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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sajt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historija_atomske_teorije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historija_atomske_teorije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Historija atomske teorije </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historija_atomske_teorije-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Uključi/isključi podsekciju Historija atomske teorije </button> <ul id="toc-Historija_atomske_teorije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U_filozofiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U_filozofiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 U filozofiji </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U_filozofiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teorije_na_osnovu_dokaza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teorije_na_osnovu_dokaza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Teorije na osnovu dokaza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teorije_na_osnovu_dokaza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brownovo_kretanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brownovo_kretanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Brownovo kretanje </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brownovo_kretanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Otkriće_elektrona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otkriće_elektrona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Otkriće elektrona </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otkriće_elektrona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Otkriće_atomske_jezgre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otkriće_atomske_jezgre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Otkriće atomske jezgre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otkriće_atomske_jezgre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Otkriće_izotopa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otkriće_izotopa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Otkriće izotopa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otkriće_izotopa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bohrov_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohrov_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Bohrov model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bohrov_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teorija_hemijskih_veza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teorija_hemijskih_veza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Teorija hemijskih veza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teorija_hemijskih_veza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Razvoj_kvantne_fizike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Razvoj_kvantne_fizike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Razvoj kvantne fizike </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Razvoj_kvantne_fizike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Otkriće_neutrona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otkriće_neutrona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Otkriće neutrona </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otkriće_neutrona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisija_i_novija_otkrića" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisija_i_novija_otkrića"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 Fisija i novija otkrića </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisija_i_novija_otkrića-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Struktura </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Struktura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Uključi/isključi podsekciju Struktura </button> <ul id="toc-Struktura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subatomske_čestice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subatomske_čestice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Subatomske čestice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subatomske_čestice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jezgro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jezgro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Jezgro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jezgro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektronski_oblak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektronski_oblak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Elektronski oblak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektronski_oblak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osobine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osobine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Osobine </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Osobine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Uključi/isključi podsekciju Osobine </button> <ul id="toc-Osobine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuklearne_osobine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuklearne_osobine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Nuklearne osobine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuklearne_osobine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Masa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oblik_i_veličina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oblik_i_veličina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Oblik i veličina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oblik_i_veličina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radioaktivni_raspad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radioaktivni_raspad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Radioaktivni raspad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radioaktivni_raspad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetni_moment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetni_moment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Magnetni moment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetni_moment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energetski_nivoi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energetski_nivoi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Energetski nivoi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energetski_nivoi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valencija_i_vezivanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valencija_i_vezivanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Valencija i vezivanje </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valencija_i_vezivanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stanja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stanja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Stanja </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stanja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifikacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifikacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Identifikacija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifikacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Porijeklo_i_sadašnje_stanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porijeklo_i_sadašnje_stanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Porijeklo i sadašnje stanje </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Porijeklo_i_sadašnje_stanje-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Uključi/isključi podsekciju Porijeklo i sadašnje stanje </button> <ul id="toc-Porijeklo_i_sadašnje_stanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nastanak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nastanak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Nastanak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nastanak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zemlja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zemlja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Zemlja </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zemlja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rijetki_i_teoretski_oblici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rijetki_i_teoretski_oblici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Rijetki i teoretski oblici </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rijetki_i_teoretski_oblici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Superteški_elementi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superteški_elementi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Superteški elementi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superteški_elementi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egzotična_materija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egzotična_materija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Egzotična materija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egzotična_materija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napomena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napomena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Napomena </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napomena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Izvori </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Reference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Vanjske veze </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr">Atom</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 220 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-220" aria-hidden="true" > 220 jezika </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Atoom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Švajcarsko nemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Švajcarsko nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9D" title="አቶም — Amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አቶም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot" title="Mot — Staroengleski" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mot" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Staroengleski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%E1%BB%8Dm" title="Atọm — obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Atọm" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु — Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="ذرة — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="درة — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="درة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ذره — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ذره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="পৰমাণু — Asemijski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰমাণু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asemijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomu" title="Átomu — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Átomu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु — Avadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Avadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85" title="آتوم — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آتوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Baškir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baškir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Balinezijski" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atuoms" title="Atuoms — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Atuoms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Атам — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Атам — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Атам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु — Biharski" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Biharski" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အဲစ်တမ် — Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အဲစ်တမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="পরমাণু — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরমাণু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atong" title="Atong — Buginežanskii" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Atong" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginežanskii" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tom" title="Àtom — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àtom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo — Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Átomo" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%C3%B2ng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Nguòng-cṳ̄ — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nguòng-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Čečenski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%BB" title="ᎠᏓᎻ — Čeroki" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏓᎻ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Čeroki" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95" title="گەردیلە — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەردیلە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomu" title="Atomu — Korzikanski" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Atomu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korzikanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8A" title="Атомъ — Staroslovenski" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Атомъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Staroslovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Velški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Niski Sorbijanski" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Niski Sorbijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Άτομο — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άτομο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tum" title="Àtum — Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Àtum" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Átomo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatom" title="Aatom — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aatom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomu" title="Átomu — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Átomu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85" title="اتم — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomi" title="Atomi — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Atomi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aadom" title="Aadom — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aadom" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Farski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Farski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atome" title="Atome — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Atome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom — Severno-frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Atoom" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Severno-frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom — Frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Atoom" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamh" title="Adamh — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Adamh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子 — gan kineski" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="原子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomm" title="Atomm — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Atomm" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atam" title="Atam — Škotski Galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Atam" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Škotski Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Átomo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumingue%27a" title="Tumingue'a — Gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tumingue'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Gvarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%81" title="અણુ — Gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અણુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breneen" title="Breneen — Manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Breneen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwayar_Zarra" title="Kwayar Zarra — Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwayar Zarra" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%C3%A8n-ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%81" title="Ngièn-chṳ́ — hakka kineski" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngièn-chṳ́" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%80toma" title="ʻĀtoma — Havajski" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻĀtoma" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Havajski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אטום — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אטום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmaanu" title="Parmaanu — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Parmaanu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Gornji sorbijski" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Gornji sorbijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B2m" title="Atòm — Haićanski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Atòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haićanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Ատոմ — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A7" title="Հիւլէ — Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հիւլէ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo — Interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo — Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumeind" title="Frumeind — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumeind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atam" title="Atam — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Atam" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ratni" title="ratni — Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ratni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ატომი — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ატომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Kara-kalpaški" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-kalpaški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelkim" title="Abelkim — Kabile" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Abelkim" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabile" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisi%C5%8B_t%CA%8B" title="Sisiŋ tʋ — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sisiŋ tʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomu" title="Atomu — Kikuju" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Atomu" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuju" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%BC" title="បរមាណូ — Kmerski" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បរមាណូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Kmerski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ಪರಮಾಣು — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪರಮಾಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90" title="원자 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%81%D9%95" title="کنہٕ — Kašmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کنہٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kašmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Korniški" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Korniški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomus" title="Atomus — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Atomus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Lezgian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoeam" title="Atoeam — Limburgiš" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Atoeam" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgiš" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo — ligurski" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum" title="Atum — lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Atum" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atome" title="Atome — Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Atome" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B9" title="ປະລະມານູ — Laoški" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະລະມານູ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoški" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomas" title="Atomas — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atomas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoms" title="Atoms — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atoms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Madureški" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madureški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु — Maitili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maitili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Атомсь — Mokša" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Атомсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Mokša" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B4ma" title="Atôma — Malagazijski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Atôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagazijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81" title="അണു — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അണു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="अणू — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marati" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomu" title="Atomu — Melteški" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Atomu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Melteški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo — Mirandeški" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Átomo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အက်တမ် — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်တမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantzintetl" title="Nantzintetl — Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Nantzintetl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo — Neapolitanski" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Niski nemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Niski nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु — Nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="अणु — Nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atoom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atome" title="Atome — Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Atome" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B4me" title="Atôme — Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Atôme" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B2m" title="Atòm — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Atòm" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomu" title="Atomu — Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Atomu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxusa" title="Buxusa — Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Buxusa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%81" title="ପରମାଣୁ — Orijski" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପରମାଣୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Orijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Osetski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osetski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82" title="ਪਰਮਾਣੂ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰਮਾਣੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomu" title="Átomu — Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Átomu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — nigerijski pidžin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="nigerijski pidžin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etem" title="Etem — Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Etem" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tom" title="Àtom — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Àtom" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%85" title="ایٹم — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایٹم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%85" title="اټوم — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اټوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Átomo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uku" title="Iñuku — Kvenča" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iñuku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kvenča" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="परमाणुः — Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="परमाणुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tomu" title="Àtomu — Sardinijski" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Àtomu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tumu" title="Àtumu — Sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Àtumu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BD%D9%85" title="ائٽم — Sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ائٽم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoma" title="Atoma — Severni sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Atoma" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Severni sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablkim" title="Ablkim — tahelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ablkim" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tahelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94" title="පරමාණු — Singaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරමාණු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B3m" title="Atóm — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atóm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%85" title="ایٹم — Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ایٹم" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomi" title="Atomi — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Atomi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomi" title="Atomi — Srananski tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Atomi" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Srananski tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Sudanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sudanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomu" title="Atomu — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Atomu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C5%AFm" title="Atům — Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Atům" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81" title="அணு — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அணு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="పరమాణువు — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరమాణువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Tađik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tađik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="อะตอม — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะตอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%89%B5" title="ኣቶማት — Tigrinja" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኣቶማት" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinja" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo — Tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athomu" title="Athomu — Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Athomu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Tuvinijski" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85" title="ئاتوم — Ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاتوم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1" title="جوہر — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tomo" title="Àtomo — venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Àtomo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Nguyên tử — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguyên tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Atoom" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taum" title="Taum — Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Taum" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B4me" title="Atôme — Valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Atôme" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Valun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarefulwoon" title="Xarefulwoon — Volof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xarefulwoon" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Volof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="原子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом — Kalmik" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Khosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Khosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ატომი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ატომი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9D" title="אטאם — Jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטאם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom — Jorubanski" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Jorubanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenzswj" title="Yenzswj — Zuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yenzswj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E" title="ⴰⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ — standardni marokanski tamazigt" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standardni marokanski tamazigt" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="原子" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-ch%C3%BA" title="Goân-chú — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IChwe" title="IChwe — Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IChwe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9121#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c">Stranica</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Atom&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovarajte o sadržini ove stranice (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t">Razgovor</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Latinica </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-sh-Latn mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&variant=sh-latn" lang="sh-Latn" hreflang="sh-Latn">Latinica</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-sh-Cyrl mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&variant=sh-cyrl" lang="sh-Cyrl" hreflang="sh-Cyrl">Ћирилица</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Teme"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atom">Prikaži</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v">Uredi</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e">Uredi kod</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=history" title="Pogledajte prethodne verzije ove stranice [h]" accesskey="h">Historija</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alatke" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Alatke </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Alati</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atom">Prikaži</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v">Uredi</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e">Uredi kod</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=history">Historija</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Opšte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovdje/Atom" title="Pogledajte listu svih stranica koje vode ovamo [j]" accesskey="j">Šta vodi ovamo</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_izmjene/Atom" rel="nofollow" title="Prelistajte nedavne izmjene stranica koje su povezane s ovom [k]" accesskey="k">Povezane izmjene</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Pregledajte listu svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q">Posebne stranice</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&oldid=42233246" title="Nabavite trajnu vezu do ove verzije stranice">Trajna veza</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=info" title="Pronađite više informacija o ovoj stranici">Podaci o stranici</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Atom&id=42233246&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Saznajte kako da citirate ovu stranicu">Citiraj stranicu</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAtom">Skrati URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAtom">Preuzmi QR kod</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Štampanje/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Kolekcija&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Atom">Napravi knjigu</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Atom&action=show-download-screen">Preuzmi kao PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&printable=yes" title="Odštampajte ovu stranicu [p]" accesskey="p">Odštampaj</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atom" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9121" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g">Stavka na Wikipodacima</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" align="right" cellpadding="2" style="margin-left:1em" width="300"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="gray">Atom helijuma </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Helium_atom_QM.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Osnovno stanje atoma helijuma."><img alt="Osnovno stanje atoma helijuma." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/300px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/450px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/600px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Osnovno stanje atoma helijuma.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: smaller; text-align: justify;">Ilustracija atoma <a href="/wiki/Helijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Helijum">helijuma</a>. Prikazan je <a href="/wiki/Atomsko_jezgro" title="Atomsko jezgro">nukleus</a> (ljubičasto) i distribucija <a href="/wiki/Atomska_orbitala" title="Atomska orbitala">elektronskog oblaka</a> (crno). Nukleus (gore desno) u helijumu-4 je u realnosti sferno simetričan i blisko je sličan elektronskom oblaku, mada kod komplikovanijih nukleusa to nije slučaj. Crna linja predstavlja jedan <a href="/wiki/Angstrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Angstrom">angstrom</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:FormattingError&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:FormattingError (stranica ne postoji)">Šablon:FormattingError</a> ili 100 pm). </td></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="gray">Klasifikacija </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td>Najmanja podela <a href="/wiki/Hemijski_element" title="Hemijski element">hemijskog elementa</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="gray">Svojstva </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atomska_masa" title="Atomska masa">Maseni opseg</a>:</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:FormattingError&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:FormattingError (stranica ne postoji)">Šablon:FormattingError</a> do <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:FormattingError&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:FormattingError (stranica ne postoji)">Šablon:FormattingError</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">Električno naelektrisanje</a>:</td> <td>nula (neutralno), ili <a href="/wiki/Jon" title="Jon">jonsko</a> naelektrisanje </td></tr> <tr> <td>Opseg <a href="/wiki/Dijametar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dijametar">dijametra</a>:</td> <td>62 pm (<a href="/wiki/Helijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Helijum">He</a>) to 520 pm (<a href="/wiki/Cezijum" title="Cezijum">Cs</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Subatomske_%C4%8Destice" title="Subatomske čestice">Komponente</a>:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektroni</a> i kompaktni <a href="/wiki/Atomsko_jezgro" title="Atomsko jezgro">nukleus</a> <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protona</a> i <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrona</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Atom je najmanja gradivna čestica obične <a href="/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">materije</a> koja zadržava osobine nekog <a href="/wiki/Hemijski_element" title="Hemijski element">hemijskog elementa</a>. Svako čvrsto tijelo, tečnost, plin i plazma sastavljeni su iz neutralnih ili <a href="/wiki/Ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion">ioniziranih</a> atoma. Atomi su veličinom ekstremno mali, obično se njihova veličina kreće oko 100 pikometara (deset-milijarditi dio metra). Atomi su dovoljno mali tako da pokušaji da se pretpostavi njihovo ponašanje korištenjem postulata klasične <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizike</a>, naprimjer prikazujući ih u obliku <a href="/wiki/Bilijar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilijar">bilijarskih</a> kugli i slično, daju izrazito netačna predviđanja i rezultate, a uzrok toga su <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantni efekti</a>. Tokom razvoja teoretske atomske fizike, u modele atoma uključeni su kvantni principi za bolje objašnjavanje i predviđanje ponašanja atoma. Svaki atom sastavljen je iz atomskog jezgra i jednog ili više <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> vezanih za to jezgro. Atomsko jezgro sastavljeno je iz jednog ili više <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protona</a> i često istog ili približno istog broja <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrona</a>. Protoni i neutroni nazivaju se i nukleoni. Više od 99,94% mase atoma otpada na njegovo jezgro. Protoni imaju pozitivan električni naboj, elektroni negativan naboj, dok neutroni nemaju električnog naboja. Ako u atomu postoji jednak broj protona i elektrona, takav atom je električno neutralan. Ako atom ima više ili manje elektrona od protona, tada je on općenitno negativno ili pozitivno naelektrisan, te se naziva <a href="/wiki/Ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion">ion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetna_sila" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektromagnetna sila">Elektromagnetna sila</a> privlači elektrone protonima u atomskoj jezgri. Unutar jezgre, protoni i neutroni se međusobno privlače <a href="/wiki/Jaka_interakcija" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaka interakcija">nuklearnim silama</a>, koja je obično mnogo snažnija od elektromagnetnih sila koji odbija pozitivno naelektrisane protone jedne od drugih. Pod određenim okolnostima, odbijajuća elektromagnetna sila postane jača od nuklearnih sila, te se nukleoni izbacuju iz jezgra, a atom tog elementa pretvara se u atom drugog elementa, što predstavlja nuklearni raspad, čiji je krajnji rezultat nuklearna transmutacija. Broj protona u jezgru definira kojem hemijskom elementu taj atom pripada; naprimjer, svi atomi <a href="/wiki/Bakar" title="Bakar">bakra</a> imaju 29 protona. Broj neutrona u jezgru definira <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotop</a> tog elementa. Broj elektrona utječe na elektromagnetske osobine atoma. Atom se može spojiti sa jednim ili više drugih atoma putem <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_veza" title="Hemijska veza">hemijskih veza</a> gradeći <a href="/wiki/Hemijski_spoj" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemijski spoj">hemijske spojeve</a> u vidu <a href="/wiki/Molekula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekula">molekula</a>. Sposobnost atoma da se međusobno spajaju i razdvajaju odgovorna je za većinu fizičkih promjena koje se mogu zapaziti u prirodi i predmet je izučavanja <a href="/wiki/Hemija" title="Hemija">hemijskih nauka</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historija_atomske_teorije">Historija atomske teorije</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Historija atomske teorije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Historija atomske teorije">uredi kod</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Atomska_teorija" title="Atomska teorija">Atomska teorija</a></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U_filozofiji">U filozofiji</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak U filozofiji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka U filozofiji">uredi kod</a>]</div> Ideja da je sva materija sastavljena iz sitnih čestica je vrlo stara ideja, koja se pojavljuje u mnogim drevnim kulturama poput grčke i indijske. Riječ "atom" (<a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grčki</a>: ἄτομος, atomos), što znači "nedjeljiv", "koji se ne može rezati", prvi je spomenuo <a href="/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Antička filozofija">antički grčki filozof</a> <a href="/wiki/Leukip" title="Leukip">Leukip</a> i njegov učenik <a href="/wiki/Demokrit" title="Demokrit">Demokrit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pullman-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kenny2004-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-GraftonMostSettis2010-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-CohenLefebvre2017-4">[4]</a> Demokrit je smatrao da je broj atoma beskonačan, da ne mogu nastati niti nestati, da su vječni te da su osobine nekog predmeta rezultat toga od koje vrste atoma je sastavljen.<a href="#cite_note-Kenny2004-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-GraftonMostSettis2010-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-CohenLefebvre2017-4">[4]</a> Demokritov <a href="/wiki/Atomizam" title="Atomizam">atomizam</a> razradio je i usavršio kasniji filozof <a href="/wiki/Epikur" title="Epikur">Epikur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GraftonMostSettis2010-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-CohenLefebvre2017-4">[4]</a> Tokom ranog <a href="/wiki/Srednji_vijek" title="Srednji vijek">Srednjeg vijeka</a>, na atomizam se gotovo zaboravilo u zapadnoevropskoj filozofiji, ali je "preživio" u radovima nekih <a href="/wiki/Islamska_filozofija" title="Islamska filozofija">islamskih filozofa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GraftonMostSettis2010-3">[3]</a> Tokom 12. vijeka, u zapadnoj Evropi ponovno se javljaju ideje atomizma, koga su tadašnji evropski filozofi spoznali kroz iznova "otkrivene" <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotelove</a> radove.<a href="#cite_note-GraftonMostSettis2010-3">[3]</a> U 14. vijeku, ponovna "otkrića" velikih dijela antičkih atomista, uključujući djela <a href="/wiki/Lukrecije" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukrecije">Lukrecija</a> De rerum natura i <a href="/wiki/Diogen_Laertije" title="Diogen Laertije">Diogena Laertija</a> Životi i mišljenja eminentnih filozofa, dovela su do povećanja interesovanja za ovu temu.<a href="#cite_note-GraftonMostSettis2010-3">[3]</a> Ipak, pošto je atomizam bio vezan sa filozofijom <a href="/wiki/Epikur" title="Epikur">Epikura</a>, što je bilo u suprotnosti sa ortodoksnim kršćanskim učenjem, vjerovanje u postojanje atoma nije bilo prihvatljivo.<a href="#cite_note-GraftonMostSettis2010-3">[3]</a> Francuski katolički sveštenik Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655) oživio je Epikurov atomizam uz određena prilagođavanja, tako da je tvrdio da je atome kreirao <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a>, pa iako ih ima u nezamislivo ogromnom broju, taj broj nije beskonačan.<a href="#cite_note-GraftonMostSettis2010-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-CohenLefebvre2017-4">[4]</a> Gassendijeva izmijenjena atomska teorija bila je široko prihvaćena u Francuskoj, a zagovarao ju je i fizičar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Bernier (stranica ne postoji)">François Bernier</a> (1620–1688), kao i u Engleskoj gdje se njome bavio filozof <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Charleton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Charleton (stranica ne postoji)">Walter Charleton</a> (1619–1707).<a href="#cite_note-GraftonMostSettis2010-3">[3]</a> Hemičar <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> i fizičar <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (1642–1727) branili su postulate atomizma te je on krajem 17. vijeka postao prihvaćena teorija u naučnim krugovima.<a href="#cite_note-GraftonMostSettis2010-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teorije_na_osnovu_dokaza">Teorije na osnovu dokaza</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Teorije na osnovu dokaza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Teorije na osnovu dokaza">uredi kod</a>]</div> Početkom 19. vijeka, <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> je koristio koncept atoma u objašnjavanju teorija zašto <a href="/wiki/Hemijski_element" title="Hemijski element">elementi</a> uvijek <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_reakcija" title="Hemijska reakcija">reagiraju</a> u odnosima malih cijelih brojeva (zakon višestrukih proporcija). Naprimjer, postoje dvije vrste oksida <a href="/wiki/Kalaj" title="Kalaj">kalaja</a>: jedan sa 88,1% kalaja i 11,9% kisika a drugi sa 78,7% kalaja i 21,3% kisika (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalaj(II)-oksid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalaj(II)-oksid (stranica ne postoji)">kalaj(II)-oksid</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalaj-dioksid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalaj-dioksid (stranica ne postoji)">kalaj-dioksid</a>). To znači da se 100 grama kalaja može spojiti sa 13,5 g ili 27 g kisika. Odnos 13,5 i 27 stoji u proporciji 1:2, tj. proporciji malih cijelih brojeva. Ova općenita šema u hemiji dala je ideju Daltonu da elementi reagiraju višestrukim konačnim jednicama, drugim riječima, atomima. U navedenom primjeru oksida kalaja, jedan atom kalaja spaja se bilo sa jednim ili sa dva atoma <a href="/wiki/Kisik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisik">kisika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-From_AtomosToAtom-5">[5]</a> Dalton je također vjerovao da atomska teorija može objasniti zašto <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apsorpcija_(hemija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apsorpcija (hemija) (stranica ne postoji)">apsorbira</a> različite plinove u različitim proporcijama. Naprimjer, on je otkrio da voda apsorbira <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljik-dioksid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugljik-dioksid (stranica ne postoji)">ugljik-dioksid</a> mnogo bolje nego što apsorbira <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dalton_1803_paper-6">[6]</a> Dalton je pretpostavio da je razlog tome razlika između masa i konfiguracija čestica plina, jer su molekule ugljik-dioksida (CO2) teže i veće od molekula dušika (N2). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brownovo_kretanje">Brownovo kretanje</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Brownovo kretanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Brownovo kretanje">uredi kod</a>]</div> Godine 1827, botaničar <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown_(botani%C4%8Dar)" title="Robert Brown (botaničar)">Robert Brown</a> je pomoću <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskopa</a> posmatrao čestice prašine koje su plutale u vodi i otkrio da su one kretale haotično i bez reda, a taj fenomen je kasnije nazvan "<a href="/wiki/Brownovo_kretanje" title="Brownovo kretanje">Brownovo kretanje</a>". U to vrijeme smatralo se da molekule vode udaraju u čestice prašine i tako ih pomjeraju. Godine 1905. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> je dokazao stvarnost ovih molekula i njihovog kretanja praveći prvu statističku fizikalnu analizu Brownovog kretanja.<a href="#cite_note-adp322_8_549-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-mazorobert2002-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-lee_hoon1995-9">[9]</a> Na osnovu Einsteinovog rada, francuski fizičar <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Perrin">Jean Perrin</a> je eksperimentalno odredio masu i dimenzije atoma, te time nedvosmisleno dokazao Daltonovu atomsku teoriju.<a href="#cite_note-e31_2_50-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Otkriće_elektrona">Otkriće elektrona</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Otkriće elektrona" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Otkriće elektrona">uredi kod</a>]</div> Fizičar <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J.J. Thomson</a> je mjerio masu katodnih zraka, te dokazao da su one sastavljene iz čestica, ali su one bile oko 1800 puta lakše od najlakšeg poznatog atoma, <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodika</a>. Iz toga je zaključeno da to nisu bili atomi nego nove čestice, odnosno prve otkrivene subatomske čestice koje su najprije nazvane korpuskule, da bi kasnije dobile ime <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroni</a>, prema nazivu kojeg je predložio George Johnstone Stoney u svojim radovima iz 1874. godine. Thomson je također dokazao da su to identične čestice onima koje emitiraju <a href="/wiki/Fotoelektri%C4%8Dni_efekt" title="Fotoelektrični efekt">fotoelektrični</a> i <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivni</a> materijali.<a href="#cite_note-Thomson-11">[11]</a> Vrlo brzo došlo se do shvatanja da su to čestice koje "prenose" <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">električnu struju</a> u metalnim provodnicima, te unutar atoma nose negativni električni naboj. Thomsonu je 1906. godine za svoj rad dodijeljena <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">Nobelova nagrada za fiziku</a>. Time je on oborio vjerovanje su atomi nedjeljive, gradivne čestice materije.<a href="#cite_note-nobel1096-12">[12]</a> Međutim, Thomson je postavio pogrešnu teoriju da su negativno naelektrisani elektroni, vrlo male mase, ravnomjerno raspoređeni po atomu kao jednolični sloj negativnog naelektrisanja. Ovaj model atoma postao je poznat pod nazivom "<a href="/wiki/Thomsonov_model_atoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomsonov model atoma">model pudinga od šljiva</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Otkriće_atomske_jezgre">Otkriće atomske jezgre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Otkriće atomske jezgre" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Otkriće atomske jezgre">uredi kod</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93Marsdenov_eksperiment" title="Geiger–Marsdenov eksperiment">Geiger–Marsdenov eksperiment</a></div></dd></dl> Godine 1909. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Marsden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Marsden (stranica ne postoji)">Ernest Marsden</a>, prema savjetima <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernesta Rutherforda</a>, izvršili su eksperiment bombardiranja metalne folije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-zraci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfa-zraci (stranica ne postoji)">alfa česticama</a> i mjerili kako se one ponašaju pri sudaru s njom. Prema njihovim pretpostavkama, sve alfa čestice trebale su proći ravno kroz foliju uz nimalo ili vrlo malo rasipanje ili odbijanje, jer je Thomsonov model atoma pretpostavljao da su naelektrisanja u atomu toliko raštrkana da njihova <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_polje" title="Električno polje">električna polja</a> ne mogu mnogo utjecati na alfa čestice. Međutim, Geiger i Mardsen su uočili da su se neke alfa čestice odbijale od atoma pod uglovima većim od 90°, za šta Thomsonov model nije mogao pružiti nikakvo objašnjenje. Da bi takvu pojavu objasnio, Rutherford je postavio teoriju da su pozitivna naelektrisanja u atomu koncentrirana u malom jezgru u središtu atoma.<a href="#cite_note-pm21_669-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Otkriće_izotopa">Otkriće izotopa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Otkriće izotopa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Otkriće izotopa">uredi kod</a>]</div> Dok je eksperimentirao sa proizvodima <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivni_raspad" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioaktivni raspad">radioaktivnog raspada</a> 1913. godine, hemičar <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a> otkrio je da se u <a href="/wiki/Periodni_sistem_elemenata" title="Periodni sistem elemenata">periodnom sistemu</a> javlja više od jedne vrste atoma na svakom mjestu u PSE.<a href="#cite_note-npc1921-14">[14]</a> Pojam <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotop</a> skovala je Margaret Todd kao pogodno ime za različite vrste atoma koji pripadaju istom hemijskom elementu. J.J. Thomson izumio je tehniku separacije izotopa tokom svog rada na proučavanju ioniziranih plinova, što je u konačnici dovelo do otkrića stabilnih izotopa.<a href="#cite_note-prsA_89_1_1913-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bohrov_model">Bohrov model</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Bohrov model" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Bohrov model">uredi kod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Bohr_atom_animation_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bohr_atom_animation_2.gif/220px-Bohr_atom_animation_2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Bohr_atom_animation_2.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Bohrov model atoma, danas prevaziđen</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Bohrov_model_atoma" title="Bohrov model atoma">Bohrov model atoma</a></div></dd></dl> Godine 1913. fizičar <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> predložio je model atoma u kojem njegovi elektroni orbitiraju oko jezgra, ali po strogo određenom broju orbita, te da mogu prelaziti između orbita samo uz tačno određenu promjenu energije koja odgovara apsorpciji ili emitiraju fotona.<a href="#cite_note-stern20050516-16">[16]</a> Ova kvantizacija se koristila za objašnjavanje zašto su orbite elektrona stabilne (tj. da nema promjena u ubrzanju njihovog kretanja, uključujući kružno kretanje i gubitak kinetičke energije koja se emitira kao elektromagnetno zračenje) i zašto hemijski elementi apsorbiraju i emitiraju elektromagnetno zračenje u tačno određenom spektru.<a href="#cite_note-bohr19221211-17">[17]</a> Kasnije iste godine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Moseley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Moseley (stranica ne postoji)">Henry Moseley</a> dao je dodatne eksperimentalne dokaze koji su podržali Bohrovu teoriju. Ove rezultate poboljšali su Rutherfordov i Van den Broekov model atoma, koji su predviđali da atom u svom jezgru sadrži određen broj pozitivnih nuklearnih naboja koji su jednaki atomskom broju tog elementa u periodnom sistemu. U vremenu prije tih eksperimenata, za <a href="/wiki/Atomski_broj" title="Atomski broj">atomski broj</a> se nije smatralo da je fizička ili eksperimentalna količina. Činjenica da nuklearni naboj atoma odgovara atomskom broj, ostala je važeća i kod današnjih teorija modela atoma.<a href="#cite_note-Pais-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teorija_hemijskih_veza">Teorija hemijskih veza</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Teorija hemijskih veza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Teorija hemijskih veza">uredi kod</a>]</div> Godine 1916. <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis">Gilbert Newton Lewis</a> postavio je teoriju o <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_veza" title="Hemijska veza">hemijskim vezama</a> između atoma, prema kojoj su one zapravo interakcije između elektrona u tim atomima.<a href="#cite_note-jacs38_4_762-19">[19]</a> Pošto su hemijske osobine elemenata većinom bile poznate i da su se one pretežno ponavljale u skladu periodičnih zakona,<a href="#cite_note-scerri-20">[20]</a> tako je 1919. američki hemičar <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> postavio teoriju da bi se taj pojava mogla objasniti ako su elektroni u atomu povezani ili na neki način grupisani. Takve grupe elektrona koje "zauzimaju" tačno određeno područje oko jezgra nazvane su elektronske ljuske.<a href="#cite_note-jacs41_6_868-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Razvoj_kvantne_fizike">Razvoj kvantne fizike</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Razvoj kvantne fizike" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Razvoj kvantne fizike">uredi kod</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlachov_eksperiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Stern–Gerlachov eksperiment">Stern–Gerlachov eksperiment</a> iz 1922. dao je daljnje dokaze o kvantnoj prirodi atomskih osobina. Tokom tog eksperimenta, snop atoma <a href="/wiki/Srebro" title="Srebro">srebra</a> usmjeren je kroz posebno oblikovano <a href="/wiki/Magnetno_polje" title="Magnetno polje">magnetno polje</a>, te se on razdvojio na način koji odgovara smjeru ugaonog momenta atoma odnosno <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spinu</a>. Kako je smjer spina isprva bio nasumičan, očekivalo se da će se snop odbiti u nasumičnom smjeru. Umjesto toga, snop se razdvojio u dvije usmjerene komponente koje odgovaraju stanju da li je atomski spin usmjeren prema dolje ili gore u odnosu na magnetno polje.<a href="#cite_note-fop17_6_575-22">[22]</a> Godine 1925. <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> je objavio prvu konzistentnu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matemati%C4%8Dka_formulacija_kvantne_mehanike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematička formulacija kvantne mehanike (stranica ne postoji)">matematičku formulaciju kvantne mehanike</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matri%C4%8Dna_kvantna_mehanika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matrična kvantna mehanika (stranica ne postoji)">matrična kvantna mehanika</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Pais-18">[18]</a> Godinu ranije, 1924, <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a> je postavio teoriju da se sve čestice ponašaju i kreću u obliku talasa, pa je tako 1926. <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> upotrijebio tu ideju za razvoj matematičkog modela atoma (talasna mehanika) kojim je opisao elektrone u obliku trodimenzionalnog talasa umjesto kao do tada u obliku tačkaste čestice. Kao posljedica postojanja talasnog oblika kojim se opisuju čestice, matematički je nemoguće dobiti neke tačne vrijednosti ni za geometrijsku poziciju ni za moment čestice u bilo kojem vremenskom trenutku. Taj princip postao je poznat kao <a href="/wiki/Heisenbergov_princip_neodre%C4%91enosti" class="mw-redirect" title="Heisenbergov princip neodređenosti">princip neodređenosti</a> a formulirao ga je <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> 1927. godine.<a href="#cite_note-Pais-18">[18]</a> Prema tom konceptu, uz određenu tačnost pri mjerenju mjesta nekog elektrona moguće je dobiti samo raspon mogućih vrijednosti momenta i obrnuto.<a href="#cite_note-chad-23">[23]</a> Takav model mogao je objasniti mjerenja i posmatranja atomskih osobina što prethodni modeli nisu mogli, poput određenih strukturnih i spektralnih osobina atoma težih od vodika. Prema tome, planetarni modeli atoma su prevaziđeni modelom koji je opisao moguće zone atomskih orbitala oko jezgra gdje postoji najveća vjerovatnoća da bi se određeni elektron mogao nalaziti u određenom vremenu.<a href="#cite_note-brown2007-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-harrison2000-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Otkriće_neutrona">Otkriće neutrona</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Otkriće neutrona" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Otkriće neutrona">uredi kod</a>]</div> Otkriće <a href="/wiki/Masena_spektrometrija" title="Masena spektrometrija">masene spektrometrije</a> omogućilo je mjerenje mase atoma mnogo preciznije nego što je to bilo ranije moguće. Uređaj je koristio magnet koji je služio za skretanje pravca kretanja snopa iona, te se na osnovu količine odbijanja snopa može odrediti odnos u promjeni <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a> atoma prije i nakon toga. Hemičar <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis William Aston</a> koristio je ovaj instrument kako bi pokazao da izotopi imaju različite mase. <a href="/wiki/Atomska_masa" title="Atomska masa">Atomske mase</a> tih izotopa varirale su i razlikovale međusobno u cijelim iznosima, što je nazvano pravilo cijelih brojeva.<a href="#cite_note-pm39_6_449-26">[26]</a> Objašnjenje tih različitih izotopa čekalo je do otkrića <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrona</a>, nenabijene čestice mase sličnoj <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protonu</a>, što je 1932. uspjelo fizičaru <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Jamesu Chadwicku</a>. Na taj način, otkriveno je da su izotopi hemijski elementi sa istim brojem protona, ali različitim brojem neutrona u svom jezgru.<a href="#cite_note-chadwick1935-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fisija_i_novija_otkrića">Fisija i novija otkrića</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Fisija i novija otkrića" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Fisija i novija otkrića">uredi kod</a>]</div> Godine 1938, njemački hemičar <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>, student Ernesta Rutherforda, vršio je eksperiment tako što je usmjerio snop neutrona u atome <a href="/wiki/Uranij" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranij">uranija</a>, očekujući da će dobiti neki transuranijski element. Umjesto toga, rezultati njegovog eksperimenta pokazali su da je dobio <a href="/wiki/Barij" class="mw-redirect" title="Barij">barij</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bowden-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-CHF-29">[29]</a> Godinu kasnije, <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a> i njen sestrić <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Robert_Frisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Robert Frisch (stranica ne postoji)">Otto Robert Frisch</a> potvrdili su Hahnove rezultate kao prvu eksperimentalno izvedenu <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fisija" title="Nuklearna fisija">nuklearnu fisiju</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nature143_3615_239-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-schroeder-31">[31]</a> Hahn je 1944. za svoje otkriće fisije dobio <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_hemiju" title="Nobelova nagrada za hemiju">Nobelovu nagradu za hemiju</a>. Međutim, i pored Hahnovog zalaganja, doprinosi Meitner i Frischa ovom otkriću nisu priznati.<a href="#cite_note-pt50_9_26-32">[32]</a> Tokom 1950ih, razvoj naprednih uređaja ubrzivača (akceleratora) čestica i uređaja za njihovu detekciju omogućio je naučnicima izučavanje procesa sudaranja atoma koji se kreću s vrlo visokim kinetičkim energijama.<a href="#cite_note-kullander2001-33">[33]</a> Za neutrone i protone utvrđeno je da su to zapravo <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadroni</a>, odnosno sastavljeni iz još manjih čestica nazvanih <a href="/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark">kvarkovi</a>. Time je razvijen standardni model fizike čestica koji je do danas uspješno predstavio osobine jezgra atoma u smislu da tih subatomskih čestica kao i sila koje određuju njihova međudjelovanja.<a href="#cite_note-npp1990-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktura">Struktura</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odjeljak Struktura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Struktura">uredi kod</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subatomske_čestice">Subatomske čestice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odjeljak Subatomske čestice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Subatomske čestice">uredi kod</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Subatomske_%C4%8Destice" title="Subatomske čestice">Subatomske čestice</a></div></dd></dl> Iako je pojam atom prvobitno označavao česticu koja se ne može razbiti u manje čestice, u modernom naučnom žargonu, smatra se da je atom sastavljen iz više subatomskih čestica. Gradivne čestice atoma su <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protoni</a> i <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a>. Sve tri vrste čestice spadaju u <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermione</a>. Međutim, atom vodika (izotop H-1) nema neutrona, dok <a href="/wiki/Hidron" class="mw-disambig" title="Hidron">hidron</a>-ion (1H+) nema elektrona. Elektroni su ubjedljivo najlakše među ovim česticama, mase <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:FormattingError&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:FormattingError (stranica ne postoji)">Šablon:FormattingError</a>, sa negativnim električnim nabojem i veličine tako male da ga je nemoguće izmjeriti pomoću danas dostupnih tehnika.<a href="#cite_note-Demtröder-35">[35]</a> On je bio najlakša čestica sa pozitivnom masom u mirovanju, sve do otkrića <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrina</a> i određivanja njegove mase. U uobičajenim okolnostima, elektroni su vezani sa pozitivno naelektrisanim jezgrom putem sile privlačenja suprotno naelektrisanog naboja. Ukoliko atom ima jedan više ili manje elektrona od svog atomskog broja, tada postaje negativno ili pozitivno naelektrisan, respektivno, a nabijeni (naelektrisani) atom naziva se <a href="/wiki/Ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion">ion</a>. Elektroni su otkriveni krajem 19. vijeka, uglavnom zahvaljujući radovima <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J.J. Thomsona</a>. Protoni imaju pozitivni naboj i masu 1.836 puta veću od elektron, oko <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:FormattingError&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:FormattingError (stranica ne postoji)">Šablon:FormattingError</a>. Broj protona u atomu naziva se <a href="/wiki/Atomski_broj" title="Atomski broj">atomski broj</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1919) proučavao je <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušik</a> i bombardirao ga alfa-česticama, pri čemu je zapazio da dušik pri tom emitira nešto što izgleda kao jezgro vodika. Naredne godine, preformulirao je otkriće tako da je zaključio da je jezgro vodika posebna čestica unutar atoma koju je nazvao <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>. Neutroni nemaju električni naboj te imaju slobodnu masu 1.839 puta veću od mase elektrona ili oko <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:FormattingError&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:FormattingError (stranica ne postoji)">Šablon:FormattingError</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Woan-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-2014_CODATA-37">[37]</a> Neutroni su najteži od tri osnovne gradivne čestice atoma, ali se njihova masa može reducirati nuklearnom energijom vezanja. Neutroni i protoni (zajednički nazvani nukleoni) imaju približno iste dimenzije, veličine reda <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:FormattingError&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:FormattingError (stranica ne postoji)">Šablon:FormattingError</a>, mada "površina" ovih čestica nije jasno definirana.<a href="#cite_note-MacGregor-38">[38]</a> Neutrone je 1932. otkrio engleski fizičar <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a>. U <a href="/wiki/Standardni_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardni model">standardnom modelu</a> fizike, elektroni su prave elementarne čestice bez unutrašnje strukture. Međutim, i protoni i neutroni su složene čestice sastavljene iz elementarnih čestica nazvanih <a href="/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark">kvarkovi</a>. Postoji dvije vrste kvarkova u atomu, svaki sa djelimičnim električnim nabojem. Protoni su sastavljeni iz dva <a href="/wiki/Gornji_kvark" title="Gornji kvark">gornja kvarka</a> (up-kvark) (svaki sa nabojem +2 3) i jednog <a href="/wiki/Donji_kvark" title="Donji kvark">donjeg kvarka</a> (sa nabojem -1 3). Neutroni su sastavljeni iz jednog gornjeg i dva donja kvarka. Ova razlika "odgovorna" je i za razliku u masama i nabojima između ove dvije čestice.<a href="#cite_note-pdg2002-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-schombert2006-40">[40]</a> Kvarkovi se drže na okupu djelovanjem jake interakcije (tj. jake sile), koju reguliraju <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluoni</a>. Protone i neutrone u jezgru međusobno veže djelovanje nuklearnih sila, koja je "ostatak" jakih sila koje donekle imaju različite osobine u pogledu udaljenosti na kojoj djeluju. Gluoni su članovi porodice <a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%BEdarni_bozoni" title="Baždarni bozoni">baždarnih bozona</a>, koje su elementarne čestice preko kojih se ispoljavaju fizičke sile.<a href="#cite_note-pdg2002-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-schombert2006-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jezgro">Jezgro</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odjeljak Jezgro" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Jezgro">uredi kod</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Atomsko_jezgro" title="Atomsko jezgro">Atomsko jezgro</a></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg/220px-Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg/330px-Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg/440px-Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Energija vezivanja potrebna da bi nukleon "pobjegao" iz jezgra, podaci se odnose na razne izotope</figcaption></figure> Svi vezani protoni i neutroni u atomu sačinjavaju relativno malo <a href="/wiki/Atomsko_jezgro" title="Atomsko jezgro">atomsko jezgro</a>, te se kolektivno nazivaju <a href="/wiki/Nukleon" title="Nukleon">nukleoni</a>. Prečnik atomskog jezgra približno je jednak 1,07 3√A femtometara, gdje je A ukupni broj nukleona u njemu.<a href="#cite_note-Jevremovic-41">[41]</a> To je znatno manje od prečnika cijelog atoma, koji je reda veličine 105 fm. Nukleoni se drže zajedno vezani privlačnim potencijalom koji djeluje na kratkoj udaljenosti, a naziva se <a href="/wiki/Rezidualna_jaka_nuklearna_sila" title="Rezidualna jaka nuklearna sila">rezidualna jaka nuklearna sila</a>. Na udaljenostima kraćim od 2,5 fm ova sila je znatno snažnije od elektrostatičke sile koja uzrokuje da se pozitivno nabijeni protoni odbijaju jedan od drugog.<a href="#cite_note-Pfeffer-42">[42]</a> Atomi istog <a href="/wiki/Hemijski_element" title="Hemijski element">elementa</a> imaju isti broj protona u jezgru, a taj broj odgovara <a href="/wiki/Atomski_broj" title="Atomski broj">atomskom broju</a> elementa. Za svaki hemijski element, postoje atomi kod kojih broj neutrona varira, a taj broj određuje <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotop</a> tog elementa. Ukupan broj protona i neutrona određuje o kojem <a href="/wiki/Nuklid" title="Nuklid">nuklidu</a> se radi. Broj neutrona u odnosu na broj protona određuje koliko je to jezgro stabilno, jer se određeni izotopi raspadaju nekim od <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivnih</a> načina raspada.<a href="#cite_note-wenner2007-43">[43]</a> Proton, elektron i neutron svrstani su u grupu <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermionskih</a> čestica. Za fermione važni <a href="/wiki/Paulijev_princip_isklju%C4%8Denja" title="Paulijev princip isključenja">Paulijev princip isključenja</a>, koji zabranjuje identičnim fermionima, kao što je više od jednog protona, da zauzimaju isto kvantno stanje u isto vrijeme. Stoga, svaki proton u jezgru mora zauzimati kvantno stanje različito od svih drugih protona, a isti princip se primjenjuje i na sve neutrone u jezgru i sve elektrone u elektronskom oblaku.<a href="#cite_note-raymond-44">[44]</a> Atomska jezgra koja imaju različit broj protona i neutrona imaju potencijal da pređu u niže energetsko stanje putem radioaktivnog raspada čije posljedice se ogledaju u tome da se broj neutrona približi broju protona. Rezultat tog procesa je da nastaju atomi koji imaju podjednak broj protona i neutrona i koji su mnogo "otporniji" na raspad. Ipak, povećanjem atomskog broja, međusobno odbijanje protona zahtijeva povećanje odnosa broja neutrona u odnosu na broj protona kako bi se održavala stabilnost jezgra, što neznatno mijenja ovaj trend jednakog broja protona i neutrona kod atoma sa nižim atomskim brojevima.<a href="#cite_note-raymond-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Wpdms_physics_proton_proton_chain_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Wpdms_physics_proton_proton_chain_1.svg/220px-Wpdms_physics_proton_proton_chain_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Wpdms_physics_proton_proton_chain_1.svg/330px-Wpdms_physics_proton_proton_chain_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Wpdms_physics_proton_proton_chain_1.svg/440px-Wpdms_physics_proton_proton_chain_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Ilustracija procesa nuklearne fuzije kojom od dva protona nastaje jezgro <a href="/wiki/Deuterij" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterij">deuterija</a>, a koje se sastoji iz protona i neutrona. <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">Pozitron</a> (e+), antimaterijski elektron, emitira se zajedno sa elektron-<a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinoom</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Potential_energy_well.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Potential_energy_well.svg/220px-Potential_energy_well.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Potential_energy_well.svg/330px-Potential_energy_well.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Potential_energy_well.svg/440px-Potential_energy_well.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Jama potencijala, prema klasičnoj mehanici, pokazuje minimum energije V(x) potrebne da se dosegne svaka pozicija x. Prema klasičnom tumačenju, čestica energije E ograničena je na raspon pozicija između x1 i x2.</figcaption></figure> Broj protona i neutrona u atomskom jezgru može se promijeniti, ali je za to potrebna veoma velika energija zbog vrlo snažnih sila koje djeluju unutar jezgra. <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fuzija" title="Nuklearna fuzija">Nuklearna fuzija</a> se dešava kada se veći broj lakših atomskih čestica međusobno spoje i izgrade teže atomsko jezgro, poput energetskih sudara dva atomska jezgra. Naprimjer, u središtu <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunca</a> protonima je potrebno približno 3–10 keV energije da bi svladali sile njihovog međusobnog odbijanja, te spojili se u jednu atomsko jezgru. Ta energetska granica nazvana je <a href="/wiki/Coulombova_barijera" title="Coulombova barijera">Coulombova barijera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mihos2002-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fisija" title="Nuklearna fisija">Nuklearna fisija</a> je proces suprotan fuziji, pri kojoj se atomsko jezgro raspada na dva manja jezgra, obično praćeno radioaktivnim raspadom. Jegra se mogu izmijeniti i bombardiranjem subatomskim česticama ili <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotonima</a> visoke energije. Ako se u tom procesu promijeni broj protona u jezgru, atom prelazi u drugi hemijski element.<a href="#cite_note-lbnl20070330-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-makhijani_saleska2001-47">[47]</a> Ako je masa jezgra nastalog nakon reakcije fuzije manja od masa polaznih čestica koje su učestvovale u reakciji, tada se razlika između ove dvije vrijednosti može emitirati u vidu neke korisne energije (poput gama zraka) ili <a href="/wiki/Kineti%C4%8Dka_energija" title="Kinetička energija">kinetičke energije</a> u vidu beta čestica, kako je opisano poznatom <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einsteinovom</a> formulom ekvivalencije mase i energije, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f73dbd37a0cac34406ee89057fa1b36a1e6a18e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.976ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}">, gdje je <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"> razlika u gubitku mase a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"> <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">brzina svjetlosti</a>. Ovaj deficit mase je dio energije vezivanja novonastalog jezgra, i to je nepovratni gubitak energije koji uzrokuje da spojene čestice ostanu zajedno u stanju koje zahtijeva ovu energije da bi se razdvojile.<a href="#cite_note-Shultis-48">[48]</a> Fuzija dva jezgra kojom nastaje veće i teže jegro sa atomskim masama manjim od <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">Fe</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nikl" title="Nikl">Ni</a>, gdje je ukupni broj nukleona oko 60, obično je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egzotermi%C4%8Dka_reakcija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egzotermička reakcija (stranica ne postoji)">egzotermička reakcija</a>, kojom se otpušta više enegije nego što je potrebno da bi se ona spojila.<a href="#cite_note-ajp63_7_653-49">[49]</a> Ovaj proces kojim se otpušta energija omogućava da se nuklearna fuzija u <a href="/wiki/Zvijezda" title="Zvijezda">zvijezdama</a> neprekidno odvija. Kod težih jezgara, energija vezivanja po jednom nukleonu u jezgru počinje opadati. To znači da su procesi fuzije, kojima nastaju atomi atomskih brojeva viših od 26 i atomskim masama višim od 60, endotermičke rekacije. Zbog toga masivnije jezge ne mogu održavati reakcije fuzije kojima nastaje "višak" energije niti mogu održavati hidrostatičku ravnotežu zvijezde.<a href="#cite_note-raymond-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektronski_oblak">Elektronski oblak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odjeljak Elektronski oblak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=16" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Elektronski oblak">uredi kod</a>]</div> Elektrone u atomu privlače protoni iz njegovog jezgra <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetna_sila" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektromagnetna sila">elektromagnetnim silama</a>. Ove sile vežu elektrone unutar elektrostatičke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jama_potencijala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jama potencijala (stranica ne postoji)">jame potencijala</a> okružujući malo atomsko jezgro, što znači da je elektronu za "bijeg" iz atoma potreban vanjski izvor energije. Što god je elektron bliži jezgru, veća je njegova privlačna sila. Prema tome, elektroni vezani bliže centru jame potencijala zahtijevaju više energije kako bi bili izbijeni iz atoma, od onih elektrona koji se nalaze dalje od jezgra. Kao i druge čestice, elektroni imaju i čestične i talasne osobine. Elektronski oblak je područje unutar jame potencijala gdje svaki elektron gradi neku vrstu trodimenzionalnog stacionarnog talasa, tj. oblika talasa koji se ne kreće u odnosu na jezgro. Ovo ponašanje definira atomsku orbitalu u obliku <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematičke</a> funkcije koju karakterizira <a href="/wiki/Vjerovatno%C4%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Vjerovatnoća">vjerovatnoća</a> da će se elektron nalaziti na određenom položaju u trenutku kada se njegov položaj mjeri.<a href="#cite_note-science157_3784_13-50">[50]</a> Postoji samo diskretno kvantizirani set takvih orbitala oko atomskog jezgra, jer se druge moguće talasne pozicije vrlo brzo raspadnu na neku od stabilnijih formi.<a href="#cite_note-Brucat2008-51">[51]</a> Orbitale mogu imati jednu ili više prstenastih ili tačkastih struktura te se jedna od druge razlikuju u veličini, obliku i usmjerenju (orjentaciji).<a href="#cite_note-manthey2001-52">[52]</a> Svaka atomska orbitala odgovara određenom nivou energije elektrona. Elektroni mogu promijeniti svoje stanje na viši energetski nivo putem apsorpcije <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotona</a> koji nosi dovoljnu količinu energije kojom je moguće pobuditi elektron do novog višeg kvantnog stanja. Na sličan način, putem spontane emisije, elektron na višem energetskom nivou može preći na niži energetski nivo istovremeno emitirajući višak energije u vidu fotona. Takve karakteristične vrijednosti energije, definirane kao razlike između energija određenih kvantnih stanja, odgovorne su za pojavu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomska_spektrometrija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomska spektrometrija (stranica ne postoji)">atomskih spektralnih linija</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brucat2008-51">[51]</a> Iznos energije potrebne da se doda ili ukloni elektron, tj. energije vezivanja elektrona, daleko je manji od energije vezivanja nukleona. Naprimjer, potrebno je "samo" 13,6 eV da se ukloni elektron u osnovnom stanju iz atoma <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodika</a>,<a href="#cite_note-herter_8-53">[53]</a> u odnosu na 2,23 miliona eV potrebnih da bi se razbilo jezgro <a href="/wiki/Deuterij" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterij">deuterija</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pr79_2_282-54">[54]</a> Atomi su u električno neutralnom stanju ako imaju isti broj protona i neutrona. Atomi koji imaju višak ili manjak elektrona nazivaju se <a href="/wiki/Ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion">ioni</a>. Elektroni koji se nalaze najdalje od jezgra mogu preći na druge susjedne atome ili ih dva atoma mogu dijeliti kao zajedničke. Tim mehanizmom, atomi mogu graditi <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_veza" title="Hemijska veza">hemijske veze</a> te se međusobno vezati u <a href="/wiki/Molekula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekula">molekule</a> i druge vrste <a href="/wiki/Hemijski_spoj" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemijski spoj">hemijskih spojeva</a> poput ionskog i <a href="/wiki/Kovalentna_veza" title="Kovalentna veza">kovalentnog</a> sistema <a href="/wiki/Kristalizacija" title="Kristalizacija">kristala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smirnov-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Osobine">Osobine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi odjeljak Osobine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=17" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Osobine">uredi kod</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuklearne_osobine">Nuklearne osobine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Uredi odjeljak Nuklearne osobine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=18" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Nuklearne osobine">uredi kod</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">Izotop</a></div></dd></dl> Po definiciji, bilo koja dva atoma sa identičnim brojem protona u njihovim jezgrima, pripadaju istom <a href="/wiki/Hemijski_element" title="Hemijski element">hemijskom elementu</a>. Atomi sa istim brojem protona, ali različitim brojem neutrona predstavljaju različite <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotope</a> istog elementa. Naprimjer, svi atomi vodika imaju po jedan proton u jezgru, ali postoji razni izotopi među kojim je izotop bez <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrona</a> u jezgru (vodik-1, kojeg ima ubjedljivo najviše,<a href="#cite_note-matis2000-56">[56]</a> zvani protij), sa jednim (<a href="/wiki/Deuterij" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterij">deuterij</a>), dva (<a href="/wiki/Tricij" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricij">tricij</a>) ili više neutrona. Svi poznati elementi čine set atomskih brojeva, počev od elementa sa jednim (<a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodik</a>) do elementa sa 118 protona (<a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">oganeson</a>).<a href="#cite_note-weiss20061017-57">[57]</a> Svi poznati izotopi elemenata koji imaju atomske brojeve veće od 82 su <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivni</a>, mada je radioaktivnost elementa 83 (<a href="/wiki/Bizmut" title="Bizmut">bizmut</a>) tako slaba da se praktično može smatrati da je nema.<a href="#cite_note-s131-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-dume20030423-59">[59]</a> Na <a href="/wiki/Zemlja_(planeta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemlja (planeta)">Zemlji</a> je otkriveno približno 339 nuklida,<a href="#cite_note-lidsay20000730-60">[60]</a> a kod 254 od njih (oko 75%) nije opažen raspad, te se oni definiraju kao "stabilni izotopi". Ipak, samo 90 tih nuklida su stabilni u odnosu na sve vrste radioaktivnog raspada, čak i u teoriji. Za ostalih 164 (što čini ukupno 254 nuklida) nisu opaženi raspadi, mada je prema njihovoj strukturi u teoriji moguć njihov raspad. Ovi nuklidi se formalno smatraju "stabilnim". Dodatna 34 radioaktivna nuklida imaju vremena poluraspada duža od 80 miliona godina, te su dovoljno dugoživući da bi se na Zemlji mogli nalaziti još iz perioda nastanka Sunčevog sistema. Ova "kolekcija" od 288 nuklida poznati su i kao primordijalni nuklidi. Najzad, poznat je još i 51 kratkoživući nuklid za koje se zna da se prirodno javljaju na Zemlji, kao proizvodi raspada primordijalnih nuklida (poput <a href="/wiki/Radij" class="mw-redirect" title="Radij">radija</a> iz <a href="/wiki/Uranij" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranij">uranija</a>) ili neki drugi način u vidu proizvoda prirodnih energetskih procesa na Zemlji, naprimjer bombardiranjem kosmičkih zraka (poput nastanka ugljika-14).<a href="#cite_note-tuli2005-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[note 1]</a> Od svih hemijskih elemenata, njih 80 ima barem jedan stabilni izotop. Mnogi hemijski elementi imaju nekoliko stabilnih izotopa, prosječno postoji 3,2 stabilna izotopa po svakom hemijskom elementu. Dvadeset šest elemenata ima samo jedan stabilni izotop, dok najveći broj stabilnih izotopa od svih elemenata ima <a href="/wiki/Kalaj" title="Kalaj">kalaj</a> sa deset stabilnih izotopa. Elementi <a href="/wiki/Tehnecij" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehnecij">43</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prometij" class="mw-redirect" title="Prometij">61</a>, i svi elementi sa atomskim brojevima <a href="/wiki/Bizmut" title="Bizmut">83</a> i većim nemaju niti jedan stabilan izotop.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-63">[62]</a> Na stabilnost izotopa primarno utiče odnos broja protona i neutrona, ali također i prisustvo određenih "magičnih brojeva" neutrona i protona koji predstavljaju zatvorene i u potpunosti popunjene kvantne ljuske. Te kvantne ljuske odgovaraju i tačno definisanim setovima nivoa energije unutar modela ljusaka jezgra; popunjene ljuske, kao što je naprimjer popunjena ljuska sa 50 protona kod kalaja, daje neuobičajenu stabilnost tom nuklidu. Od 254 poznata stabilna nuklida, samo njih četiri imaju i neparan broj protona i neparan broj neutrona: izotop vodika-2 (<a href="/wiki/Deuterij" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterij">deuterij</a>), <a href="/wiki/Litij" title="Litij">litij</a>-6, bor-10 i <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušik</a>-14. Osim toga, samo četiri nuklida koji se javljaju u prirodi, a koji su radioaktivni, imaju neparne brojeve protona i neutrona u jezgru: <a href="/wiki/Kalij" title="Kalij">kalij</a>-40, <a href="/wiki/Vanadij" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadij">vanadij</a>-50, <a href="/wiki/Lantan" title="Lantan">lantan</a>-138 i <a href="/wiki/Tantal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantal">tantal</a>-180m. Ovi nuklidi imaju vrijeme poluraspada duže od milijardu godina. Većina jezgara sa neparnim brojem i protona i neutrona su veoma nestabilna u odnosu na beta raspad, jer proizvodi raspada imaju parne brojeve i protona i neutrona, pa su stoga mnogo snažnije vezani zbog nuklearnih efekata sparivanja.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masa">Masa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Uredi odjeljak Masa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=19" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Masa">uredi kod</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članci: <a href="/wiki/Atomska_masa" title="Atomska masa">Atomska masa</a> i <a href="/wiki/Maseni_broj" title="Maseni broj">Maseni broj</a></div></dd></dl> Velika većina mase atoma sadržana je u protonima i neutronima u njegovom jezgru. Ukupan broj ovih čestica (nazvanih "nukleoni") u nekom atomu naziva se <a href="/wiki/Maseni_broj" title="Maseni broj">maseni broj</a>. To je pozitivan, cijeli broj, bez jedinice mjere (iako ima masenu dimenziju) jer označava broj čestica. Primjer korištenja masenog broja je <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik">ugljik</a>-12, što znači da u jezgru ovog izotopa ima 12 nukleona (šest protona i šest neutrona). Stvarna masa atoma u mirovanju često se izražava pomoću unificirane <a href="/wiki/Jedinica_atomske_mase" title="Jedinica atomske mase">jedinice atomske mase</a> (u), također zvane i dalton (Da). Ova jedinica definirana je kao dvanaestina mase slobodnog neutralnog atoma izotopa ugljika-12, a približno izraženo u <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogramima</a> ona iznosi <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:FormattingError&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:FormattingError (stranica ne postoji)">Šablon:FormattingError</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iupac-64">[63]</a> Vodik-1 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Protij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protij (stranica ne postoji)">protij</a>) (najlakši izotop vodika, a također i nuklid sa najnižom masom) ima atomsku težinu 1,007825 u.<a href="#cite_note-chieh2001-65">[64]</a> Vrijednost ovog broja naziva se <a href="/wiki/Atomska_masa" title="Atomska masa">atomska masa</a>. Određeni atom ima atomsku masu koja je približno jednaka (uz razliku do 1%) njegovom masenom broju pomnoženom sa jedinicom atomske mase (naprimjer masa atoma dušika-14 je približno 14 u). Međutim, ovaj broj neće uvijek biti cijeli broj osim kod ugljika-12.<a href="#cite_note-nist_wc-66">[65]</a> Najteži stabilni atom, <a href="/wiki/Olovo" title="Olovo">olovo</a>-208,<a href="#cite_note-s131-58">[58]</a> ima masu <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:FormattingError&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:FormattingError (stranica ne postoji)">Šablon:FormattingError</a>.<a href="#cite_note-audi2003-67">[66]</a> Pošto su i najteži atomi isuviše lahki da bi se s njima moglo direktno raditi i mjeriti, hemičari dogovorno upotrebljavaju jedinicu <a href="/wiki/Mol_(jedinica)" title="Mol (jedinica)">mol</a>. Jedan atoma (ili bilo kojih drugih čestica) bilo kojeg elementa uvijek ima isti broj atoma (čestica), oko <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:FormattingError&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:FormattingError (stranica ne postoji)">Šablon:FormattingError</a>. Taj broj naziva se <a href="/wiki/Avogadrova_konstanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Avogadrova konstanta">Avogadrova konstanta</a>. On je odabran tako da ako element ima atomsku masu 1 u, jedan mol tog elementa imat će masu približno jedan gram. Zbog definicije unificirane jedinice atomske mase, svaki atom ugljika-12 ima atomsku masu tačno 12 u, pa jedan mol atoma ugljika-12 ima masu tačno 0,012 kg.<a href="#cite_note-iupac-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oblik_i_veličina">Oblik i veličina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Uredi odjeljak Oblik i veličina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=20" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Oblik i veličina">uredi kod</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Atomski_radijus" title="Atomski radijus">Atomski radijus</a></div></dd></dl> Atomima nedostaje strogo definirana vanjska granica, pa se njihove dimenzije obično opisivaju pojmom <a href="/wiki/Atomski_radijus" title="Atomski radijus">atomskog radijusa</a>. On mjeri razdaljinu koliko se elektronski oblak udaljava od jezgra.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh02-68">[67]</a> Međutim, time se eksplicitno pretpostavlja da atom ima <a href="/wiki/Sfera" title="Sfera">loptast</a> oblik, što je moguće ako se atomi posmatraju u <a href="/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum">vakuumu</a> ili slobodnom prostoru. Atomski radijusi se mogu izračunati iz udaljenosti između dva jezgra u slučaju kada se dva atoma spoje pomoću neke od <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_veza" title="Hemijska veza">hemijskih veza</a>. Radijusi su dosta varijabilni u zavisnosti od položaja atoma u periodnom sistemu, vrste hemijske veze koju grade sa drugim atomima, broja susjednih atoma (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Koordinacijski_broj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koordinacijski broj (stranica ne postoji)">koordinacijski broj</a>) i kvantno-mehaničkih osobina poput spina.<a href="#cite_note-aca32_5_751-69">[68]</a> Na <a href="/wiki/Periodni_sistem_elemenata" title="Periodni sistem elemenata">periodnom sistemu elemenata</a>, atomi teže povećanju atomskog radijusa idući kroz periode prema dolje, te smanjivanju idući s lijeva na desno kroz grupe hemijskih elemenata.<a href="#cite_note-dong1998-70">[69]</a> Kao posljedica toga, najmanji atom po atomskim radijusima jeste <a href="/wiki/Helij" title="Helij">helij</a> sa radijusom od 32 pikometra, dok je jedan od najvećih <a href="/wiki/Cezij" class="mw-redirect" title="Cezij">cezij</a> sa 225 pikometara.<a href="#cite_note-Zumdahl-71">[70]</a> Kada na njega djeluju vanjske sile poput električnog polja, oblika atoma može značajno odstupiti od loptaste simetrije. Deformacija zavisi od snage električnog polja i vrste orbite krajnje vanjske elektronske ljuske, kako to predviđaju <a href="/wiki/Teorija_grupa" title="Teorija grupa">teorije grupa</a>. Asferične (neloptaste) devijacije mogu biti izazvane naprimjer u <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristalima</a>, gdje se velika kristalno-električna polja mogu javiti na mjestima rešetke s <a href="/wiki/Kristalna_struktura" title="Kristalna struktura">niskom simetrijom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bethe1929-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZPB1995a-73">[72]</a> Značajne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elipsoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elipsoid (stranica ne postoji)">elipsoidne</a> deformacije mogu se javiti kod iona <a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumpora</a><a href="#cite_note-pssb2008-74">[73]</a> i <a href="/wiki/Halkogeni_elementi" class="mw-redirect" title="Halkogeni elementi">halkogenih</a> iona<a href="#cite_note-mdpi2014-75">[74]</a> u spojevima sličnih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirit_(mineral)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirit (mineral) (stranica ne postoji)">piritu</a>. Veličina atoma je reda veličine oko hiljadu puta manja talasne dužine vidljive svjetlosti (400–700 <a href="/wiki/Nanometar" title="Nanometar">nm</a>) tako da se oni ne mogu vidjeti pod <a href="/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dki_mikroskop" title="Optički mikroskop">optičkim mikroskopom</a>. Međutim, pomoću <a href="/wiki/Skeniraju%C4%87i_tunelski_mikroskop" title="Skenirajući tunelski mikroskop">skenirajućeg tunelskog mikroskopa</a> moguće je vidjeti pojedinačne atome. Da bi se lakše predstavila veličina atoma, smatra se da je debljina obične ljudske dlake u prečniku reda oko milion atoma ugljika.<a href="#cite_note-osu2007-76">[75]</a> Jedna kap <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vode</a> sadrži približno 2 x 1021 atoma kisika i dvostruko veći broj atoma vodika.<a href="#cite_note-Padillaa-77">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dijamant" title="Dijamant">Dijamant</a> od jednog karata, mase <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:FormattingError&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:FormattingError (stranica ne postoji)">Šablon:FormattingError</a>, sadrži oko 1022 atoma ugljika.<a href="#cite_note-78">[note 2]</a> Kada bi se <a href="/wiki/Jabuka" title="Jabuka">jabuka</a> povećala do veličine planete Zemlje, tada bi atomi te jabuke bili približno veličine prvobitne jabuke.<a href="#cite_note-rey-79">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radioaktivni_raspad">Radioaktivni raspad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Uredi odjeljak Radioaktivni raspad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=21" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Radioaktivni raspad">uredi kod</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">Radioaktivnost</a></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Isotopes_and_half-life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Isotopes_and_half-life.svg/220px-Isotopes_and_half-life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Isotopes_and_half-life.svg/330px-Isotopes_and_half-life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Isotopes_and_half-life.svg/440px-Isotopes_and_half-life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Dijagram prikazuje <a href="/wiki/Vrijeme_poluraspada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrijeme poluraspada">vrijeme poluraspada</a> (T½) nekih izotopa sa Z protona i N neutrona.</figcaption></figure> Svaki element ima jedan ili više izotopa koji imaju nestabilno jezgro i koje se raspada nekim od radioaktivnih načina raspadanja, pri čemu jezgro emitira čestice ili elektromagnetsku radijaciju. <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">Radioaktivnost</a> se može javiti kada je radijus atomskog jezgra dosta veći u odnosu na radijus jake sile, koja može djelovati samo na udaljenostima reda veličine 1 fm.<a href="#cite_note-splung-80">[78]</a> Neki od najčešćih načina radioaktivnog raspada su:<a href="#cite_note-Annunziata-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-firestone20000522-82">[80]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfa_raspad" title="Alfa raspad">Alfa raspad</a>: ovaj proces dešava se kada jezgro emitira alfa-česticu, koja je zapravo jezgro atoma helija sa dva protona i dva neutrona. Rezultat ove emisije je novi element sa nižim <a href="/wiki/Atomski_broj" title="Atomski broj">atomskim brojem</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_raspad" title="Beta raspad">Beta raspad</a> (i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronski_zahvat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronski zahvat (stranica ne postoji)">elektronski zahvat</a>): ove procese regulira slaba sila a njihov rezultat je transformacija jednog neutrona u proton ili obrnuto. Prijelaz iz neutrona u proton dešava se istovremeno sa emisijom elektrona i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antineutrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antineutrino (stranica ne postoji)">antineutrina</a>, dok prijelaz iz protona u neutron (osim kod elektronskog zahvata) uzrokuje emisiju <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">pozitrona</a> i <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrina</a>. Emisije elektrona ili pozitrona nazivaju se beta čestice. Pri beta raspadu dešava se ili povećanje ili smanjenje atomskog broja jezgra za jedan. Elektronski zahvat je mnogo češći od emisije pozitrona jer je za njega potrebno mnogo manje energije. Kod ove vrste raspada, jezgro apsorbira jedan elektron umjesto da se iz njega emitira pozitron. U tom procesu se i dalje emitira neutrino a proton prelazi u neutron.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gama_raspad" title="Gama raspad">Gama raspad</a>: u ovom procesu dolazi do promjene energetskih nivoa jezgra u niže stanje, što dovodi do emisije elektromagnetskog zračenja. Pobuđeno stanje jezgra rezultira gama zračenjem nakon čega dolazi do emisije alfa ili beta čestice. Prema tome, nakon gama raspada najčešće slijedi alfa ili beta raspad.</li></ul> Postoje i neki rijetki tipovi radioaktivnog raspada koji, između ostalog, uključuju izbacivanje neutrona ili protona ili grupe nukleona iz jezgra, ili više od jedne beta čestice. Analogno gama zračenju koje omogućava pobuđenom jezgru da izgubi energiju na jedan od načina, postoji i proces interne konverzije kojim nastaju izuzetno brzi elektroni a koji ne spadaju u beta zrake, dok istovremeno nastaju visokoenergetski <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotoni</a> koji nisu gama zraci. Također, moguće je da nekoliko velikih atomskih jezgara eksplodira dajući dva ili više nabijenih fragmenata raznih masa te nekoliko neutrona u procesu koji se naziva spontana <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fisija" title="Nuklearna fisija">nuklearna fisija</a>. Svaki radioaktivni izotop ima karakteristično vrijeme raspada koje se naziva <a href="/wiki/Vrijeme_poluraspada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrijeme poluraspada">vrijeme poluraspada</a>. Ono je definirano kao vremenski period potreban da se raspadne polovina uzorka tog izotopa. To je proces eksponencijalnog raspada kojim se stalno smanjuje preostali udio nekog izotopa za 50% za svaki period vremena poluraspada. Prema tome, nakon dva perioda vremena poluraspada preostaje samo 25% prvobitne količine izotopa i tako dalje.<a href="#cite_note-splung-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetni_moment">Magnetni moment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Uredi odjeljak Magnetni moment" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=22" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Magnetni moment">uredi kod</a>]</div> Elementarne čestice imaju vlastitu kvantno-mehaničku osobinu poznatu kao <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a>. On je analogan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugaona_koli%C4%8Dina_kretanja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugaona količina kretanja (stranica ne postoji)">ugaonom momentu</a> nekog predmeta koji se okreće oko svog centra mase, mada ako se uzme prema definiciji, ove čestice se smatraju tačkama i pa se ne može reći da rotiraju. Spin se mjeri u jedinicama reducirane <a href="/wiki/Planckova_konstanta" title="Planckova konstanta">Planckove konstante</a> (ħ), pri čemu elektroni, protoni i neutroni imaju spin ½ ħ, ili "spin-½". U atomu, elektroni koji se kreću oko jezgra, pored spina, imaju i orbitalni ugaoni moment, dok samo jezgro ima vlastiti ugaoni moment zbog svog nuklearnog spina.<a href="#cite_note-hornak2006-83">[81]</a> Atom proizvodi <a href="/wiki/Magnetno_polje" title="Magnetno polje">magnetno polje</a>, odnosno magnetni moment, koji se određuje prema tim raznim oblicima ugaonog momenta, slično kao svaki rotirajući naelektrisani objekat koji proizvodi magnetno polje. Ipak, najznačajniji doprinos nastanku ovog polja dolazi od spina elektrona. Zbog prirode elektrona da se ponašaju prema <a href="/wiki/Paulijev_princip_isklju%C4%8Denja" title="Paulijev princip isključenja">Paulijevom principu isključenja</a>, prema kojem se dva elektrona ne mogu nalaziti u istom kvantnom stanju, vezani elektroni se uparuju međusobno, pri čemu jedan član svakog elektronskog para ima stanje spina up dok drugi član ima suprotno stanje spina, down. Prema tome, ova dva stanja spina se međusobno poništavaju, smanjujući ukupni magnetni dipol moment na nulu kod nekih atoma koji imaju paran broj elektrona.<a href="#cite_note-schroeder2-84">[82]</a> Kod feromagnetnih elemenata poput <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željeza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalta</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nikl" title="Nikl">nikla</a>, neparan broj elektrona dovodi do postojanja nesparenog elektrona i pojavu određenog ukupnog magnetnog momenta. Orbitale susjednih atoma se preklapaju te se dostiže stanje niže energije kada se spinovi nesparenih elektrona spontano "poravnaju" jedan s drugim, što se naziva interakcija izmjene. Kada se poravnaju magnetni momenti feromagnetnih atoma, tada predmet ili materijal može proizvesti mjerljivo makroskopsko magnetno polje. Paramagnetni materijali imaju atome sa magnetnim momentima koji se poravnavaju u nasumičnim pravcima kada nije prisutno magnetno polje, ali se u prisustvu takvog polja poravnaju (usmjere u istom pravcu).<a href="#cite_note-schroeder2-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-goebel20070901-85">[83]</a> Jezgro atoma neće imati nikakav spin kada u sebi sadrži paran broj i neutrona i protona, međutim u slučajevima kada su neparni brojevi nukleona, onda i jezgro može imati spin. Obično su jezgra sa spinom poravnati u nasumičnim pravcima zbog termalne ravnoteže. Međutim, kod određenih elemenata (poput <a href="/wiki/Ksenon" title="Ksenon">ksenona</a>-129) moguće je da se polariziraju značajni udjeli stanja nuklearnog spina tako da su onda jezgra poravnata u istom pravu. Takvo stanje u fizici naziva se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperpolarizacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperpolarizacija (stranica ne postoji)">hiperpolarizacija</a>. Ona ima vrlo važne oblasti primjene naprimjer pri snimanju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetna_rezonanca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetna rezonanca (stranica ne postoji)">magnetnom rezonancom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yarris1997-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liang-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energetski_nivoi">Energetski nivoi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Uredi odjeljak Energetski nivoi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=23" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Energetski nivoi">uredi kod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Atomic_orbital_energy_levels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Atomic_orbital_energy_levels.svg/220px-Atomic_orbital_energy_levels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Atomic_orbital_energy_levels.svg/330px-Atomic_orbital_energy_levels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Atomic_orbital_energy_levels.svg/440px-Atomic_orbital_energy_levels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Prikazani su energetski nivoi elektrona (nisu u skali) koji su dovoljni za stabilna stanja atoma do <a href="/wiki/Kadmij" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadmij">kadmija</a> (5s2 4d10) (uključujući). Treba zapaziti da je čak i vrh dijagrama znatno niži od energetskih stanja nevezanih elektrona.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Potencijalna_energija" title="Potencijalna energija">Potencijalna energija</a> elektrona u atomu je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negativan_broj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negativan broj (stranica ne postoji)">negativna</a>, a zavisnost njegove pozicije doseže minimum (najvišu <a href="/wiki/Apsolutna_vrijednost" title="Apsolutna vrijednost">apsolutnu vrijednost</a>) unutar jezgra, te potpuno nestaje kada udaljenost od jezgra dosegne beskonačnost, ugrubo računajući obrnutno proporcionalno udaljenosti. Prema kvantno-mehaničkom modelu, vezani elektron može zauzeti samo jedan set kvantnih stanja sa centrom u jezgru, a svako stanje odgovara određenom energetskom nivou. Teoretsko razmatranje tog modela obrađuje <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dingerova_jedna%C4%8Dina" title="Schrödingerova jednačina">vremenski nezavisna Schrödingerova jednačina</a>. Energetski nivo može biti izmjeren pomoću količine energije potrebne da se elektron izdvoji iz atoma, te se najčešće izražava <a href="/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt">elektronvoltima</a> (eV). Najniže stanje energije vezanog elektrona naziva se osnovno stanje, odnosno stacionarno stanje, dok se tranzicija elektrona na neke više nivoe označava kao pobuđeno stanje.<a href="#cite_note-zeghbroeck1998-88">[86]</a> Energija elektrona povećava se pri povećanju n (osnovnog kvantnog broja) jer se povećava (prosječna) udaljenost od jezgra. Zavisnost energije od <a href="/wiki/Azimutalni_kvantni_broj" title="Azimutalni kvantni broj">ℓ</a> nije uzrokovana elektrostatičkim potencijalom jezgra već interakcijom između elektrona. Elektron koji prelazi između dva različita stanja, naprimjer između osnovnog i prvog pobuđenog, on mora apsorbirati ili emitirati <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a> energije koja odgovara razlici između potencijalnih energija ta dva nivoa, u skladu sa Bohrovim modelom, što se vrlo precizno može izračunati <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dingerova_jedna%C4%8Dina" title="Schrödingerova jednačina">Schrödingerovom jednačinom</a>. Elektroni "skaču" između orbitala na način kako bi to činili da su čestice. Naprimjer, ako jedan foton udari u više elektrona, samo jedan elektron promijeni svoje stanje kao odgovor na udar fotona. Energija emitiranog fotona proporcionalna je njegovoj <a href="/wiki/Frekvencija" title="Frekvencija">frekvenciji</a> pa se određeni specifični energetski nivoi javljaju u vidu određenih talasnih dužina elektromagnetskog spektra.<a href="#cite_note-Fowles1989-89">[87]</a> Svaki hemijski element ima karakterističan spektar koji zavisi od njegovog nuklearnog naboja, podljusaka napunjenih elektronima i elektromagnetnih međudjelovanja između elektrona te drugih faktora.<a href="#cite_note-martin2007-90">[88]</a> Kada kontinuirani elektromagnetni spektar energije prođe kroz <a href="/wiki/Plin" class="mw-redirect" title="Plin">plin</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Plazma_(fizika)" title="Plazma (fizika)">plazmu</a>, neke fotone apsorbiraju pojedini atomi uzrokujući da elektroni promijene svoje energetske nivoe. Tako pobuđeni elektroni koji ostanu vezani na svojim atomima spontano emitiraju primljenu energiju u vidu fotona u nasumičnom pravcu te se nakon toga vraćaju na niže energetske nivoe. Na taj način atomi se ponašaju kao filteri koji formiraju seriju tamnih apsorpcijskih vrpci u izlaznom snopu energije. Posmatrač koji posmatra atome tamo gdje nema kontinuiranog spektra u pozadini, umjesto apsorpcijskih vrpci vidi serije emisijskih linija od emitiranih fotona iz atoma. <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopija" title="Spektroskopija">Spektroskopska</a> mjerenja snage i širine atomskih spektralnih linija omogućava određivanje sadržaja i fizičkih osobina ispitivane supstance.<a href="#cite_note-avogadro-91">[89]</a> Detaljnijim istraživanjem spektralnih linija otkrivena je pojava izdvajanja finih spektralnih struktura. To se dešava zbog kuplovanja spina i orbitale, što predstavlja međudjelovanje između spina i kretanja najudaljenijih vanjskih elektrona.<a href="#cite_note-fitzpatrick20070216-92">[90]</a> Kada se atom nalazi u vanjskom magnetnom polju, spektralne linije se rasčlanjuju u tri ili više komponenti. Takav fenomen nazvan je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeemanov_efekt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeemanov efekt (stranica ne postoji)">Zeemanov efekt</a>. On se dešava zbog međudjelovanja magnetnog polja i magnetnog momenta atoma i njegovih elektrona. Neki atomi mogu imati više elektronskih konfiguracija sa istim nivoom energije, pa oni izgledaju kao jedinstvena spektralna linija. Interakcija magnetnog polja sa atomom neznatno pomijera ove <a href="/wiki/Elektronska_konfiguracija" title="Elektronska konfiguracija">elektronske konfiguracije</a> do drugačijih energetskih nivoa, što dovodi do pojave višestrukih spektralnih linija.<a href="#cite_note-weiss2001-93">[91]</a> Prisustvo vanjskog <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_polje" title="Električno polje">električnog polja</a> može također uzrokovati slična razdvajanja i pomijeranja spektralnih linija tako što se mijenjaju energetski nivoi elektrona, a taj fenomen naziva se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Starkov_efekt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starkov efekt (stranica ne postoji)">Starkov efekt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beyer-94">[92]</a> Ako se vezani elektron nalazi u pobuđenom stanju, foton koji djeluje na njega određenom energijom može prouzrokovati stimuliranu emisiju fotona istog energetskog nivoa. Da bi se to desilo, elektron prvo mora preći na niži energetski nivo koji ima razliku u energijama koja odgovara energiji fotona koji djeluje na elektron. Emitirani foton i foton koji je međudjelovao sa elektronom odlaze u paralelnim pravcima i u istim su faznim stanjima. Drugim riječima, talasni obrazac dva fotona je sinhroniziran. Ova fizička osobina iskorištena je u raznim vrstama <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasera</a>, koji emitiraju koherentni snop svjetlosne energije u uskom frekvencijskom opsegu.<a href="#cite_note-watkins_sjsu-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valencija_i_vezivanje">Valencija i vezivanje</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Uredi odjeljak Valencija i vezivanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=24" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Valencija i vezivanje">uredi kod</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članci: <a href="/wiki/Valencija_(hemija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencija (hemija)">Valencija (hemija)</a> i <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_veza" title="Hemijska veza">Hemijska veza</a></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Bose_Einstein_condensate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/220px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/330px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/440px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Grafička ilustracija nastanka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bose-Einsteinov_kondenzat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bose-Einsteinov kondenzat (stranica ne postoji)">Bose–Einsteinovog kondenzata</a>.</figcaption></figure> Valencija je potencijalna snaga spajanja nekog elementa. Ona je jednaka broju atoma vodika s kojima se neki atom može spojiti ili istisnuti gradeći neki <a href="/wiki/Hemijski_spoj" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemijski spoj">hemijski spoj</a>. Krajnja vanjska elektronska ljuska nekog atoma u svom slobodnom, nespojenom stanju se naziva valentna ljuska, dok se elektroni u toj ljusci nazivaju valentni elektroni. Broj valentnih elektrona određuje i <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_veza" title="Hemijska veza">hemijsko vezivanje</a> atoma s drugim atomima. Oni teže da <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_reakcija" title="Hemijska reakcija">reagiraju</a> jedni sa drugim na način da popune (ili isprazne) svoje vanjske valentne ljuske.<a href="#cite_note-reusch20070716-96">[94]</a> Naprimjer, prijelaz jednog elektrona između atoma korisna je aproksimacija za veze koje nastaju između atoma sa jednim elektronom viška od potpuno popunjene orbitale, dok drugom nedostaje jedan elektron za popunu orbitale, što je proces koji se dešava u spoju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrij-hlorid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrij-hlorid (stranica ne postoji)">natrij-hlorid</a> i drugim <a href="/wiki/Ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion">ionskim</a> solima. Međutim, kod mnogih elemenata javljaju se dva ili više valentnih stanja odnosno tendencija da dijele različit broj elektrona u različitim spojevima. Prema tome, hemijsko vezivanje između tih elemenata javlja se u raznim oblicima dijeljenja elektrona što je sasvim drugačiji oblik vezanja od jednostavnog prijelaza elektrona. Takvi primjeri su kod <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik">ugljika</a> i <a href="/wiki/Organska_hemija" title="Organska hemija">organskih spojeva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chemguide-97">[95]</a> U <a href="/wiki/Periodni_sistem_elemenata" title="Periodni sistem elemenata">periodnom sistemu</a>, hemijski elementi često se prikazuju tako da su grupisani prema ponavljajućim hemijskim osobinama, pa tako elementi sa istim valentnim brojem elektrona grade grupe elemenata koji su svrstani u istu kolonu tabele PSE. Horizontalne kolone odgovaraju redoslijedu popunjavanja kvantnih ljusaka elektronima. Elementi koji su svrstani u krajnju desnu kolonu tabele imaju svoju krajnju vanjsku ljusku u potpunosti popunjenu elektronima, što za posljedicu ima da su oni hemijski inertni elementi, poznati i kao <a href="/wiki/Plemeniti_plinovi" class="mw-redirect" title="Plemeniti plinovi">plemeniti plinovi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-husted20031211-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-baum2003-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stanja">Stanja</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Uredi odjeljak Stanja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=25" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Stanja">uredi kod</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Agregatno_stanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Agregatno stanje">Agregatno stanje</a></div></dd></dl> Količine atoma koje se mogu naći u različitim agregatnim stanjima materije zavise od fizičkih uslova kao što su <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pritisak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritisak">pritisak</a>. Mijenjanjem ovih uslova, materijali mogu prelaziti između raznih agregatnih stanja: <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cvrsta_tvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Čvrsta tvar">čvrstog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Te%C4%8Dnost" class="mw-redirect" title="Tečnost">tečnog</a>, plinovitog i plazme.<a href="#cite_note-Goodstein-100">[98]</a> U određenom agregatnom stanju, neka supstanca može također postojati u različitim <a href="/wiki/Alotropske_modifikacije" class="mw-redirect" title="Alotropske modifikacije">alotropnim oblicima</a>. Primjer alotropa je čvrsti ugljik, koji se u prirodi javlja kao <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Dijamant" title="Dijamant">dijamant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pu49_7_719-101">[99]</a> Također postoje i plinoviti alotropi kao što je to slučaj kod <a href="/wiki/Kisik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisik">molekulskog kisika</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon">ozona</a>. Na temperaturama bliskim <a href="/wiki/Apsolutna_nula" title="Apsolutna nula">apsolutnoj nuli</a>, atomi mogu formirati i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bose-Einsteinov_kondenzat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bose-Einsteinov kondenzat (stranica ne postoji)">Bose-Einsteinov kondenzat</a>, u kojem efekti kvantne mehanike mogu biti posmatrani i na makroskopskoj skali.<a href="#cite_note-myers-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-nist_bec-103">[101]</a> Ova super ohlađena kolekcija atoma ponaša se kao jedan ogromni atom, na kojem se mogu vršiti fundamentalni eksperimenti o kvantno-mehaničkom ponašanju atoma.<a href="#cite_note-colton_fyffe1999-104">[102]</a><div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identifikacija">Identifikacija</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Uredi odjeljak Identifikacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=26" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Identifikacija">uredi kod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Atomic_resolution_Au100.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atomic_resolution_Au100.JPG/220px-Atomic_resolution_Au100.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atomic_resolution_Au100.JPG/330px-Atomic_resolution_Au100.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atomic_resolution_Au100.JPG/440px-Atomic_resolution_Au100.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Slika načinjena skenirajućim tunelskim mikroskopom prikazuje pojedinačne atome na površini <a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">zlata</a>. Površinski atomi odstupaju od općenite kristalne strukture te su poredani u kolone široke nekoliko atoma sa prazninama između njih.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Skeniraju%C4%87i_tunelski_mikroskop" title="Skenirajući tunelski mikroskop">Skenirajući tunelski mikroskop</a> je uređaj pomoću kojeg je moguće posmatrati površinu uzroka na atomskom nivou. On iskorištava fenomen <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantnog</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunel_efekat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunel efekat (stranica ne postoji)">tuneliranja</a>, koji omogućava da čestice prođu kroz barijeru, kroz koju inače ne bi mogle proći. Elektroni ulaze u "tunel" kroz <a href="/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum">vakuum</a> između dvije planarne <a href="/wiki/Metal_(hemija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal (hemija)">metalne</a> elektrode, a na svakoj od njih je adsorbiran atom, dajući gustoću tunelske struje dovoljnu da se može izmjeriti. Skeniranje jednog atoma dok se kreće pored drugih omogućava iscrtavanje vrha odmaka u odnosu uporednu separaciju uz neku konstantnu struju. Izračuni pokazuju u kojoj mjeri se na slikama načinjenim skenirajućim tunelskim mikroskopom mogu vidjeti pojedinačni atomi. S tim se uz vrlo mali postotak greške potvrđuje da mikroskopske slike prikazuju prostorno prosječne dimenzije elektronskih orbitala duž gusto zbijenih energetskih nivoa, tj. Fermijev nivo lokalnih gustoća stanja.<a href="#cite_note-jacox1997-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-nf_physics1986-106">[104]</a> Atom se može <a href="/wiki/Ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion">ionizirati</a> uklanjanjem jednog ili više elektrona iz njega. <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">Električni naboj</a> uzrokuje da se putanja atoma iskrivljuje kada on putuje kroz <a href="/wiki/Magnetno_polje" title="Magnetno polje">magnetno polje</a>. Radijus u kojem se putanja iona koji se kreće iskrivljuje u magnetnom polju zavisi od mase atoma. <a href="/wiki/Masena_spektrometrija" title="Masena spektrometrija">Maseni spektrometar</a> radi na ovom principu čime se mjeri odnos mase i naboja iona. Ako uzorak sadrži više izotopa, masenim spektrometrom se može odrediti proporcija svakog izotopa u uzorku, mjerenjem intenziteta različitih snopova iona. Tehnike isparavanja atoma uključuju, između ostalih, induktivno spregnutu plazmu atomsku emisionu spektroskopiju i induktivno spregnutu plazmu masenu spektroskopiju. Obje tehnike koriste plazmu da bi uzroke pretvorili u plin za analizu.<a href="#cite_note-sab53_13_1739-107">[105]</a> Metoda kojom se može preciznije odabrati određeno područje je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopija_gubitka_energije_elektrona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopija gubitka energije elektrona (stranica ne postoji)">spektroskopija gubitka energije elektrona</a>, kojom se mjeri gubitak energije snopa elektrona unutar transmisijskog elektronskog mikroskopa kada oni međudjeluju sa dijelom ispitivanog uzorka. Tomografija atomskom sondom ima rezoluciju manju od nanometra u trodimenzionalnom okruženju te se pomoću nje pojedini atomi mogu hemijski identificirati masenom spektrometrijom koristeći se TOF analizatorom.<a href="#cite_note-rsi39_1_83-108">[106]</a> Spektar pobuđenih stanja se može koristiti za analizu atomskog sastava udaljenih <a href="/wiki/Zvijezda" title="Zvijezda">zvijezda</a>. Određene talasne dužine svjetlosti sadržane u posmatranoj svjetlosti koja dolazi sa neke zvijezde mogu se razdvojiti i po njima odrediti kvanizirani prijelazi u slobodnim atomima plina. Te boje se mogu replicirati koristeći sijalicu sa metalnim parama koja sadrži ispitivani element.<a href="#cite_note-lochner2007-109">[107]</a> Na ovaj način otkriven je plin <a href="/wiki/Helij" title="Helij">helij</a> u spektru Sunčeve svjetlosti, 23 godine prije nego što je isti plin otkriven na Zemlji.<a href="#cite_note-winter2007-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Porijeklo_i_sadašnje_stanje">Porijeklo i sadašnje stanje</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Uredi odjeljak Porijeklo i sadašnje stanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=27" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Porijeklo i sadašnje stanje">uredi kod</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">Barionska</a> materija sačinjava oko 4% sveukupne gustoće energije u <a href="/wiki/Vidljivi_svemir" title="Vidljivi svemir">vidljivom svemiru</a>, pri čemu prosječna gustoća iznosi oko 0,25 čestica/m3 (uglavnom u obliku <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protona</a> i <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a>).<a href="#cite_note-hinshaw20060210-111">[109]</a> Unutar <a href="/wiki/Galaksija" title="Galaksija">galaksija</a>, kao što je naš <a href="/wiki/Mlije%C4%8Dni_put" class="mw-redirect" title="Mliječni put">Mliječni put</a>, čestice se ponegdje nalaze u mnogo većim koncentracijama, gdje se gustoća materije u međuzvjezdanom prostoru kreće od 105 do 109 atoms/m3.<a href="#cite_note-Liljenzin-112">[110]</a> Smatra se da se <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunce</a> nalazi unutar Lokalne grupe zvijezda, tako da je gustoća materije u Sunčevom komšiluku približno 103 atoma/m3.<a href="#cite_note-science259_5093_327-113">[111]</a> Zvijezde se formiraju od gustih oblaka u međuzvjezdanom prostoru, a evolucijski procesi zvijezda rezultirali su konstantnim obogaćivanjem međuzvjezdanog prostora elementima težim od vodika i helija. Oko 95% barionske materije Mliječnog puta koncentrirana je unutar zvijezda gdje vladaju uslovi koji ne pogoduju atomskoj materiji. Ukupna barionska masa zauzima oko 10% mase galaksije;<a href="#cite_note-Lequeux-114">[112]</a> dok ostatak otpada na pretpostavljenu <a href="/wiki/Tamna_materija" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamna materija">tamnu materiju</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nigel2000-115">[113]</a> Ekstremno visoke <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperature</a> koje vladaju unutar zvijezda mijenjaju atome tako da postaju u potpunosti ionizirani, to jest svi elektroni se odvajaju od jezgra. U <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompaktna_zvijezda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompaktna zvijezda (stranica ne postoji)">kompaktnim zvijezdama</a>, uz izuzetak njihovih površinskih slojeva, izuzetan pritisak čini nemogućim postojanje elektronskih orbitala. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nastanak">Nastanak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Uredi odjeljak Nastanak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=28" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Nastanak">uredi kod</a>]</div> Smatra da su elektroni u Svemiru postojali još od prvih trenutaka nakon <a href="/wiki/Veliki_prasak" title="Veliki prasak">Velikog praska</a>. Atomska jezgra formirala su se tokom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleosinteza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleosinteza (stranica ne postoji)">nukleosintetskih</a> reakcija. Tokom tri minute nukleosinteze nakon Velikog praska nastala je većina atoma <a href="/wiki/Helij" title="Helij">helija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litij" title="Litij">litija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Deuterij" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterij">deuterija</a> u Svemiru, a možda i nešto atoma <a href="/wiki/Berilij" class="mw-redirect" title="Berilij">berilija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element)">bora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ns1794_42-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-science267_5195_192-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-hinshaw20051215-118">[116]</a> Sveprisutnost i stabilnost atoma počiva na njihovoj energiji vezivanja, što znači da atom ima nižu energiju nego sistem nepovezanih atomskih jezgara i elektrona. Na mjestima gdje je <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> znatno viša od ionizacijskog potencijala, materija postoji u obliku <a href="/wiki/Plazma_(fizika)" title="Plazma (fizika)">plazme</a>, plina sastavljenog iz pozitivno nabijenih iona (moguće i ogoljenih jezgara) i elektrona. Kada temperatura spadne ispod ionizacijskog potencijala, atomi postaju statistički povoljni. Atomi (cijeli sa vezanim elektronima) postali su dominantni u odnosu na nabijene čestice tek 380 hiljada godina nakon Velikog praska. Ta epoha nazvana je rekombinacija, kada se <a href="/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir">Svemir</a> pri širenju ohladio u dovoljnoj mjeri da su se elektroni počeli vezivati za atomska jezgra.<a href="#cite_note-abbott20070530-119">[117]</a> Počev od Velikog praska, tokom kojeg nisu nastali atomi <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik">ugljika</a> niti elementi teži od njega, jezgra atoma su se spajala unutar <a href="/wiki/Zvijezda" title="Zvijezda">zvijezda</a> procesom <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fuzija" title="Nuklearna fuzija">nuklearne fuzije</a> čime su nastajale nove količine elementa <a href="/wiki/Helij" title="Helij">helija</a>, te (trostrukim alfa procesom) atomi elemenata počev od ugljika do <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željeza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mnras106_343-120">[118]</a> Taj proces naziva se zvjezdana nukleosinteza. Izotopi kao što je <a href="/wiki/Litij" title="Litij">litij</a>-6, kao i određena količina berilija i bora, nastali su svemiru putem procesa spalacije kosmičkim zrakama.<a href="#cite_note-nature405_656-121">[119]</a> Ona se javlja kada visokoenergetski protoni udare u atomska jezgra izbijajući veći broj nukleona iz njega. Elementi teži od željeza nastali su <a href="/w/index.php?title=R-proces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R-proces (stranica ne postoji)">r-procesom</a> tokom <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernove</a> kao i <a href="/w/index.php?title=S-proces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-proces (stranica ne postoji)">s-procesom</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvijezda_asimptotskog_divovskog_ogranka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvijezda asimptotskog divovskog ogranka (stranica ne postoji)">zvijezdama asimptotskog divovskog ogranka</a>. Oba ova procesa uključuju zahvatanje neutrona unutar atomskog jezgra.<a href="#cite_note-mashnik2000-122">[120]</a> Elementi kao što je <a href="/wiki/Olovo" title="Olovo">olovo</a> uglavnom nastaju radioaktivnim raspadom težih elemenata.<a href="#cite_note-kgs20050504-123">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zemlja">Zemlja</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Uredi odjeljak Zemlja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=29" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Zemlja">uredi kod</a>]</div> Većina atoma, koji sačinjavaju planetu <a href="/wiki/Zemlja_(planeta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemlja (planeta)">Zemlju</a> i njene stanovnike, bila je prisutna u današnjem obliku u <a href="/wiki/Maglina" class="mw-redirect" title="Maglina">maglini</a> koja se urušila iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekularni_oblak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekularni oblak (stranica ne postoji)">molekularnog oblaka</a> i iz koje je nastao današnji <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Dev_sistem" title="Sunčev sistem">Sunčev sistem</a>. Mali dio atoma na Zemlji rezultat je procesa radioaktivnog raspada te se relativni odnos tih atoma može koristiti za određivanje starosti Zemlje putem radiometrijskog datiranja.<a href="#cite_note-gs190_1_205-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManuel2001407–430,_511–519-125">[123]</a> Većina helija u Zemljinoj kori (oko 99% helija iz plinovitih izvora, što pokazuje i mala rasprostranjenost izotopa helija-3) proizvod je alfa raspada.<a href="#cite_note-anderson_foulger_meibom2006-126">[124]</a> Postoji vrlo malo atoma u tragovima na Zemlji koji nisu bili prisutni u vrijeme njenog nastanka (tj. nisu primordijalni atomi), a nisu ni rezultat radioaktivnog raspada. Izotop ugljika-14 stalno nastaje u atmosferi djelovanjem kosmičkih zraka.<a href="#cite_note-pennicott2001-127">[125]</a> Neki atomi na Zemlji napravljeni su vještački bilo kao rezultat rada naučnika ili kao nusproizvod u nuklearnim reaktorima ili pri nuklearnim eksplozijama.<a href="#cite_note-yarris2001-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-pr119_6_2000-129">[127]</a> Od svih tranuranijskih elemenata, odnosno elemenata sa atomskim brojevima većim od 92, samo se <a href="/wiki/Plutonij" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonij">plutonij</a> i <a href="/wiki/Neptunij" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunij">neptunij</a> mogu pronaći na Zemlji u prirodnom stanju.<a href="#cite_note-poston1998-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-cz97_10_522-131">[129]</a> Transuranijski elementi imaju radioaktivni "životni vijek" znatno kraći od starosti Zemlje<a href="#cite_note-Zaider-132">[130]</a> pa su se njihove mjerljive količine već odavno raspale na lakše elemente. Jedan od rijetkih izuzetaka je izotop <a href="/wiki/Plutonij" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonij">plutonija</a>-244, čije tragove je moguće detektirati u sićušnim uzorcima kosmičke prašine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManuel2001407–430,_511–519-125">[123]</a> Prirodni depoziti plutonija i neptunija nastaju zahvatom neutrona u rudama <a href="/wiki/Uranij" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranij">uranija</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ofr_cut-133">[131]</a> Prema određenim procjenama, na Zemlji se nalazi <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:FormattingError&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:FormattingError (stranica ne postoji)">Šablon:FormattingError</a> atoma.<a href="#cite_note-weisenberger-134">[132]</a> Iako postoji vrlo mali broj atoma koji nisu vezani u molekulu, kao što su atomi plemenitih plinova: <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> i <a href="/wiki/Helij" title="Helij">helij</a>, 99% atoma u Zemljinoj atmosferi vezano je u obliku molekula poput <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljik-dioksid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugljik-dioksid (stranica ne postoji)">ugljik-dioksida</a> ili dvoatomskih molekula <a href="/wiki/Kisik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisik">kisika</a> i <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušika</a>. Na površini Zemlje, ogromna većina atoma spojena je u obliku raznih spojeva, uključujući <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vodu</a>, soli, silikate i okside. Atomi su također spojeni u obliku materijala koji se ne sastoje iz molekula, kao što su kristali ili tečni i čvrsti metali.<a href="#cite_note-pidwirnyf-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-pnas99_22_13966-136">[134]</a> Takva atomska materija gradi umrežene sisteme koji ne posjeduju određenu vrstu konačnog, razdijeljenog rasporeda u vrlo malom obimu, što je karakteristika molekularne materije.<a href="#cite_note-luins-137">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rijetki_i_teoretski_oblici">Rijetki i teoretski oblici</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Uredi odjeljak Rijetki i teoretski oblici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=30" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Rijetki i teoretski oblici">uredi kod</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Superteški_elementi">Superteški elementi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Uredi odjeljak Superteški elementi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=31" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Superteški elementi">uredi kod</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transaktinoidni_elementi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transaktinoidni elementi (stranica ne postoji)">Transaktinoidni elementi</a></div></dd></dl> Iako je poznato da su izotopi sa atomskim brojem višim od 82 (<a href="/wiki/Olovo" title="Olovo">olovo</a>) radioaktivni, neki naučnici špekulišu o postojanju "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrvo_stabilnosti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostrvo stabilnosti (stranica ne postoji)">ostrva stabilnosti</a>" za neke elemente sa atomskim brojevima iznad 103. Takvi superteški elementi bi mogli imati atomska jezgra koja su relativno stabilna u odnosu na radioaktivni raspad.<a href="#cite_note-cern28509-138">[136]</a> Jedan od mogućih kandidata za stabilni superteški atom jeste <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unbiheksij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unbiheksij (stranica ne postoji)">unbiheksij</a>, koji bi trebao imati 126 protona i 184 neutrona.<a href="#cite_note-cen84_10_19-139">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egzotična_materija">Egzotična materija</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Uredi odjeljak Egzotična materija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=32" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Egzotična materija">uredi kod</a>]</div> Svaka čestica materija ima odgovarajuću česticu <a href="/wiki/Antimaterija" title="Antimaterija">antimaterije</a> sa suprotnim električnim nabojem. Prema tome, <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">pozitron</a> je pozitivni naelektrisani antielektron dok je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiproton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiproton (stranica ne postoji)">antiproton</a> negativno nabijeni ekvivalent protonu. Prema pretpostavkama, kada se čestice obične materije i antimaterije dodirnu, one poništavaju jedna drugu. Iz tog razloga, zajedno sa neravnotežom između broja čestice materije i antimaterije, antimaterija je vrlo rijetka u svemiru. Konkretni razlozi za ovu neravnotežu još uvijek nisu u potpunosti shvaćeni, mada teorije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariogeneza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bariogeneza (stranica ne postoji)">bariogeneze</a> nude određena objašnjenja. Kao rezultat te pojave, u prirodi još nisu otkriveni atomi antimaterije.<a href="#cite_note-koppes1999-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-cromie20010816-141">[139]</a> Međutim, u laboratoriji <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> u <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeneva" title="Ženeva">Ženevi</a> 1996. godine sintetiziran je antimaterijski ekvivalent atomu vodika (antivodik, antihidrogen).<a href="#cite_note-nature419_6906_439-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC20021030-143">[141]</a> Druge egzotične vrste atoma napravljene su zamjenom jednog od protona, neutrona ili elektrona sa drugim česticama iste vrste naelektrisanja. Naprimjer, elektron se može zamijeniti mnogo masivnijom česticom, <a href="/wiki/Mion" title="Mion">mionom</a>, pri čemu nastaje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mionski_atom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mionski atom (stranica ne postoji)">mionski atom</a>. Takve vrste atoma se mogu koristiti za istraživanje osnovnih pretpostavki fizike.<a href="#cite_note-ns1728_77-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-psT112_1_20-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-ripin1998-146">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Napomena">Napomena</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Uredi odjeljak Napomena" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=33" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Napomena">uredi kod</a>]</div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> Za najnovija ažuriranja pogledajte <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart">interaktivnu kartu nuklida (Nacionalna laboratorija Brookhaven)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725182342/https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/">Arhivirano</a> 2020-07-25 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a> Karat ima 200 miligrama. <a href="/wiki/Jedinica_atomske_mase" title="Jedinica atomske mase">Po definiciji</a>, izotop ugljik-12 ima masu 0,012 kg po molu. <a href="/wiki/Avogadrova_konstanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Avogadrova konstanta">Avogadrova konstanta</a> definira da u jednom molu ima <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:FormattingError&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:FormattingError (stranica ne postoji)">Šablon:FormattingError</a> atoma. </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Uredi odjeljak Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=34" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori">uredi kod</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41379810">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Manuel, Oliver (2001). Origin of Elements in the Solar System: Implications of Post-1957 Observations. Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-306-46562-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-306-46562-8">978-0-306-46562-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/228374906">228374906</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Elements+in+the+Solar+System%3A+Implications+of+Post-1957+Observations&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Manuel%2C%26%2332%3BOliver&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46562-8&rft_id=info:oclcnum/228374906&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom"> </li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=35" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference">uredi kod</a>]</div> <div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pullman-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Pullman_1-0">↑</a> Pullman Bernard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=IQs5hur-BpgC&pg=PA56&dq=Leucippus+Democritus+atom#v=onepage&q=Leucippus%20Democritus%20atom&f=false">The Atom in the History of Human Thought</a>. Oxford, Engleska: Oxford University Press. str. 31–33. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-19-515040-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-19-515040-7">978-0-19-515040-7</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atom+in+the+History+of+Human+Thought&rft.aulast=Pullman+Bernard&rft.au=Pullman+Bernard&rft.date=1998&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B31%E2%80%9333&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Engleska&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515040-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DIQs5hur-BpgC%26pg%3DPA56%26dq%3DLeucippus%2BDemocritus%2Batom%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DLeucippus%2520Democritus%2520atom%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenny2004-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenny2004_2-0">2,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenny2004_2-1">2,1</a> Kenny Anthony (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=cpYUDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Anthony+Kenny+Ancient+Philosophy#v=onepage&q=Democritus&f=false">Ancient Philosophy</a>. A New History of Western Philosophy. 1. Oxford, Engleska: Oxford University Press. str. 26–28. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-19-875273-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-19-875273-8">978-0-19-875273-8</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Kenny+Anthony&rft.au=Kenny+Anthony&rft.date=2004&rft.series=A+New+History+of+Western+Philosophy&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B26%E2%80%9328&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Engleska&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-875273-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DcpYUDAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DAnthony%2BKenny%2BAncient%2BPhilosophy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DDemocritus%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-GraftonMostSettis2010-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonMostSettis2010_3-0">3,00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonMostSettis2010_3-1">3,01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonMostSettis2010_3-2">3,02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonMostSettis2010_3-3">3,03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonMostSettis2010_3-4">3,04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonMostSettis2010_3-5">3,05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonMostSettis2010_3-6">3,06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonMostSettis2010_3-7">3,07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonMostSettis2010_3-8">3,08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonMostSettis2010_3-9">3,09</a> Pyle Andrew (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=Epicurus#v=snippet&q=Atoms&f=false">„Atoms and Atomism”</a>. u: Grafton Anthony; Most Glenn W.; Settis Salvatore. The Classical Tradition. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. str. 103–104. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-674-03572-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-674-03572-0">978-0-674-03572-0</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Atoms+and+Atomism&rft.atitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.aulast=Pyle+Andrew&rft.au=Pyle+Andrew&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B103%E2%80%93104&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03572-0&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-CohenLefebvre2017-4">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-CohenLefebvre2017_4-0">4,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CohenLefebvre2017_4-1">4,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CohenLefebvre2017_4-2">4,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CohenLefebvre2017_4-3">4,3</a> Cohen Henri; Lefebvre Claire, ur. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=zIrCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA427&dq=Leucippus+Democritus+atom#v=onepage&q=Leucippus%20Democritus%20atom&f=false">Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science</a> (2 izd.). Amsterdam, Holandija: Elsevier. str. 427. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-08-101107-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-08-101107-2">978-0-08-101107-2</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Categorization+in+Cognitive+Science&rft.date=2017&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B427&rft.edition=2&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+Holandija&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.isbn=978-0-08-101107-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DzIrCDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA427%26dq%3DLeucippus%2BDemocritus%2Batom%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DLeucippus%2520Democritus%2520atom%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-From_AtomosToAtom-5"><a href="#cite_ref-From_AtomosToAtom_5-0">↑</a> Andrew G. van Melsen (1952). From Atomos to Atom. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-486-49584-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-486-49584-2">978-0-486-49584-2</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Atomos+to+Atom&rft.aulast=Andrew+G.+van+Melsen&rft.au=Andrew+G.+van+Melsen&rft.date=1952&rft.place=Mineola%2C+NY&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.isbn=978-0-486-49584-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalton_1803_paper-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Dalton_1803_paper_6-0">↑</a> Dalton, John. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/dalton52.html">On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids</a>", u Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. 1803. Pristupljeno 29. augusta 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-adp322_8_549-7"><a href="#cite_ref-adp322_8_549_7-0">↑</a> Einstein Albert (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070718202731/http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/dokumente/einstein2.pdf">„Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen”</a> (de). Annalen der Physik 322 (8): 549–560. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1905AnP...322..549E">1905AnP...322..549E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19053220806">10.1002/andp.19053220806</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/dokumente/einstein2.pdf">originala</a> na datum 2007-07-18. Pristupljeno 2020-08-22.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+von+der+molekularkinetischen+Theorie+der+W%C3%A4rme+geforderte+Bewegung+von+in+ruhenden+Fl%C3%BCssigkeiten+suspendierten+Teilchen&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.aulast=Einstein+Albert&rft.au=Einstein+Albert&rft.date=1905&rft.volume=322&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=549%E2%80%93560&rft_id=info:bibcode/1905AnP...322..549E&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fandp.19053220806&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070718202731%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.zbp.univie.ac.at%2Fdokumente%2Feinstein2.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-mazorobert2002-8"><a href="#cite_ref-mazorobert2002_8-0">↑</a> Mazo Robert M. (2002). Brownian Motion: Fluctuations, Dynamics, and Applications. Oxford University Press. str. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-19-851567-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-19-851567-8">978-0-19-851567-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/48753074">48753074</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brownian+Motion%3A+Fluctuations%2C+Dynamics%2C+and+Applications&rft.aulast=Mazo+Robert+M.&rft.au=Mazo+Robert+M.&rft.date=2002&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%937&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-851567-8&rft_id=info:oclcnum/48753074&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-lee_hoon1995-9"><a href="#cite_ref-lee_hoon1995_9-0">↑</a> Lee Y.K.; Hoon, K. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218061408/http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_95/journal/vol4/ykl/report.html">„Brownian Motion”</a>. Imperial College. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_95/journal/vol4/ykl/report.html">originala</a> na datum 18. 12. 2007. Pristupljeno 20. 5. 2019.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Brownian+Motion&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Lee+Y.K.%3B+Hoon%2C+K.&rft.au=Lee+Y.K.%3B+Hoon%2C+K.&rft.date=1995&rft.pub=Imperial+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071218061408%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.ic.ac.uk%2F%7End%2Fsurprise_95%2Fjournal%2Fvol4%2Fykl%2Freport.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-e31_2_50-10"><a href="#cite_ref-e31_2_50_10-0">↑</a> Patterson G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_endeavour_2007-06_31_2/page/50">„Jean Perrin and the triumph of the atomic doctrine”</a>. Endeavour 31 (2): 50–53. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.endeavour.2007.05.003">10.1016/j.endeavour.2007.05.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17602746">17602746</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jean+Perrin+and+the+triumph+of+the+atomic+doctrine&rft.jtitle=Endeavour&rft.aulast=Patterson+G.&rft.au=Patterson+G.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=50%E2%80%9353&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.endeavour.2007.05.003&rft_id=info:pmid/17602746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_endeavour_2007-06_31_2%2Fpage%2F50&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_11-0">↑</a> Thomson J.J.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=3CMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA323">„On bodies smaller than atoms”</a>. The Popular Science Monthly: 323–335.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+bodies+smaller+than+atoms&rft.jtitle=The+Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.aulast=Thomson+J.J.&rft.au=Thomson+J.J.&rft.pages=323%E2%80%93335&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D3CMDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel1096-12"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel1096_12-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html">„J.J. Thomson”</a>. Nobelova fondacija. 1906. Pristupljeno 20. 12. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=J.J.+Thomson&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1906&rft.pub=Nobelova+fondacija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1906%2Fthomson-bio.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pm21_669-13"><a href="#cite_ref-pm21_669_13-0">↑</a> Rutherford E. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.uoa.gr/~pjioannou/mech1/READING/structureatom.pdf">„The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom”</a>. Philosophical Magazine 21 (125): 669–688. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440508637080">10.1080/14786440508637080</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Scattering+of+%CE%B1+and+%CE%B2+Particles+by+Matter+and+the+Structure+of+the+Atom&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.aulast=Rutherford+E.&rft.au=Rutherford+E.&rft.date=1911&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=125&rft.pages=669%E2%80%93688&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F14786440508637080&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.uoa.gr%2F%7Epjioannou%2Fmech1%2FREADING%2Fstructureatom.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-npc1921-14"><a href="#cite_ref-npc1921_14-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy-bio.html">„Frederick Soddy, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921”</a>. Nobelova fondacija. Pristupljeno 18. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Frederick+Soddy%2C+The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1921&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Nobelova+fondacija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1921%2Fsoddy-bio.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-prsA_89_1_1913-15"><a href="#cite_ref-prsA_89_1_1913_15-0">↑</a> Thomson Joseph John (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/canal.html">„Rays of positive electricity”</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society. A 89 (607): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1913RSPSA..89....1T">1913RSPSA..89....1T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1913.0057">10.1098/rspa.1913.0057</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rays+of+positive+electricity&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.aulast=Thomson+Joseph+John&rft.au=Thomson+Joseph+John&rft.date=1913&rft.series=A&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=607&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9320&rft_id=info:bibcode/1913RSPSA..89....1T&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspa.1913.0057&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.lemoyne.edu%2F%7Egiunta%2Fcanal.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-stern20050516-16"><a href="#cite_ref-stern20050516_16-0">↑</a> Stern David P.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820084047/http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q5.htm">„The Atomic Nucleus and Bohr's Early Model of the Atom”</a>. NASA/Svemirski centar Goddard. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q5.htm">originala</a> na datum 2007-08-20. Pristupljeno 2020-08-22.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Atomic+Nucleus+and+Bohr%27s+Early+Model+of+the+Atom&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Stern+David+P.&rft.au=Stern+David+P.&rft.pub=NASA%2FSvemirski+centar+Goddard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070820084047%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fstargaze%2FQ5.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-bohr19221211-17"><a href="#cite_ref-bohr19221211_17-0">↑</a> Bohr Niels. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-lecture.html">„Niels Bohr, The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922, Nobel Lecture”</a>. Nobelova fondacija. Pristupljeno 16. 2. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%2C+The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1922%2C+Nobel+Lecture&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Bohr+Niels&rft.au=Bohr+Niels&rft.pub=Nobelova+fondacija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1922%2Fbohr-lecture.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Pais-18">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Pais_18-0">18,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pais_18-1">18,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pais_18-2">18,2</a> Pais Abraham (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inwardboundofmat00pais_0/page/228">Inward Bound: Of Matter and Forces in the Physical World</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inwardboundofmat00pais_0/page/228">228–230</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-19-851971-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-19-851971-3">978-0-19-851971-3</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inward+Bound%3A+Of+Matter+and+Forces+in+the+Physical+World&rft.aulast=Pais+Abraham&rft.au=Pais+Abraham&rft.date=1986&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finwardboundofmat00pais_0%2Fpage%2F228+228%E2%80%93230%5D&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-851971-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finwardboundofmat00pais_0%2Fpage%2F228&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-jacs38_4_762-19"><a href="#cite_ref-jacs38_4_762_19-0">↑</a> Lewis Gilbert N. (1916). „The Atom and the Molecule”. Journal of the American Chemical Society 38 (4): 762–786. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fja02261a002">10.1021/ja02261a002</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Atom+and+the+Molecule&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.aulast=Lewis+Gilbert+N.&rft.au=Lewis+Gilbert+N.&rft.date=1916&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=762%E2%80%93786&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fja02261a002&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-scerri-20"><a href="#cite_ref-scerri_20-0">↑</a> Scerri Eric R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periodictableits0000scer/page/205">The periodic table: its story and its significance</a>. Oxford University Press US. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periodictableits0000scer/page/205">205–226</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-19-530573-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-19-530573-9">978-0-19-530573-9</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+periodic+table%3A+its+story+and+its+significance&rft.aulast=Scerri+Eric+R.&rft.au=Scerri+Eric+R.&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperiodictableits0000scer%2Fpage%2F205+205%E2%80%93226%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530573-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperiodictableits0000scer%2Fpage%2F205&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-jacs41_6_868-21"><a href="#cite_ref-jacs41_6_868_21-0">↑</a> Langmuir Irving (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1429026">„The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules”</a>. Journal of the American Chemical Society 41 (6): 868–934. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fja02227a002">10.1021/ja02227a002</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Arrangement+of+Electrons+in+Atoms+and+Molecules&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.aulast=Langmuir+Irving&rft.au=Langmuir+Irving&rft.date=1919&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=868%E2%80%93934&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fja02227a002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1429026&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-fop17_6_575-22"><a href="#cite_ref-fop17_6_575_22-0">↑</a> Scully Marlan O.; Lamb, Willis E.; Barut, Asim (1987). „On the theory of the Stern-Gerlach apparatus”. Foundations of Physics 17 (6): 575–583. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987FoPh...17..575S">1987FoPh...17..575S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01882788">10.1007/BF01882788</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+theory+of+the+Stern-Gerlach+apparatus&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.aulast=Scully+Marlan+O.%3B+Lamb%2C+Willis+E.%3B+Barut%2C+Asim&rft.au=Scully+Marlan+O.%3B+Lamb%2C+Willis+E.%3B+Barut%2C+Asim&rft.date=1987&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=575%E2%80%93583&rft_id=info:bibcode/1987FoPh...17..575S&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF01882788&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-chad-23"><a href="#cite_ref-chad_23-0">↑</a> Chad Orzel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQKELOE9eY4">„What is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle?”</a>. TED-Ed.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+is+the+Heisenberg+Uncertainty+Principle%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Chad+Orzel&rft.au=Chad+Orzel&rft.pub=TED-Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DTQKELOE9eY4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-brown2007-24"><a href="#cite_ref-brown2007_24-0">↑</a> Brown Kevin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath538/kmath538.htm">„The Hydrogen Atom”</a>. MathPages. Pristupljeno 21. 12. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Hydrogen+Atom&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Brown+Kevin&rft.au=Brown+Kevin&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=MathPages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathpages.com%2Fhome%2Fkmath538%2Fkmath538.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-harrison2000-25"><a href="#cite_ref-harrison2000_25-0">↑</a> Harrison David M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225095938/http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/DevelQM/DevelQM.html">„The Development of Quantum Mechanics”</a>. Univerzitet u Torontu. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/DevelQM/DevelQM.html">originala</a> na datum 25. 12. 2007. Pristupljeno 21. 12. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Harrison+David+M.&rft.au=Harrison+David+M.&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=Univerzitet+u+Torontu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071225095938%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.upscale.utoronto.ca%2FGeneralInterest%2FHarrison%2FDevelQM%2FDevelQM.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pm39_6_449-26"><a href="#cite_ref-pm39_6_449_26-0">↑</a> Aston Francis W. (1920). „The constitution of atmospheric neon”. Philosophical Magazine 39 (6): 449–455. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440408636058">10.1080/14786440408636058</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+constitution+of+atmospheric+neon&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.aulast=Aston+Francis+W.&rft.au=Aston+Francis+W.&rft.date=1920&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=449%E2%80%93455&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F14786440408636058&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-chadwick1935-27"><a href="#cite_ref-chadwick1935_27-0">↑</a> Chadwick James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-lecture.html">„Nobel Lecture: The Neutron and Its Properties”</a>. Nobelova fondacija. Pristupljeno 21. 12. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Nobel+Lecture%3A+The+Neutron+and+Its+Properties&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Chadwick+James&rft.au=Chadwick+James&rft.pub=Nobelova+fondacija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1935%2Fchadwick-lecture.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowden-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Bowden_28-0">↑</a> Bowden Mary Ellen (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/76">„Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann”</a>. Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/76">76–80, 125</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-941901-12-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-941901-12-3">978-0-941901-12-3</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Otto+Hahn%2C+Lise+Meitner%2C+and+Fritz+Strassmann&rft.atitle=Chemical+achievers+%3A+the+human+face+of+the+chemical+sciences&rft.aulast=Bowden+Mary+Ellen&rft.au=Bowden+Mary+Ellen&rft.date=1997&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemicalachiever0000bowd%2Fpage%2F76+76%E2%80%9380%2C+125%5D&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Chemical+Heritage+Foundation&rft.isbn=978-0-941901-12-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemicalachiever0000bowd%2Fpage%2F76&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-CHF-29"><a href="#cite_ref-CHF_29-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/otto-hahn-lise-meitner-and-fritz-strassmann">„Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann”</a>. Science History Institute. Pristupljeno 20. 3. 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Otto+Hahn%2C+Lise+Meitner%2C+and+Fritz+Strassmann&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Science+History+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fhistorical-profile%2Fotto-hahn-lise-meitner-and-fritz-strassmann&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nature143_3615_239-30"><a href="#cite_ref-nature143_3615_239_30-0">↑</a> Meitner Lise; Frisch Otto Robert (1939). „Disintegration of uranium by neutrons: a new type of nuclear reaction”. Nature 143 (3615): 239–240. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939Natur.143..239M">1939Natur.143..239M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F143239a0">10.1038/143239a0</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Disintegration+of+uranium+by+neutrons%3A+a+new+type+of+nuclear+reaction&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Meitner+Lise%3B+Frisch+Otto+Robert&rft.au=Meitner+Lise%3B+Frisch+Otto+Robert&rft.date=1939&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=3615&rft.pages=239%E2%80%93240&rft_id=info:bibcode/1939Natur.143..239M&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F143239a0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-schroeder-31"><a href="#cite_ref-schroeder_31-0">↑</a> Schroeder M.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719034227/http://www.physik3.gwdg.de/~mrs/Vortraege/Lise_Meitner-Vortrag-20031106/">„Lise Meitner – Zur 125. Wiederkehr Ihres Geburtstages”</a> (de). Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physik3.gwdg.de/~mrs/Vortraege/Lise_Meitner-Vortrag-20031106/">originala</a> na datum 19. 7. 2011. Pristupljeno 4. 6. 2009.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Lise+Meitner+%E2%80%93+Zur+125.+Wiederkehr+Ihres+Geburtstages&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Schroeder+M.&rft.au=Schroeder+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110719034227%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.physik3.gwdg.de%2F%7Emrs%2FVortraege%2FLise_Meitner-Vortrag-20031106%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pt50_9_26-32"><a href="#cite_ref-pt50_9_26_32-0">↑</a> Crawford E.; Sime Ruth Lewin; Walker Mark (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260861491">„A Nobel tale of postwar injustice”</a>. Physics Today 50 (9): 26–32. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PhT....50i..26C">1997PhT....50i..26C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.881933">10.1063/1.881933</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Nobel+tale+of+postwar+injustice&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.aulast=Crawford+E.%3B+Sime+Ruth+Lewin%3B+Walker+Mark&rft.au=Crawford+E.%3B+Sime+Ruth+Lewin%3B+Walker+Mark&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=26%E2%80%9332&rft_id=info:bibcode/1997PhT....50i..26C&rft_id=info:doi/10.1063%2F1.881933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F260861491&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-kullander2001-33"><a href="#cite_ref-kullander2001_33-0">↑</a> Kullander Sven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/kullander/">„Accelerators and Nobel Laureates”</a>. Nobelova fondacija. Pristupljeno 31. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Accelerators+and+Nobel+Laureates&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kullander+Sven&rft.au=Kullander+Sven&rft.pub=Nobelova+fondacija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Farticles%2Fkullander%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-npp1990-34"><a href="#cite_ref-npp1990_34-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1990/press.html">„The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990”</a>. Nobelova fondacija. Pristupljeno 31. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1990&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Nobelova+fondacija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1990%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Demtröder-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Demtröder_35-0">↑</a> Demtröder Wolfgang (2002). Atoms, Molecules and Photons: An Introduction to Atomic- Molecular- and Quantum Physics (1 izd.). Springer. str. 39–42. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-3-540-20631-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-3-540-20631-6">978-3-540-20631-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/181435713">181435713</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atoms%2C+Molecules+and+Photons%3A+An+Introduction+to+Atomic-+Molecular-+and+Quantum+Physics&rft.aulast=Demtr%C3%B6der+Wolfgang&rft.au=Demtr%C3%B6der+Wolfgang&rft.date=2002&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B39%E2%80%9342&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-3-540-20631-6&rft_id=info:oclcnum/181435713&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Woan-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Woan_36-0">↑</a> Woan Graham (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehandboo0000woan/page/8">The Cambridge Handbook of Physics</a>. Cambridge University Press. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehandboo0000woan/page/8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-521-57507-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-521-57507-2">978-0-521-57507-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/224032426">224032426</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Physics&rft.aulast=Woan+Graham&rft.au=Woan+Graham&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehandboo0000woan%2Fpage%2F8+8%5D&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57507-2&rft_id=info:oclcnum/224032426&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehandboo0000woan%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-2014_CODATA-37"><a href="#cite_ref-2014_CODATA_37-0">↑</a> Mohr, P.J.; Taylor, B.N.; Newell, D.B. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/constants">"The 2014 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants"</a> (Web verzija 7.0). Bazu podataka razvili su J. Baker, M. Douma i S. Kotochigova. (2014). Nacionalni institut za standarde i tehnologiju SAD, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899. </li> <li id="cite_note-MacGregor-38"><a href="#cite_ref-MacGregor_38-0">↑</a> MacGregor Malcolm H. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astronomyencyclo0000unse/page/33">The Enigmatic Electron</a>. Oxford University Press. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astronomyencyclo0000unse/page/33">33–37</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-19-521833-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-19-521833-6">978-0-19-521833-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/223372888">223372888</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enigmatic+Electron&rft.aulast=MacGregor+Malcolm+H.&rft.au=MacGregor+Malcolm+H.&rft.date=1992&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fastronomyencyclo0000unse%2Fpage%2F33+33%E2%80%9337%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521833-6&rft_id=info:oclcnum/223372888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fastronomyencyclo0000unse%2Fpage%2F33&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pdg2002-39">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-pdg2002_39-0">39,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdg2002_39-1">39,1</a> Particle Data Group (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070104075936/http://www.particleadventure.org/">„The Particle Adventure”</a>. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.particleadventure.org/">originala</a> na datum 4. 1. 2007. Pristupljeno 3. 1. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Particle+Adventure&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Particle+Data+Group&rft.au=Particle+Data+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Lawrence+Berkeley+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070104075936%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.particleadventure.org%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-schombert2006-40">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-schombert2006_40-0">40,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schombert2006_40-1">40,1</a> James Schombert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830212645/http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec07.html">„Elementary Particles”</a>. University of Oregon. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec07.html">originala</a> na datum 2011-08-30. Pristupljeno 2015-04-25.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Elementary+Particles&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=James+Schombert&rft.au=James+Schombert&rft.pub=University+of+Oregon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110830212645%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fabyss.uoregon.edu%2F%7Ejs%2Fast123%2Flectures%2Flec07.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Jevremovic-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Jevremovic_41-0">↑</a> Jevremovic Tatjana (2005) (en). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nuclearprinciple0000jevr">Nuclear Principles in Engineering</a>. Springer. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nuclearprinciple0000jevr/page/63">63</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-387-23284-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-387-23284-3">978-0-387-23284-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/228384008">228384008</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Principles+in+Engineering&rft.aulast=Jevremovic+Tatjana&rft.au=Jevremovic+Tatjana&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnuclearprinciple0000jevr%2Fpage%2F63+63%5D&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-0-387-23284-3&rft_id=info:oclcnum/228384008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnuclearprinciple0000jevr&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfeffer-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Pfeffer_42-0">↑</a> Pfeffer Jeremy I.; Nir Shlomo (2000). Modern Physics: An Introductory Text. Imperial College Press. str. 330–336. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-1-86094-250-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-1-86094-250-1">978-1-86094-250-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/45900880">45900880</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Physics%3A+An+Introductory+Text&rft.aulast=Pfeffer+Jeremy+I.%3B+Nir+Shlomo&rft.au=Pfeffer+Jeremy+I.%3B+Nir+Shlomo&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B330%E2%80%93336&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-86094-250-1&rft_id=info:oclcnum/45900880&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-wenner2007-43"><a href="#cite_ref-wenner2007_43-0">↑</a> Wenner Jennifer M.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/methods/quantlit/RadDecay.html">„How Does Radioactive Decay Work?”</a>. Carleton College. Pristupljeno 9. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+Does+Radioactive+Decay+Work%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Wenner+Jennifer+M.&rft.au=Wenner+Jennifer+M.&rft.pub=Carleton+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fserc.carleton.edu%2Fquantskills%2Fmethods%2Fquantlit%2FRadDecay.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-raymond-44">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-raymond_44-0">44,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raymond_44-1">44,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raymond_44-2">44,2</a> Raymond David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021201030437/http://physics.nmt.edu/~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node216.html">„Nuclear Binding Energies”</a>. New Mexico Tech. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nmt.edu/~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node216.html">originala</a> na datum 2002-12-01. Pristupljeno 2015-04-25.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Binding+Energies&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Raymond+David&rft.au=Raymond+David&rft.pub=New+Mexico+Tech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20021201030437%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nmt.edu%2F%7Eraymond%2Fclasses%2Fph13xbook%2Fnode216.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-mihos2002-45"><a href="#cite_ref-mihos2002_45-0">↑</a> Mihos Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://burro.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/StarPhys/coulomb.html">„Overcoming the Coulomb Barrier”</a>. Case Western Reserve University. Pristupljeno 13. 2. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Overcoming+the+Coulomb+Barrier&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Mihos+Chris&rft.au=Mihos+Chris&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fburro.cwru.edu%2FAcademics%2FAstr221%2FStarPhys%2Fcoulomb.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-lbnl20070330-46"><a href="#cite_ref-lbnl20070330_46-0">↑</a> uredništvo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205215708/http://www.lbl.gov/abc/Basic.html">„ABC's of Nuclear Science”</a>. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbl.gov/abc/Basic.html">originala</a> na datum 5. 12. 2006. Pristupljeno 3. 1. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ABC%27s+of+Nuclear+Science&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=uredni%C5%A1tvo&rft.au=uredni%C5%A1tvo&rft.pub=Lawrence+Berkeley+National+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20061205215708%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbl.gov%2Fabc%2FBasic.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-makhijani_saleska2001-47"><a href="#cite_ref-makhijani_saleska2001_47-0">↑</a> Arjun Makhijani; Saleska, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070116045217/http://www.ieer.org/reports/n-basics.html">„Basics of Nuclear Physics and Fission”</a>. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieer.org/reports/n-basics.html">originala</a> na datum 16. 1. 2007. Pristupljeno 3. 1. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Basics+of+Nuclear+Physics+and+Fission&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Arjun+Makhijani%3B+Saleska%2C+Scott&rft.au=Arjun+Makhijani%3B+Saleska%2C+Scott&rft.pub=Institute+for+Energy+and+Environmental+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070116045217%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieer.org%2Freports%2Fn-basics.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Shultis-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Shultis_48-0">↑</a> Shultis J. Kenneth; Faw Richard E. (2002). Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering. CRC Press. str. 10–17. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-8247-0834-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-8247-0834-4">978-0-8247-0834-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/123346507">123346507</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Nuclear+Science+and+Engineering&rft.aulast=Shultis+J.+Kenneth%3B+Faw+Richard+E.&rft.au=Shultis+J.+Kenneth%3B+Faw+Richard+E.&rft.date=2002&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B10%E2%80%9317&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-0834-4&rft_id=info:oclcnum/123346507&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ajp63_7_653-49"><a href="#cite_ref-ajp63_7_653_49-0">↑</a> Fewell M.P. (1995). „The atomic nuclide with the highest mean binding energy”. American Journal of Physics 63 (7): 653–658. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AmJPh..63..653F">1995AmJPh..63..653F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1119%2F1.17828">10.1119/1.17828</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+atomic+nuclide+with+the+highest+mean+binding+energy&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.aulast=Fewell+M.P.&rft.au=Fewell+M.P.&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=653%E2%80%93658&rft_id=info:bibcode/1995AmJPh..63..653F&rft_id=info:doi/10.1119%2F1.17828&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-science157_3784_13-50"><a href="#cite_ref-science157_3784_13_50-0">↑</a> Mulliken Robert S. (1967). „Spectroscopy, Molecular Orbitals, and Chemical Bonding”. Science 157 (3784): 13–24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967Sci...157...13M">1967Sci...157...13M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.157.3784.13">10.1126/science.157.3784.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5338306">5338306</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spectroscopy%2C+Molecular+Orbitals%2C+and+Chemical+Bonding&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Mulliken+Robert+S.&rft.au=Mulliken+Robert+S.&rft.date=1967&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=3784&rft.pages=13%E2%80%9324&rft_id=info:bibcode/1967Sci...157...13M&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.157.3784.13&rft_id=info:pmid/5338306&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Brucat2008-51">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Brucat2008_51-0">51,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brucat2008_51-1">51,1</a> Brucat Philip J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207032136/http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/lectures/lec_10.html">„The Quantum Atom”</a>. Univerzitet Floride. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/lectures/lec_10.html">originala</a> na datum 7. 12. 2006. Pristupljeno 4. 1. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Quantum+Atom&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Brucat+Philip+J.&rft.au=Brucat+Philip+J.&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Univerzitet+Floride&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20061207032136%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.ufl.edu%2F%7Eitl%2F2045%2Flectures%2Flec_10.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-manthey2001-52"><a href="#cite_ref-manthey2001_52-0">↑</a> Manthey David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110102801/http://www.orbitals.com/orb/">„Atomic Orbitals”</a>. Orbital Central. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orbitals.com/orb/">originala</a> na datum 10. 1. 2008. Pristupljeno 21. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Atomic+Orbitals&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Manthey+David&rft.au=Manthey+David&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=Orbital+Central&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080110102801%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.orbitals.com%2Forb%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-herter_8-53"><a href="#cite_ref-herter_8_53-0">↑</a> Herter Terry (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222062433/http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro101/herter/lectures/lec08.htm">„Lecture 8: The Hydrogen Atom”</a>. Univerzitet Cornell. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro101/herter/lectures/lec08.htm">originala</a> na datum 22. 2. 2012. Pristupljeno 14. 2. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Lecture+8%3A+The+Hydrogen+Atom&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Herter+Terry&rft.au=Herter+Terry&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Univerzitet+Cornell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20120222062433%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fastrosun2.astro.cornell.edu%2Facademics%2Fcourses%2Fastro101%2Fherter%2Flectures%2Flec08.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pr79_2_282-54"><a href="#cite_ref-pr79_2_282_54-0">↑</a> Bell R.E.; Elliott L.G. (1950). „Gamma-Rays from the Reaction H1(n,γ)D2 and the Binding Energy of the Deuteron”. Physical Review 79 (2): 282–285. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950PhRv...79..282B">1950PhRv...79..282B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.79.282">10.1103/PhysRev.79.282</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gamma-Rays+from+the+Reaction+H%3Csup%3E1%3C%2Fsup%3E%28n%2C%CE%B3%29D%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+the+Binding+Energy+of+the+Deuteron&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.aulast=Bell+R.E.%3B+Elliott+L.G.&rft.au=Bell+R.E.%3B+Elliott+L.G.&rft.date=1950&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=282%E2%80%93285&rft_id=info:bibcode/1950PhRv...79..282B&rft_id=info:doi/10.1103%2FPhysRev.79.282&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Smirnov-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Smirnov_55-0">↑</a> Smirnov Boris M. (2003). Physics of Atoms and Ions. Springer. str. 249–272. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-387-95550-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-387-95550-6">978-0-387-95550-6</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+of+Atoms+and+Ions&rft.aulast=Smirnov+Boris+M.&rft.au=Smirnov+Boris+M.&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B249%E2%80%93272&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-0-387-95550-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-matis2000-56"><a href="#cite_ref-matis2000_56-0">↑</a> Matis Howard S.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218153548/http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/02/3.html">„The Isotopes of Hydrogen”</a>. Nacionalna laboratorija Lawrence Berkeley. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/02/3.html">originala</a> na datum 18. 12. 2007. Pristupljeno 21. 12. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Isotopes+of+Hydrogen&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Matis+Howard+S.&rft.au=Matis+Howard+S.&rft.pub=Nacionalna+laboratorija+Lawrence+Berkeley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071218153548%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbl.gov%2Fabc%2Fwallchart%2Fchapters%2F02%2F3.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-weiss20061017-57"><a href="#cite_ref-weiss20061017_57-0">↑</a> Weiss Rick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/16/AR2006101601083.html">„Scientists Announce Creation of Atomic Element, the Heaviest Yet”</a>. Washington Post.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scientists+Announce+Creation+of+Atomic+Element%2C+the+Heaviest+Yet&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.aulast=Weiss+Rick&rft.au=Weiss+Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F10%2F16%2FAR2006101601083.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-s131-58">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-s131_58-0">58,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-s131_58-1">58,1</a> Sills Alan D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthscienceeasy00alan/page/131">Earth Science the Easy Way</a>. Barron's Educational Series. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthscienceeasy00alan/page/131">131–134</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-7641-2146-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-7641-2146-3">978-0-7641-2146-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/51543743">51543743</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+Science+the+Easy+Way&rft.aulast=Sills+Alan+D.&rft.au=Sills+Alan+D.&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearthscienceeasy00alan%2Fpage%2F131+131%E2%80%93134%5D&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Series&rft.isbn=978-0-7641-2146-3&rft_id=info:oclcnum/51543743&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearthscienceeasy00alan%2Fpage%2F131&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-dume20030423-59"><a href="#cite_ref-dume20030423_59-0">↑</a> Dumé Belle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214151450/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/17319">„Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay”</a>. Physics World. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/17319">originala</a> na datum 14. 12. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bismuth+breaks+half-life+record+for+alpha+decay&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Dum%C3%A9+Belle&rft.au=Dum%C3%A9+Belle&rft.pub=Physics+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071214151450%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fcws%2Farticle%2Fnews%2F17319&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-lidsay20000730-60"><a href="#cite_ref-lidsay20000730_60-0">↑</a> Lindsay Don. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070428225550/http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/isotope_list.html">„Radioactives Missing From The Earth”</a>. Don Lindsay Archive. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/isotope_list.html">originala</a> na datum 28. 4. 2007. Pristupljeno 23. 5. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Radioactives+Missing+From+The+Earth&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Lindsay+Don&rft.au=Lindsay+Don&rft.pub=Don+Lindsay+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070428225550%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.don-lindsay-archive.org%2Fcreation%2Fisotope_list.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-tuli2005-61"><a href="#cite_ref-tuli2005_61-0">↑</a> Jagdish K. Tuli. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nucleus.iaea.org/CIR/CIR/NuclearWalletCards.html">„Nuclear Wallet Cards”</a>. Nacionalni centar za nuklearne podatke, Nacionalna laboratorija Brookhaven. Pristupljeno 16. 4. 2011.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Wallet+Cards&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Jagdish+K.+Tuli&rft.au=Jagdish+K.+Tuli&rft.pub=Nacionalni+centar+za+nuklearne+podatke%2C+Nacionalna+laboratorija+Brookhaven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnucleus.iaea.org%2FCIR%2FCIR%2FNuclearWalletCards.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-63">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_63-0">62,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_63-1">62,1</a> David R. Lide (ur.): CRC Handbook, 83. izd, CRC Press, 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0849304835" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0849304835">978-0849304835</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-iupac-64">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-iupac_64-0">63,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iupac_64-1">63,1</a> Mills Ian; Cvitaš, Tomislav; Homann, Klaus; Kallay, Nikola; Kuchitsu, Kozo (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quantitiesunitss0000unse/page/70">Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry</a> (2 izd.). Oxford: IUPAC. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quantitiesunitss0000unse/page/70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-632-03583-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-632-03583-0">978-0-632-03583-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/27011505">27011505</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantities%2C+Units+and+Symbols+in+Physical+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Mills+Ian%3B+Cvita%C5%A1%2C+Tomislav%3B+Homann%2C+Klaus%3B+Kallay%2C+Nikola%3B+Kuchitsu%2C+Kozo&rft.au=Mills+Ian%3B+Cvita%C5%A1%2C+Tomislav%3B+Homann%2C+Klaus%3B+Kallay%2C+Nikola%3B+Kuchitsu%2C+Kozo&rft.date=1993&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquantitiesunitss0000unse%2Fpage%2F70+70%5D&rft.edition=2&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=IUPAC&rft.isbn=978-0-632-03583-0&rft_id=info:oclcnum/27011505&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquantitiesunitss0000unse%2Fpage%2F70&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-chieh2001-65"><a href="#cite_ref-chieh2001_65-0">↑</a> Chieh Chung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070830110015/http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/nuctek/nuclideunstable.html">„Nuclide Stability”</a>. University of Waterloo. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/nuctek/nuclideunstable.html">originala</a> na datum 2007-08-30. Pristupljeno 2020-08-22.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Nuclide+Stability&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Chieh+Chung&rft.au=Chieh+Chung&rft.pub=University+of+Waterloo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070830110015%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.uwaterloo.ca%2F%7Ecchieh%2Fcact%2Fnuctek%2Fnuclideunstable.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nist_wc-66"><a href="#cite_ref-nist_wc_66-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231212733/http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some">„Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements”</a>. NIST. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some">originala</a> na datum 31. 12. 2006. Pristupljeno 4. 1. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Atomic+Weights+and+Isotopic+Compositions+for+All+Elements&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=NIST&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20061231212733%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2FCompositions%2Fstand_alone.pl%3Fele%3D%26ascii%3Dhtml%26isotype%3Dsome&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-audi2003-67"><a href="#cite_ref-audi2003_67-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051016185841/http://amdc.in2p3.fr/masstables/Ame2003/Ame2003b.pdf">„The Ame2003 atomic mass evaluation (II)”</a>. Nuclear Physics A 729 (1): 337–676. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729..337A">2003NuPhA.729..337A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.003">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.003</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amdc.in2p3.fr/masstables/Ame2003/Ame2003b.pdf">originala</a> na datum 2005-10-16. Pristupljeno 2020-08-22.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Ame2003+atomic+mass+evaluation+%28II%29&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+A&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=729&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=337%E2%80%93676&rft_id=info:bibcode/2003NuPhA.729..337A&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20051016185841%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Famdc.in2p3.fr%2Fmasstables%2FAme2003%2FAme2003b.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghosh02-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh02_68-0">↑</a> Ghosh, D.C.; Biswas, R. (2002). „Theoretical calculation of Absolute Radii of Atoms and Ions. Part 1. The Atomic Radii”. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 3 (11): 87–113. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fi3020087">10.3390/i3020087</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Theoretical+calculation+of+Absolute+Radii+of+Atoms+and+Ions.+Part+1.+The+Atomic+Radii&rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Mol.+Sci.&rft.aulast=Ghosh%2C+D.C.%3B+Biswas%2C+R.&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+D.C.%3B+Biswas%2C+R.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=87%E2%80%93113&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fi3020087&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-aca32_5_751-69"><a href="#cite_ref-aca32_5_751_69-0">↑</a> „Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides”. Acta Crystallographica A 32 (5): 751–767. 1976. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976AcCrA..32..751S">1976AcCrA..32..751S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0567739476001551">10.1107/S0567739476001551</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Revised+effective+ionic+radii+and+systematic+studies+of+interatomic+distances+in+halides+and+chalcogenides&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallographica+A&rft.date=1976&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=751%E2%80%93767&rft_id=info:bibcode/1976AcCrA..32..751S&rft_id=info:doi/10.1107%2FS0567739476001551&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-dong1998-70"><a href="#cite_ref-dong1998_70-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071104160920/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/MichaelPhillip.shtml">„Diameter of an Atom”</a>. The Physics Factbook. 1998. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hypertextbook.com/facts/MichaelPhillip.shtml">originala</a> na datum 4. 11. 2007. Pristupljeno 19. 11. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Diameter+of+an+Atom&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1998&rft.pub=The+Physics+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071104160920%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fhypertextbook.com%2Ffacts%2FMichaelPhillip.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Zumdahl-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Zumdahl_71-0">↑</a> Zumdahl Steven S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304155935/http://college.hmco.com/chemistry/intro/zumdahl/intro_chemistry/5e/students/protected/periodictables/pt/pt/pt_ar5.html">Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation</a> (5 izd.). Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-618-34342-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-618-34342-3">978-0-618-34342-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/173081482">173081482</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://college.hmco.com/chemistry/intro/zumdahl/intro_chemistry/5e/students/protected/periodictables/pt/pt/pt_ar5.html">originala</a> na datum 4. 3. 2008. Pristupljeno 5. 2. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Chemistry%3A+A+Foundation&rft.aulast=Zumdahl+Steven+S.&rft.au=Zumdahl+Steven+S.&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.isbn=978-0-618-34342-3&rft_id=info:oclcnum/173081482&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080304155935%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fcollege.hmco.com%2Fchemistry%2Fintro%2Fzumdahl%2Fintro_chemistry%2F5e%2Fstudents%2Fprotected%2Fperiodictables%2Fpt%2Fpt%2Fpt_ar5.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Bethe1929-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Bethe1929_72-0">↑</a> Bethe, Hans (1929). „Termaufspaltung in Kristallen”. Annalen der Physik 3 (2): 133–208. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1929AnP...395..133B">1929AnP...395..133B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19293950202">10.1002/andp.19293950202</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Termaufspaltung+in+Kristallen&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.aulast=Bethe%2C+Hans&rft.au=Bethe%2C+Hans&rft.date=1929&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133%E2%80%93208&rft_id=info:bibcode/1929AnP...395..133B&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fandp.19293950202&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ZPB1995a-73"><a href="#cite_ref-ZPB1995a_73-0">↑</a> Birkholz, Mario (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227050494">„Crystal-field induced dipoles in heteropolar crystals – I. concept”</a>. Z. Phys. B 96 (3): 325–332. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ZPhyB..96..325B">1995ZPhyB..96..325B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01313054">10.1007/BF01313054</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Crystal-field+induced+dipoles+in+heteropolar+crystals+%E2%80%93+I.+concept&rft.jtitle=Z.+Phys.+B&rft.aulast=Birkholz%2C+Mario&rft.au=Birkholz%2C+Mario&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325%E2%80%93332&rft_id=info:bibcode/1995ZPhyB..96..325B&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF01313054&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F227050494&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pssb2008-74"><a href="#cite_ref-pssb2008_74-0">↑</a> Birkholz, M.; Rudert, R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242536174">„Interatomic distances in pyrite-structure disulfides – a case for ellipsoidal modeling of sulfur ions”</a>. Physica Status Solidi B 245 (9): 1858–1864. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PSSBR.245.1858B">2008PSSBR.245.1858B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fpssb.200879532">10.1002/pssb.200879532</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Interatomic+distances+in+pyrite-structure+disulfides+%E2%80%93+a+case+for+ellipsoidal+modeling+of+sulfur+ions&rft.jtitle=Physica+Status+Solidi+B&rft.aulast=Birkholz%2C+M.%3B+Rudert%2C+R.&rft.au=Birkholz%2C+M.%3B+Rudert%2C+R.&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=245&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1858%E2%80%931864&rft_id=info:bibcode/2008PSSBR.245.1858B&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fpssb.200879532&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F242536174&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-mdpi2014-75"><a href="#cite_ref-mdpi2014_75-0">↑</a> Birkholz, M. (2014). „Modeling the Shape of Ions in Pyrite-Type Crystals”. Crystals 4 (3): 390–403. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fcryst4030390">10.3390/cryst4030390</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Modeling+the+Shape+of+Ions+in+Pyrite-Type+Crystals&rft.jtitle=Crystals&rft.aulast=Birkholz%2C+M.&rft.au=Birkholz%2C+M.&rft.date=2014&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=390%E2%80%93403&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fcryst4030390&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-osu2007-76"><a href="#cite_ref-osu2007_76-0">↑</a> urednici (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oregonstate.edu/terra/2007/02/small-miracles/">„Small Miracles: Harnessing nanotechnology”</a>. Oregon State University. Pristupljeno 7. 1. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Small+Miracles%3A+Harnessing+nanotechnology&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=urednici&rft.au=urednici&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Oregon+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foregonstate.edu%2Fterra%2F2007%2F02%2Fsmall-miracles%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Padillaa-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Padillaa_77-0">↑</a> Padilla Michael J.; Miaoulis, Ioannis; Cyr, Martha (2002). Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Chemical Building Blocks. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.. str. 32. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-13-054091-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-13-054091-1">978-0-13-054091-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/47925884">47925884</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prentice+Hall+Science+Explorer%3A+Chemical+Building+Blocks&rft.aulast=Padilla+Michael+J.%3B+Miaoulis%2C+Ioannis%3B+Cyr%2C+Martha&rft.au=Padilla+Michael+J.%3B+Miaoulis%2C+Ioannis%3B+Cyr%2C+Martha&rft.date=2002&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B32&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=978-0-13-054091-1&rft_id=info:oclcnum/47925884&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-rey-79"><a href="#cite_ref-rey_79-0">↑</a> Feynman Richard (1995). Six Easy Pieces. The Penguin Group. str. 5. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-14-027666-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-14-027666-4">978-0-14-027666-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/40499574">40499574</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Easy+Pieces&rft.aulast=Feynman+Richard&rft.au=Feynman+Richard&rft.date=1995&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B5&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Group&rft.isbn=978-0-14-027666-4&rft_id=info:oclcnum/40499574&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-splung-80">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-splung_80-0">78,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-splung_80-1">78,1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071204135150/http://www.splung.com/content/sid/5/page/radioactivity">„Radioactivity”</a>. Splung.com. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.splung.com/content/sid/5/page/radioactivity">originala</a> na datum 4. 12. 2007. Pristupljeno 19. 12. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Radioactivity&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Splung.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071204135150%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.splung.com%2Fcontent%2Fsid%2F5%2Fpage%2Fradioactivity&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Annunziata-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Annunziata_81-0">↑</a> L'Annunziata Michael F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofradioa0000unse_n3o4">Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis</a>. Academic Press. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofradioa0000unse_n3o4/page/3">3</a>–56. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-12-436603-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-12-436603-9">978-0-12-436603-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/16212955">16212955</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Radioactivity+Analysis&rft.aulast=L%27Annunziata+Michael+F.&rft.au=L%27Annunziata+Michael+F.&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofradioa0000unse_n3o4%2Fpage%2F3+3%5D%E2%80%9356&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-12-436603-9&rft_id=info:oclcnum/16212955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofradioa0000unse_n3o4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-firestone20000522-82"><a href="#cite_ref-firestone20000522_82-0">↑</a> Firestone Richard B.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929111801/http://isotopes.lbl.gov/education/decmode.html">„Radioactive Decay Modes”</a>. Berkeley Laboratory. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isotopes.lbl.gov/education/decmode.html">originala</a> na datum 29. 9. 2006. Pristupljeno 7. 1. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Radioactive+Decay+Modes&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Firestone+Richard+B.&rft.au=Firestone+Richard+B.&rft.pub=Berkeley+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20060929111801%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fisotopes.lbl.gov%2Feducation%2Fdecmode.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-hornak2006-83"><a href="#cite_ref-hornak2006_83-0">↑</a> Hornak J.P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203044312/http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/nmr/chap-3/chap-3.htm">„Chapter 3: Spin Physics”</a>. Rochester Institute of Technology. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/nmr/chap-3/chap-3.htm">originala</a> na datum 3. 2. 2007. Pristupljeno 7. 1. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+3%3A+Spin+Physics&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hornak+J.P.&rft.au=Hornak+J.P.&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Rochester+Institute+of+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070203044312%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cis.rit.edu%2Fhtbooks%2Fnmr%2Fchap-3%2Fchap-3.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-schroeder2-84">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-schroeder2_84-0">82,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schroeder2_84-1">82,1</a> Schroeder Paul A.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429150216/http://www.gly.uga.edu/schroeder/geol3010/magnetics.html">„Magnetic Properties”</a>. Univerzitet Georgije. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gly.uga.edu/schroeder/geol3010/magnetics.html">originala</a> na datum 29. 4. 2007. Pristupljeno 7. 1. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Magnetic+Properties&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Schroeder+Paul+A.&rft.au=Schroeder+Paul+A.&rft.pub=Univerzitet+Georgije&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070429150216%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.gly.uga.edu%2Fschroeder%2Fgeol3010%2Fmagnetics.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-goebel20070901-85"><a href="#cite_ref-goebel20070901_85-0">↑</a> Goebel Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/616Q7pLdl?url=http://www.vectorsite.net/tpqm_04.html">„[4.3] Magnetic Properties of the Atom”</a>. In The Public Domain website. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vectorsite.net/tpqm_04.html">originala</a> na datum 21. 8. 2011. Pristupljeno 7. 1. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=+Magnetic+Properties+of+the+Atom&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Goebel+Greg&rft.au=Goebel+Greg&rft.pub=In+The+Public+Domain+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webcitation.org%2F616Q7pLdl%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.vectorsite.net%2Ftpqm_04.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-yarris1997-86"><a href="#cite_ref-yarris1997_86-0">↑</a> Yarris Lynn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113104939/http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Research-Review/Magazine/1997/story1.html">„Talking Pictures”</a>. Berkeley Lab Research Review. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Research-Review/Magazine/1997/story1.html">originala</a> na datum 13. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Talking+Pictures&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Lab+Research+Review&rft.aulast=Yarris+Lynn&rft.au=Yarris+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080113104939%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbl.gov%2FScience-Articles%2FResearch-Review%2FMagazine%2F1997%2Fstory1.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Liang-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Liang_87-0">↑</a> Liang Z.-P.; Haacke E.M. (1999). Webster, J.G.. ur. Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2. John Wiley & Sons. str. 412–426. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-471-13946-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-471-13946-1">978-0-471-13946-1</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineering%3A+Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging&rft.aulast=Liang+Z.-P.%3B+Haacke+E.M.&rft.au=Liang+Z.-P.%3B+Haacke+E.M.&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B412%E2%80%93426&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=978-0-471-13946-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-zeghbroeck1998-88"><a href="#cite_ref-zeghbroeck1998_88-0">↑</a> Zeghbroeck Bart J. Van (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050115030639/http://physics.ship.edu/~mrc/pfs/308/semicon_book/eband2.htm">„Energy levels”</a>. Shippensburg University. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.ship.edu/~mrc/pfs/308/semicon_book/eband2.htm">originala</a> na datum 15. 1. 2005. Pristupljeno 23. 12. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Energy+levels&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Zeghbroeck+Bart+J.+Van&rft.au=Zeghbroeck+Bart+J.+Van&rft.date=1998&rft.pub=Shippensburg+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20050115030639%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fphysics.ship.edu%2F%7Emrc%2Fpfs%2F308%2Fsemicon_book%2Feband2.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowles1989-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Fowles1989_89-0">↑</a> Fowles Grant R. (1989). Introduction to Modern Optics. Courier Dover Publications. str. 227–233. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-486-65957-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-486-65957-2">978-0-486-65957-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/18834711">18834711</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Modern+Optics&rft.aulast=Fowles+Grant+R.&rft.au=Fowles+Grant+R.&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B227%E2%80%93233&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.isbn=978-0-486-65957-2&rft_id=info:oclcnum/18834711&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-martin2007-90"><a href="#cite_ref-martin2007_90-0">↑</a> Martin W.C.; Wiese, W.L.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208113156/http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/AtSpec/">„Atomic Spectroscopy: A Compendium of Basic Ideas, Notation, Data, and Formulas”</a>. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/AtSpec/">originala</a> na datum 8. 2. 2007. Pristupljeno 8. 1. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Atomic+Spectroscopy%3A+A+Compendium+of+Basic+Ideas%2C+Notation%2C+Data%2C+and+Formulas&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Martin+W.C.%3B+Wiese%2C+W.L.&rft.au=Martin+W.C.%3B+Wiese%2C+W.L.&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070208113156%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2FPubs%2FAtSpec%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-avogadro-91"><a href="#cite_ref-avogadro_91-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060228231025/http://www.avogadro.co.uk/light/bohr/spectra.htm">„Atomic Emission Spectra – Origin of Spectral Lines”</a>. Avogadro Web Site. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avogadro.co.uk/light/bohr/spectra.htm">originala</a> na datum 28. 2. 2006. Pristupljeno 10. 8. 2006.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Atomic+Emission+Spectra+%E2%80%93+Origin+of+Spectral+Lines&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Avogadro+Web+Site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20060228231025%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.avogadro.co.uk%2Flight%2Fbohr%2Fspectra.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-fitzpatrick20070216-92"><a href="#cite_ref-fitzpatrick20070216_92-0">↑</a> Fitzpatrick Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/qm/lectures/node55.html">„Fine structure”</a>. University of Texas at Austin. Pristupljeno 14. 2. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fine+structure&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick+Richard&rft.au=Fitzpatrick+Richard&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffarside.ph.utexas.edu%2Fteaching%2Fqm%2Flectures%2Fnode55.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-weiss2001-93"><a href="#cite_ref-weiss2001_93-0">↑</a> Weiss Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202143147/http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/spin/node8.html">„The Zeeman Effect”</a>. University of California-Riverside. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/spin/node8.html">originala</a> na datum 2. 2. 2008. Pristupljeno 6. 2. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Zeeman+Effect&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Weiss+Michael&rft.au=Weiss+Michael&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=University+of+California-Riverside&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080202143147%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fmath.ucr.edu%2Fhome%2Fbaez%2Fspin%2Fnode8.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Beyer-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Beyer_94-0">↑</a> Beyer H.F.; Shevelko V.P. (2003). Introduction to the Physics of Highly Charged Ions. CRC Press. str. 232–236. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-7503-0481-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-7503-0481-8">978-0-7503-0481-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/47150433">47150433</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Physics+of+Highly+Charged+Ions&rft.aulast=Beyer+H.F.%3B+Shevelko+V.P.&rft.au=Beyer+H.F.%3B+Shevelko+V.P.&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B232%E2%80%93236&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-7503-0481-8&rft_id=info:oclcnum/47150433&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-watkins_sjsu-95"><a href="#cite_ref-watkins_sjsu_95-0">↑</a> Watkins Thayer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112234014/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/stimem.htm">„Coherence in Stimulated Emission”</a>. San José State University. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/stimem.htm">originala</a> na datum 12. 1. 2008. Pristupljeno 23. 12. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Coherence+in+Stimulated+Emission&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Watkins+Thayer&rft.au=Watkins+Thayer&rft.pub=San+Jos%C3%A9+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080112234014%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjsu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwatkins%2Fstimem.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-reusch20070716-96"><a href="#cite_ref-reusch20070716_96-0">↑</a> Reusch William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071029211245/http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro1.htm">„Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry”</a>. Michigan State University. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro1.htm">originala</a> na datum 29. 10. 2007. Pristupljeno 11. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Virtual+Textbook+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Reusch+William&rft.au=Reusch+William&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071029211245%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cem.msu.edu%2F%7Ereusch%2FVirtualText%2Fintro1.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-chemguide-97"><a href="#cite_ref-chemguide_97-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/covalent.html">„Covalent bonding – Single bonds”</a>. chemguide. 2000.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Covalent+bonding+%E2%80%93+Single+bonds&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=chemguide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemguide.co.uk%2Fatoms%2Fbonding%2Fcovalent.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-husted20031211-98"><a href="#cite_ref-husted20031211_98-0">↑</a> Husted Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110103232/http://periodic.lanl.gov/default.htm">„Periodic Table of the Elements”</a>. Nacionalna laboratorija Los Alamos. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/default.htm">originala</a> na datum 10. 1. 2008. Pristupljeno 11. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Periodic+Table+of+the+Elements&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Husted+Robert&rft.au=Husted+Robert&rft.pub=Nacionalna+laboratorija+Los+Alamos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080110103232%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fperiodic.lanl.gov%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-baum2003-99"><a href="#cite_ref-baum2003_99-0">↑</a> Rudy Baum (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/elements.html">„It's Elemental: The Periodic Table”</a>. Chemical & Engineering News.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=It%27s+Elemental%3A+The+Periodic+Table&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.aulast=Rudy+Baum&rft.au=Rudy+Baum&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fcen%2F80th%2Felements.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodstein-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Goodstein_100-0">↑</a> Goodstein David L. (2002). States of Matter. Courier Dover Publications. str. 436–438. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-13-843557-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-13-843557-8">978-0-13-843557-8</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=States+of+Matter&rft.aulast=Goodstein+David+L.&rft.au=Goodstein+David+L.&rft.date=2002&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B436%E2%80%93438&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.isbn=978-0-13-843557-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pu49_7_719-101"><a href="#cite_ref-pu49_7_719_101-0">↑</a> Brazhkin Vadim V. (2006). „Metastable phases, phase transformations, and phase diagrams in physics and chemistry”. Physics-Uspekhi 49 (7): 719–724. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhyU...49..719B">2006PhyU...49..719B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1070%2FPU2006v049n07ABEH006013">10.1070/PU2006v049n07ABEH006013</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Metastable+phases%2C+phase+transformations%2C+and+phase+diagrams+in+physics+and+chemistry&rft.jtitle=Physics-Uspekhi&rft.aulast=Brazhkin+Vadim+V.&rft.au=Brazhkin+Vadim+V.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=719%E2%80%93724&rft_id=info:bibcode/2006PhyU...49..719B&rft_id=info:doi/10.1070%2FPU2006v049n07ABEH006013&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-myers-102"><a href="#cite_ref-myers_102-0">↑</a> Myers Richard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basicsofchemistr0000myer_e0r6">The Basics of Chemistry</a>. Greenwood Press. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basicsofchemistr0000myer_e0r6/page/85">85</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-313-31664-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-313-31664-7">978-0-313-31664-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50164580">50164580</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basics+of+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Myers+Richard&rft.au=Myers+Richard&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasicsofchemistr0000myer_e0r6%2Fpage%2F85+85%5D&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31664-7&rft_id=info:oclcnum/50164580&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasicsofchemistr0000myer_e0r6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nist_bec-103"><a href="#cite_ref-nist_bec_103-0">↑</a> urednici. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080103192918/https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/BEC_background.htm">„Bose-Einstein Condensate: A New Form of Matter”</a>. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/bec_background.cfm">originala</a> na datum 3. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bose-Einstein+Condensate%3A+A+New+Form+of+Matter&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=urednici&rft.au=urednici&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080103192918%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpublic_affairs%2Freleases%2FBEC_background.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-colton_fyffe1999-104"><a href="#cite_ref-colton_fyffe1999_104-0">↑</a> Colton Imogen; Fyffe, Jeanette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829200820/http://www.ph.unimelb.edu.au/~ywong/poster/articles/bec.html">„Super Atoms from Bose-Einstein Condensation”</a>. Univerzitet Melbournea. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ph.unimelb.edu.au/~ywong/poster/articles/bec.html">originala</a> na datum 29. 8. 2007. Pristupljeno 6. 2. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Super+Atoms+from+Bose-Einstein+Condensation&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Colton+Imogen%3B+Fyffe%2C+Jeanette&rft.au=Colton+Imogen%3B+Fyffe%2C+Jeanette&rft.pub=Univerzitet+Melbournea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070829200820%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ph.unimelb.edu.au%2F%7Eywong%2Fposter%2Farticles%2Fbec.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-jacox1997-105"><a href="#cite_ref-jacox1997_105-0">↑</a> Jacox Marilyn; Gadzuk, J. William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080107133132/http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/STM/stm.html">„Scanning Tunneling Microscope”</a>. Nacionalni institut za standarde i tehnologiju SAD. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/STM/stm.html">originala</a> na datum 7. 1. 2008. Pristupljeno 11. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Scanning+Tunneling+Microscope&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Jacox+Marilyn%3B+Gadzuk%2C+J.+William&rft.au=Jacox+Marilyn%3B+Gadzuk%2C+J.+William&rft.pub=Nacionalni+institut+za+standarde+i+tehnologiju+SAD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080107133132%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2FGenInt%2FSTM%2Fstm.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nf_physics1986-106"><a href="#cite_ref-nf_physics1986_106-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html">„The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986”</a>. Nobelova fondacija. Pristupljeno 11. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1986&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Nobelova+fondacija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1986%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-sab53_13_1739-107"><a href="#cite_ref-sab53_13_1739_107-0">↑</a> N. Jakubowski; Moens Luc; Vanhaecke Frank (1998). „Sector field mass spectrometers in ICP-MS”. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 53 (13): 1739–1763. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AcSpe..53.1739J">1998AcSpe..53.1739J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0584-8547%2898%2900222-5">10.1016/S0584-8547(98)00222-5</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sector+field+mass+spectrometers+in+ICP-MS&rft.jtitle=Spectrochimica+Acta+Part+B%3A+Atomic+Spectroscopy&rft.aulast=N.+Jakubowski%3B+Moens+Luc%3B+Vanhaecke+Frank&rft.au=N.+Jakubowski%3B+Moens+Luc%3B+Vanhaecke+Frank&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1739%E2%80%931763&rft_id=info:bibcode/1998AcSpe..53.1739J&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0584-8547%2898%2900222-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-rsi39_1_83-108"><a href="#cite_ref-rsi39_1_83_108-0">↑</a> Müller Erwin W.; Panitz John A.; McLane S. Brooks (1968). „The Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope”. Review of Scientific Instruments 39 (1): 83–86. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968RScI...39...83M">1968RScI...39...83M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1683116">10.1063/1.1683116</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Atom-Probe+Field+Ion+Microscope&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Scientific+Instruments&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller+Erwin+W.%3B+Panitz+John+A.%3B+McLane+S.+Brooks&rft.au=M%C3%BCller+Erwin+W.%3B+Panitz+John+A.%3B+McLane+S.+Brooks&rft.date=1968&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83%E2%80%9386&rft_id=info:bibcode/1968RScI...39...83M&rft_id=info:doi/10.1063%2F1.1683116&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-lochner2007-109"><a href="#cite_ref-lochner2007_109-0">↑</a> Lochner Jim; Gibb, Meredith; Newman, Phil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080116035542/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/how_l1/spectral_what.html">„What Do Spectra Tell Us?”</a>. NASA/Goddard svemirski centar. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/how_l1/spectral_what.html">originala</a> na datum 16. 1. 2008. Pristupljeno 3. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+Do+Spectra+Tell+Us%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Lochner+Jim%3B+Gibb%2C+Meredith%3B+Newman%2C+Phil&rft.au=Lochner+Jim%3B+Gibb%2C+Meredith%3B+Newman%2C+Phil&rft.pub=NASA%2FGoddard+svemirski+centar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080116035542%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fimagine.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2Fscience%2Fhow_l1%2Fspectral_what.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-winter2007-110"><a href="#cite_ref-winter2007_110-0">↑</a> Winter Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230182148/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/He/hist.html">„Helium”</a>. WebElements. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/He/hist.html">originala</a> na datum 30. 12. 2007. Pristupljeno 3. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Helium&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Winter+Mark&rft.au=Winter+Mark&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=WebElements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071230182148%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.webelements.com%2Fwebelements%2Felements%2Ftext%2FHe%2Fhist.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-hinshaw20060210-111"><a href="#cite_ref-hinshaw20060210_111-0">↑</a> Hinshaw Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071231143948/http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101matter.html">„What is the Universe Made Of?”</a>. NASA/WMAP. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101matter.html">originala</a> na datum 31. 12. 2007. Pristupljeno 7. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+is+the+Universe+Made+Of%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hinshaw+Gary&rft.au=Hinshaw+Gary&rft.pub=NASA%2FWMAP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071231143948%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fmap.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fm_uni%2Funi_101matter.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Liljenzin-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Liljenzin_112-0">↑</a> Choppin Gregory R.; Liljenzin Jan-Olov; Rydberg Jan (2001). Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry. Elsevier. str. 441. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-7506-7463-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-7506-7463-8">978-0-7506-7463-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/162592180">162592180</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiochemistry+and+Nuclear+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Choppin+Gregory+R.%3B+Liljenzin+Jan-Olov%3B+Rydberg+Jan&rft.au=Choppin+Gregory+R.%3B+Liljenzin+Jan-Olov%3B+Rydberg+Jan&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B441&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-7463-8&rft_id=info:oclcnum/162592180&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-science259_5093_327-113"><a href="#cite_ref-science259_5093_327_113-0">↑</a> Davidsen Arthur F. (1993). „Far-Ultraviolet Astronomy on the Astro-1 Space Shuttle Mission”. Science 259 (5093): 327–334. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Sci...259..327D">1993Sci...259..327D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.259.5093.327">10.1126/science.259.5093.327</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17832344">17832344</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Far-Ultraviolet+Astronomy+on+the+Astro-1+Space+Shuttle+Mission&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Davidsen+Arthur+F.&rft.au=Davidsen+Arthur+F.&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=259&rft.issue=5093&rft.pages=327%E2%80%93334&rft_id=info:bibcode/1993Sci...259..327D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.259.5093.327&rft_id=info:pmid/17832344&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Lequeux-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Lequeux_114-0">↑</a> Lequeux James (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interstellarmedi0000lequ">The Interstellar Medium</a>. Springer. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interstellarmedi0000lequ/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-3-540-21326-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-3-540-21326-0">978-3-540-21326-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/133157789">133157789</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interstellar+Medium&rft.aulast=Lequeux+James&rft.au=Lequeux+James&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finterstellarmedi0000lequ%2Fpage%2F4+4%5D&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-3-540-21326-0&rft_id=info:oclcnum/133157789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finterstellarmedi0000lequ&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nigel2000-115"><a href="#cite_ref-nigel2000_115-0">↑</a> Nigel Smith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216185952/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/809">„The search for dark matter”</a>. Physics World. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/809">originala</a> na datum 16. 2. 2008. Pristupljeno 14. 2. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+search+for+dark+matter&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Nigel+Smith&rft.au=Nigel+Smith&rft.pub=Physics+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080216185952%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fcws%2Farticle%2Fprint%2F809&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ns1794_42-116"><a href="#cite_ref-ns1794_42_116-0">↑</a> Croswell Ken (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080207065342/http://space.newscientist.com/article/mg13217944.700-boron-bumps-and-the-big-bang-was-matter-spread-evenly-whenthe-universe-began-perhaps-not-the-clues-lie-in-the-creation-of-thelighter-elements-such-as-boron-and-beryllium.html">„Boron, bumps and the Big Bang: Was matter spread evenly when the Universe began? Perhaps not; the clues lie in the creation of the lighter elements such as boron and beryllium”</a>. New Scientist (1794): 42. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13217944.700-boron-bumps-and-the-big-bang-was-matter-spread-evenly-whenthe-universe-began-perhaps-not-the-clues-lie-in-the-creation-of-thelighter-elements-such-as-boron-and-beryllium.html">originala</a> na datum 7. 2. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Boron%2C+bumps+and+the+Big+Bang%3A+Was+matter+spread+evenly+when+the+Universe+began%3F+Perhaps+not%3B+the+clues+lie+in+the+creation+of+the+lighter+elements+such+as+boron+and+beryllium&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.aulast=Croswell+Ken&rft.au=Croswell+Ken&rft.date=1991&rft.issue=1794&rft.pages=42&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080207065342%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fspace.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg13217944.700-boron-bumps-and-the-big-bang-was-matter-spread-evenly-whenthe-universe-began-perhaps-not-the-clues-lie-in-the-creation-of-thelighter-elements-such-as-boron-and-beryllium.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-science267_5195_192-117"><a href="#cite_ref-science267_5195_192_117-0">↑</a> Copi Craig J.; Schramm DN; Turner MS (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/265576">„Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Baryon Density of the Universe”</a>. Science 267 (5195): 192–199. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9407006">astro-ph/9407006</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...267..192C">1995Sci...267..192C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7809624">10.1126/science.7809624</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7809624">7809624</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Big-Bang+Nucleosynthesis+and+the+Baryon+Density+of+the+Universe&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Copi+Craig+J.%3B+Schramm+DN%3B+Turner+MS&rft.au=Copi+Craig+J.%3B+Schramm+DN%3B+Turner+MS&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=267&rft.issue=5195&rft.pages=192%E2%80%93199&rft_id=info:arxiv/astro-ph%2F9407006&rft_id=info:bibcode/1995Sci...267..192C&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7809624&rft_id=info:pmid/7809624&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F265576&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-hinshaw20051215-118"><a href="#cite_ref-hinshaw20051215_118-0">↑</a> Hinshaw Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117021252/http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bbtest2.html">„Tests of the Big Bang: The Light Elements”</a>. NASA/WMAP. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bbtest2.html">originala</a> na datum 17. 1. 2008. Pristupljeno 13. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Tests+of+the+Big+Bang%3A+The+Light+Elements&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hinshaw+Gary&rft.au=Hinshaw+Gary&rft.pub=NASA%2FWMAP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080117021252%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fmap.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fm_uni%2Funi_101bbtest2.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-abbott20070530-119"><a href="#cite_ref-abbott20070530_119-0">↑</a> Abbott Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213023246/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/exgg_wmap.php">„Microwave (WMAP) All-Sky Survey”</a>. Hayden Planetarium. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/exgg_wmap.php">originala</a> na datum 13. 2. 2013. Pristupljeno 13. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Microwave+%28WMAP%29+All-Sky+Survey&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Abbott+Brian&rft.au=Abbott+Brian&rft.pub=Hayden+Planetarium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20130213023246%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.haydenplanetarium.org%2Funiverse%2Fduguide%2Fexgg_wmap.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-mnras106_343-120"><a href="#cite_ref-mnras106_343_120-0">↑</a> F. Hoyle (1946). „The synthesis of the elements from hydrogen”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 106 (5): 343–383. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1946MNRAS.106..343H">1946MNRAS.106..343H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F106.5.343">10.1093/mnras/106.5.343</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+synthesis+of+the+elements+from+hydrogen&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.aulast=F.+Hoyle&rft.au=F.+Hoyle&rft.date=1946&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=343%E2%80%93383&rft_id=info:bibcode/1946MNRAS.106..343H&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F106.5.343&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nature405_656-121"><a href="#cite_ref-nature405_656_121-0">↑</a> Knauth D.C.; Lambert David L.; Crane P. (2000). „Newly synthesized lithium in the interstellar medium”. Nature 405 (6787): 656–658. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.405..656K">2000Natur.405..656K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35015028">10.1038/35015028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10864316">10864316</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Newly+synthesized+lithium+in+the+interstellar+medium&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Knauth+D.C.%3B+Lambert+David+L.%3B+Crane+P.&rft.au=Knauth+D.C.%3B+Lambert+David+L.%3B+Crane+P.&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=405&rft.issue=6787&rft.pages=656%E2%80%93658&rft_id=info:bibcode/2000Natur.405..656K&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35015028&rft_id=info:pmid/10864316&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-mashnik2000-122"><a href="#cite_ref-mashnik2000_122-0">↑</a> Mashnik Stepan G. (2000). „On Solar System and Cosmic Rays Nucleosynthesis and Spallation Processes”. <big> MISSING LINK.</big> .<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+Solar+System+and+Cosmic+Rays+Nucleosynthesis+and+Spallation+Processes&rft.jtitle=%27%27%3CBIG%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22color%3Ared%22%3E%26%2332%3B%27%27%27MISSING+LINK.%27%27%27%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2FBIG%3E+%5B%5BCategory%3AArticles+with+missing+Cite+arXiv+inputs%7CAtom%5D%5D%27%27&rft.aulast=Mashnik+Stepan+G.&rft.au=Mashnik+Stepan+G.&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-kgs20050504-123"><a href="#cite_ref-kgs20050504_123-0">↑</a> Geološki zavod Kansasa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705052359/http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Extension/geotopics/earth_age.html">„Age of the Earth”</a>. Univerzitet Kansasa. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Extension/geotopics/earth_age.html">originala</a> na datum 2008-07-05. Pristupljeno 2020-08-22.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Age+of+the+Earth&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Geolo%C5%A1ki+zavod+Kansasa&rft.au=Geolo%C5%A1ki+zavod+Kansasa&rft.pub=Univerzitet+Kansasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080705052359%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.kgs.ku.edu%2FExtension%2Fgeotopics%2Fearth_age.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-gs190_1_205-124"><a href="#cite_ref-gs190_1_205_124-0">↑</a> Dalrymple G. Brent (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/190/1/205">„The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved”</a>. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 190 (1): 205–221. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GSLSP.190..205D">2001GSLSP.190..205D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2001.190.01.14">10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+age+of+the+Earth+in+the+twentieth+century%3A+a+problem+%28mostly%29+solved&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society%2C+London%2C+Special+Publications&rft.aulast=Dalrymple+G.+Brent&rft.au=Dalrymple+G.+Brent&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=205%E2%80%93221&rft_id=info:bibcode/2001GSLSP.190..205D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2001.190.01.14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsp.lyellcollection.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F190%2F1%2F205&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManuel2001407–430,_511–519-125">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManuel2001407–430,_511–519_125-0">123,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManuel2001407–430,_511–519_125-1">123,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFManuel2001">Manuel 2001</a>: str. 407–430, 511–519 </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson_foulger_meibom2006-126"><a href="#cite_ref-anderson_foulger_meibom2006_126-0">↑</a> Anderson Don L.; Foulger, G.R.; Meibom, Anders. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208194933/http://www.mantleplumes.org/HeliumFundamentals.html">„Helium: Fundamental models”</a>. MantlePlumes.org. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mantleplumes.org/HeliumFundamentals.html">originala</a> na datum 8. 2. 2007. Pristupljeno 14. 1. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Helium%3A+Fundamental+models&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Anderson+Don+L.%3B+Foulger%2C+G.R.%3B+Meibom%2C+Anders&rft.au=Anderson+Don+L.%3B+Foulger%2C+G.R.%3B+Meibom%2C+Anders&rft.pub=MantlePlumes.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070208194933%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.mantleplumes.org%2FHeliumFundamentals.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pennicott2001-127"><a href="#cite_ref-pennicott2001_127-0">↑</a> Pennicott Katie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215103132/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2676">„Carbon clock could show the wrong time”</a>. PhysicsWeb. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2676">originala</a> na datum 15. 12. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Carbon+clock+could+show+the+wrong+time&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Pennicott+Katie&rft.au=Pennicott+Katie&rft.pub=PhysicsWeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071215103132%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fcws%2Farticle%2Fnews%2F2676&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-yarris2001-128"><a href="#cite_ref-yarris2001_128-0">↑</a> Yarris Lynn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080109103538/http://enews.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/elements-116-118.html">„New Superheavy Elements 118 and 116 Discovered at Berkeley Lab”</a>. Berkeley Lab. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enews.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/elements-116-118.html">originala</a> na datum 9. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=New+Superheavy+Elements+118+and+116+Discovered+at+Berkeley+Lab&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Yarris+Lynn&rft.au=Yarris+Lynn&rft.pub=Berkeley+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080109103538%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fenews.lbl.gov%2FScience-Articles%2FArchive%2Felements-116-118.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pr119_6_2000-129"><a href="#cite_ref-pr119_6_2000_129-0">↑</a> Diamond, H (1960). „Heavy Isotope Abundances in Mike Thermonuclear Device”. Physical Review 119 (6): 2000–2004. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960PhRv..119.2000D">1960PhRv..119.2000D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.119.2000">10.1103/PhysRev.119.2000</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Heavy+Isotope+Abundances+in+Mike+Thermonuclear+Device&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.aulast=Diamond%2C+H&rft.au=Diamond%2C+H&rft.date=1960&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2000%E2%80%932004&rft_id=info:bibcode/1960PhRv..119.2000D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1103%2FPhysRev.119.2000&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-poston1998-130"><a href="#cite_ref-poston1998_130-0">↑</a> Poston Sr.; John W.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-transuranic-elements-s/">„Do transuranic elements such as plutonium ever occur naturally?”</a>. Scientific American.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Do+transuranic+elements+such+as+plutonium+ever+occur+naturally%3F&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.aulast=Poston+Sr.%3B+John+W.&rft.au=Poston+Sr.%3B+John+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fdo-transuranic-elements-s%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-cz97_10_522-131"><a href="#cite_ref-cz97_10_522_131-0">↑</a> Keller C (1973). „Natural occurrence of lanthanides, actinides, and superheavy elements”. Chemiker Zeitung 97 (10): 522–530. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Information&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Scientific and Technical Information (stranica ne postoji)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4353086">4353086</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Natural+occurrence+of+lanthanides%2C+actinides%2C+and+superheavy+elements&rft.jtitle=Chemiker+Zeitung&rft.aulast=Keller+C&rft.au=Keller+C&rft.date=1973&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=522%E2%80%93530&rft_id=info:osti/4353086&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaider-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Zaider_132-0">↑</a> Zaider Marco; Rossi Harald H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radiationscience0000zaid">Radiation Science for Physicians and Public Health Workers</a>. Springer. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radiationscience0000zaid/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-306-46403-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-306-46403-4">978-0-306-46403-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/44110319">44110319</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiation+Science+for+Physicians+and+Public+Health+Workers&rft.aulast=Zaider+Marco%3B+Rossi+Harald+H.&rft.au=Zaider+Marco%3B+Rossi+Harald+H.&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradiationscience0000zaid%2Fpage%2F17+17%5D&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46403-4&rft_id=info:oclcnum/44110319&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradiationscience0000zaid&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ofr_cut-133"><a href="#cite_ref-ofr_cut_133-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218194159/http://www.oklo.curtin.edu.au/index.cfm">„Oklo Fossil Reactors”</a>. Curtin University of Technology. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oklo.curtin.edu.au/index.cfm">originala</a> na datum 18. 12. 2007. Pristupljeno 15. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Oklo+Fossil+Reactors&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Curtin+University+of+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071218194159%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.oklo.curtin.edu.au%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-weisenberger-134"><a href="#cite_ref-weisenberger_134-0">↑</a> Weisenberger Drew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.jlab.org/qa/mathatom_05.html">„How many atoms are there in the world?”</a>. Jefferson Lab. Pristupljeno 16. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+many+atoms+are+there+in+the+world%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Weisenberger+Drew&rft.au=Weisenberger+Drew&rft.pub=Jefferson+Lab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.jlab.org%2Fqa%2Fmathatom_05.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pidwirnyf-135"><a href="#cite_ref-pidwirnyf_135-0">↑</a> Pidwirny Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080121080709/http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/contents.html">„Fundamentals of Physical Geography”</a>. University of British Columbia Okanagan. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/contents.html">originala</a> na datum 21. 1. 2008. Pristupljeno 16. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Physical+Geography&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Pidwirny+Michael&rft.au=Pidwirny+Michael&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Okanagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080121080709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicalgeography.net%2Ffundamentals%2Fcontents.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pnas99_22_13966-136"><a href="#cite_ref-pnas99_22_13966_136-0">↑</a> Anderson Don L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137819/">„The inner inner core of Earth”</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (22): 13966–13968. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9913966A">2002PNAS...9913966A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.232565899">10.1073/pnas.232565899</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137819">137819</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12391308">12391308</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+inner+inner+core+of+Earth&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.aulast=Anderson+Don+L.&rft.au=Anderson+Don+L.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=13966%E2%80%9313968&rft_id=info:bibcode/2002PNAS...9913966A&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.232565899&rft_id=info:pmc/137819&rft_id=info:pmid/12391308&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC137819%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-luins-137"><a href="#cite_ref-luins_137-0">↑</a> Pauling Linus (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natureofchemical0000paul_3ed">The Nature of the Chemical Bond</a>. Cornell University Press. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natureofchemical0000paul_3ed/page/5">5</a>–10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-8014-0333-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-8014-0333-0">978-0-8014-0333-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/17518275">17518275</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+the+Chemical+Bond&rft.aulast=Pauling+Linus&rft.au=Pauling+Linus&rft.date=1960&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnatureofchemical0000paul_3ed%2Fpage%2F5+5%5D%E2%80%9310&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-0333-0&rft_id=info:oclcnum/17518275&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnatureofchemical0000paul_3ed&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-cern28509-138"><a href="#cite_ref-cern28509_138-0">↑</a> anonimni autor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080203031237/http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28509">„Second postcard from the island of stability”</a>. CERN Courier. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28509">originala</a> na datum 3. 2. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Second+postcard+from+the+island+of+stability&rft.jtitle=CERN+Courier&rft.aulast=anonimni+autor&rft.au=anonimni+autor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080203031237%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fcerncourier.com%2Fcws%2Farticle%2Fcern%2F28509&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-cen84_10_19-139"><a href="#cite_ref-cen84_10_19_139-0">↑</a> Jacoby Mitch (2006). „As-yet-unsynthesized superheavy atom should form a stable diatomic molecule with fluorine”. Chemical & Engineering News 84 (10): 19. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v084n010.p019a">10.1021/cen-v084n010.p019a</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=As-yet-unsynthesized+superheavy+atom+should+form+a+stable+diatomic+molecule+with+fluorine&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.aulast=Jacoby+Mitch&rft.au=Jacoby+Mitch&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=19&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fcen-v084n010.p019a&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-koppes1999-140"><a href="#cite_ref-koppes1999_140-0">↑</a> Koppes Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/99/990301.ktev.shtml">„Fermilab Physicists Find New Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry”</a>. Univerzitet u Chicagu.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fermilab+Physicists+Find+New+Matter-Antimatter+Asymmetry&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Koppes+Steve&rft.au=Koppes+Steve&rft.pub=Univerzitet+u+Chicagu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-news.uchicago.edu%2Freleases%2F99%2F990301.ktev.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-cromie20010816-141"><a href="#cite_ref-cromie20010816_141-0">↑</a> Cromie William J.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/08.16/antimatter.html">„A lifetime of trillionths of a second: Scientists explore antimatter”</a>. Glasilo Univerziteta Harvard. Pristupljeno 14. 1. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+lifetime+of+trillionths+of+a+second%3A+Scientists+explore+antimatter&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cromie+William+J.&rft.au=Cromie+William+J.&rft.pub=Glasilo+Univerziteta+Harvard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2F2001%2F08.16%2Fantimatter.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nature419_6906_439-142"><a href="#cite_ref-nature419_6906_439_142-0">↑</a> Hijmans Tom W. (2002). „Particle physics: Cold antihydrogen”. Nature 419 (6906): 439–440. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.419..439H">2002Natur.419..439H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F419439a">10.1038/419439a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12368837">12368837</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Particle+physics%3A+Cold+antihydrogen&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Hijmans+Tom+W.&rft.au=Hijmans+Tom+W.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=419&rft.issue=6906&rft.pages=439%E2%80%93440&rft_id=info:bibcode/2002Natur.419..439H&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F419439a&rft_id=info:pmid/12368837&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC20021030-143"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC20021030_143-0">↑</a> urednici. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2375717.stm">„Researchers 'look inside' antimatter”</a>. BBC News.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Researchers+%27look+inside%27+antimatter&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.aulast=urednici&rft.au=urednici&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F2375717.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ns1728_77-144"><a href="#cite_ref-ns1728_77_144-0">↑</a> Barrett Roger (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071221164440/http://media.newscientist.com/article/mg12717284.600-the-strange-world-of-the-exotic-atom-physicists-can-nowmake-atoms-and-molecules-containing-negative-particles-other-than-electronsand-use-them-not-just-to-test-theories-but-also-to-fight-cancer-.html">„The Strange World of the Exotic Atom”</a>. New Scientist (1728): 77–115. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.newscientist.com/article/mg12717284.600-the-strange-world-of-the-exotic-atom-physicists-can-nowmake-atoms-and-molecules-containing-negative-particles-other-than-electronsand-use-them-not-just-to-test-theories-but-also-to-fight-cancer-.html">originala</a> na datum 21. 12. 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Strange+World+of+the+Exotic+Atom&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.aulast=Barrett+Roger&rft.au=Barrett+Roger&rft.date=1990&rft.issue=1728&rft.pages=77%E2%80%93115&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071221164440%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fmedia.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg12717284.600-the-strange-world-of-the-exotic-atom-physicists-can-nowmake-atoms-and-molecules-containing-negative-particles-other-than-electronsand-use-them-not-just-to-test-theories-but-also-to-fight-cancer-.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-psT112_1_20-145"><a href="#cite_ref-psT112_1_20_145-0">↑</a> Indelicato Paul (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00002825">„Exotic Atoms”</a>. Physica Scripta T112 (1): 20–26. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0409058">physics/0409058</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhST..112...20I">2004PhST..112...20I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1238%2FPhysica.Topical.112a00020">10.1238/Physica.Topical.112a00020</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8949">0031-8949</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exotic+Atoms&rft.jtitle=Physica+Scripta&rft.aulast=Indelicato+Paul&rft.au=Indelicato+Paul&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=T112&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20%E2%80%9326&rft_id=info:arxiv/physics%2F0409058&rft_id=info:bibcode/2004PhST..112...20I&rft_id=info:doi/10.1238%2FPhysica.Topical.112a00020&rft.issn=0031-8949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00002825&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ripin1998-146"><a href="#cite_ref-ripin1998_146-0">↑</a> Ripin Barrett H.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120723135110/http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/199807/experiment.cfm.html">„Recent Experiments on Exotic Atoms”</a>. Američko fizičko društvo. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/199807/experiment.cfm.html">originala</a> na datum 23. 7. 2012. Pristupljeno 15. 2. 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Recent+Experiments+on+Exotic+Atoms&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Ripin+Barrett+H.&rft.au=Ripin+Barrett+H.&rft.pub=Ameri%C4%8Dko+fizi%C4%8Dko+dru%C5%A1tvo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.today%2F20120723135110%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fpublications%2Fapsnews%2F199807%2Fexperiment.cfm.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_veze">Vanjske veze</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Uredi odjeljak Vanjske veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom&action=edit&section=36" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske veze">uredi kod</a>]</div> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 300px"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atom" title="commons:Category:Atom"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Atom">Atom</a> na <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_-_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica - Главна страница">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> </div> </div> <table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" style="background:none; color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></td><td>U <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> nalazi se članak na temu: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atom" class="extiw" title="commons:Atom">Atom</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></td><td>U <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> ima još materijala vezanih za: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atoms" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Atoms">Atom</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Wiktionary-logo-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wiktionary-logo-en.png/13px-Wiktionary-logo-en.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wiktionary-logo-en.png/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wiktionary-logo-en.png/26px-Wiktionary-logo-en.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></a></td><td>Potražite izraz <a href="https://sh.wiktionary.org/wiki/atom" class="extiw" title="wikt:atom">atom</a> u <a href="/wiki/W(j)e%C4%8Dnik" class="mw-redirect" title="W(j)ečnik">W(j)ečniku</a>, slobodnom rječniku.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahyco.ffri.hr/povijestfizike/">Web courseware Povijest fizike</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120802174002/http://ahyco.ffri.hr/povijestfizike/">Arhivirano</a> 2012-08-02 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=">s_HEUHyoZWI "Quantum Mechanics and the Structure of Atoms"</a> na <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li>Freudenrich, Craig C.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/atom.htm">„How Atoms Work”</a>. How Stuff Works. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108023359/http://www.howstuffworks.com/atom.htm">Arhivirano</a> iz originala na datum 2007-01-08. Pristupljeno 9 January 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+Atoms+Work&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Freudenrich&rft.aufirst=Craig+C.&rft.au=Freudenrich%2C%26%2332%3BCraig+C.&rft.pub=How+Stuff+Works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.howstuffworks.com%2Fatom.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom"> </li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/FHSST_Physics/Atom">„The Atom”</a>. Free High School Science Texts: Physics. Wikibooks. Pristupljeno 10 July 2010.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Atom&rft.atitle=Free+High+School+Science+Texts%3A+Physics&rft.pub=Wikibooks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FFHSST_Physics%2FAtom&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom"> </li> <li>Anonymous (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100122123927/http://scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/fundamental/atom.html">„The atom”</a>. Science aid+. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/fundamental/atom.html">originala</a> na datum 2010-01-22. Pristupljeno 10 July 2010.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+atom&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Anonymous&rft.au=Anonymous&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Science+aid%2B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20100122123927%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fscienceaid.co.uk%2Fchemistry%2Ffundamental%2Fatom.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom"> —a guide to the atom for teens.</li> <li>Anonymous (3 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A6672963">„Atoms and Atomic Structure”</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102114833/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A6672963">Arhivirano</a> iz originala na datum 2007-01-02. Pristupljeno 11 January 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Atoms+and+Atomic+Structure&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Anonymous&rft.au=Anonymous&rft.date=3+January+2006&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Fh2g2%2FA6672963&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom"> </li> <li>Various (3 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/index.pl?Type=TOC">„Physics 2000, Table of Contents”</a>. University of Colorado. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080114002007/http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/index.pl?Type=TOC">Arhivirano</a> iz originala na datum 2008-01-14. Pristupljeno 11 January 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Physics+2000%2C+Table+of+Contents&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Various&rft.au=Various&rft.date=3+January+2006&rft.pub=University+of+Colorado&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorado.edu%2Fphysics%2F2000%2Findex.pl%3FType%3DTOC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom"> </li> <li>Various (3 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417023635/http://www.hydrogenlab.de/elektronium/HTML/einleitung_hauptseite_uk.html">„What does an atom look like?”</a>. University of Karlsruhe. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrogenlab.de/elektronium/HTML/einleitung_hauptseite_uk.html">originala</a> na datum 2010-04-17. Pristupljeno 12 May 2008.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+does+an+atom+look+like%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Various&rft.au=Various&rft.date=3+February+2006&rft.pub=University+of+Karlsruhe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20100417023635%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrogenlab.de%2Felektronium%2FHTML%2Feinleitung_hauptseite_uk.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Atom"> </li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41348688">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-prikaži"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:%C4%8Cestice_u_fizici" title="Šablon:Čestice u fizici"><abbr title="Pogledajte šablon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-razgovor"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:%C4%8Cestice_u_fizici" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Čestice u fizici"><abbr title="Razgovarajte o šablonu" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:%C4%8Cestice_u_fizici&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredite šablon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Čestice_u_fizici" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Čestice u <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizici</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elementarna_%C4%8Destica" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementarna čestica">Elementarne čestice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermioni</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark">Kvarkovi</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gornji_kvark" title="Gornji kvark">u</a> • <a href="/wiki/Donji_kvark" title="Donji kvark">d</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Carobni_kvark" title="Čarobni kvark">c</a> • <a href="/wiki/Strani_kvark" title="Strani kvark">s</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vr%C5%A1ni_kvark" title="Vršni kvark">t</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dubinski_kvark" title="Dubinski kvark">b</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">Leptoni</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">e-</a> •<a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">e+</a> •<a href="/wiki/Mion" title="Mion">μ- •μ+</a> •<a href="/wiki/Tauon" title="Tauon">τ- •τ+</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektronski_neutrino" title="Elektronski neutrino">νe •νe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mionski_neutrino" title="Mionski neutrino">μe •μe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" title="Tau neutrino">τe •τe</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Bozon" title="Bozon">Bozoni</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Baždarni" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%BEdarni_bozoni" title="Baždarni bozoni">Baždarni</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">γ</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">g</a> • <a href="/wiki/W_i_Z_bozoni" title="W i Z bozoni">W± •Z</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Ostale</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov_duh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faddeev–Popov duh (stranica ne postoji)">Duhovi</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipotetske_%C4%8Destice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipotetske čestice (stranica ne postoji)">Hipotetske</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Superpartneri" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner">Superpartneri</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gaugino</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gluino" title="Gluino">Gluino</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravitino (stranica ne postoji)">Gravitino</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Ostali</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksino (stranica ne postoji)">Aksino</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bozino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bozino (stranica ne postoji)">Bozino</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chargino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chargino (stranica ne postoji)">Chargino</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Higgsino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higgsino (stranica ne postoji)">Higgsino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sfermion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sfermion (stranica ne postoji)">Sfermion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Ostale</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksion (stranica ne postoji)">A0</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dilaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dilaton (stranica ne postoji)">Dilaton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">G</a> • <a href="/wiki/Higgsov_bozon" title="Higgsov bozon">Higgsov bozon</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majoron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majoron (stranica ne postoji)">Majoron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tahion" title="Tahion">Tahion</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=X_i_Y_bozoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X i Y bozoni (stranica ne postoji)">X •Y</a>  • <a href="/wiki/W_i_Z_bozoni" title="W i Z bozoni">W' • Z'</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterilni_neutrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterilni neutrino (stranica ne postoji)">Sterilni neutrino</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vezano_stanje" title="Vezano stanje">Složene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadroni</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">Barioni</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperion_(%C4%8Destica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperion (čestica) (stranica ne postoji)">Hiperioni</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto;;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nukleoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleoni">N</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">n</a> •<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">p</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Delta_barion" title="Delta barion">Δ</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lambda_barion" title="Lambda barion">Λ</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigma_barion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigma barion (stranica ne postoji)">Σ</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xi_barion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xi barion (stranica ne postoji)">Ξ</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omega_barion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omega barion (stranica ne postoji)">Ω</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Mezon" title="Mezon">Mezoni</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvarkonij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvarkonij (stranica ne postoji)">Kvarkoniji</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto;;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">π</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro mezon (stranica ne postoji)">ρ</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eta_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eta mezon (stranica ne postoji)">η •η′</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phi mezon (stranica ne postoji)">φ</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omega_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omega mezon (stranica ne postoji)">ω</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=J/%CF%88_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J/ψ mezon (stranica ne postoji)">J/ψ</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upsilon_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upsilon mezon (stranica ne postoji)">ϒ</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theta mezon (stranica ne postoji)">θ</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Kaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaon">K</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=B_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B mezon (stranica ne postoji)">B</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=D_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D mezon (stranica ne postoji)">D</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=T_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T mezon (stranica ne postoji)">T</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Druge</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomska jezgra">Atomska jezgra</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atomi</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egzoti%C4%8Dni_atomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egzotični atomi (stranica ne postoji)">Egzotični atomi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pozitronij" title="Pozitronij">Pozitronij</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mionij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mionij (stranica ne postoji)">Mionij</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Onij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onij (stranica ne postoji)">Onij</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Molekula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekula">Molekule</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipotetske_slo%C5%BEene_molekule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipotetske složene molekule (stranica ne postoji)">Hipotetske</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egzoti%C4%8Dni_hadron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egzotični hadron (stranica ne postoji)">Egzotični hadroni</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egzoti%C4%8Dni_barion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egzotični barion (stranica ne postoji)">Egzotični barioni</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibarion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibarion (stranica ne postoji)">Dibarion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pentakvark" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentakvark">Pentakvark</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egzoti%C4%8Dni_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egzotični mezon (stranica ne postoji)">Egzotični mezoni</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glueball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glueball (stranica ne postoji)">Glueball</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrakvark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrakvark (stranica ne postoji)">Tetrakvark</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Ostale</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezonska_molekula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezonska molekula (stranica ne postoji)">Mezonska molekula</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomeron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomeron (stranica ne postoji)">Pomeron</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kvazi%C4%8Destice" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvazičestice">Kvazičestice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Davydov_soliton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davydov soliton (stranica ne postoji)">Davydov soliton</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksciton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksciton (stranica ne postoji)">Eksciton</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnon (stranica ne postoji)">Magnon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon">Fonon</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plazmaron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plazmaron (stranica ne postoji)">Plazmaron</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plazmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plazmon (stranica ne postoji)">Plazmon</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polariton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polariton (stranica ne postoji)">Polariton</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polaron (stranica ne postoji)">Polaron</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roton (stranica ne postoji)">Roton</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popisi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popis_%C4%8Destica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popis čestica (stranica ne postoji)">Popis čestica</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Popis_kvazi%C4%8Destica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popis kvazičestica (stranica ne postoji)">Popis kvazičestica</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Popis_bariona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popis bariona (stranica ne postoji)">Popis bariona</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Popis_mezona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popis mezona (stranica ne postoji)">Popis mezona</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kronologija_otkri%C4%87a_%C4%8Destica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kronologija otkrića čestica (stranica ne postoji)">Kronologija otkrića čestica</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedija:Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedija:Books (stranica ne postoji)">Wikipedia books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Hadronska tvar: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Hadronic_Matter" class="extiw" title="en:Book:Hadronic Matter">Hadronic Matter</a> • Čestice standardnog modela: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Particles_of_the_Standard_Model" class="extiw" title="en:Book:Particles of the Standard Model">Particles of the Standard Model</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41348688"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Građa_materije" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41556979"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41556873"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-prikaži"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Materija" title="Šablon:Materija"><abbr title="Pogledajte šablon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-razgovor"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Materija" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Materija"><abbr title="Razgovarajte o šablonu" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Materija&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredite šablon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Građa_materije" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Građa materije</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organizam" title="Organizam">organizam</a> → <a href="/wiki/Sistem_organa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem organa">sistem organa</a> → <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomija)" title="Organ (anatomija)">organ</a> → <a href="/wiki/Tkivo" title="Tkivo">tkivo</a> → <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija)">stanica</a> → <a href="/wiki/Organela" title="Organela">organela</a> → <a href="/wiki/Molekula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekula">molekula</a> → <a class="mw-selflink selflink">atom</a> → <a href="/wiki/Subatomska_%C4%8Destica" class="mw-redirect" title="Subatomska čestica">subatomska čestica</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41348688"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historija_fizike" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41556979"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41556873"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-prikaži"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Historija_fizike" title="Šablon:Historija fizike"><abbr title="Pogledajte šablon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-razgovor"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Historija_fizike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Historija fizike (stranica ne postoji)"><abbr title="Razgovarajte o šablonu" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Historija_fizike&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredite šablon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historija_fizike" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historija_fizike" title="Historija fizike">Historija fizike</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Fundamentalni_koncepti_fizike" title="Kategorija:Fundamentalni koncepti fizike">Pojmovi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Svetlost" title="Svetlost">Svetlost</a> • <a href="/wiki/Val" title="Val">Val</a> • <a href="/wiki/Osnovne_sile" title="Osnovne sile">Osnovne sile</a> • <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">Energija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">Materija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">Masa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Etar_(fizika)" title="Etar (fizika)">Etar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kretanje" title="Kretanje">Kretanje</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gravitacija" title="Gravitacija">Gravitacija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektricitet" title="Elektricitet">Elektricitet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sila" title="Sila">Sila</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tromost" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromost">Tromost</a> • <a href="/wiki/Valno-%C4%8Desti%C4%8Dni_dualizam" title="Valno-čestični dualizam">Valno-čestični dualizam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Prostorvreme" title="Prostorvreme">Prostorvreme</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entropija" title="Entropija">Entropija</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Podru%C4%8Dja_fizike" title="Kategorija:Područja fizike">Područja</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija">Astronomija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kosmologija" title="Kosmologija">Kosmologija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Optika" title="Optika">Optika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mehanika" title="Mehanika">Mehanika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika">Elektrostatika</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetizam" title="Elektromagnetizam">Elektromagnetizam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">Termodinamika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_fizika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvantna fizika">Kvantna fizika</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Pokusi_iz_fizike" title="Kategorija:Pokusi iz fizike">Pokusi</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Otkri%C4%87a_u_fizici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Otkrića u fizici (stranica ne postoji)">otkrića</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Antička</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Teorija atoma</a> • <a href="/wiki/O_veli%C4%8Dini_i_udaljenosti_Sunca_i_Mjeseca" title="O veličini i udaljenosti Sunca i Mjeseca">Udaljenost Sunca i Meseca</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arhimedov_zakon" title="Arhimedov zakon">Arhimedov zakon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eratosten#Određivanje_obima_Zemlje" title="Eratosten">Obim zemlje</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorija_impetusa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorija impetusa (stranica ne postoji)">Teorija impetusa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Knjiga_o_optici" title="Knjiga o optici">Alhazenova optika</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_fizika" title="Klasična fizika">Klasična</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrizam" title="Heliocentrizam">Kopernikov sustav</a> • <a href="/wiki/Snellov_zakon" title="Snellov zakon">Snellov zakon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Keplerovi_zakoni_planetarnog_kretanja" title="Keplerovi zakoni planetarnog kretanja">Keplerovi zakoni planetarnog kretanja</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slobodni_pad" title="Slobodni pad">Slobodni pad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kretanje_hica" title="Kretanje hica">Kretanje hica</a> • <a href="/wiki/Galileijeva_relativnost" title="Galileijeva relativnost">Galileijeva relativnost</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pascalov_zakon" title="Pascalov zakon">Pascalov zakon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hookeov_zakon" title="Hookeov zakon">Hookeov zakon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Boyle-Mariotteov_zakon" title="Boyle-Mariotteov zakon">Boyleov zakon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">Brzina svjetlosti</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opticks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opticks (stranica ne postoji)">Njutnova teorija boja</a> • <a href="/wiki/Newtonovi_zakoni_kretanja" title="Newtonovi zakoni kretanja">Newtonovi zakoni kretanja</a> • <a href="/wiki/Newtonov_zakon_gravitacije" title="Newtonov zakon gravitacije">Newtonov zakon gravitacije</a> • <a href="/wiki/Huygensov_princip" title="Huygensov princip">Huygensov princip</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zakon_odr%C5%BEanja_mase" title="Zakon održanja mase">Zakon održanja mase</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coulombov_zakon" title="Coulombov zakon">Kulonov zakon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Svetlost#Valna_teorija" title="Svetlost">Valna teorija svetla</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atomska_teorija" title="Atomska teorija">Atomska teorija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Amp%C3%A8reov_zakon_kru%C5%BEenja" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampèreov zakon kruženja">Ampèreov zakon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ohmov_zakon" title="Ohmov zakon">Ohmov zakon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Faradayev_zakon_indukcije" title="Faradayev zakon indukcije">Faradayev zakon indukcije</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaussov_zakon_elektri%C4%8Dnoga_polja" title="Gaussov zakon električnoga polja">Gaussov zakon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije" title="Zakon očuvanja energije">Zakon očuvanja energije</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dopplerov_efekat" title="Dopplerov efekat">Dopplerov efekat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Drugi_zakon_termodinamike" title="Drugi zakon termodinamike">Drugi zakon termodinamike</a> • <a href="/wiki/Foucaultovo_klatno" title="Foucaultovo klatno">Foucaultovo klatno</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maxwellove_jednad%C5%BEbe" title="Maxwellove jednadžbe">Maxwellove jednadžbe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morleyjev_eksperiment" title="Michelson–Morleyjev eksperiment">Michelson–Morleyjev eksperiment</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">Elektromagnetsko zračenje</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">Moderna</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lorentzove_transformacije" title="Lorentzove transformacije">Lorentzove transformacije</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kvant" title="Kvant">Kvant</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fotoelektri%C4%8Dni_efekt" title="Fotoelektrični efekt">Fotoelektrični efekt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brownovo_kretanje" title="Brownovo kretanje">Brownovo kretanje</a> • <a href="/wiki/X-zrake" title="X-zrake">X-zrake</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Specijalna_teorija_relativnosti" title="Specijalna teorija relativnosti">Specijalna relativnost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ekvivalentnost_mase_i_energije" title="Ekvivalentnost mase i energije">ekvivalentnost mase i energije</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">Foton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atomsko_jezgro" title="Atomsko jezgro">Atomsko jezgro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bohrov_model_atoma" title="Bohrov model atoma">Bohrov model atoma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Op%C5%A1ta_teorija_relativnosti" title="Opšta teorija relativnosti">Opšta relativnost</a> • <a href="/wiki/Valovi_tvari" title="Valovi tvari">Valovi tvari</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0irenje_svemira" title="Širenje svemira">Širenje svemira</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0redingerova_jedna%C4%8Dina" class="mw-redirect" title="Šredingerova jednačina">Šredingerova jednačina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%8Delo_neodre%C4%91enosti" title="Načelo neodređenosti">Načelo neodređenosti</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fisija" title="Nuklearna fisija">Nuklearna fisija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fuzija" title="Nuklearna fuzija">fuzija</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark">Kvark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Standardni_model_%C4%8Destica" title="Standardni model čestica">Standardni model čestica</a> • <a href="/wiki/Efekt_staklenika" title="Efekt staklenika">Efekt staklenika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dko_pozadinsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Kozmičko pozadinsko zračenje">Kozmičko pozadinsko zračenje</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Higgsov_bozon" title="Higgsov bozon">Higgsov bozon</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Gravitacijski_val" title="Gravitacijski val">Gravitacijski valovi</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Fizi%C4%8Dari" title="Kategorija:Fizičari">Fizičari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Tales" title="Tales">Tales</a> • <a href="/wiki/Empedokle" title="Empedokle">Empedokle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Demokrit" title="Demokrit">Demokrit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aristarh" title="Aristarh">Aristarh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arhimed" title="Arhimed">Arhimed</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eratosten" title="Eratosten">Eratosten</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Filopon" title="Jovan Filopon">Filopon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haitam" title="Ibn al-Haitam">Al Haitam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Kopernik" title="Nikola Kopernik">Kopernik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galilei</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Torricelli</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a> • <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Lomonosov" title="Mihail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Coulomb</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplace</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Ørsted</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simon_Ohm" title="Georg Simon Ohm">Ohm</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christian_Doppler" title="Christian Doppler">Doppler</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Foucault</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Thomson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Röntgen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Bohr</a> • <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> • <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Historija_fizike" title="Kategorija:Historija fizike">Kategorija</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41348688"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Normativna_kontrola_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Uredi_na_Wikidati_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9121#&#124;Uredi_na_Wikidati" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normativna_kontrola_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Uredi_na_Wikidati_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9121#&#124;Uredi_na_Wikidati" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:Normativna_kontrola" title="Pomoć:Normativna kontrola">Normativna kontrola</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9121#" title="Uredi na Wikidati"><img alt="Uredi na Wikidati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85009333">sh85009333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4003412-4">4003412-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930986h">cb11930986h</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930986h">(podaci)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562368">00562368</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKC" title="NKC">NKC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph170602&CON_LNG=ENG">ph170602</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr">Izvor: <a dir="ltr" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atom&oldid=42233246">https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atom&oldid=42233246</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Fizika" title="Kategorija:Fizika">Fizika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Kemija" title="Kategorija:Kemija">Kemija</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Fundamentalni_koncepti_fizike" 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class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-j4msd","wgBackendResponseTime":279,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.651","walltime":"3.899","ppvisitednodes":{"value":112703,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":844549,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":302671,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":233980,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3316.996 1 -total"," 68.57% 2274.300 1 Šablon:Refspisak"," 59.30% 1966.899 147 Šablon:Citation/core"," 29.99% 994.928 66 Šablon:Cite_web"," 18.05% 598.634 14 Šablon:Navbox"," 16.61% 550.859 39 Šablon:Cite_journal"," 12.75% 422.895 32 Šablon:Cite_book"," 8.97% 297.601 1 Šablon:Elementarne_čestice"," 8.32% 276.076 11 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[\"CITEREFBrown_Kevin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrucat_Philip_J.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChad_Orzel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick_James\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChieh_Chung\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoppin_Gregory_R.;_Liljenzin_Jan-Olov;_Rydberg_Jan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen_Henri;_Lefebvre_Claire2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColton_Imogen;_Fyffe,_Jeanette\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopi_Craig_J.;_Schramm_DN;_Turner_MS1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford_E.;_Sime_Ruth_Lewin;_Walker_Mark1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCromie_William_J.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroswell_Ken1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalrymple_G._Brent2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidsen_Arthur_F.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemtröder_Wolfgang2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond,_H1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumé_Belle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein_Albert1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF._Hoyle1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFewell_M.P.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeynman_Richard1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirestone_Richard_B.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick_Richard\"] = 1,\n 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1,\n [\"CITEREFLee_Y.K.;_Hoon,_K.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLequeux_James2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis_Gilbert_N.1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiang_Z.-P.;_Haacke_E.M.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsay_Don\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochner_Jim;_Gibb,_Meredith;_Newman,_Phil\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacGregor_Malcolm_H.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManthey_David2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManuel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_W.C.;_Wiese,_W.L.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMashnik_Stepan_G.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatis_Howard_S.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazo_Robert_M.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeitner_Lise;_Frisch_Otto_Robert1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMihos_Chris\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills_Ian;_Cvitaš,_Tomislav;_Homann,_Klaus;_Kallay,_Nikola;_Kuchitsu,_Kozo1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulliken_Robert_S.1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers_Richard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller_Erwin_W.;_Panitz_John_A.;_McLane_S._Brooks1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._Jakubowski;_Moens_Luc;_Vanhaecke_Frank1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigel_Smith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadilla_Michael_J.;_Miaoulis,_Ioannis;_Cyr,_Martha2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPais_Abraham1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParticle_Data_Group2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson_G.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPauling_Linus1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPennicott_Katie\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfeffer_Jeremy_I.;_Nir_Shlomo2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPidwirny_Michael\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoston_Sr.;_John_W.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPullman_Bernard1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyle_Andrew2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaymond_David\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReusch_William\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRipin_Barrett_H.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudy_Baum2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutherford_E.1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScerri_Eric_R.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchroeder_M.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchroeder_Paul_A.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScully_Marlan_O.;_Lamb,_Willis_E.;_Barut,_Asim1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShultis_J._Kenneth;_Faw_Richard_E.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSills_Alan_D.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmirnov_Boris_M.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern_David_P.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson_J.J.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson_Joseph_John1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarious2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins_Thayer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisenberger_Drew\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss_Michael2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss_Rick\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWenner_Jennifer_M.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter_Mark2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoan_Graham2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYarris_Lynn\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZaider_Marco;_Rossi_Harald_H.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeghbroeck_Bart_J._Van1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZumdahl_Steven_S.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFanonimni_autor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFurednici\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFurednici2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFuredništvo\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cite arXiv\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 66,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonscat\"] = 1,\n [\"Elementarne čestice\"] = 1,\n [\"Glavni\"] = 12,\n [\"Historija fizike\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n 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