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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Epidemiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outbreaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Outbreaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_weapon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_weapon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Biological weapon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_weapon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tularemia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تولاريميا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تولاريميا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulyaremiya" title="Tulyaremiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tulyaremiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тулярэмія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тулярэмія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туларемия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Туларемия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tular%C3%A8mia" title="Tularèmia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tularèmia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tular%C3%A9mie" title="Tularémie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tularémie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tular%C3%A4mie" title="Tularämie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tularämie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τουλαραιμία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουλαραιμία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tularemia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemio" title="Tularemio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tularemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tularemia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C" title="تولارمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تولارمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tular%C3%A9mie" title="Tularémie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tularémie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAlair%C3%A9ime" title="Túlairéime – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Túlairéime" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%ED%86%A0%EB%B3%91" title="야토병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야토병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Տուլարեմիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տուլարեմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemija" title="Tularemija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tularemija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tularemia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ras%C3%B3tt" title="Hérasótt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hérasótt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tularemia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="טולרמיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טולרמיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಟುಲರೀಮಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟುಲರೀಮಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტულარემია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტულარემია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туляремия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Туляремия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туляремия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Туляремия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tular%C3%A9mia" title="Tularémia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tularémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Туларемија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Туларемија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ടൂലറിമിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടൂലറിമിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tularemia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemie" title="Tularemie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tularemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E5%85%8E%E7%97%85" title="野兎病 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="野兎病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemi" title="Tularemi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tularemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଟୁଲାରେମିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଟୁଲାରେମିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tularemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tularemia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemie" title="Tularemie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tularemie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туляремия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туляремия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tularemia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemija" title="Tularemija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tularemija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Туларемија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туларемија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemija" title="Tularemija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tularemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4nisrutto" title="Jänisrutto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jänisrutto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Infectious disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Tularemia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Tularaemia, Pahvant Valley plague,<sup id="cite_ref-Bolognia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolognia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rabbit fever,<sup id="cite_ref-Bolognia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolognia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deer fly fever, Ohara's fever<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tularemia_lesion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tularemia_lesion.jpg/220px-Tularemia_lesion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tularemia_lesion.jpg/330px-Tularemia_lesion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tularemia_lesion.jpg/440px-Tularemia_lesion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A tularemia lesion on the back of the right hand</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">Infectious disease</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">Fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin ulcer">skin ulcer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">large lymph nodes</a><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2015Sym_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Sym-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">bacterium <i><a href="/wiki/Francisella_tularensis" title="Francisella tularensis">Francisella tularensis</a></i> (spread by <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer_fly" title="Deer fly">deer flies</a>, contact with infected animals)<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2024Main_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2024Main-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Blood tests, <a href="/wiki/Microbial_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial culture">microbial culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2015Tx_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Tx-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Insect_repellent" title="Insect repellent">Insect repellent</a>, wearing long pants, rapidly removing ticks, not disturbing dead animals<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2015Pre_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Pre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Streptomycin" title="Streptomycin">Streptomycin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentamicin" title="Gentamicin">Gentamicin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">doxycycline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">ciprofloxacin</a><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2015Tx_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Tx-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Generally good with treatment<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2024Main_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2024Main-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">~200 cases per year (US)<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2016Epi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2016Epi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tularemia</b>, also known as <b>rabbit fever</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a> caused by the <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacterium</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Francisella_tularensis" title="Francisella tularensis">Francisella tularensis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2024Main_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2024Main-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin_ulcers" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin ulcers">skin ulcers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">enlarged lymph nodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2015Sym_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Sym-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally, a form that results in <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> or a throat infection may occur.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2015Sym_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Sym-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bacterium is typically spread by <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer_fly" title="Deer fly">deer flies</a>, or contact with infected animals.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2024Main_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2024Main-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also be spread by drinking contaminated water or breathing in contaminated dust.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2024Main_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2024Main-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not spread directly between people.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosis is by blood tests or <a href="/wiki/Microbial_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial culture">cultures</a> of the infected site.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2015Tx_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Tx-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2016Doc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2016Doc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prevention is by using <a href="/wiki/Insect_repellent" title="Insect repellent">insect repellent</a>, wearing long pants, rapidly removing ticks, and not disturbing dead animals.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2015Pre_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Pre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment is typically with the antibiotic <a href="/wiki/Streptomycin" title="Streptomycin">streptomycin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2016Doc_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2016Doc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gentamicin" title="Gentamicin">Gentamicin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">doxycycline</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">ciprofloxacin</a> may also be used.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2015Tx_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Tx-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 1970s and 2015, around 200 cases were reported in the United States a year.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2016Epi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2016Epi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males are affected more often than females.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2016Epi_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2016Epi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occurs most frequently in the young and the middle aged.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2016Epi_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2016Epi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, most cases occur in the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2016Epi_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2016Epi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease is named after <a href="/wiki/Tulare_County,_California" title="Tulare County, California">Tulare County, California</a>, where the disease was discovered in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of other animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, may also be infected.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2024Main_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2024Main-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tularemia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the site of infection, tularemia has six characteristic clinical variants: ulceroglandular (the most common type representing 75% of all forms), glandular, oropharyngeal, pneumonic, oculoglandular, and typhoidal.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The incubation period for tularemia is 1 to 14 days; most human infections become apparent after three to five days.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most susceptible mammals, the clinical signs include <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, lethargy, <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">loss of appetite</a>, signs of <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, and possibly death. Nonhuman mammals rarely develop the skin lesions seen in people. <a href="/wiki/Subclinical_infection" title="Subclinical infection">Subclinical infections</a> are common, and animals often develop specific antibodies to the organism. Fever is moderate or very high, and tularemia bacilli can be isolated from blood cultures at this stage. The face and eyes redden and become inflamed. Inflammation spreads to the <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a>, which enlarge and may <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/suppurate" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/suppurate">suppurate</a> (mimicking <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a>). Lymph node involvement is accompanied by a high fever.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tularemia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tularemia is caused by the bacteria <i><a href="/wiki/Francisella_tularensis" title="Francisella tularensis">Francisella tularensis</a></i> which is typically spread by <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer_fly" title="Deer fly">deer flies</a>, and contact with infected animals.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2024Main_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2024Main-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacteria">Bacteria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tularemia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bacteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chocolate_agar_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chocolate_agar_1.jpg/220px-Chocolate_agar_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chocolate_agar_1.jpg/330px-Chocolate_agar_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chocolate_agar_1.jpg/440px-Chocolate_agar_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_agar" title="Chocolate agar">Chocolate agar</a> culture showing <i><a href="/wiki/Francisella_tularensis" title="Francisella tularensis">Francisella tularensis</a></i> colonies</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisella_tularensis_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Francisella_tularensis_01.jpg/220px-Francisella_tularensis_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Francisella_tularensis_01.jpg/330px-Francisella_tularensis_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Francisella_tularensis_01.jpg/440px-Francisella_tularensis_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2914" data-file-height="2185" /></a><figcaption>Another culture of <i>Francisella tularensis</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The bacteria can penetrate into the body through damaged skin, mucous membranes, and inhalation. Humans are most often infected by tick/deer fly bite or through handling an infected animal. Ingesting infected water, soil, or food can also cause infection. Hunters are at a higher risk for this disease because of the potential of inhaling the bacteria during the skinning process. It has been contracted from inhaling particles from an infected rabbit ground up in a lawnmower (<a href="#Outbreaks">see below</a>). Tularemia is not spread directly from person to person.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans can also be infected through bioterrorism attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Francisella_tularensis" title="Francisella tularensis">Francisella tularensis</a></i> can live both within and outside the cells of the animal it infects, meaning it is a <a href="/wiki/Facultative_intracellular_bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Facultative intracellular bacterium">facultative intracellular bacterium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It primarily infects <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cell</a>, and thus is able to evade the immune system. The course of disease involves the spread of the organism to multiple organ systems, including the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a>. The course of disease is different depending on the route of exposure. Mortality in untreated (before the antibiotic era) patients has been as high as 50% in the pneumoniac and typhoidal forms of the disease, which however account for less than 10% of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread">Spread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tularemia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common way the disease is spread is via <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vectors</a>. Ticks involved include <i><a href="/wiki/Amblyomma" title="Amblyomma">Amblyomma</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dermacentor" title="Dermacentor">Dermacentor</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Haemaphysalis" title="Haemaphysalis">Haemaphysalis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ixodes" title="Ixodes">Ixodes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BeranSteele1994_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeranSteele1994-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodents</a>, rabbits, and <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a> often serve as <a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">reservoir hosts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but waterborne infection accounts for 5–10% of all tularemia in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including from aquatic animals such as seals.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tularemia can also be transmitted by biting flies, particularly the deer fly <i><a href="/wiki/Chrysops_discalis" title="Chrysops discalis">Chrysops discalis</a></i>. Individual flies can remain infectious for 14 days and ticks for over two years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Tularemia may also be spread by direct contact with contaminated animals or material, by ingestion of poorly cooked flesh of infected animals or contaminated water, or by inhalation of contaminated dust.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tularemia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathology">Pathology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tularemia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pathology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In lymph node biopsies, the typical histopathologic pattern is characterized by geographic areas of necrosis with neutrophils and necrotizing granulomas. The pattern is non specific and similar to other infectious lymphadenopathies.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The laboratorial isolation of <i>F. tularensis</i> requires special media such as <a href="/wiki/Buffered_charcoal_yeast_extract_agar" title="Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar">buffered charcoal yeast extract agar</a>. It cannot be isolated in the routine culture media because of the need for sulfhydryl group donors (such as cysteine). The microbiologist must be informed when tularemia is suspected not only to include the special media for appropriate isolation, but also to ensure that safety precautions are taken to avoid contamination of laboratory personnel. Serological tests (detection of antibodies in the serum of the patients) are available and widely used. Cross reactivity with <i><a href="/wiki/Brucella" title="Brucella">Brucella</a></i> can confuse interpretation of the results, so diagnosis should not rely only on serology. Molecular methods such as PCR are available in reference laboratories.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tularemia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no safe, available, approved vaccines against tularemia. However, vaccination research and development continues, with live attenuated vaccines being the most thoroughly researched and most likely candidate for approval.<sup id="cite_ref-vac2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vac2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sub-unit vaccine candidates, such as killed-whole cell vaccines, are also under investigation, however research has not reached a state of public use.<sup id="cite_ref-vac2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vac2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Optimal preventative practices include limiting direct exposure when handling potentially infected animals by wearing gloves and face masks (importantly when skinning deceased animals).<sup id="cite_ref-Man2014_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tularemia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If infection occurs or is suspected, treatment is generally with the <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> <a href="/wiki/Streptomycin" title="Streptomycin">streptomycin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gentamicin" title="Gentamicin">gentamicin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Man2014_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">Doxycycline</a> was previously used.<sup id="cite_ref-Hepburn2008_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hepburn2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gentamicin may be easier to obtain than streptomycin.<sup id="cite_ref-Hepburn2008_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hepburn2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also tentative evidence to support the use of <a href="/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic" title="Quinolone antibiotic">quinolone antibiotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hepburn2008_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hepburn2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tularemia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the discovery of antibiotics, the rate of death associated with tularemia has decreased from 60% to less than 4%.<sup id="cite_ref-Man2014_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tularemia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tularemia is most common in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, including North America and parts of Europe and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Man2014_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occurs between 30° and 71° north <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Man2014_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, although records show that tularemia was never particularly common, <a href="/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)" title="Incidence (epidemiology)">incidence rates</a> continued to drop over the course of the 20th century. Between 1990 and 2000, the rate dropped to less than 1 per one million, meaning the disease is extremely rare in the United States today.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, tularemia is generally rare, though outbreaks with hundreds of cases occur every few years in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sweden over a period from 1984 to 2012 a total of 4,830 cases of tularemia occurred (most of the infections were acquired within the country). About 1.86 cases per 100,000 persons occur each year with higher rates in those between 55 and 70.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outbreaks">Outbreaks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tularemia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Outbreaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/14th_century_BC" title="14th century BC">14th century</a> <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a>, a disease believed to probably be Tularemia spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_plague" title="Hittite plague">Hittite plague</a>, and its use in repelling an invasion was the first in <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> recorded. </p><p>From May to October 2000, an outbreak of tularemia in <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, resulted in one fatality, and brought the interest of the United States <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) as a potential investigative ground for aerosolised <i>Francisella tularensis</i>. For a time, Martha's Vineyard was identified as the only place in the world where documented cases of tularemia resulted from <a href="/wiki/Lawn_mowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawn mowing">lawn mowing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in May 2015<sup id="cite_ref-dailycamera.com_May2015_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailycamera.com_May2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a resident of <a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Colorado" title="Lafayette, Colorado">Lafayette, Colorado</a>, died from aerosolised <i>F. tularensis</i>, which was also connected to lawn mowing, highlighting this new vector of risk. </p><p>An outbreak of tularemia occurred in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> in 1999–2000.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, three researchers at <a href="/wiki/Boston_Medical_Center" title="Boston Medical Center">Boston Medical Center</a>, in Massachusetts, were accidentally infected with <i>F. tularensis</i>, after apparently failing to follow safety procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, small amounts of <i>F. tularensis</i> were detected in the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, the morning after an antiwar demonstration on September 24, 2005. <a href="/wiki/BioWatch" title="BioWatch">Biohazard sensors</a> were triggered at six locations surrounding the Mall. While thousands of people were potentially exposed, no infections were reported. The detected bacteria likely originated from a natural source, not from a <a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">bioterror attempt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, an outbreak occurred in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> amongst participants in a hare hunt. About 27 people came into contact with contaminated blood and meat after the hunt. Ten of the exposed, aged 11 to 73, developed tularemia. One of these died due to complications caused by chronic heart disease.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tularemia is <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)" title="Endemic (epidemiology)">endemic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gori,_Georgia" title="Gori, Georgia">Gori</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> country of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. The last outbreak was in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease is also endemic on the uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Pakri_Islands" title="Pakri Islands">Pakri Islands</a> off the northern coast of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>. Used for bombing practice by <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> forces, chemical and bacteriological weapons may have been dropped on these islands.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2007, an outbreak was reported in the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> autonomous region of <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a> and traced to the plague of <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">voles</a> infesting the region. Another outbreak had taken place ten years before in the same area.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2011, researchers searching for <a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">brucellosis</a> among <a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">feral pig</a> populations in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> discovered widespread tularemia infection or evidence of past infection in feral hog populations of at least two Texas counties, even though tularemia is not normally associated with <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> at all. Precautions were recommended for those who hunt, dress, or prepare feral hogs. Since feral hogs roam over large distances, concern exists that tularemia may spread or already be present in feral hogs over a wide geographic area.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2011, it was found in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>. Reports claimed it to be the first in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the causative organism was documented to have been isolated from a foot wound in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, at least five cases of tularemia were reported in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> and at least three more cases in early 2015, including one death as a result of lawn mowing, as noted above.<sup id="cite_ref-dailycamera.com_May2015_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailycamera.com_May2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 2015, a popular hiking area just north of <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder</a> was identified as a site of animal infection and signs were posted to warn hikers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tularemia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tularemia bacterium was first isolated by <a href="/wiki/George_Walter_McCoy" title="George Walter McCoy">G.W. McCoy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">United States Public Health Service</a> plague lab and reported in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists determined tularemia could be dangerous to humans; a human being may catch the infection after contacting an infected animal. The ailment soon became associated with hunters, cooks and agricultural workers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_weapon">Biological weapon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tularemia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Biological weapon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) regard <i>F. tularensis</i> as a viable <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> agent, and it has been included in the biological warfare programs of the United States, Soviet Union and Japan at various times.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A former Soviet biological weapons scientist, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Alibek" title="Ken Alibek">Ken Alibek</a>, has alleged that an outbreak of tularemia among German soldiers shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> was due to the release of <i>F. tularensis</i> by Soviet forces. Others who have studied the pathogen "propose that an outbreak resulting from natural causes is more likely".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, practical research into using rabbit fever as a biological warfare agent took place in 1954 at <a href="/wiki/Pine_Bluff_Arsenal" title="Pine Bluff Arsenal">Pine Bluff Arsenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detrick" title="Fort Detrick">Fort Detrick</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was viewed as an attractive agent because:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>it is easy to aerosolize</li> <li>it is highly infective; between 10 and 50 bacteria are sufficient to infect victims</li> <li>it is nonpersistent and easy to decontaminate (unlike <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a>)</li> <li>it is highly incapacitating to infected persons</li> <li>it has comparatively low lethality, which is useful where enemy soldiers are in proximity to noncombatants, e.g. civilians</li></ul> <p>The Schu S4 strain was standardized as "Agent UL" for use in the United States <a href="/wiki/M143_bomblet" title="M143 bomblet">M143 bursting spherical bomblet</a>. It was a lethal biological warfare agent with an anticipated fatality rate of 40–60%. The rate-of-action was around three days, with a duration-of-action of one to three weeks (treated) and two to three months (untreated), with frequent relapses. UL was streptomycin resistant. The aerobiological stability of UL was a major concern, being sensitive to sunlight, and losing virulence over time after release. When the 425 strain was standardized as "agent JT" (an incapacitant rather than lethal agent), the Schu S4 strain's symbol was changed again to SR.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Both wet and dry types of <i>F. tularensis</i> (identified by the codes TT and ZZ) were examined during the <a href="/wiki/M143_bomblet" title="M143 bomblet">"Red Cloud" tests</a>, which took place from November 1966 to February 1967 in the <a href="/wiki/Tanana_Valley" title="Tanana Valley">Tanana Valley</a>, Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tularemia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cats and dogs can acquire the disease from the bite of a tick or flea that has fed on an infected host, such as a rabbit or rodent. For treatment of infected cats, antibiotics are the preferred treatment, including tetracycline, chloramphenicol or streptomycin. Long treatment courses may be necessary as relapses are common.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tularemia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bolognia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bolognia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolognia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRapini,_Ronald_P.Bolognia,_Jean_L.Jorizzo,_Joseph_L.2007" class="citation book cs1">Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). <i>Dermatology: 2-Volume Set</i>. St. Louis: Mosby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2999-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2999-1"><bdi>978-1-4160-2999-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dermatology%3A+2-Volume+Set&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pub=Mosby&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1&rft.au=Rapini%2C+Ronald+P.&rft.au=Bolognia%2C+Jean+L.&rft.au=Jorizzo%2C+Joseph+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATularemia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames,_William_D.Berger,_Timothy_G.2006" class="citation book cs1">James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G. (2006). <i>Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology</i>. Saunders Elsevier. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-2921-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-2921-6"><bdi>978-0-7216-2921-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrews%27+Diseases+of+the+Skin%3A+clinical+Dermatology&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Saunders+Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6&rft.au=James%2C+William+D.&rft.au=Berger%2C+Timothy+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATularemia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC2015Sym-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2015Sym_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2015Sym_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2015Sym_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/signs-symptoms/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/signssymptoms/">"Signs and Symptoms Tularemia"</a>. <i>CDC</i>. 15 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDC&rft.atitle=Signs+and+Symptoms+Tularemia&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Ftularemia%2Fsigns-symptoms%2F%3FCDC_AAref_Val%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Ftularemia%2Fsignssymptoms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATularemia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC2024Main-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2024Main_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2024Main_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2024Main_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2024Main_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2024Main_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2024Main_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2024Main_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240823122706/https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/about/index.html">"Tularemia"</a>. <i>CDC.gov</i>. 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Emerg Infect Dis.</a> -Reintjes R, Dedushaj I, Gjini A, Jorgensen TR, Cotter B, Lieftucht A, et al. - Retrieved 3 Jan 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith_S2005" class="citation news cs1">Smith S (2005-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/03/29/city_tells_bu_to_bolster_safety_of_its_medical_labs/">"City tells BU to bolster safety of its medical labs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=City+tells+BU+to+bolster+safety+of+its+medical+labs&rft.date=2005-03-29&rft.au=Smith+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticles%2F2005%2F03%2F29%2Fcity_tells_bu_to_bolster_safety_of_its_medical_labs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATularemia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvorak_P2005" class="citation news cs1">Dvorak P (2005-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/01/AR2005100101209.html">"Health Officials Vigilant for Illness After Sensors Detect Bacteria on Mall: Agent Found as Protests Drew Thousands of Visitors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>. p. C13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-08</span></span>. <q>A week after six bioterrorism sensors detected the presence of a dangerous bacterium on the Mall, health officials said there are no reports that any of the thousands of people in the nation's capital Sept. 24 have tularemia, the illness that results from exposure to the bacteria.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Health+Officials+Vigilant+for+Illness+After+Sensors+Detect+Bacteria+on+Mall%3A+Agent+Found+as+Protests+Drew+Thousands+of+Visitors&rft.pages=C13&rft.date=2005-10-02&rft.au=Dvorak+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F10%2F01%2FAR2005100101209.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATularemia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edoc.rki.de/documents/rki_fv/rey9xGVfxOWE/PDF/23yWQfXoeNsqDCg.pdf">Epidemiologisches Bulletin (pdf)</a> des Robert Koch-Instituts Nr. 50 16. Dezember 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to staff at <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Public_Health_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (Georgia)">National Center for Disease Control</a>, an outbreak of tularemia occurred in the village of Zemo Rene east of <a href="/wiki/Gori,_Georgia" title="Gori, Georgia">Gori</a> in December 2005 and January 2006. Twenty-six persons tested positive for the bacteria, and 45 tested positive for antibodies. No cases were fatal. The source was deemed to be a water spring. Previous outbreaks were in <a href="/wiki/Tamarasheni" title="Tamarasheni">Tamarasheni</a> (2005) and Ruisi (1997 and 1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101819/http://www.ene.ttu.ee/maeinstituut/KatrinErg/Artiklid_Articles/Humanimpact.pdf">"<i>Human Impact on Groundwater Management in Northern Estonia.</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ene.ttu.ee/maeinstituut/KatrinErg/Artiklid_Articles/Humanimpact.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Impact+on+Groundwater+Management+in+Northern+Estonia.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ene.ttu.ee%2Fmaeinstituut%2FKatrinErg%2FArtiklid_Articles%2FHumanimpact.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATularemia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309171326/http://www.postersessiononline.com/312191188_es/congresos/13seimc/aula/poster_19202.pdf#prof">"<i>Diagnóstico de un brote de tularemia en Castilla-León</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://today.ttu.edu/2011/01/researchers-warn-of-tularemia-in-area-feral-hogs/">the original</a> on 2013-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11386933">"Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management"</a>. <i>JAMA</i>. <b>285</b> (21): 2763–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.285.21.2763">10.1001/jama.285.21.2763</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11386933">11386933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Tularemia+as+a+biological+weapon%3A+medical+and+public+health+management&rft.volume=285&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2763-73&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.285.21.2763&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11386933&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=DT&rft.au=Inglesby%2C+TV&rft.au=Henderson%2C+DA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjama.ama-assn.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11386933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATularemia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroddyKrcalova2001" class="citation journal cs1">Croddy E, Krcalova S (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402072005/http://cns.miis.edu/archive/cbw/tula.htm">"Tularemia, Biological Warfare, and the Battle for Stalingrad (1942-1943)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Military_Medicine_(journal)" title="Military Medicine (journal)">Military Medicine</a></i>. <b>166</b> (10): 837–838. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmilmed%2F166.10.837">10.1093/milmed/166.10.837</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11603230">11603230</a>. 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"Tularemia: history, epidemiology, pathogen physiology, and clinical manifestations". <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_New_York_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences">Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</a></i>. <b>1105</b> (1): 1–29. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NYASA1105....1S">2007NYASA1105....1S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1409.009">10.1196/annals.1409.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17395726">17395726</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26000749">26000749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Tularemia%3A+history%2C+epidemiology%2C+pathogen+physiology%2C+and+clinical+manifestations&rft.volume=1105&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1196%2Fannals.1409.009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26000749%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17395726&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007NYASA1105....1S&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6stedt+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATularemia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kanti Ghosh, Tushar, Prelas, Mark, Viswanath, Dabir: <i>Science and Technology of Terrorism and Counterterrorism.</i> CRC Press, 2002. Page 97. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-0870-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-0870-9">0-8247-0870-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fhp.osd.mil/CBexposures/pdfs/red_cloud.pdf">Fact Sheet - Red Cloud</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309172516/http://fhp.osd.mil/CBexposures/pdfs/red_cloud.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs)</i>, Deployment Health Support Directorate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldredgeCarlsonCarlsonGiffin2008" class="citation book cs1">Eldredge, Debra M.; Carlson, Delbert G.; Carlson, Liisa D.; Giffin, James M. (2008). <i>Cat Owner's Home Veterinary Handbook</i>. Howell Book House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cat+Owner%27s+Home+Veterinary+Handbook&rft.pub=Howell+Book+House&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Eldredge&rft.aufirst=Debra+M.&rft.au=Carlson%2C+Delbert+G.&rft.au=Carlson%2C+Liisa+D.&rft.au=Giffin%2C+James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATularemia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tularemia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153861" class="extiw" title="d:Q153861">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#980168338">1B94</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/A21">A21</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=021">021</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014406">D014406</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb13454.htm">13454</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000856.htm">000856</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/2326-overview">med/2326</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic591.htm#">emerg/591</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2327.htm#">ped/2327</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/tularaemia">Tularemia</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Orphanet" title="Orphanet">Orphanet</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=3392">3392</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_biological_weapons_program" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._biological_weapons" title="Template:U.S. biological weapons"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._biological_weapons" title="Template talk:U.S. biological weapons"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._biological_weapons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. biological weapons"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_biological_weapons_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_biological_weapons_program" title="United States biological weapons program">United States biological weapons program</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Weaponized agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">Anthrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterotoxin_type_B" title="Enterotoxin type B">Enterotoxin type B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnaporthe_grisea" title="Magnaporthe grisea">Rice blast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tularemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_equine_encephalitis_virus" title="Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus">VEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_rust" title="Stem rust">Wheat stem rust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Researched agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Argentine hemorrhagic fever">AHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Bolivian hemorrhagic fever">BHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Bird flu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya" title="Chikungunya">CHIKV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">Dengue fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_equine_encephalitis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern equine encephalitis virus">EEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glanders" title="Glanders">Glanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_hemorrhagic_fever_with_renal_syndrome" title="Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome">Hantavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassa_fever" title="Lassa fever">Lassa fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melioidosis" title="Melioidosis">Melioidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virulent_Newcastle_disease" title="Virulent Newcastle disease">VND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_infestans" title="Phytophthora infestans">Potato blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psittacosis" title="Psittacosis">Psittacosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">Ricin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_fever" title="Rift Valley fever">RVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinderpest" title="Rinderpest">Rinderpest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">Typhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_equine_encephalitis_virus" title="Western equine encephalitis virus">WEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">Yellow fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Munitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E120_bomblet" title="E120 bomblet">E120 bomblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E133_cluster_bomb" title="E133 cluster bomb">E133 cluster bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E14_munition" title="E14 munition">E14 munition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E23_munition" title="E23 munition">E23 munition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E48_particulate_bomb" title="E48 particulate bomb">E48 particulate bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E61_anthrax_bomblet" title="E61 anthrax bomblet">E61 bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E77_balloon_bomb" title="E77 balloon bomb">E77 balloon bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E86_cluster_bomb" title="E86 cluster bomb">E86 cluster bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E96_cluster_bomb" title="E96 cluster bomb">E96 cluster bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flettner_rotor_bomblet" title="Flettner rotor bomblet">Flettner rotor bomblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M114_bomb" title="M114 bomb">M114 bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M115_bomb" title="M115 bomb">M115 bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M143_bomblet" title="M143 bomblet">M143 bomblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M33_cluster_bomb" title="M33 cluster bomb">M33 cluster bomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations and testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea-Spray" title="Operation Sea-Spray">Operation Sea-Spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Big_Buzz" title="Operation Big Buzz">Operation Big Buzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Big_Itch" title="Operation Big Itch">Operation Big Itch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dark_Winter" title="Operation Dark Winter">Operation Dark Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dew" title="Operation Dew">Operation Dew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Drop_Kick" title="Operation Drop Kick">Operation Drop Kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_LAC" title="Operation LAC">Operation LAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Magic_Sword" title="Operation Magic Sword">Operation Magic Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_May_Day" title="Operation May Day">Operation May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Polka_Dot" title="Operation Polka Dot">Operation Polka Dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Whitecoat" title="Operation Whitecoat">Operation Whitecoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_112" title="Project 112">Project 112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Bacchus" title="Project Bacchus">Project Bacchus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Biological_Warfare_Laboratories" title="United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories">U.S. Army Biological Warfare Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Island_Animal_Disease_Center#Building_101" title="Plum Island Animal Disease Center">Building 101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_257" class="mw-redirect" title="Building 257">Building 257</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_470" title="Building 470">Building 470</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Test_Center" title="Deseret Test Center">Deseret Test Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugway_Proving_Ground" title="Dugway Proving Ground">Dugway Proving Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Detrick" title="Fort Detrick">Fort Detrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Douglas" title="Fort Douglas">Fort Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Terry" title="Fort Terry">Fort Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite_Peak_Installation" title="Granite Peak Installation">Granite Peak Installation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_Island_Chemical_Warfare_Service_Quarantine_Station" title="Horn Island Chemical Warfare Service Quarantine Station">Horn Island Testing Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Million-Liter_Test_Sphere" title="One-Million-Liter Test Sphere">One-Million-Liter Test Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Bluff_Arsenal" title="Pine Bluff Arsenal">Pine Bluff Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Island_Animal_Disease_Center" title="Plum Island Animal Disease Center">Plum Island Animal Disease Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigo_Ordnance_Plant" title="Vigo Ordnance Plant">Vigo Ordnance Plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomological_warfare" title="Entomological warfare">Entomological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_biological_weapons_program" title="Soviet biological weapons program">Soviet biological weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_biological_warfare_in_the_Korean_War" title="Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War">Korean War bio-warfare allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._biological_weapons_topics" title="List of U.S. biological weapons topics">List of topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_biological_weapons_program" title="United States biological weapons program">U.S. biological weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_biological_defense_program" title="United States biological defense program">U.S. biological defense program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_Chemical_and_Biological_Defense_Policies_and_Programs" title="Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs">U.S. bio-weapons ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Bureau_of_Consultants" title="War Bureau of Consultants">War Bureau of Consultants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Research_Service" title="War Research Service">War Research Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudomonadota-associated_Gram-negative_bacterial_infections" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gram-negative_proteobacterial_diseases" title="Template:Gram-negative proteobacterial diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gram-negative_proteobacterial_diseases" title="Template talk:Gram-negative proteobacterial diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gram-negative_proteobacterial_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gram-negative proteobacterial diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pseudomonadota-associated_Gram-negative_bacterial_infections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a>-associated <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative bacterial infection">Gram-negative bacterial infections</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alphaproteobacteria" title="Alphaproteobacteria">α</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Rickettsiales" title="Rickettsiales">Rickettsiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Rickettsiaceae" title="Rickettsiaceae">Rickettsiaceae</a>/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Rickettsiosis" title="Rickettsiosis">Rickettsioses</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">Typhus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_typhi" title="Rickettsia typhi">Rickettsia typhi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murine_typhus" title="Murine typhus">Murine typhus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_prowazekii" title="Rickettsia prowazekii">Rickettsia prowazekii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic_typhus" title="Epidemic typhus">Epidemic typhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brill%E2%80%93Zinsser_disease" title="Brill–Zinsser disease">Brill–Zinsser disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flying_squirrel_typhus" title="Flying squirrel typhus">Flying squirrel typhus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Spotted_fever" title="Spotted fever">Spotted<br />fever</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_disease" title="Tick-borne disease">Tick-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_rickettsii" title="Rickettsia rickettsii">Rickettsia rickettsii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever" title="Rocky Mountain spotted fever">Rocky Mountain spotted fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_conorii" title="Rickettsia conorii">Rickettsia conorii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boutonneuse_fever" title="Boutonneuse fever">Boutonneuse fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_japonica" title="Rickettsia japonica">Rickettsia japonica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_spotted_fever" title="Japanese spotted fever">Japanese spotted fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_sibirica" title="Rickettsia sibirica">Rickettsia sibirica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Asian_tick_typhus" title="North Asian tick typhus">North Asian tick typhus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_australis" title="Rickettsia australis">Rickettsia australis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_tick_typhus" title="Queensland tick typhus">Queensland tick typhus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_honei" title="Rickettsia honei">Rickettsia honei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Island_spotted_fever" title="Flinders Island spotted fever">Flinders Island spotted fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_africae" title="Rickettsia africae">Rickettsia africae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_tick_bite_fever" title="African tick bite fever">African tick bite fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_parkeri" title="Rickettsia parkeri">Rickettsia parkeri</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_tick_bite_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="American tick bite fever">American tick bite fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_aeschlimannii" class="mw-redirect" title="Rickettsia aeschlimannii">Rickettsia aeschlimannii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_aeschlimannii_infection" title="Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection"><i>Rickettsia aeschlimannii</i> infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Mite#Clinical_significance" title="Mite">Mite-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_akari" title="Rickettsia akari">Rickettsia akari</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsialpox" title="Rickettsialpox">Rickettsialpox</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orientia_tsutsugamushi" title="Orientia tsutsugamushi">Orientia tsutsugamushi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_typhus" title="Scrub typhus">Scrub typhus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Flea#Fleas_as_a_vector" title="Flea">Flea-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_felis" title="Rickettsia felis">Rickettsia felis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flea-borne_spotted_fever" title="Flea-borne spotted fever">Flea-borne spotted fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Anaplasmataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaplasmataceae">Anaplasmataceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichiosis" title="Ehrlichiosis">Ehrlichiosis</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Anaplasma_phagocytophilum" title="Anaplasma phagocytophilum">Anaplasma phagocytophilum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_granulocytic_anaplasmosis" title="Human granulocytic anaplasmosis">Human granulocytic anaplasmosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaplasmosis" title="Anaplasmosis">Anaplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichia_chaffeensis" title="Ehrlichia chaffeensis">Ehrlichia chaffeensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_monocytotropic_ehrlichiosis" title="Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis">Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichia_ewingii" title="Ehrlichia ewingii">Ehrlichia ewingii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichiosis_ewingii_infection" title="Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection">Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Hyphomicrobiales" title="Hyphomicrobiales">Hyphomicrobiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Brucellaceae" title="Brucellaceae">Brucellaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brucella_abortus" title="Brucella abortus">Brucella abortus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Bartonella" title="Bartonella">Bartonellaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartonellosis" title="Bartonellosis">Bartonellosis</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Bartonella_henselae" title="Bartonella henselae">Bartonella henselae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat-scratch_disease" title="Cat-scratch disease">Cat-scratch disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartonella_quintana" title="Bartonella quintana">Bartonella quintana</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trench_fever" title="Trench fever">Trench fever</a></li></ul></li> <li>Either <i>B. henselae</i> or <i>B. quintana</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacillary_angiomatosis" title="Bacillary angiomatosis">Bacillary angiomatosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartonella_bacilliformis" title="Bartonella bacilliformis">Bartonella bacilliformis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion%27s_disease" title="Carrion's disease">Carrion's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verruga_peruana" class="mw-redirect" title="Verruga peruana">Verruga peruana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Betaproteobacteria" title="Betaproteobacteria">β</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Neisseriaceae" title="Neisseriaceae">Neisseriales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">M+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis" title="Neisseria meningitidis">Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_disease" title="Meningococcal disease">Meningococcal disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterhouse%E2%80%93Friderichsen_syndrome" title="Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome">Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_septicaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Meningococcal septicaemia">Meningococcal septicaemia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">M−</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">Gonorrhea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><span class="nobold"><i>ungrouped:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eikenella_corrodens" title="Eikenella corrodens">Eikenella corrodens</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Kingella_kingae" title="Kingella kingae">Kingella kingae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromobacterium_violaceum" title="Chromobacterium violaceum">Chromobacterium violaceum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromobacteriosis_infection" title="Chromobacteriosis infection">Chromobacteriosis infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Burkholderiales" title="Burkholderiales">Burkholderiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_pseudomallei" title="Burkholderia pseudomallei">Burkholderia pseudomallei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melioidosis" title="Melioidosis">Melioidosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_mallei" title="Burkholderia mallei">Burkholderia mallei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glanders" title="Glanders">Glanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_cepacia_complex" title="Burkholderia cepacia complex">Burkholderia cepacia complex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bordetella_pertussis" title="Bordetella pertussis">Bordetella pertussis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bordetella_parapertussis" title="Bordetella parapertussis">Bordetella parapertussis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertussis">Pertussis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria" title="Gammaproteobacteria">γ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Enterobacteriaceae" title="Enterobacteriaceae">Enterobacteriales</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Oxidase_test#OX−" title="Oxidase test">OX−</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Lac+" title="MacConkey agar">Lac+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae" title="Klebsiella pneumoniae">Klebsiella pneumoniae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoscleroma" title="Rhinoscleroma">Rhinoscleroma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_granulomatis" title="Klebsiella granulomatis">Klebsiella granulomatis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_inguinale" title="Granuloma inguinale">Granuloma inguinale</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_oxytoca" title="Klebsiella oxytoca">Klebsiella oxytoca</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Enterotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Enterotoxigenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroinvasive_Escherichia_coli" title="Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli">Enteroinvasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verotoxin-producing_Escherichia_coli" class="mw-redirect" title="Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli">Enterohemorrhagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7">O157:H7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4">O104:H4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemolytic-uremic syndrome">Hemolytic-uremic syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterobacter_aerogenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterobacter aerogenes">Enterobacter aerogenes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Enterobacter_cloacae" title="Enterobacter cloacae">Enterobacter cloacae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Slow" title="MacConkey agar">Slow/weak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Serratia_marcescens" title="Serratia marcescens">Serratia marcescens</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serratia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Serratia infection"><i>Serratia</i> infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citrobacter_koseri" title="Citrobacter koseri">Citrobacter koseri</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Citrobacter_freundii" title="Citrobacter freundii">Citrobacter freundii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Lac−" title="MacConkey agar">Lac−</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_sulfite_agar" title="Bismuth sulfite agar">H2S+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella_enterica" title="Salmonella enterica">Salmonella enterica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">Typhoid fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paratyphoid_fever" title="Paratyphoid fever">Paratyphoid fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmonellosis" title="Salmonellosis">Salmonellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue">H2S−</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shigella_dysenteriae" title="Shigella dysenteriae">Shigella dysenteriae</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shigella_sonnei" title="Shigella sonnei">sonnei</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shigella_flexneri" title="Shigella flexneri">flexneri</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shigella_boydii" title="Shigella boydii">boydii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacillary_dysentery" title="Bacillary dysentery">Bacillary dysentery</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proteus_mirabilis" title="Proteus mirabilis">Proteus mirabilis</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Proteus_vulgaris" title="Proteus vulgaris">Proteus vulgaris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">Bubonic plague</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_enterocolitica" title="Yersinia enterocolitica">Yersinia enterocolitica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yersiniosis" title="Yersiniosis">Yersiniosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pseudotuberculosis" title="Yersinia pseudotuberculosis">Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_East_scarlet-like_fever" title="Far East scarlet-like fever">Far East scarlet-like fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Pasteurellaceae" title="Pasteurellaceae">Pasteurellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus" title="Haemophilus">Haemophilus</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">H. influenzae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_meningitis" title="Haemophilus meningitis"><i>Haemophilus</i> meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_purpuric_fever" title="Brazilian purpuric fever">Brazilian purpuric fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_ducreyi" title="Haemophilus ducreyi">H. ducreyi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancroid" title="Chancroid">Chancroid</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_parainfluenzae" title="Haemophilus parainfluenzae">H. parainfluenzae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Pasteurella_multocida" title="Pasteurella multocida">Pasteurella multocida</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurellosis" title="Pasteurellosis">Pasteurellosis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actinobacillus" title="Actinobacillus">Actinobacillus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinobacillosis" title="Actinobacillosis">Actinobacillosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Aggregatibacter_actinomycetemcomitans" title="Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans">Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Legionellales" title="Legionellales">Legionellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legionella_pneumophila" title="Legionella pneumophila">Legionella pneumophila</a>/<a href="/wiki/Legionella_longbeachae" title="Legionella longbeachae">Legionella longbeachae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_disease" title="Legionnaires' disease">Legionnaires' disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coxiella_burnetii" title="Coxiella burnetii">Coxiella burnetii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Thiotrichales" title="Thiotrichales">Thiotrichales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Francisella_tularensis" title="Francisella tularensis">Francisella tularensis</a></i> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tularemia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Vibrionaceae" title="Vibrionaceae">Vibrionaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_vulnificus" title="Vibrio vulnificus">Vibrio vulnificus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_parahaemolyticus" title="Vibrio parahaemolyticus">Vibrio parahaemolyticus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_alginolyticus" title="Vibrio alginolyticus">Vibrio alginolyticus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plesiomonas_shigelloides" title="Plesiomonas shigelloides">Plesiomonas shigelloides</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadales" title="Pseudomonadales">Pseudomonadales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_infection" title="Pseudomonas infection"><i>Pseudomonas</i> infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moraxella_catarrhalis" title="Moraxella catarrhalis">Moraxella catarrhalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acinetobacter_baumannii" title="Acinetobacter baumannii">Acinetobacter baumannii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Xanthomonadaceae" title="Xanthomonadaceae">Xanthomonadaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stenotrophomonas_maltophilia" title="Stenotrophomonas maltophilia">Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Cardiobacteriaceae" title="Cardiobacteriaceae">Cardiobacteriaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cardiobacterium_hominis" title="Cardiobacterium hominis">Cardiobacterium hominis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Aeromonadales" title="Aeromonadales">Aeromonadales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_hydrophila" title="Aeromonas hydrophila">Aeromonas hydrophila</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_veronii" title="Aeromonas veronii">Aeromonas veronii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_infection" title="Aeromonas infection"><i>Aeromonas</i> infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">ε</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Campylobacterales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterales" title="Campylobacterales">Campylobacterales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacteriosis" title="Campylobacteriosis">Campylobacteriosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic ulcer</a>, <a href="/wiki/MALT_lymphoma" title="MALT lymphoma">MALT lymphoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastric_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric cancer">Gastric cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_cinaedi" title="Helicobacter cinaedi">Helicobacter cinaedi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_cellulitis" title="Helicobacter cellulitis"><i>Helicobacter</i> cellulitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tick-borne_diseases_and_infestations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tick-borne_diseases_and_infestations" title="Template:Tick-borne diseases and infestations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tick-borne_diseases_and_infestations" title="Template talk:Tick-borne diseases and infestations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tick-borne_diseases_and_infestations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tick-borne diseases and infestations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tick-borne_diseases_and_infestations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_disease" title="Tick-borne disease">Tick-borne diseases</a> and infestations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial infection">Bacterial infections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rickettsiales" title="Rickettsiales">Rickettsiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaplasmosis" title="Anaplasmosis">Anaplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutonneuse_fever" title="Boutonneuse fever">Boutonneuse fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichiosis" title="Ehrlichiosis">Ehrlichiosis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Human_granulocytic_anaplasmosis" title="Human granulocytic anaplasmosis">Human granulocytic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_monocytotropic_ehrlichiosis" title="Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis">Human monocytotropic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ehrlichiosis_ewingii_infection" title="Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection">Human <i>E. ewingii</i> infection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_typhus" title="Scrub typhus">Scrub typhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_fever_rickettsiosis" title="Spotted fever rickettsiosis">Spotted fever rickettsiosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_tick_fever" title="Pacific Coast tick fever">Pacific Coast tick fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_tick_bite_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="American tick bite fever">American tick bite fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsialpox" title="Rickettsialpox">rickettsialpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever" title="Rocky Mountain spotted fever">Rocky Mountain spotted fever</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spirochaete" title="Spirochaete">Spirochaete</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggio%E2%80%93Yoshinari_syndrome" title="Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome">Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relapsing_fever_borreliosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Relapsing fever borreliosis">Relapsing fever borreliosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thiotrichales" title="Thiotrichales">Thiotrichales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tularemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral infection">Viral infections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhanja_virus" title="Bhanja virus">Bhanja virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_virus" title="Bourbon virus">Bourbon virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_tick_fever" title="Colorado tick fever">Colorado tick fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Congo_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever">Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_bandavirus" title="Heartland bandavirus">Heartland bandavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemerovo_tickborne_viral_fever" title="Kemerovo tickborne viral fever">Kemerovo tickborne viral fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyasanur_Forest_disease" title="Kyasanur Forest disease">Kyasanur Forest disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omsk_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Omsk hemorrhagic fever">Omsk hemorrhagic fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powassan_encephalitis" title="Powassan encephalitis">Powassan encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_fever_with_thrombocytopenia_syndrome" title="Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome">Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tete_orthobunyavirus" title="Tete orthobunyavirus">Tete orthobunyavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis" title="Tick-borne encephalitis">Tick-borne encephalitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protozoan_infection" title="Protozoan infection">Protozoan infections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babesiosis" title="Babesiosis">Babesiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tick_paralysis" title="Tick paralysis">Tick paralysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-gal_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-gal allergy">Alpha-gal allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_tick-associated_rash_illness" title="Southern tick-associated rash illness">Southern tick-associated rash illness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tick_infestation" title="Tick infestation">Tick infestation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species and bites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Amblyomma" title="Amblyomma">Amblyomma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amblyomma_americanum" title="Amblyomma americanum">Amblyomma americanum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amblyomma_cajennense" title="Amblyomma cajennense">Amblyomma cajennense</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amblyomma_triguttatum" title="Amblyomma triguttatum">Amblyomma triguttatum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Dermacentor" title="Dermacentor">Dermacentor</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dermacentor_andersoni" title="Dermacentor andersoni">Dermacentor andersoni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dermacentor_variabilis" title="Dermacentor variabilis">Dermacentor variabilis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ixodes" title="Ixodes">Ixodes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ixodes_cornuatus" title="Ixodes cornuatus">Ixodes cornuatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ixodes_holocyclus" title="Ixodes holocyclus">Ixodes holocyclus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ixodes_pacificus" title="Ixodes pacificus">Ixodes pacificus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ixodes_ricinus" title="Ixodes ricinus">Ixodes ricinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ixodes_scapularis" title="Ixodes scapularis">Ixodes scapularis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithodoros" title="Ornithodoros">Ornithodoros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithodoros_gurneyi" title="Ornithodoros gurneyi">Ornithodoros gurneyi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithodoros_hermsi" title="Ornithodoros hermsi">Ornithodoros hermsi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithodoros_moubata" title="Ornithodoros moubata">Ornithodoros moubata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhipicephalus_sanguineus" title="Rhipicephalus sanguineus">Rhipicephalus sanguineus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bacterial_skin_disease" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacterial_cutaneous_infections" title="Template:Bacterial cutaneous infections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bacterial_cutaneous_infections" title="Template talk:Bacterial cutaneous infections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bacterial_cutaneous_infections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bacterial cutaneous infections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bacterial_skin_disease" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_skin_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial skin disease">Bacterial skin disease</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">Gram +ve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcal_infection" title="Staphylococcal infection">Staphylococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcal_scalded_skin_syndrome" title="Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome">Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome" title="Toxic shock syndrome">Toxic shock syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection">Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_intertrigo" title="Streptococcal intertrigo">Streptococcal intertrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_Streptococcus_iniae_infection" title="Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection">Cutaneous <i>Streptococcus iniae</i> infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">Erysipelas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chronic_recurrent_erysipelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic recurrent erysipelas">Chronic recurrent erysipelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">Scarlet fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Corynebacterium" title="Corynebacterium">Corynebacterium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Erythrasma" title="Erythrasma">Erythrasma</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_gangrene" title="Gas gangrene">Gas gangrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_gangrenosa" title="Dermatitis gangrenosa">Dermatitis gangrenosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">Listeriosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erysipeloid_of_Rosenbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Erysipeloid of Rosenbach">Erysipeloid of Rosenbach</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma" title="Mycoplasma">Mycoplasma</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Mycobacterium-<br />related</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_granuloma" title="Aquarium granuloma">Aquarium granuloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_lepromatous_leprosy" title="Borderline lepromatous leprosy">Borderline lepromatous leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_leprosy" title="Borderline leprosy">Borderline leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_tuberculoid_leprosy" title="Borderline tuberculoid leprosy">Borderline tuberculoid leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buruli_ulcer" title="Buruli ulcer">Buruli ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_induratum" title="Erythema induratum">Erythema induratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoid_leprosy" title="Histoid leprosy">Histoid leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepromatous_leprosy" title="Lepromatous leprosy">Lepromatous leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_scrofulosorum" title="Lichen scrofulosorum">Lichen scrofulosorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_vulgaris" title="Lupus vulgaris">Lupus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miliary_tuberculosis" title="Miliary tuberculosis">Miliary tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_avium-intracellulare_complex_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infection"><i>Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare complex</i> infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_haemophilum_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium haemophilum infection"><i>Mycobacterium haemophilum</i> infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_kansasii_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium kansasii infection"><i>Mycobacterium kansasii</i> infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papulonecrotic_tuberculid" title="Papulonecrotic tuberculid">Papulonecrotic tuberculid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_inoculation_tuberculosis" title="Primary inoculation tuberculosis">Primary inoculation tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_growing_mycobacterium_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid growing mycobacterium infection">Rapid growing mycobacterium infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrofuloderma" title="Scrofuloderma">Scrofuloderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_cutis_orificialis" title="Tuberculosis cutis orificialis">Tuberculosis cutis orificialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_verrucosa_cutis" title="Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis">Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculous_cellulitis" title="Tuberculous cellulitis">Tuberculous cellulitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculous_gumma" title="Tuberculous gumma">Tuberculous gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculoid_leprosy" title="Tuberculoid leprosy">Tuberculoid leprosy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_actinomycosis" title="Cutaneous actinomycosis">Cutaneous actinomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocardiosis" title="Nocardiosis">Nocardiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_diphtheria_infection" title="Cutaneous diphtheria infection">Cutaneous diphtheria infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcanobacterium_haemolyticum_infection" title="Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection"><i>Arcanobacterium haemolyticum</i> infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_JK_corynebacterium_sepsis" title="Group JK corynebacterium sepsis">Group JK corynebacterium sepsis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative bacterial infection">Gram -ve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alpha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_typhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic typhus">Endemic typhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic_typhus" title="Epidemic typhus">Epidemic typhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_typhus" title="Scrub typhus">Scrub typhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asian_tick_typhus" title="North Asian tick typhus">North Asian tick typhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_tick_typhus" title="Queensland tick typhus">Queensland tick typhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_squirrel_typhus" title="Flying squirrel typhus">Flying squirrel typhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_fever" title="Trench fever">Trench fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillary_angiomatosis" title="Bacillary angiomatosis">Bacillary angiomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_tick_bite_fever" title="African tick bite fever">African tick bite fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_tick_bite_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="American tick bite fever">American tick bite fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_aeschlimannii_infection" title="Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection"><i>Rickettsia aeschlimannii</i> infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsialpox" title="Rickettsialpox">Rickettsialpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever" title="Rocky Mountain spotted fever">Rocky Mountain spotted fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_granulocytotropic_anaplasmosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis">Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_monocytotropic_ehrlichiosis" title="Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis">Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea-borne_spotted_fever" title="Flea-borne spotted fever">Flea-borne spotted fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_spotted_fever" title="Japanese spotted fever">Japanese spotted fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_spotted_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean spotted fever">Mediterranean spotted fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Island_spotted_fever" title="Flinders Island spotted fever">Flinders Island spotted fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verruga_peruana" class="mw-redirect" title="Verruga peruana">Verruga peruana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brill%E2%80%93Zinsser_disease" title="Brill–Zinsser disease">Brill–Zinsser disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat-scratch_disease" title="Cat-scratch disease">Cat-scratch disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroya_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Oroya fever">Oroya fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichiosis_ewingii_infection" title="Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection">Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonococcemia" title="Gonococcemia">Gonococcemia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">Gonorrhea</a>/<a href="/wiki/Primary_gonococcal_dermatitis" title="Primary gonococcal dermatitis">Primary gonococcal dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melioidosis" title="Melioidosis">Melioidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_Pasteurella_hemolytica_infection" title="Cutaneous Pasteurella hemolytica infection">Cutaneous <i>Pasteurella hemolytica</i> infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Meningococcemia">Meningococcemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glanders" title="Glanders">Glanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromobacteriosis_infection" title="Chromobacteriosis infection">Chromobacteriosis infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gamma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurellosis" title="Pasteurellosis">Pasteurellosis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tularemia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_vulnificus" title="Vibrio vulnificus">Vibrio vulnificus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoscleroma" title="Rhinoscleroma">Rhinoscleroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae_cellulitis" title="Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> cellulitis</a></li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonal_pyoderma" title="Pseudomonal pyoderma">Pseudomonal pyoderma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_hot-foot_syndrome" title="Pseudomonas hot-foot syndrome"><i>Pseudomonas</i> hot-foot syndrome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hot_tub_folliculitis" title="Hot tub folliculitis">Hot tub folliculitis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ecthyma_gangrenosum" title="Ecthyma gangrenosum">Ecthyma gangrenosum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Green_nail_syndrome" title="Green nail syndrome">Green nail syndrome</a> </span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmonellosis" title="Salmonellosis">Salmonellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_inguinale" title="Granuloma inguinale">Granuloma inguinale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancroid" title="Chancroid">Chancroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_infection" title="Aeromonas infection"><i>Aeromonas</i> infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_cellulitis" title="Helicobacter cellulitis"><i>Helicobacter</i> cellulitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syphilid" title="Syphilid">Syphilid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancre" title="Chancre">Chancre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaws" title="Yaws">Yaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinta_(disease)" title="Pinta (disease)">Pinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bejel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bejel">Bejel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydia infection">Chlamydia infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat-bite_fever" title="Rat-bite fever">Rat-bite fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphogranuloma_venereum" title="Lymphogranuloma venereum">Lymphogranuloma venereum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_folliculitis" title="Gram-negative folliculitis">Gram-negative folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_toe_web_infection" title="Gram-negative toe web infection">Gram-negative toe web infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unspecified <br /> pathogen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">Abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periapical_abscess" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapical abscess">Periapical abscess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil" title="Boil">Boil/furuncle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_furunculosis" title="Hospital furunculosis">Hospital furunculosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbuncle" title="Carbuncle">Carbuncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">Cellulitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Paronychia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pyogenic_paronychia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyogenic paronychia">Pyogenic paronychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianal_cellulitis" title="Perianal cellulitis">Perianal cellulitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">Acute lymphadenitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilonidal_cyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilonidal cyst">Pilonidal cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyoderma" title="Pyoderma">Pyoderma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folliculitis" title="Folliculitis">Folliculitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_pustular_folliculitis" title="Superficial pustular folliculitis">Superficial pustular folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycosis_vulgaris" title="Sycosis vulgaris">Sycosis vulgaris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimple" title="Pimple">Pimple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthyma" title="Ecthyma">Ecthyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitted_keratolysis" title="Pitted keratolysis">Pitted keratolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichomycosis_axillaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichomycosis axillaris">Trichomycosis axillaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitis" title="Necrotizing fasciitis">Necrotizing fasciitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_undermining_burrowing_ulcer" title="Chronic undermining burrowing ulcer">Chronic undermining burrowing ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fournier_gangrene" title="Fournier gangrene">Fournier gangrene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantiasis_nostras" title="Elephantiasis nostras">Elephantiasis nostras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blistering_distal_dactylitis" title="Blistering distal dactylitis">Blistering distal dactylitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botryomycosis" title="Botryomycosis">Botryomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakoplakia" title="Malakoplakia">Malakoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyomyositis" title="Pyomyositis">Pyomyositis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastomycosis-like_pyoderma" title="Blastomycosis-like pyoderma">Blastomycosis-like pyoderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullous_impetigo" title="Bullous impetigo">Bullous impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_lymphangitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic lymphangitis">Chronic lymphangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_toxin-mediated_perineal_erythema" title="Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema">Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_lymphadenopathy" title="Tick-borne lymphadenopathy">Tick-borne lymphadenopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_ulcer" title="Tropical ulcer">Tropical ulcer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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