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data-qa="App-renderLayout-PageContainer" class="css-7cwzj1 e1t69p6b3"><div class="css-0 erz0pye0" data-qa="HamburgerMenu-Container"></div><header class="css-t2gjtu endoxya7" style="position:sticky;transform:none;transition:none" data-qa="AppBar-Container"><div data-qa="AppBar-FullWidthBackground" class="css-11nu6fn endoxya8"></div><div class="endoxya4 css-1b1u8s8 e1ywe5j619" data-qa="Header-Container"><div data-qa="Header-HeaderContainer" class="css-mw3fnh e1ywe5j621"></div></div><div id="header-bottom-container" data-qa="AppBar-renderLayout-HeaderBottomContainer" class="css-qi7d0q endoxya5"></div><div data-qa="AppBar-renderLayout-AdSlotContainer" class="css-1ya0qg6 endoxya6"></div></header><div data-qa="App-renderLayout-Content" class="css-o13c8i e1t69p6b0"><div data-qa="App-renderLayout-PageTransition" style="will-change:auto;opacity:1"><!--$--><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"https://www.scmp.com/comment","name":"Opinion"},"position":1},{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"https://www.scmp.com/comment/china-opinion","name":"China Opinion"},"position":2}]}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.scmp.com/opinion/china-opinion/article/3286374/west-cant-have-it-both-ways-overcapacity","@type":"WebPage"}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":["NewsArticle","OpinionNewsArticle"],"alternativeHeadline":"Opinion | The West can’t have it both ways on overcapacity","articleBody":"Political hypocrisy is a contradiction between a state’s professed ideals and actual practices – an inconsistency that undermines the coherence of its professed moral and political views. As philosophers, we would say that, at its core, hypocrisy violates the principle of non-contradiction: if you simultaneously hold and act against a particular value, you engage in a form of self-defeating reasoning.\nThe hypocritical agent is thereby legitimately seen as immoral, deceptive and lacking in seriousness. At any rate, the agent loses credibility and undermines the integrity of their political relationships with their counterparts.\nIn academia, we are interested in how hypocrisy affects multilateral relationships and political trust. At the moment, we have a particularly glaring case of hypocrisy – the destructive tariffs against Chinese electric vehicles (EVs).\nThe ongoing debate over electric vehicles provides a vivid illustration of political hypocrisy and its damaging consequences. Major Western nations have been scrambling to impose extraordinary tariffs on electric vehicles made in China, as well as photovoltaic solar cells and lithium-ion batteries.\nIn May, the United States announced it would increase its tariffs on electric vehicles made in China to 100 per cent. The changes were implemented in September. Canada soon followed suit, also announcing a 100 per cent tariff. Then, in October, the European Union decided via a contentious qualified majority vote to impose its own tariffs of up to 45 per cent.\nGiven the extraordinary size of these duties, it seems more appropriate to see them almost as import bans. The pressure to impose such bans will only increase with the re-election of Donald Trump as the president of the United States.\n\nThe arguments for these near import bans are at their core hypocritical along three dimensions: overcapacity, state support and public international law.\nOvercapacity has been a trendy term of late – used as the basis of an accusation levelled against Chinese manufacturing of electric vehicles, namely, that China is somehow engaging in unethical trading behaviour. But it is a strange accusation because it is far from clear why overcapacity is bad.\nThe World Trade Organization, just like its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, allows for measures against state-supported dumping practices. Dumping was understood to consist of exporting a product at a lower price than what it would be sold for inside one’s own country.\nDumping is the mirror image of a tariff – tariffs make other countries’ products more expensive in one’s own country while dumping makes your product cheaper in other countries. But overcapacity is not dumping.\n\nRather, overcapacity entails constructing larger manufacturing capability than the current demand calls for. On its own, this is nothing to fear. Indeed, absent growing demand it will ultimately hurt the manufacturer. Moreover, Western nations have pervasively engaged in similar overcapacity in strategic sectors.\nFor example, American soybean manufacturers are ramping up their manufacturing and planning to increase their output by 23 per cent in the next three years, according to a report by CoBank, to gain an edge in renewable fuel material manufacturing.\nThe overcapacity argument is often reinforced by the claim that this manufacturing ability has been achieved unfairly – through government support of China’s clean energy expertise and manufacturing. Yet upon closer inspection, the claim is equally hypocritical. Many important industries would not have come to fruition absent significant government support.\nThis July, the US announced US$160 million in grants for the clean manufacturing of steel and other construction materials. This follows a long tradition of US government support for the steel industry. Interestingly, the Truman administration pushed heavily for capacity expansion in steel, precisely in part so that American steel manufacturers could gain an advantage in the international steel trade.\nMeanwhile, Canada has supported its softwood lumber manufacturers at every level of government for decades.\n\n\nMost glaringly, the countries imposing tariffs on EVs made in China have their own subsidies and tax breaks for EVs, such as the US’ clean vehicle tax credits and Canada’s Incentives for Zero-Emissions Vehicles programme.\nIf we are correct above – and the charges of overcapacity are just hypocrisy in disguise – how can these tariffs possibly survive review by the WTO? Ordinarily, the most-favoured-nation and national treatment principles would require treating EVs made in China on par with the most favourably treated foreign manufacturers or domestic manufacturers.\nThis is especially curious given that even modest tariffs would historically have been held up in mediation and arbitration for years, as was the case in the US-Canada softwood lumber dispute, which passed through the North American Free Trade Agreement, the WTO and bilateral rounds of negotiation.\nHowever, the Trump administration blocked appointments to the WTO’s Appellate Body, causing it to lose quorum and become irrelevant since 2019. The Joe Biden administration has maintained the Trump policy and has not permitted appointments to the WTO’s dispute-resolution body, exacerbating what is referred to as the Appellate Body crisis. As a result, public international law governing trade has become crippled.\nIn imposing such extraordinary tariffs outside the agreed-upon legal mechanisms and sabotaging the very institutions designed to guard against this, the US and other Western economies contradict their stance as defenders of fair trade and multilateralism. Hence, political hypocrisy is not only creating an environment that is inhospitable to trade, it is eroding the very institutions that are designed to protect us from such an environment.\n","articleSection":"China Opinion","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Boris Babic","sameAs":"https://www.scmp.com/author/boris-babic"},"dateCreated":"2024-11-13T15:24:48+08:00","dateModified":"2024-11-20T20:30:10+08:00","datePublished":"2024-11-20T20:30:10+08:00","description":"Tariff wars on China not only expose a double standard around Western manufacturing but also erode the institutions of fair trade.","genre":"Opinion","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","cssSelector":".piano-metering__paywall-container","isAccessibleForFree":"False"},"headline":"Opinion | The West can’t have it both ways on 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0"></feColorMatrix><feBlend mode="normal" in2="BackgroundImageFix" result="effect1_dropShadow_971_51319"></feBlend><feBlend mode="normal" in="SourceGraphic" in2="effect1_dropShadow_971_51319" result="shape"></feBlend></filter></defs></svg></figure></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-ContentContainer" class="css-wvfhp ea45u6l28"><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Author" class="css-plhgzi ea45u6l15"><div data-qa="AuthorNames-AuthorNamesContainer" class=" er6t7fe31 css-1fl3ncg eybiz6w3"><a target="_self" class="e163ld431 css-uvyeg2 ecgc78b0" href="/author/boris-babic" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor">Boris Babic</a><span data-qa="AuthorNames-renderCommaOrAnd-AndSeparator" class="css-1md3kj8 eybiz6w1">and</span><a target="_self" class="e163ld431 css-uvyeg2 ecgc78b0" href="/author/herman-cappelen" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor">Herman Cappelen</a></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-PublishDateTime" class="css-mbzp8v ea45u6l14"><div class=" er6t7fe25 css-1qbx4v2 efakuk42" data-qa="Article20Date-Container"><time dateTime="2024-11-20T12:30:10.000Z" data-qa="Article20Date-PublishedDate" class="css-0 efakuk41">Published: <!-- -->8:30pm, 20 Nov 2024</time></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Correction" class="css-1ou8zht ea45u6l11"></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Content" class="css-1nbm1qt ea45u6l10"><section class="er6t7fe38 css-19sk4h4 e1pqt1t0" data-qa="ContentBody-ContentBodyContainer"><div class="js-reading-0-percent-completion-tracker css-19icq8a ekyy9du0" data-qa="useTrackViewedPercentageRender-trackViewedPercentageRenders-TrackPercentageBlock"></div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">Political hypocrisy is a contradiction between a state’s professed ideals and actual practices – an inconsistency that undermines the coherence of its professed moral and political views. As philosophers, we would say that, at its core, hypocrisy violates the principle of non-contradiction: if you simultaneously hold and act against a particular value, you engage in a form of self-defeating reasoning.</p><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-y2bwcc e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">The hypocritical agent is thereby legitimately seen as immoral, deceptive and lacking in seriousness. At any rate, the agent loses credibility and undermines the integrity of their political relationships with their counterparts.</p><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">In academia, we are interested in how hypocrisy affects multilateral relationships and political trust. At the moment, we have a particularly glaring case of hypocrisy – the destructive tariffs against Chinese electric vehicles (EVs).</p><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">The ongoing debate over electric vehicles provides a vivid illustration of political hypocrisy and its damaging consequences. Major <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb ecgc78b0" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3284417/china-eu-trade-war-erupts-beijing-files-wto-complaint-over-ev-tariff-hikes?module=inline&pgtype=article?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">Western nations</span></a> have been scrambling to impose extraordinary tariffs on electric vehicles made in China, as well as <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb ecgc78b0" href="https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3282386/chinas-solar-firms-eye-self-salvation-amid-burning-rivalry-growing-threats?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">photovoltaic solar cells</span></a> and <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb ecgc78b0" href="https://www.scmp.com/business/article/3270498/china-dominance-global-lithium-ion-batteries-remain-intact-rystad-energy-says?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">lithium-ion batteries</span></a>.</div><div class="js-reading-20-percent-completion-tracker css-19icq8a ekyy9du0" data-qa="useTrackViewedPercentageRender-trackViewedPercentageRenders-TrackPercentageBlock"></div><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">In May, the United States announced it would increase its tariffs on electric vehicles made in China to <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb ecgc78b0" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3262708/biden-says-new-china-tariffs-are-needed-protect-us-industries-companies-subsidised-beijing?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">100 per cent</span></a>. The changes were implemented in September. Canada soon <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb ecgc78b0" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3276004/canada-imposes-100-tariffs-china-made-evs-25-levy-steel-aluminium-matching-us?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">followed suit</span></a>, also announcing a 100 per cent tariff. Then, in October, the <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb ecgc78b0" href="https://www.scmp.com/economy/global-economy/article/3269892/china-probe-eus-trade-barriers?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">European Union</span></a> decided via a contentious qualified majority vote to impose its own tariffs of up to 45 per cent.</div><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-gy323d e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">Given the extraordinary size of these duties, it seems more appropriate to see them almost as import bans. The pressure to impose such bans will <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb ecgc78b0" href="https://www.scmp.com/business/china-evs/article/3286081/not-fan-evs-trumps-comeback-hurt-chinese-ev-makers-expect-rough-seas?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">only increase</span></a> with the re-election of Donald Trump as the president of the United States.</div></section></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-PaywallContainer" class="css-1kfpym9 ea45u6l1"><div class="er6t7fe18 piano-metering__paywall-container css-1e938sv e1x97qwg1" data-qa="ArticlePaywallContainer-Container"><div data-qa="ArticlePaywallContainer-LoadingContainer" class="css-hu4lls e1x97qwg2"><div class="css-1px2vm1 e1hb2u5e0" data-qa="Loading-CenteredContainer"><img alt="loading" aria-label="loading" data-qa="BaseImage-handleRenderImage-StyledImage" loading="eager" 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...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n image(filter: {type: AUTHOR_IMAGE}) {\n style(filter: {style: \"300x300\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorBioAuthor on Author {\n bio\n}\n\nfragment authorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...styleAuthorCardAuthor\n ...defaultAuthorCardAuthor\n ...plusAuthorCardAuthor\n}\n\nfragment authorNameAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n name\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment authorNamesArticle on Article {\n authorLocations\n authors {\n entityId\n location\n ...authorNameAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorRoleAuthor on Author {\n role {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorSocialLinksAuthor on Author {\n socialLinks {\n class\n title\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment beforeYouGoActionWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle on Article {\n entityId\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleSeriesCarouselContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentActionBarContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n createdDate\n updatedDate\n publishedDate\n readingTime\n ...articleCommentArticle\n ...helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle\n ...helpersGetContentTypeNameContent\n ... on Article {\n hasVideoContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentBodyContent_3o8td4 on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_4isNar on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n landscape250x99: style(filter: {style: \"landscape_250_99\"}) {\n url\n }\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...articleRelatedTopicsContent\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment geoLocationMainLocationArticle on Article {\n entityId\n entityUuid\n firstTopic {\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePianoPaywallContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsAmpEnabledArticle on Article {\n entityId\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n sponsorType\n published\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeNameArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetContentTypeNameContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeNameArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetPdfFileUrlArticle on Article {\n pdfFiles {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSendPdfFileTrackingArticle on Article {\n entityId\n pdfFiles {\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksAmpRedirectArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsAmpEnabledArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersCheckIsAmpEnabledArticle\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_style\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_4isNar\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ...contentUpdatedDateContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentPublishedDateContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n ...videoDurationOverlayVideo\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksPaywallPromiseContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksSeriesArticleSectionTagArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ...atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4\n ...atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackPageViewArticle on Article {\n entityId\n publishedDate\n headline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle on Article {\n entityId\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationsSection on Section {\n ...notificationSection\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment imageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n ...checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent\n}\n\nfragment infographicArticleArticle on Article {\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...landingBannerInfographicArticle\n}\n\nfragment inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment inlineWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment issuesNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n }\n ...issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment itemLiveArticleContentArticle on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment landingBannerInfographicArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n headline\n topics {\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n title\n url\n }\n coverHero: image(filter: {type: HERO}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment liveArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n entityUuid\n flag\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n ...contentLiveArticleArticle\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...newsletterWidgetLiveArticleArticle\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n}\n\nfragment liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF on Query {\n article(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n liveArticle(filter: {entityUuid: $entityUuid}) {\n customTimezone\n liveContents {\n entityId\n publishedDate\n title\n body {\n text\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment magazinesStyleArticleMoreOnThisContentItemContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...entityLink\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S\n}\n\nfragment morningStudioArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...headerMorningStudioArticle\n}\n\nfragment morningStudioArticleFooterContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityUuid\n topics {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment newsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n ...contentNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...headerNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment newsletterWidgetLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment notificationSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment pdfFileLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n ...helpersSendPdfFileTrackingArticle\n ...helpersGetPdfFileUrlArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment photoGalleryDialogContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment photoGalleryWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...photoGalleryDialogContent\n}\n\nfragment pianoIntegrationArticle on Article {\n __typename\n contentLock\n createdDate\n entityId\n entityUuid\n headline\n publishedDate\n sponsor\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n ...helpersIsArchiveWallArticle\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...shareContentUnlockedArticle\n}\n\nfragment plusArticleAuthorBlockArticle on Article {\n ...articleDateContent\n ...authorNamesArticle\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment plusArticleTitleArticle on Article {\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...articleTitleArticle\n ...plusArticleTypeTitleContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment plusArticleTypeTitleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment plusAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n 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articleGeoLocationWidget on Article {\n topics {\n types\n id\n }\n ...geoLocationMainLocationArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleImageGalleryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment articleLeadingArticle on Article {\n entityId\n displaySlideShow\n ...articleLeadingImagesContent\n ...contentCoverVideoContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleLeadingImagesContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n images {\n title\n url\n isSlideshow\n size660w: style(filter: {style: \"660w\"}) {\n url\n }\n size1320w: style(filter: {style: \"1320w\"}) {\n url\n }\n sizeLandscape250x99: style(filter: {style: \"landscape_250_99\"}) {\n url\n }\n size1280x720: style(filter: {style: \"wide_landscape\"}) {\n url\n }\n size1200x800: style(filter: {style: \"1200x800\"}) {\n url\n }\n size1020x680: style(filter: {style: \"1020x680\"}) {\n url\n }\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleLinkingDataContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleListArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleDividerArticle\n ...articleFooterArticle\n ...articlePaginationCheckerArticle\n ...articlePaginationNavigationHistoryArticle_3o8td4\n ...articleRecommendationArticle\n ...articlePianoPaywallContent\n ...articleRenderArticle_3o8td4\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent\n ...contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreOnThisListArticle on Article {\n moreOnThisArticles {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n images {\n url\n style(filter: {style: \"237x147\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreOnThisListStyleArticle on Article {\n styleMoreOnThisArticles: moreOnThisArticles {\n ...entityLink\n ...magazinesStyleArticleMoreOnThisContentItemContent\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesArticle on Article {\n moreOnThisArticles {\n entityId\n ...articleMoreStoriesItemArticle\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesItemArticle on Article {\n ...entityLink\n headline\n socialHeadline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n url\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationCheckerArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationNavigationHistoryArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment articlePianoPaywallContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle on Article {\n printHeadline\n}\n\nfragment articleReadingTimeContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n readingTime\n}\n\nfragment articleRecommendationArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n moreOnThisArticles {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleRelatedTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleRenderArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleActionWidgetArticle\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticleContent\n ...articleAuthorBlockArticle\n ...articleAuthorDetailsContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...articleBeforeYouGoWidget\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleCorrectionsWidgetArticle\n ...articleDateContent\n ...articleFurtherReadingWidgetArticle\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...articleLeadingArticle\n ...articleMoreOnThisListArticle\n ...articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle\n ...articleReadingTimeContent\n ...articleRelatedTopicsContent\n ...articleSectionsContent\n ...articleSeriesArticle\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleTopicContent\n ...articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle\n ...articleTopicsContent\n ...articleTopicWidgetArticle\n ...articleVocabBoxArticle\n ...articleGeoLocationWidget\n ...authorAvatarsArticle\n ...authorNamesArticle\n ...contentActionBarContent\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentLiveTagContent\n ...contentReadMoreButtonContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentSubHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...genericArticleContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4\n ...infographicArticleArticle\n ...liveArticleArticle\n ...morningStudioArticleContent\n ...newsletterArticleArticle\n ...pianoIntegrationArticle\n ...plusColumnsArticleContent\n ...plusGenericArticleContent\n ...postMagazineArticleContent\n ...seriesArticleArticle\n ...styleArticleContent\n}\n\nfragment articleSchemaContent_mN6kk on Query {\n article(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n authorLocations\n contentLock\n createdDate\n headline\n publishedDate\n socialHeadline\n sponsorType\n updatedDate\n urlAlias\n authors {\n location\n name\n types\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n subHeadline {\n text\n }\n corrections {\n correction {\n text\n }\n timestamp\n }\n images {\n isSlideshow\n height\n width\n url\n }\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n ...liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF\n}\n\nfragment articleSectionsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeoArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...hooksArticleSeoArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n entityId\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n summary {\n text\n }\n subHeadline {\n text\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n text\n }\n keywords\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n readingTime\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesArticle on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle\n ...carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesCarouselContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ... on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT\n}\n\nfragment articleShareWidgetArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSponsorContent on Article {\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n description {\n json\n }\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n image(filter: {type: AUTHOR_IMAGE}) {\n style(filter: {style: \"300x300\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorBioAuthor on Author {\n bio\n}\n\nfragment authorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...styleAuthorCardAuthor\n ...defaultAuthorCardAuthor\n ...plusAuthorCardAuthor\n}\n\nfragment authorNameAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n name\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment authorNamesArticle on Article {\n authorLocations\n authors {\n entityId\n location\n ...authorNameAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorRoleAuthor on Author {\n role {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorSocialLinksAuthor on Author {\n socialLinks {\n class\n title\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment beforeYouGoActionWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle on Article {\n entityId\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleSeriesCarouselContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentActionBarContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n createdDate\n updatedDate\n publishedDate\n readingTime\n ...articleCommentArticle\n ...helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle\n ...helpersGetContentTypeNameContent\n ... on Article {\n hasVideoContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentBodyContent_3o8td4 on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_4isNar on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n landscape250x99: style(filter: {style: \"landscape_250_99\"}) {\n url\n }\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...articleRelatedTopicsContent\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment geoLocationMainLocationArticle on Article {\n entityId\n entityUuid\n firstTopic {\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePianoPaywallContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsAmpEnabledArticle on Article {\n entityId\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n sponsorType\n published\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeNameArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetContentTypeNameContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeNameArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetPdfFileUrlArticle on Article {\n pdfFiles {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSendPdfFileTrackingArticle on Article {\n entityId\n pdfFiles {\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksAmpRedirectArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsAmpEnabledArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on 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As philosophers, we would say that, at its core, hypocrisy violates the principle of non-contradiction: if you simultaneously hold and act against a particular value, you engage in a form of self-defeating reasoning.\nThe hypocritical agent is thereby legitimately seen as immoral, deceptive and lacking in seriousness. At any rate, the agent loses credibility and undermines the integrity of their political relationships with their counterparts.\nIn academia, we are interested in how hypocrisy affects multilateral relationships and political trust. At the moment, we have a particularly glaring case of hypocrisy – the destructive tariffs against Chinese electric vehicles (EVs).\nThe ongoing debate over electric vehicles provides a vivid illustration of political hypocrisy and its damaging consequences. Major Western nations have been scrambling to impose extraordinary tariffs on electric vehicles made in China, as well as photovoltaic solar cells and lithium-ion batteries.\nIn May, the United States announced it would increase its tariffs on electric vehicles made in China to 100 per cent. The changes were implemented in September. Canada soon followed suit, also announcing a 100 per cent tariff. Then, in October, the European Union decided via a contentious qualified majority vote to impose its own tariffs of up to 45 per cent.\nGiven the extraordinary size of these duties, it seems more appropriate to see them almost as import bans. The pressure to impose such bans will only increase with the re-election of Donald Trump as the president of the United States.\n\nThe arguments for these near import bans are at their core hypocritical along three dimensions: overcapacity, state support and public international law.\nOvercapacity has been a trendy term of late – used as the basis of an accusation levelled against Chinese manufacturing of electric vehicles, namely, that China is somehow engaging in unethical trading behaviour. But it is a strange accusation because it is far from clear why overcapacity is bad.\nThe World Trade Organization, just like its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, allows for measures against state-supported dumping practices. Dumping was understood to consist of exporting a product at a lower price than what it would be sold for inside one’s own country.\nDumping is the mirror image of a tariff – tariffs make other countries’ products more expensive in one’s own country while dumping makes your product cheaper in other countries. But overcapacity is not dumping.\n\nRather, overcapacity entails constructing larger manufacturing capability than the current demand calls for. On its own, this is nothing to fear. Indeed, absent growing demand it will ultimately hurt the manufacturer. Moreover, Western nations have pervasively engaged in similar overcapacity in strategic sectors.\nFor example, American soybean manufacturers are ramping up their manufacturing and planning to increase their output by 23 per cent in the next three years, according to a report by CoBank, to gain an edge in renewable fuel material manufacturing.\nThe overcapacity argument is often reinforced by the claim that this manufacturing ability has been achieved unfairly – through government support of China’s clean energy expertise and manufacturing. Yet upon closer inspection, the claim is equally hypocritical. Many important industries would not have come to fruition absent significant government support.\nThis July, the US announced US$160 million in grants for the clean manufacturing of steel and other construction materials. This follows a long tradition of US government support for the steel industry. Interestingly, the Truman administration pushed heavily for capacity expansion in steel, precisely in part so that American steel manufacturers could gain an advantage in the international steel trade.\nMeanwhile, Canada has supported its softwood lumber manufacturers at every level of government for decades.\n\n\nMost glaringly, the countries imposing tariffs on EVs made in China have their own subsidies and tax breaks for EVs, such as the US’ clean vehicle tax credits and Canada’s Incentives for Zero-Emissions Vehicles programme.\nIf we are correct above – and the charges of overcapacity are just hypocrisy in disguise – how can these tariffs possibly survive review by the WTO? Ordinarily, the most-favoured-nation and national treatment principles would require treating EVs made in China on par with the most favourably treated foreign manufacturers or domestic manufacturers.\nThis is especially curious given that even modest tariffs would historically have been held up in mediation and arbitration for years, as was the case in the US-Canada softwood lumber dispute, which passed through the North American Free Trade Agreement, the WTO and bilateral rounds of negotiation.\nHowever, the Trump administration blocked appointments to the WTO’s Appellate Body, causing it to lose quorum and become irrelevant since 2019. The Joe Biden administration has maintained the Trump policy and has not permitted appointments to the WTO’s dispute-resolution body, exacerbating what is referred to as the Appellate Body crisis. As a result, public international law governing trade has become crippled.\nIn imposing such extraordinary tariffs outside the agreed-upon legal mechanisms and sabotaging the very institutions designed to guard against this, the US and other Western economies contradict their stance as defenders of fair trade and multilateralism. Hence, political hypocrisy is not only creating an environment that is inhospitable to trade, it is eroding the very institutions that are designed to protect us from such an environment.\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Political hypocrisy is a contradiction between a state’s professed ideals and actual practices – an inconsistency that undermines the coherence of its professed moral and political views. As philosophers, we would say that, at its core, hypocrisy violates the principle of non-contradiction: if you simultaneously hold and act against a particular value, you engage in a form of self-defeating reasoning."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The hypocritical agent is thereby legitimately seen as immoral, deceptive and lacking in seriousness. At any rate, the agent loses credibility and undermines the integrity of their political relationships with their counterparts."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In academia, we are interested in how hypocrisy affects multilateral relationships and political trust. At the moment, we have a particularly glaring case of hypocrisy – the destructive tariffs against Chinese electric vehicles (EVs)."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The ongoing debate over electric vehicles provides a vivid illustration of political hypocrisy and its damaging consequences. Major "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3284417/china-eu-trade-war-erupts-beijing-files-wto-complaint-over-ev-tariff-hikes?module=inline\u0026pgtype=article","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"15006251-95e8-4eb4-a6cd-5c3d8b313934","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Western nations"}]},{"type":"text","data":" have been scrambling to impose extraordinary tariffs on electric vehicles made in China, as well as "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3282386/chinas-solar-firms-eye-self-salvation-amid-burning-rivalry-growing-threats","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"ca0219a6-723d-453d-982f-ed00c6a8c443","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"photovoltaic solar cells"}]},{"type":"text","data":" and "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/business/article/3270498/china-dominance-global-lithium-ion-batteries-remain-intact-rystad-energy-says","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"05c138b2-f086-4410-af0b-6a8c89111734","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"lithium-ion batteries"}]},{"type":"text","data":"."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In May, the United States announced it would increase its tariffs on electric vehicles made in China to "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3262708/biden-says-new-china-tariffs-are-needed-protect-us-industries-companies-subsidised-beijing","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"dd001254-1fa0-4006-a9d1-e55f31dce716","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"100 per cent"}]},{"type":"text","data":". The changes were implemented in September. Canada soon "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3276004/canada-imposes-100-tariffs-china-made-evs-25-levy-steel-aluminium-matching-us","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"b83d6dc6-9a62-40ff-ae60-87997d90c5e7","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"followed suit"}]},{"type":"text","data":", also announcing a 100 per cent tariff. Then, in October, the "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/global-economy/article/3269892/china-probe-eus-trade-barriers","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"35e5752e-646f-4b1d-b5a4-76b0a6b7703d","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"European Union"}]},{"type":"text","data":" decided via a contentious qualified majority vote to impose its own tariffs of up to 45 per cent."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Given the extraordinary size of these duties, it seems more appropriate to see them almost as import bans. The pressure to impose such bans will "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/business/china-evs/article/3286081/not-fan-evs-trumps-comeback-hurt-chinese-ev-makers-expect-rough-seas","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"7f0c1ffa-169a-48e1-ba41-87dfeb08b569","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"only increase"}]},{"type":"text","data":" with the re-election of Donald Trump as the president of the United States."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"image-inline-container"},"children":[{"type":"img","attribs":{"class":"image-inline caption","src":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/13/cd2f98cb-88d1-4614-a451-a52e1f5c90fd_c5561a76.jpg","data-fid":"15809187","data-resolution":"1","width":"2000","height":"1333","title":"Motorists wait for a traffic light in Brussels, Belgium, on October 4. Photo: Xinhua","alt":"Motorists wait for a traffic light in Brussels, Belgium, on October 4. Photo: Xinhua"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The arguments for these near import bans are at their core hypocritical along three dimensions: overcapacity, state support and public international law."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/opinion/china-opinion/article/3282540/chinas-overcapacity-could-enable-green-marshall-plan","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"de493ed5-ea48-47dc-be21-8e33cf179718","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Overcapacity"}]},{"type":"text","data":" has been a trendy term of late – used as the basis of an accusation levelled against Chinese manufacturing of electric vehicles, namely, that China is somehow engaging in unethical trading behaviour. But it is a strange accusation because it is far from clear why overcapacity is bad."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/opinion/world-opinion/article/3283631/fairer-trade-expand-supply-chain-finance-emerging-markets","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"3db23ee2-229b-4d43-846d-cb81b705f141","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"World Trade Organization"}]},{"type":"text","data":", just like its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, allows for measures against state-supported dumping practices. Dumping was understood to consist of exporting a product at a lower price than what it would be sold for inside one’s own country."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Dumping is the mirror image of a tariff – tariffs make other countries’ products more expensive in one’s own country while dumping makes your product cheaper in other countries. But overcapacity is not dumping."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"50"}},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"image-inline-container"},"children":[{"type":"img","attribs":{"class":"image-inline caption","src":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/20/81bee360-f9d6-43e1-8d3d-35b288ceced5_686e78c9.jpg","data-fid":"15842476","data-resolution":"1","width":"2000","height":"1333","title":"An employee works in a BYD electric car factory in Changzhou, Jiangsu province, in 2023. Photo: EPA-EFE","alt":"An employee works in a BYD electric car factory in Changzhou, Jiangsu province, in 2023. Photo: EPA-EFE"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Rather, overcapacity entails constructing larger manufacturing capability than the current demand calls for. On its own, this is nothing to fear. Indeed, absent growing demand it will ultimately hurt the manufacturer. Moreover, Western nations have pervasively engaged in similar overcapacity in strategic sectors."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"For example, American soybean manufacturers are ramping up their manufacturing and planning to increase their output by 23 per cent in the next three years, according to a report by CoBank, to gain an edge in renewable fuel material manufacturing."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The overcapacity argument is often reinforced by the claim that this manufacturing ability has been achieved unfairly – through government support of China’s clean energy expertise and manufacturing. Yet upon closer inspection, the claim is equally hypocritical. Many important industries would not have come to fruition absent significant government support."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"This July, the US announced US$160 million in grants for the clean manufacturing of steel and other construction materials. This follows a long tradition of US government support for the steel industry. Interestingly, the Truman administration pushed heavily for capacity expansion in steel, precisely in part so that American steel manufacturers could gain an advantage in the international steel trade."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"5"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Meanwhile, Canada has supported its softwood lumber manufacturers at every level of government for decades."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture","class":"c1","frameborder":"0","width":"560","height":"315","scrolling":"no","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ItwsumnPy0c?wmode=transparent\u0026jqoemcache=UdCOW\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026playsinline=1","title":"Why the EU, US are concerned about China’s overcapacity","data-poster-sm":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/04/17/Overcapacity---clean.jpg?itok=CJVZulSA","data-poster-lg":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/04/17/Overcapacity---clean.jpg?itok=ojC5yTwE","data-poster":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/04/17/Overcapacity---clean.jpg","data-duration":"18:59","data-video-source":"SCMP","data-nid":"3259295","data-youtube-id":"ItwsumnPy0c"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Most glaringly, the countries imposing tariffs on EVs made in China have their own subsidies and tax breaks for EVs, such as the US’ clean vehicle tax credits and Canada’s Incentives for Zero-Emissions Vehicles programme."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"infiniteAdsAfterNumber":"3","tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"If we are correct above – and the charges of overcapacity are just hypocrisy in disguise – how can these tariffs possibly survive review by the WTO? Ordinarily, the most-favoured-nation and national treatment principles would require treating EVs made in China on par with the most favourably treated foreign manufacturers or domestic manufacturers."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"This is especially curious given that even modest tariffs would historically have been held up in mediation and arbitration for years, as was the case in the US-Canada softwood lumber dispute, which passed through the North American Free Trade Agreement, the WTO and bilateral rounds of negotiation."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"However, the Trump administration "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3038697/donald-trumps-block-wto-judges-creates-doomsday-scenario","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"5dc4eb9c-0a9b-11ea-afcd-7b308be3ba45","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"blocked appointments"}]},{"type":"text","data":" to the WTO’s Appellate Body, causing it to lose quorum and become irrelevant since 2019. The "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3259387/joe-bidens-call-added-steel-aluminium-tariffs-seen-play-key-votes-election-year","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"2a2029da-47d6-40e8-b332-32c0971e3198","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Joe Biden"}]},{"type":"text","data":" administration has maintained the Trump policy and has not permitted appointments to the WTO’s dispute-resolution body, exacerbating what is referred to as the Appellate Body crisis. 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As philosophers, we would say that, at its core, hypocrisy violates the principle of non-contradiction: if you simultaneously hold and act against a particular value, you engage in a form of self-defeating reasoning.\nThe hypocritical agent is thereby legitimately seen as immoral, deceptive and lacking in seriousness. At any rate, the agent loses credibility and undermines the integrity of their political relationships with their counterparts.\nIn academia, we are interested in how hypocrisy affects multilateral relationships and political trust. At the moment, we have a particularly glaring case of hypocrisy – the destructive tariffs against Chinese electric vehicles (EVs).\nThe ongoing debate over electric vehicles provides a vivid illustration of political hypocrisy and its damaging consequences. Major Western nations have been scrambling to impose extraordinary tariffs on electric vehicles made in China, as well as photovoltaic solar cells and lithium-ion batteries.\nIn May, the United States announced it would increase its tariffs on electric vehicles made in China to 100 per cent. The changes were implemented in September. Canada soon followed suit, also announcing a 100 per cent tariff. Then, in October, the European Union decided via a contentious qualified majority vote to impose its own tariffs of up to 45 per cent.\nGiven the extraordinary size of these duties, it seems more appropriate to see them almost as import bans. The pressure to impose such bans will only increase with the re-election of Donald Trump as the president of the United States.\n\nThe arguments for these near import bans are at their core hypocritical along three dimensions: overcapacity, state support and public international law.\nOvercapacity has been a trendy term of late – used as the basis of an accusation levelled against Chinese manufacturing of electric vehicles, namely, that China is somehow engaging in unethical trading behaviour. But it is a strange accusation because it is far from clear why overcapacity is bad.\nThe World Trade Organization, just like its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, allows for measures against state-supported dumping practices. Dumping was understood to consist of exporting a product at a lower price than what it would be sold for inside one’s own country.\nDumping is the mirror image of a tariff – tariffs make other countries’ products more expensive in one’s own country while dumping makes your product cheaper in other countries. But overcapacity is not dumping.\n\nRather, overcapacity entails constructing larger manufacturing capability than the current demand calls for. On its own, this is nothing to fear. Indeed, absent growing demand it will ultimately hurt the manufacturer. Moreover, Western nations have pervasively engaged in similar overcapacity in strategic sectors.\nFor example, American soybean manufacturers are ramping up their manufacturing and planning to increase their output by 23 per cent in the next three years, according to a report by CoBank, to gain an edge in renewable fuel material manufacturing.\nThe overcapacity argument is often reinforced by the claim that this manufacturing ability has been achieved unfairly – through government support of China’s clean energy expertise and manufacturing. Yet upon closer inspection, the claim is equally hypocritical. Many important industries would not have come to fruition absent significant government support.\nThis July, the US announced US$160 million in grants for the clean manufacturing of steel and other construction materials. This follows a long tradition of US government support for the steel industry. Interestingly, the Truman administration pushed heavily for capacity expansion in steel, precisely in part so that American steel manufacturers could gain an advantage in the international steel trade.\nMeanwhile, Canada has supported its softwood lumber manufacturers at every level of government for decades.\n\n\nMost glaringly, the countries imposing tariffs on EVs made in China have their own subsidies and tax breaks for EVs, such as the US’ clean vehicle tax credits and Canada’s Incentives for Zero-Emissions Vehicles programme.\nIf we are correct above – and the charges of overcapacity are just hypocrisy in disguise – how can these tariffs possibly survive review by the WTO? Ordinarily, the most-favoured-nation and national treatment principles would require treating EVs made in China on par with the most favourably treated foreign manufacturers or domestic manufacturers.\nThis is especially curious given that even modest tariffs would historically have been held up in mediation and arbitration for years, as was the case in the US-Canada softwood lumber dispute, which passed through the North American Free Trade Agreement, the WTO and bilateral rounds of negotiation.\nHowever, the Trump administration blocked appointments to the WTO’s Appellate Body, causing it to lose quorum and become irrelevant since 2019. The Joe Biden administration has maintained the Trump policy and has not permitted appointments to the WTO’s dispute-resolution body, exacerbating what is referred to as the Appellate Body crisis. As a result, public international law governing trade has become crippled.\nIn imposing such extraordinary tariffs outside the agreed-upon legal mechanisms and sabotaging the very institutions designed to guard against this, the US and other Western economies contradict their stance as defenders of fair trade and multilateralism. Hence, political hypocrisy is not only creating an environment that is inhospitable to trade, it is eroding the very institutions that are designed to protect us from such an environment.\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Political hypocrisy is a contradiction between a state’s professed ideals and actual practices – an inconsistency that undermines the coherence of its professed moral and political views. As philosophers, we would say that, at its core, hypocrisy violates the principle of non-contradiction: if you simultaneously hold and act against a particular value, you engage in a form of self-defeating reasoning."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The hypocritical agent is thereby legitimately seen as immoral, deceptive and lacking in seriousness. At any rate, the agent loses credibility and undermines the integrity of their political relationships with their counterparts."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In academia, we are interested in how hypocrisy affects multilateral relationships and political trust. At the moment, we have a particularly glaring case of hypocrisy – the destructive tariffs against Chinese electric vehicles (EVs)."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The ongoing debate over electric vehicles provides a vivid illustration of political hypocrisy and its damaging consequences. Major "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3284417/china-eu-trade-war-erupts-beijing-files-wto-complaint-over-ev-tariff-hikes?module=inline\u0026pgtype=article","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"15006251-95e8-4eb4-a6cd-5c3d8b313934","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Western nations"}]},{"type":"text","data":" have been scrambling to impose extraordinary tariffs on electric vehicles made in China, as well as "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3282386/chinas-solar-firms-eye-self-salvation-amid-burning-rivalry-growing-threats","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"ca0219a6-723d-453d-982f-ed00c6a8c443","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"photovoltaic solar cells"}]},{"type":"text","data":" and "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/business/article/3270498/china-dominance-global-lithium-ion-batteries-remain-intact-rystad-energy-says","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"05c138b2-f086-4410-af0b-6a8c89111734","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"lithium-ion batteries"}]},{"type":"text","data":"."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In May, the United States announced it would increase its tariffs on electric vehicles made in China to "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3262708/biden-says-new-china-tariffs-are-needed-protect-us-industries-companies-subsidised-beijing","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"dd001254-1fa0-4006-a9d1-e55f31dce716","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"100 per cent"}]},{"type":"text","data":". The changes were implemented in September. Canada soon "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3276004/canada-imposes-100-tariffs-china-made-evs-25-levy-steel-aluminium-matching-us","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"b83d6dc6-9a62-40ff-ae60-87997d90c5e7","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"followed suit"}]},{"type":"text","data":", also announcing a 100 per cent tariff. Then, in October, the "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/global-economy/article/3269892/china-probe-eus-trade-barriers","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"35e5752e-646f-4b1d-b5a4-76b0a6b7703d","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"European Union"}]},{"type":"text","data":" decided via a contentious qualified majority vote to impose its own tariffs of up to 45 per cent."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Given the extraordinary size of these duties, it seems more appropriate to see them almost as import bans. The pressure to impose such bans will "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/business/china-evs/article/3286081/not-fan-evs-trumps-comeback-hurt-chinese-ev-makers-expect-rough-seas","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"7f0c1ffa-169a-48e1-ba41-87dfeb08b569","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"only increase"}]},{"type":"text","data":" with the re-election of Donald Trump as the president of the United States."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"image-inline-container"},"children":[{"type":"img","attribs":{"class":"image-inline caption","src":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/13/cd2f98cb-88d1-4614-a451-a52e1f5c90fd_c5561a76.jpg","data-fid":"15809187","data-resolution":"1","width":"2000","height":"1333","title":"Motorists wait for a traffic light in Brussels, Belgium, on October 4. Photo: Xinhua","alt":"Motorists wait for a traffic light in Brussels, Belgium, on October 4. Photo: Xinhua"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The arguments for these near import bans are at their core hypocritical along three dimensions: overcapacity, state support and public international law."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/opinion/china-opinion/article/3282540/chinas-overcapacity-could-enable-green-marshall-plan","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"de493ed5-ea48-47dc-be21-8e33cf179718","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Overcapacity"}]},{"type":"text","data":" has been a trendy term of late – used as the basis of an accusation levelled against Chinese manufacturing of electric vehicles, namely, that China is somehow engaging in unethical trading behaviour. But it is a strange accusation because it is far from clear why overcapacity is bad."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/opinion/world-opinion/article/3283631/fairer-trade-expand-supply-chain-finance-emerging-markets","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"3db23ee2-229b-4d43-846d-cb81b705f141","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"World Trade Organization"}]},{"type":"text","data":", just like its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, allows for measures against state-supported dumping practices. Dumping was understood to consist of exporting a product at a lower price than what it would be sold for inside one’s own country."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Dumping is the mirror image of a tariff – tariffs make other countries’ products more expensive in one’s own country while dumping makes your product cheaper in other countries. But overcapacity is not dumping."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"50"}},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"image-inline-container"},"children":[{"type":"img","attribs":{"class":"image-inline caption","src":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/20/81bee360-f9d6-43e1-8d3d-35b288ceced5_686e78c9.jpg","data-fid":"15842476","data-resolution":"1","width":"2000","height":"1333","title":"An employee works in a BYD electric car factory in Changzhou, Jiangsu province, in 2023. Photo: EPA-EFE","alt":"An employee works in a BYD electric car factory in Changzhou, Jiangsu province, in 2023. Photo: EPA-EFE"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Rather, overcapacity entails constructing larger manufacturing capability than the current demand calls for. On its own, this is nothing to fear. Indeed, absent growing demand it will ultimately hurt the manufacturer. Moreover, Western nations have pervasively engaged in similar overcapacity in strategic sectors."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"For example, American soybean manufacturers are ramping up their manufacturing and planning to increase their output by 23 per cent in the next three years, according to a report by CoBank, to gain an edge in renewable fuel material manufacturing."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The overcapacity argument is often reinforced by the claim that this manufacturing ability has been achieved unfairly – through government support of China’s clean energy expertise and manufacturing. Yet upon closer inspection, the claim is equally hypocritical. Many important industries would not have come to fruition absent significant government support."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"This July, the US announced US$160 million in grants for the clean manufacturing of steel and other construction materials. This follows a long tradition of US government support for the steel industry. Interestingly, the Truman administration pushed heavily for capacity expansion in steel, precisely in part so that American steel manufacturers could gain an advantage in the international steel trade."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"5"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Meanwhile, Canada has supported its softwood lumber manufacturers at every level of government for decades."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture","class":"c1","frameborder":"0","width":"560","height":"315","scrolling":"no","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ItwsumnPy0c?wmode=transparent\u0026jqoemcache=UdCOW\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026playsinline=1","title":"Why the EU, US are concerned about China’s overcapacity","data-poster-sm":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/04/17/Overcapacity---clean.jpg?itok=CJVZulSA","data-poster-lg":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/04/17/Overcapacity---clean.jpg?itok=ojC5yTwE","data-poster":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/04/17/Overcapacity---clean.jpg","data-duration":"18:59","data-video-source":"SCMP","data-nid":"3259295","data-youtube-id":"ItwsumnPy0c"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Most glaringly, the countries imposing tariffs on EVs made in China have their own subsidies and tax breaks for EVs, such as the US’ clean vehicle tax credits and Canada’s Incentives for Zero-Emissions Vehicles programme."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"infiniteAdsAfterNumber":"3","tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"If we are correct above – and the charges of overcapacity are just hypocrisy in disguise – how can these tariffs possibly survive review by the WTO? Ordinarily, the most-favoured-nation and national treatment principles would require treating EVs made in China on par with the most favourably treated foreign manufacturers or domestic manufacturers."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"This is especially curious given that even modest tariffs would historically have been held up in mediation and arbitration for years, as was the case in the US-Canada softwood lumber dispute, which passed through the North American Free Trade Agreement, the WTO and bilateral rounds of negotiation."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"However, the Trump administration "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3038697/donald-trumps-block-wto-judges-creates-doomsday-scenario","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"5dc4eb9c-0a9b-11ea-afcd-7b308be3ba45","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"blocked appointments"}]},{"type":"text","data":" to the WTO’s Appellate Body, causing it to lose quorum and become irrelevant since 2019. The "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3259387/joe-bidens-call-added-steel-aluminium-tariffs-seen-play-key-votes-election-year","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"2a2029da-47d6-40e8-b332-32c0971e3198","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Joe Biden"}]},{"type":"text","data":" administration has maintained the Trump policy and has not permitted appointments to the WTO’s dispute-resolution body, exacerbating what is referred to as the Appellate Body crisis. 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