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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Constitutional status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Selection process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selection_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selection process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selection_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eligibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eligibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Eligibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eligibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomination_and_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomination_and_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nomination and election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination_and_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powers_and_duties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powers_and_duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Powers and duties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powers_and_duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oath_of_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oath_of_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Oath of office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oath_of_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privileges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privileges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Privileges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privileges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_Belarus_(1994–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_Belarus_(1994–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>President of Belarus (1994–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_of_Belarus_(1994–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">President of Belarus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="رئيس روسيا البيضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رئيس روسيا البيضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Bielorrusia" title="Presidente de Bielorrusia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Presidente de Bielorrusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Беларусь Республикаһы Президенты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Беларусь Республикаһы Президенты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96" title="Прэзідэнт Беларусі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прэзідэнт Беларусі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96" title="Прэзыдэнт Беларусі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прэзыдэнт Беларусі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Президент на Беларус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Президент на Беларус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_de_Belar%C3%BAs" title="President de Belarús – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="President de Belarús" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_B%C4%9Bloruska" title="Prezident Běloruska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prezident Běloruska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sident_von_Belarus" title="Präsident von Belarus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präsident von Belarus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgevene_president" title="Valgevene president – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valgevene president" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πρόεδρος της Λευκορωσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόεδρος της Λευκορωσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Bielorrusia" title="Presidente de Bielorrusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presidente de Bielorrusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidanto_de_Belorusio" title="Prezidanto de Belorusio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prezidanto de Belorusio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="رئیس‌جمهور بلاروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رئیس‌جمهور بلاروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_de_Bi%C3%A9lorussie" title="Président de la république de Biélorussie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Président de la république de Biélorussie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Belar%C3%BAs" title="Presidente de Belarús – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Presidente de Belarús" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%EB%9D%BC%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9" title="벨라루스의 대통령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벨라루스의 대통령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Բելառուսի Հանրապետության նախագահ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բելառուսի Հանրապետության նախագահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listo_pri_prezidanti_di_Bielorusia" title="Listo pri prezidanti di Bielorusia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Listo pri prezidanti di Bielorusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="נשיא בלארוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נשיא בלארוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ბელარუსის პრეზიდენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბელარუსის პრეზიდენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96" title="Беларусь президенті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Беларусь президенті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltkrievijas_prezidents" title="Baltkrievijas prezidents – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baltkrievijas prezidents" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltarusijos_prezidentas" title="Baltarusijos prezidentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baltarusijos prezidentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Претседател на Белорусија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Претседател на Белорусија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ბელარუსიშ პრეზიდენტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბელარუსიშ პრეზიდენტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Belarus" title="Presiden Belarus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Presiden Belarus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98" title="ベラルーシの大統領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベラルーシの大統領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_prezidenti" title="Belarus prezidenti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Belarus prezidenti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezydent_Bia%C5%82orusi" title="Prezydent Białorusi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prezydent Białorusi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_da_Bielorr%C3%BAssia" title="Presidente da Bielorrússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Presidente da Bielorrússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C8%99edintele_Belarusului" title="Președintele Belarusului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Președintele Belarusului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Президент Республики Беларусь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Президент Республики Беларусь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" 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data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valko-Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_presidentti" title="Valko-Venäjän presidentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valko-Venäjän presidentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangulo_ng_Biyelorusya" title="Pangulo ng Biyelorusya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangulo ng Biyelorusya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of state and government of Belarus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">President of the<br />Republic of Belarus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">Прэзідэнт Рэспублікі Беларусь</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Президент Республики Беларусь</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_President_of_Belarus.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_President_of_Belarus.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_President_of_Belarus.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_president_of_Belarus" title="Flag of the president of Belarus">Presidential standard</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_(13-04-2023)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%2813-04-2023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%2813-04-2023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%2813-04-2023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%2813-04-2023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%2813-04-2023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%2813-04-2023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent<br /><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a><br /></div>since 20 July 1994<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Belarus" title="Presidential Administration of Belarus">Presidential Administration of Belarus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mr._President_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. President (title)">Mr President</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(informal)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/His_Excellency" class="mw-redirect" title="His Excellency">His Excellency</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(diplomatic)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independence_Palace,_Minsk" title="Independence Palace, Minsk">Independence Palace, Minsk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ceremonial)</span><br />Presidential Residence, <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(residential)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">Popular vote</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 years, renewable once</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constituting instrument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Constitution of Belarus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Precursor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_office-holders_in_Belarus" title="Lists of political office-holders in Belarus">Chairman of the Supreme Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">20 July 1994<span class="noprint">; 30 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1994-07-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Prime Minister</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data">~84,000 <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Belarusian rubles</a>/US$33,600, annually<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.gov.by/en/">Official website</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>president of the Republic of Belarus</b> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Прэзідэнт Рэспублікі Беларусь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">Prezident Respubliki Bielaruś</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Президент Республики Беларусь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Prezident Respubliki Belarus'</i></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. The office was created in 1994 with the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Constitution of Belarus</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Belarus" title="Supreme Council of Belarus">Supreme Council</a>. This replaced the office of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Belarus#Chairmen_of_the_Supreme_Council" title="Supreme Council of Belarus">Chairman of the Supreme Council</a> as the head of state. The tasks of the president include executing <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">domestic policy</a>, defending the rights and general welfare of citizens and residents, and upholding the Constitution. The president is mandated by the Constitution to serve as a leader in the social affairs of the country and to act as its main representative abroad. The duties, responsibilities and other transitional clauses dealing with the presidency are listed in Chapter Three, Articles 79 through 89, of the Constitution. </p><p>The term for the president is five years, but due to a <a href="/wiki/1996_Belarusian_referendum" title="1996 Belarusian referendum">1996 referendum</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2001 Belarusian presidential election">the election</a> that was supposed to occur in 1999 was pushed back to 2001. Under the 1994 constitution, the president could only serve for two terms as president, but due to <a href="/wiki/2004_Belarusian_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Belarusian referendum">a change in the constitution</a>, term limits were eliminated. In the <a href="/wiki/2022_Belarusian_constitutional_referendum" title="2022 Belarusian constitutional referendum">2022 constitutional referendum</a>, a limit of two terms was reimposed, though only on "newly elected presidents". During the course of the office, elections were held in <a href="/wiki/1994_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="1994 Belarusian presidential election">1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2001 Belarusian presidential election">2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2006 Belarusian presidential election">2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2010 Belarusian presidential election">2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2015 Belarusian presidential election">2015</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2020 Belarusian presidential election">2020</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a> is the only person to serve as president since the 1994 elections. The presidential office is located in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Republic,_Minsk" title="Palace of the Republic, Minsk">Palace of the Republic</a> in the capital <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, while the presidential residence is located in <a href="/wiki/Zaslawye" title="Zaslawye">Zaslawye</a>, near the capital. </p><p>Lukashenko heads an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> government and has often been referred to as "Europe's last <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belarus" title="Elections in Belarus">Elections</a> are not considered to be <a href="/wiki/Free_and_fair_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and fair elections">free and fair</a> by <a href="/wiki/Election_monitoring" title="Election monitoring">international monitors</a>, opponents of the regime are <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">repressed</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Belarus" title="Censorship in Belarus">media is not free</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Politics of Belarus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_(2020%E2%80%93present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States"><img alt="Commonwealth of Independent States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS Member State</a> </p> <hr /></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Belarus" title="Constitutional Court of Belarus">Constitutional court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belarus" title="Human rights in Belarus">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidency</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Belarus" title="Government of Belarus">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Prime Minister</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Golovchenko" title="Roman Golovchenko">Roman Golovchenko</a> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Belarus" title="Government of Belarus">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_Belarus" title="Security Council of Belarus">Security Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus">National Assembly</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus">National Assembly</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(Belarus)" title="Council of the Republic (Belarus)">Council of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Belarus)" title="House of Representatives (Belarus)">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/All-Belarusian_People%27s_Assembly" title="All-Belarusian People's Assembly">All-Belarusian People's Assembly</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/All-Belarusian_People%27s_Assembly" title="All-Belarusian People's Assembly">All-Belarusian People's Assembly</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_All-Belarusian_People%27s_Assembly" title="Chairman of the All-Belarusian People's Assembly">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_All-Belarusian_People%27s_Assembly" title="Presidium of the All-Belarusian People's Assembly">Presidium</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Belarus" title="Supreme Court of Belarus">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Court_of_Belarus" title="Economic Court of Belarus">Economic Court</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Administrative divisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Belarus" title="Districts of Belarus">Districts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belarus" title="Elections in Belarus">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Presidential elections</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2006 Belarusian presidential election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2010 Belarusian presidential election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2015 Belarusian presidential election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2020 Belarusian presidential election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Belarusian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Next Belarusian presidential election"><i>Next</i></a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Parliamentary elections</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Belarusian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Belarusian parliamentary election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Belarusian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Belarusian parliamentary election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Belarusian_parliamentary_election" title="2019 Belarusian parliamentary election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Belarusian_parliamentary_election" title="2024 Belarusian parliamentary election"><i>Next</i></a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Belarus" title="List of political parties in Belarus">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belarus" title="Foreign relations of Belarus">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Belarus)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Belarus)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></b><br />Minister: <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Aleinik" title="Sergei Aleinik">Sergei Aleinik</a> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Belarus" title="List of diplomatic missions of Belarus">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Belarus" title="List of diplomatic missions in Belarus">in Belarus</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationality_law" title="Belarusian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_passport" title="Belarusian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Belarusian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Belarusian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Belarus" title="Visa policy of Belarus">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Belarus–European Union relations">Belarus–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Belarus–NATO relations">Belarus–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Belarus–China relations">Belarus–China relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="Belarus–Lithuania relations">Belarus–Lithuania relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Belarus–Poland relations">Belarus–Poland relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belarus–Russia relations">Belarus–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Belarus–Ukraine relations">Belarus–Ukraine relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belarus–United States relations">Belarus–United States relations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belarus" title="Portal:Belarus">Belarus portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Belarus" title="Template:Politics of Belarus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Belarus" title="Template talk:Politics of Belarus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Belarus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Belarus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Belarus first declared independence in early 1918 as the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a>. Its head of state was the president of a provisional supreme governing body, the <a href="/wiki/Rada_of_the_Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic">Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic</a>. In 1919, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> forced the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic into <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">exile</a> where the Rada still exists, now led by President <a href="/wiki/Ivonka_Survilla" title="Ivonka Survilla">Ivonka Survilla</a>. Under Soviet rule, the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> leader of the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a> was the first secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Byelorussia" title="Communist Party of Byelorussia">Communist Party of Byelorussia</a>, the only legal party in Soviet Belarus. </p><p>The Republic of Belarus was formed in 1991 shortly after declaring itself independent of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. From independence until passage of the Constitution in 1994, the chairman of the Supreme Soviet was the head of state and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">prime minister</a> as the head of government. When the office of the presidency was created, the role of the prime minister was reduced to assisting the president and resulted in the dissolution of the Supreme Soviet, along with its chairman, in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-byind_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byind-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnn96_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn96-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first set of elections for the office of president, the prime minister of Belarus, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Kebich" title="Vyacheslav Kebich">Vyacheslav Kebich</a>, was defeated in a runoff vote by Alexander Lukashenko, resulting in Lukashenko becoming the first president.<sup id="cite_ref-byind_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byind-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In elections of 2001 and 2006, which were contested by international observers, <a href="/wiki/Western_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Western powers">Western powers</a> and internal opposition parties due for failing to meet democratic and fair standards,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the incumbent Lukashenko defeated the other candidates within the first ballot. As of 22 March 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, he is the only person to have served as President of Belarus.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_status">Constitutional status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Constitutional status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 79 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Constitution of Belarus</a> gives the status of <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> to the president of the Republic of Belarus. They are also considered the guardian of the Constitution and the rights and freedoms of those who claim Belarusian citizenship or residency. The president is the personification of unification of the Belarusian state when conducting foreign or internal affairs and shall be the main representative when dealing with other nations or international organizations. The president is also entrusted with the safety, prosperity and stability of the country and acts as an intermediary between the bodies of the national government.<sup id="cite_ref-s4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During their tenure in office, the president is barred from formal membership in a political party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selection_process">Selection process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selection process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eligibility">Eligibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eligibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to be able to run for office, a candidate must be a Belarusian citizen by birth that is over thirty-five years old. The candidate must also reside within the republic for ten years and able to cast a ballot legally. The provisions are set down in Article 80 of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-s4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomination_and_election">Nomination and election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nomination and election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belarus" title="Elections in Belarus">Elections</a> for president occur every five years by a national vote. To be registered as a candidate for the presidency the prospective candidate is first required to have an initiative group of citizens containing no fewer than 100 persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Election_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Election-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initiative group must be registered with the Central Elections Commission no later than 85 days before the election.<sup id="cite_ref-Election_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Election-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If successfully registered, the nominated candidate is tasked with collecting at least 100,000 valid signatures from eligible voters. If the Central Elections Commissions find that this threshold has been reached, the candidate is officially certified to run for the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-Election_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Election-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the voting, the secret ballots are collected directly from eligible voters. The election is valid only if more than 50 % of registered voters cast a ballot. During the first round of voting, if a candidate earns fifty percent plus one of the votes, they are declared the President-elect. If no one has achieved that number during the first round, then a <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">run-off election</a> will occur between two candidates who won the most votes. The person who wins the most votes in the run-off is declared the president-elect.<sup id="cite_ref-s4_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the event the office is vacant, the election to replace the president must occur between thirty and seventy days after the vacancy occurred. During normal election cycles, the elections must occur before the last two months of the current president. In either situation, the government body that calls for elections is the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Belarus)" title="House of Representatives (Belarus)">House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s4_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last round of <a href="/wiki/Presidential_election" title="Presidential election">presidential elections</a> <a href="/wiki/2020_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2020 Belarusian presidential election">occurred in 2020</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Lukashenko, when addressing the press in February 2007, stated his health will determine if he will run in 2011 or step down at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powers_and_duties">Powers and duties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Powers and duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Articles 84 and 85 states the official political, social and national defense duties that are rested with the president. Other than the enumerated powers, Number 30 allows the president to use other powers granted to them either from national law or from other sections of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-s4_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the prerogative of the president is the right to call <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a>, and to call regular and extraordinary elections to the House of Representatives, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(Belarus)" title="Council of the Republic (Belarus)">Council of the Republic</a> and local representative bodies. They can also dissolve both chambers of the Parliament, as the Constitution permits. It is their duty to appoint the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">prime minister of the Republic of Belarus</a>, and to decide the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Belarus" title="Government of Belarus">Government of the Republic of Belarus</a>. The president signs bills, and has the right to <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> and return it, fully or in parts, with objections to the House of Representatives. They also appoint – and can dismiss – the deputy Prime ministers, the ministers and the other members of the Government, and they decide in cases of resignation of the Government, or any of its members.<sup id="cite_ref-s4_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president appoints the chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Belarus" title="Supreme Court of Belarus">Supreme Court</a>, and can dismiss this chairperson and other judges. The president is supposed to deliver annual messages to the Parliament, and has the right to participate in the sessions of Parliament and its bodies. In instances of strike, the president has the right, in instances specified in the law, to defer or suspend a strike for a period not exceeding three months. In international affairs, it is the president's duty to conduct negotiations and sign international treaties, and to appoint and recall diplomatic representatives of the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-s4_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not only is the president the head of government, they are the social leader of Belarus. The president delivers messages to the citizens several times a year and can issue <a href="/wiki/Decrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Decrees">decrees</a> to establish red letter days and national holidays. The president is the main authority for the granting of Belarusian citizen and can present <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Belarus" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Belarus">state decorations</a> to honored individuals. The president also has the ability to determine the status of asylum seekers and grant <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardons</a> to convicted citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-s4_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rank_of_the_Supreme_Commander_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rank_of_the_Supreme_Commander_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus.svg/100px-Rank_of_the_Supreme_Commander_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rank_of_the_Supreme_Commander_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus.svg/150px-Rank_of_the_Supreme_Commander_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rank_of_the_Supreme_Commander_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus.svg/200px-Rank_of_the_Supreme_Commander_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Shoulder straps of the Supreme Commander of the Republic of Belarus</figcaption></figure> <p>As the supreme <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian Armed Forces">Belarusian Armed Forces</a>, the president has the duty to protect the Belarusian territory from internal and external forces. The president can call for a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> in the following cases: natural disasters, a catastrophe, or unrest involving violence or the threat of violence. Regardless if the declaration affects the entire country or sections of it, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(Belarus)" title="Council of the Republic (Belarus)">Council of the Republic</a> must be notified by the president and must seek their approval within three days of notification. The same rules applies if the president issues a state of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in the event of a possible military action against Belarus. The president has to form and head the Security Council of the Republic of Belarus, and can appoint and dismiss the state secretary of the Security Council and the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-s4_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oath_of_office">Oath of office</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oath of office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before any person can assume the office officially, an <a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">oath</a> must be sworn within two months of the election results being finalized. The text of the oath is as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Assuming the office of President of the Republic of Belarus, I solemnly swear to faithfully serve the people of the Republic of Belarus, to respect and safeguard the rights and liberties of man and citizen, to abide by and protect the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, and to discharge strictly and conscientiously the lofty duties that have been bestowed upon me.</i></p></blockquote> <p>During the inauguration ceremony, members of both houses of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Belarus">National Assembly</a>, government ministers, officials and judges from the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Belarus" title="Constitutional Court of Belarus">Constitutional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Belarus" title="Supreme Court of Belarus">Supreme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_Court_of_Belarus" title="Economic Court of Belarus">Economic Court</a> must be present. Upon reading of the oath, any powers held by a previous president will be transferred to the president-elect. The text of the oath can be found in Article 83 of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-s4_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Removal">Removal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Articles 87 through 89 of the Constitution deal with how the presidency can change hands in-between election cycles. The president has the ability to resign from office at any time under Article 87. The letter of resignation is sent to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Belarus)" title="House of Representatives (Belarus)">House of Representatives</a> and is accepted by them. The president has the ability to be removed from office if their physical or mental health is impaired under Article 88. In order for this to happen, a two-thirds majority must be reached in the House of Representatives and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(Belarus)" title="Council of the Republic (Belarus)">Council of the Republic</a> on the resolution to remove the president.<sup id="cite_ref-s4_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a> committee is formed and must make the determination about the state of health before any motion can begin. If the president has committed a grave crime, such as <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, one-third of the House must bring charges against the president formally. The investigation of the charges will be conducted by the Council of the Republic. In order to evict the president from office, a two-thirds majority is needed to vote in favor of conviction. The criminal case is further sent to the Supreme Court for review. The actions of either option must occur one month after the resolution is passed or the action will be considered void by the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-s4_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privileges">Privileges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Privileges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minsk_Pr%C3%A4sidentenpalast_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Minsk_Pr%C3%A4sidentenpalast_1.JPG/220px-Minsk_Pr%C3%A4sidentenpalast_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Minsk_Pr%C3%A4sidentenpalast_1.JPG/330px-Minsk_Pr%C3%A4sidentenpalast_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Minsk_Pr%C3%A4sidentenpalast_1.JPG/440px-Minsk_Pr%C3%A4sidentenpalast_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>The Presidential Palace</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg/220px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg/330px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg/440px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5426" data-file-height="3602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Independence_Palace,_Minsk" title="Independence Palace, Minsk">Independence Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under Article 79 of the Constitution, the president is immune from arrest, with exception to the treason/grave crimes clauses listed in Article 88 in the same document. Also under Article 79, the honor and dignity of the president will be protected by national law.<sup id="cite_ref-s4_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information, either printed in the news or reported on <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_channels_in_Belarus" title="List of television channels in Belarus">television</a>, that is considered <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a> against the president is illegal under Article 5 of the Belarusian Law on Press.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Presidential Palace (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Рэзідэнцыя Прэзідэнта</span>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Резиденция президента</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist Empire style</a> building located on <a href="/wiki/October_Square,_Minsk" title="October Square, Minsk">October Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> surrounded by the streets of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kirov" title="Sergei Kirov">Kirov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a>. Like the American <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, the streets close to the official residence are closed off to vehicular traffic and are patrolled by police forces. Having been used since 1994, it formerly housed the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Byelorussia" title="Communist Party of Byelorussia">Communist Party of Byelorussia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president also has use of the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Palace,_Minsk" title="Independence Palace, Minsk">Independence Palace</a> in Minsk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_President_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the President of Belarus">Flag of the President of Belarus</a></div> <p>Officially, the only symbol denoting the presence of the president is the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_President_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the President of Belarus">flag of the president of Belarus</a> (Штандар Прэзідэнта Рэспублікі Беларусь). The standard, which has been in use since March 27, 1997, was adopted by a decree called "Concerning the Standard of the President of Republic of Belarus." signed into law by President Lukashenko. </p><p>The standard's design is an exact copy of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Belarus" title="Flag of Belarus">national flag</a>, with the addition of the <a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Belarus" title="National emblem of Belarus">Belarusian national emblem</a> in gold. The standard's ratio of 5:6 differs from that of the national flag, making the standard almost square. The standard is bordered by a golden <a href="/wiki/Fringe_(trim)" title="Fringe (trim)">fringe</a>. There are several copies of the standard; the original is kept in the office of the president while other copies are used on buildings, residences and vehicles to denote their presence.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_Belarus_(1994–present)"><span id="President_of_Belarus_.281994.E2.80.93present.29"></span>President of Belarus (1994–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: President of Belarus (1994–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For leaders before independence and in the period 1991–1994, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_leaders_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national leaders of Belarus">List of national leaders of Belarus</a>.</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th rowspan="2">Portrait </th> <th rowspan="2">Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born–died)</span> </th> <th colspan="3">Term of office </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Political party </th> <th rowspan="2">Elected </th></tr> <tr> <th>Took office </th> <th>Left office </th> <th>Time in office </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Lukashenko_(2024-05-24)_(cropped)_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alexander_Lukashenko_%282024-05-24%29_%28cropped%29_3.jpg/113px-Alexander_Lukashenko_%282024-05-24%29_%28cropped%29_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alexander_Lukashenko_%282024-05-24%29_%28cropped%29_3.jpg/170px-Alexander_Lukashenko_%282024-05-24%29_%28cropped%29_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alexander_Lukashenko_%282024-05-24%29_%28cropped%29_3.jpg/226px-Alexander_Lukashenko_%282024-05-24%29_%28cropped%29_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1954)</span> </td> <td>20 July 1994 </td> <td><i>Incumbent</i><sup id="cite_ref-fn1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004110840000000000♠"></span>30 years, 126 days </td> <td style="background: #DCDCDC;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(close to <a href="/wiki/Belaya_Rus" title="Belaya Rus">Belaya Rus</a>)</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1994_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="1994 Belarusian presidential election">1994</a><br /><a href="/wiki/2001_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2001 Belarusian presidential election">2001</a><br /><a href="/wiki/2006_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2006 Belarusian presidential election">2006</a><br /><a href="/wiki/2010_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2010 Belarusian presidential election">2010</a><br /><a href="/wiki/2015_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2015 Belarusian presidential election">2015</a><br /><a href="/wiki/2020_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2020 Belarusian presidential election">2020</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A number of countries <a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2020_Belarusian_presidential_election_and_protests" title="International reactions to the 2020 Belarusian presidential election and protests">do not recognize</a> Lukashenko as the legitimate president of Belarus since the <a href="/wiki/2020_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2020 Belarusian presidential election">2020 Belarusian presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Next_Belarusian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Next Belarusian presidential election">next Belarusian presidential election</a> will be held in 2025; the last election was held in <a href="/wiki/2020_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2020 Belarusian presidential election">2020</a> in which Lukashenko was re-elected for a sixth term with <a href="/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya</a> as the opposition candidate and the runner-up (Tsikhanouskaya would go on to create the <a href="/wiki/Coordination_Council_(Belarus)" title="Coordination Council (Belarus)">Coordination Council</a>, recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Belarus)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Belarus)">Ministry of Internal Affairs of Belarus</a> as an extremist organisation). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_leaders_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national leaders of Belarus">List of national leaders of Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Public_Administration_(Belarus)" title="Academy of Public Administration (Belarus)">Academy of Public Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Belarus" title="Presidential Administration of Belarus">Presidential Administration of Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_President_of_Belarus" title="Chief of Staff to the President of Belarus">Chief of Staff to the President of Belarus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElena_Shesternina2013" class="citation web cs1">Elena Shesternina (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world-economic.com/articles_wej-218.html">"How Much Presidents and Prime Ministers Make"</a>. <i>World Economic Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=How+Much+Presidents+and+Prime+Ministers+Make&rft.date=2013-03&rft.au=Elena+Shesternina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld-economic.com%2Farticles_wej-218.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor" class="citation news cs1">Tharoor, Ishaan. <a rel="nofollow" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2014</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'..an authoritarian ruling style is characteristic of me [Lukashenko]'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Alexander+Lukashenko&rft.date=2007-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F3882843.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitskyWay2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitsky" title="Steven Levitsky">Levitsky, Steven</a>; Way, Lucan A. (2010). "The Evolution of Post-SovietCompetitive Authoritarianism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZDI05p1PDgC"><i>Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War</i></a>. Problems of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139491488" title="Special:BookSources/9781139491488"><bdi>9781139491488</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>Unlike his predecessor, Lukashenka consolidated authoritarian rule. He censored state media, closed Belarus's only independent radio station [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Post-SovietCompetitive+Authoritarianism&rft.btitle=Competitive+Authoritarianism%3A+Hybrid+Regimes+after+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Problems+of+International+Politics&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139491488&rft.aulast=Levitsky&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Way%2C+Lucan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNZDI05p1PDgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreisman2020" class="citation news cs1">Treisman, Rachel (16 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/08/16/903036245/one-week-after-election-belarus-sees-giant-protests-against-europe-s-last-dictat">"One Week After Election, Belarus Sees Giant Protests Against 'Europe's Last Dictator'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=One+Week+After+Election%2C+Belarus+Sees+Giant+Protests+Against+%27Europe%27s+Last+Dictator%27&rft.date=2020-08-16&rft.aulast=Treisman&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F08%2F16%2F903036245%2Fone-week-after-election-belarus-sees-giant-protests-against-europe-s-last-dictat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jones, Mark P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dw.com&rft.atitle=EU+rejects+Lukashenko+inauguration+as+illegitimate&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fbelarus-eu-rejects-lukashenko-inauguration-as-illegitimate%2Fa-55038895%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLjunggren2020" class="citation news cs1">Ljunggren, Josh Smith (29 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-belarus-election-sanctions/britain-and-canada-impose-sanctions-on-belarus-leader-lukashenko-idUKKBN26K2QV">"Britain and Canada impose sanctions on Belarus leader Lukashenko"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411164455/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-belarus-election-sanctions/britain-and-canada-impose-sanctions-on-belarus-leader-lukashenko-idUKKBN26K2QV">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Britain+and+Canada+impose+sanctions+on+Belarus+leader+Lukashenko&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft.aulast=Ljunggren&rft.aufirst=Josh+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-belarus-election-sanctions%2Fbritain-and-canada-impose-sanctions-on-belarus-leader-lukashenko-idUKKBN26K2QV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/2/b/469539.pdf">"OSCE Report on the Presidential Elections 2020 in Belarus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Osce.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Osce.org">Osce.org</a></i>. 29 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204022616/https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/2/b/469539.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Osce.org&rft.atitle=OSCE+Report+on+the+Presidential+Elections+2020+in+Belarus&rft.date=2020-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Ffiles%2Ff%2Fdocuments%2F2%2Fb%2F469539.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54961111">"Belarus protesters battered, bruised but defiant after 100 days"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 17 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128013324/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54961111">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Belarus+protesters+battered%2C+bruised+but+defiant+after+100+days&rft.date=2020-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-54961111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.gov.by/en/">Official website</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English, Belarusian, and Russian)</span></li></ul> <div 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belarus_topics" title="Template:Belarus topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belarus_topics" title="Template talk:Belarus topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belarus_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belarus topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Belarus_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Belarus-related_topics" title="List of Belarus-related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuri" title="Neuri">Neuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphagi" title="Androphagi">Androphagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Turov" title="Principality of Turov">Principality of Turov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Belorussia" title="Western Belorussia">Western Belorussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Western_Belorussia" title="Soviet annexation of Western Belorussia">Annexation of Western Belarus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus#Republic_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Republic of Belarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belarus" title="Geography of Belarus">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_largest_towns_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and largest towns in Belarus">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Belarus" title="List of extreme points of Belarus">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Belarus" title="Geology of Belarus">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Belarus" title="Protected areas of Belarus">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Belarus" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Belarus" title="List of national parks of Belarus">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Belarus" title="List of rivers of Belarus">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamps_of_Belarus" title="Swamps of Belarus">Swamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Belarus" title="Censorship in Belarus">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belarus" title="Elections in Belarus">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_of_Belarus" title="Central Election Commission of Belarus">Central Election Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belarus" title="Foreign relations of Belarus">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Belarus" title="Government of Belarus">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belarus" title="Human rights in Belarus">Human rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Belarus">LGBT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belarus" title="Law enforcement in Belarus">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">State Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Belarus)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Belarus)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops_of_Belarus" title="Internal Troops of Belarus">Internal Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya_(Belarus)" title="Militsiya (Belarus)">Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Security_Service_(Belarus)" title="Presidential Security Service (Belarus)">Presidential Security Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Belarus" title="Armed Forces of Belarus">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Belarus" title="List of political parties in Belarus">Political parties</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Belarus" title="List of prime ministers of Belarus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State of Russia and Belarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belarus" title="Economy of Belarus">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Belarus" title="Agriculture in Belarus">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Belarus" title="List of banks in Belarus">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Bank of the Republic of Belarus">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belarus" title="Energy in Belarus">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Belarus" title="Industry of Belarus">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_in_relation_to_human_rights_violations_in_Belarus" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned in relation to human rights violations in Belarus">International sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Currency_and_Stock_Exchange" title="Belarusian Currency and Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belarus" title="Transport in Belarus">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Belarus" title="Category:Society of 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style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Belarus" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Belarus">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_folk_dance" title="Belarusian folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Belarus" title="Mass media in Belarus">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Belarus" title="National symbols of Belarus">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Belarus" title="Public holidays in Belarus">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Belarus" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Belarus">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Belarus" title="Outline of Belarus">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belarus-related_topics" title="List of Belarus-related topics">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Belarusian_history" title="Bibliography of Belarusian 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title="Template:Leaders of Belarus since 1918"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_Belarus_since_1918" title="Template talk:Leaders of Belarus since 1918"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_Belarus_since_1918" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of Belarus since 1918"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_office-holders_in_Belarus_since_1918" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_office-holders_in_Belarus" title="Lists of political office-holders in Belarus">Political office-holders in Belarus</a> since 1918</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belarus_(1918,_1991%E2%80%931995).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Belarusian_People&#039;s_Republic_(1918–1919)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian People's Republic">Belarusian People's Republic (1918–1919)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Sierada" title="Jan Sierada">Sierada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazep_Losik" title="Jazep Losik">Losik</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotra_Kre%C4%8De%C5%ADski" class="mw-redirect" title="Piotra Krečeŭski">Krečeŭski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belarus" title="Portal:Belarus">Belarus portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;">First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Byelorussia" title="Communist Party of Byelorussia">Communist Party</a> of the <br /><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR (1919–1991)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Knorin" title="Vilhelm Knorin">Knorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Osatkin-Vladimirsky" title="Aleksandr Osatkin-Vladimirsky">Osatkin-Vladimirsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Krinitsky" title="Alexander Krinitsky">Krinitsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Goloded" title="Nikolay Goloded">Goloded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Knorin" title="Vilhelm Knorin">Knorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Gamarnik" title="Yan Gamarnik">Gamarnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Gey" title="Konstantin Gey">Gey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Gikalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Gikalo">Gikalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Sharangovich" title="Vasily Sharangovich">Sharangovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Yakovlev" title="Yakov Yakovlev">Yakovlev</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Alekseyevich_Volkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksei Alekseyevich Volkov">Volkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Ponomarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gusarov" title="Nikolai Gusarov">Gusarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patolichev" title="Nikolai Patolichev">Patolichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Mazurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Masherov" title="Pyotr Masherov">Masherov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_Kiselyov" title="Tikhon Kiselyov">Kiselyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Slyunkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Slyunkov">Slyunkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yefrem_Sokolov" title="Yefrem Sokolov">Sokolov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Malofeyev" title="Anatoly Malofeyev">Malofeyev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belarus_(1918,_1991%E2%80%931995).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of Belarus">Supreme Council</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus (1991–1994)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanislau_Shushkevich" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislau Shushkevich">Shushkevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Nikolayevich_Kuznetsov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyacheslav Nikolayevich Kuznetsov">Kuznetsov</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myechyslaw_Hryb" title="Myechyslaw Hryb">Hryb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belarus_(1918,_1991%E2%80%931995).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span> / <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (since 1994)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Lukashenko</a> <small>(since 1994; disputed since 2020)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Tsikhanouskaya</a> <small>(disputed since 2020)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>* acting † contested</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Template:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state and government of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads<br />of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria" title="President of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lithuania" title="President of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Malta" title="President of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Montenegro" title="President of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian Federation</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captains_Regent" title="Captains Regent">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia" title="President of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovakia" title="President of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovenia" title="President of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_and_Grand_Masters_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Partially recognised<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Abkhazia" title="President of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="President of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Ossetia" title="President of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Unrecognised states<sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Transnistria" title="President of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Andorra" title="List of heads of government of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Croatia" title="Prime Minister of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Denmark" title="Prime Minister of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of heads of government of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lithuania" title="Prime Minister of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of prime ministers of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malta" title="Prime Minister of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Moldova" title="Prime Minister of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Monaco)" title="Minister of State (Monaco)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro" title="Prime Minister of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Russian Federation</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captains_Regent" title="Captains Regent">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia" title="Prime Minister of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovakia" title="Prime Minister of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_and_Grand_Masters_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Partially recognised<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Abkhazia" title="Prime Minister of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Ossetia" title="Prime Minister of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Unrecognised states<sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Transnistria" title="Prime Minister of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.</li> <li>2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.</li> <li>3. Not recognised by any United Nations members.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Belarus&#124;link=Belarus_Elections_and_referendums_in_Belarus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belarusian_elections" title="Template:Belarusian elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belarusian_elections" title="Template talk:Belarusian elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belarusian_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belarusian elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Belarus&#124;link=Belarus_Elections_and_referendums_in_Belarus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belarus" title="Elections in Belarus">Elections and referendums in Belarus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidential elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="1994 Belarusian presidential election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2001 Belarusian presidential election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2006 Belarusian presidential election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2010 Belarusian presidential election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2015 Belarusian presidential election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2020 Belarusian presidential election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2025 Belarusian presidential election"><i>2025</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus">Parliamentary elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_Byelorussian_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 Byelorussian parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_People%27s_Assemblies_of_Western_Ukraine_and_Western_Belorussia" title="Elections to the People's Assemblies of Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia">1939 (West Belarus)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_Byelorussian_Supreme_Soviet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 Byelorussian Supreme Soviet election (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_Byelorussian_Supreme_Soviet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 Byelorussian Supreme Soviet election (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_Byelorussian_Supreme_Soviet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 Byelorussian Supreme Soviet election (page does not exist)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Byelorussian_Supreme_Soviet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Byelorussian Supreme Soviet election (page does not exist)">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Byelorussian_Supreme_Soviet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 Byelorussian Supreme Soviet election (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Byelorussian_Supreme_Soviet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 Byelorussian Supreme Soviet election (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_Byelorussian_Supreme_Soviet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 Byelorussian Supreme Soviet election (page does not exist)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1975_Byelorussian_Supreme_Soviet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1975 Byelorussian Supreme Soviet election (page does not exist)">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980_Byelorussian_Supreme_Soviet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 Byelorussian Supreme Soviet election (page does not exist)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_Byelorussian_Supreme_Soviet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 Byelorussian Supreme Soviet election (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Byelorussian_Supreme_Soviet_election" title="1990 Byelorussian Supreme Soviet election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Belarusian_parliamentary_election" title="1995 Belarusian parliamentary election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Belarusian_parliamentary_election" title="2000 Belarusian parliamentary election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Belarusian_parliamentary_election" title="2004 Belarusian parliamentary election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Belarusian_parliamentary_election" title="2008 Belarusian parliamentary election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Belarusian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Belarusian parliamentary election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Belarusian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Belarusian parliamentary election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Belarusian_parliamentary_election" title="2019 Belarusian parliamentary election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Belarusian_parliamentary_election" title="2024 Belarusian parliamentary election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipal elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>...</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Belarusian_municipal_elections" title="1995 Belarusian municipal elections">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Belarusian_municipal_elections" title="1999 Belarusian municipal elections">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Belarusian_municipal_elections" title="2003 Belarusian municipal elections">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Belarusian_municipal_elections" title="2007 Belarusian municipal elections">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Belarusian_municipal_elections" title="2010 Belarusian municipal elections">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Belarusian_municipal_elections" title="2014 Belarusian municipal elections">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Belarusian_municipal_elections" title="2018 Belarusian municipal elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2024_Belarusian_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2024 Belarusian municipal elections (page does not exist)">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_Belarusian_referendum" title="1995 Belarusian referendum">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Belarusian_referendum" title="1996 Belarusian referendum">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Belarusian_constitutional_referendum" title="2004 Belarusian constitutional referendum">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Belarusian_constitutional_referendum" title="2022 Belarusian constitutional referendum">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_elections" title="Template:Soviet elections">Elections and referendums in the Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&oldid=1259094759">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_Belarus&oldid=1259094759</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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