="Battle of Abaran">Abaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarabad" title="Battle of Sardarabad">Sardarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karakilisa" title="Battle of Karakilisa">Karakilisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay#Shamakhi,_Aghsu_and_Ismailly" title="Battle of Goychay">Aghsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurdamir" title="Battle of Kurdamir">Kurdamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Binagadi" title="Battle of Binagadi">Binagadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baku" title="Battle of Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Arsuf" title="Action of Arsuf">Arsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Caucasus_expedition" title="German Caucasus expedition">German Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abu_Tellul" title="Battle of Abu Tellul">Abu Tellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arara" title="Battle of Arara">2nd Arara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabsor" title="Battle of Tabsor">Tabsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tulkarm" title="Battle of Tulkarm">Tulkarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Afulah_and_Beisan" title="Capture of Afulah and Beisan">Afulah and Beisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nazareth" title="Battle of Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jenin" title="Capture of Jenin">Jenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1918)" title="Battle of Haifa (1918)">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samakh" title="Battle of Samakh">Samakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Tiberias_(1918)" title="Capture of Tiberias (1918)">Tiberias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Irbid" title="Charge at Irbid">Irbid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jisr_Benat_Yakub" title="Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub">Jisr Benat Yakub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Kaukab" title="Charge at Kaukab">Kaukab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus" title="Capture of Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Kiswe" title="Charge at Kiswe">Kiswe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jisr_ed_Damieh" title="Capture of Jisr ed Damieh">Jisr ed Damieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sharqat" title="Battle of Sharqat">Sharqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(1918)" title="Battle of Aleppo (1918)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Khan_Ayash" title="Charge at Khan Ayash">Khan Ayash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Amman" title="Second Battle of Amman">2nd Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Haritan" title="Charge at Haritan">Haritan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>For the battles before 1900 see <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire">List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output 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