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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of governance in ancient Greek city-states</div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Classical_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical era">Classical era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic era">Hellenistic era</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a>, many Hellenic <a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a> had adopted democratic forms of government, in which free (non-<a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">slave</a>), native (non-foreigner) adult male <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a> of the city took a major and direct part in the management of the affairs of state, such as <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaring war</a>, voting supplies, dispatching <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions">diplomatic missions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratifying</a> treaties. These activities were often handled by a form of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, based on a <a href="/wiki/Popular_assembly" title="Popular assembly">popular assembly</a>. Others, of judicial and official nature, were often handled by large <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">juries</a>, drawn from the citizen body in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">sortition</a>. </p><p>By far the most well-documented and studied example is the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. However, there are documented examples of at least fifty-two Greek city-states<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> that also had democratic regimes during part of their history. According to Ober (2015),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the proportion of Greek city-states with democratic regimes gradually increased from the mid 6th century BC to the end of the 4th century BC, when perhaps half of the one-thousand Greek city-states in existence at the time had democratic regimes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_democracy">Federal democracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_democracy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Federal democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the period from the 4th to the early 2nd centuries BC, the political center of gravity in Greece shifted from individual city-states to <i>federal leagues</i>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a>. These were <a href="/wiki/Confederations" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederations">confederations</a> that jointly handled the foreign and military affairs for the member cities. Their internal structure was democratic with respect to the member cities, that is, each city within the league had a weight roughly proportional to its size and power. On the other hand, the cities themselves were largely represented in the leagues by their wealthy elites if they had an oligarchic form of government (another common form of government during the late Classical and Hellenistic periods) or by their <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a> if they had a tyrannical form of government. </p><p>These federal leagues differed from earlier groupings of Greek city-states, like the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a>, in that they were not dominated by a single city as the earlier leagues used to be dominated by Athens and <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_democracy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2011" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Eric W. (2011). <i>Democracy beyond Athens: Popular Government in the Greek Classical Age</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-10-737704-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-10-737704-2"><bdi>978-1-10-737704-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+beyond+Athens%3A+Popular+Government+in+the+Greek+Classical+Age&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-10-737704-2&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOber2015" class="citation book cs1">Ober, Josiah (2015). <i>The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691173146" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691173146"><bdi>978-0691173146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Classical+Greece&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0691173146&rft.aulast=Ober&rft.aufirst=Josiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_democracy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eric W. Robinson, <i>Ancient Greek Democracy: Readings and Sources</i>, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003.</li> <li>Josiah Ober, "The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece", Princeton University Press, 2015.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>-related article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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